A von Deimling's research while affiliated with University Hospital Heidelberg and other places
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Publications (272)
Background
Tumor embolism is a very rare primary manifestation of cancers and the diagnosis is challenging, especially if located in the pulmonary arteries, where it can mimic nonmalignant pulmonary embolism. Intimal sarcoma is one of the least commonly reported primary tumors of vessels with only a few cases reported worldwide. A typical location...
BACKGROUND
The EORTC-26101 study was a randomized phase 2 and 3 clinical trial of bevacizumab in combination with lomustine versus lomustine alone in progressive glioblastoma. Other than for progression-free survival (PFS), there was no benefit from addition of bevacizumab for overall survival (OS). However, molecular data allows for the rare oppor...
BACKGROUND
Angiocentric glioma mainly occurs in children and young adults. It is associated with a good prognosis (CNS WHO grade 1). Molecularly, most angiocentric gliomas have a MYB-QKI fusion. Histologically, angiocentric gliomas were initially defined by angiocentric growth of the tumor cells. However, we noticed that epigenetically defined angi...
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BACKGROUND
The WHO classification of CNS tumours 2021 recommends reporting a wide range of molecular alterations for WHO-compatible diagnoses. Conventional molecular diagnostic workflows warrant considerable investment and long turnaround times limited by batching. Nanopore sequencing enables long read sequencing, real-time targeting and simultaneo...
BACKGROUND
Meningiomas arise from the leptomeninges of the brain and spinal cord. Despite being the most common intracranial tumor in adults, risk stratification remains challenging. Currently, tumors are graded based on histology as well as molecular markers. In recent years, several epigenomic classification systems with a correlation to patient...
BACKGROUND
Clonal and mutually exclusive substitution of lysine 27 to methionine in histone H3-3A (H3K27M) defines an aggressive subtype of diffuse glioma. These diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) are aggressive, incurable primary brain tumors that occur predominantly in a midline location in children and young adults. Surgical treatment options remain...
BACKGROUND
Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) in brain tumors has been suggested to increase tumor adaptability and thus drive tumor progression and treatment resistance. Single cell sequencing has widened the range of possibilities in detecting clonal diversity and tumor evolution. As of now, most single cell experiments rely on next-generation sequen...
BACKGROUND
Medulloblastoma is a common brain malignancy in children. Patients after puberty are rare and bear an intermediate prognosis. Standard treatment consists of maximal resection plus radio-chemotherapy. Treatment toxicity is high and produces disabling long-term side effects. The sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup is highly overrepresented in th...
BACKGROUND
The Neurooncology Working Group of the German Cancer Society trial 16 (NOA16), a multicenter, single-arm, open-label, first-in-human phase I trial, met its primary endpoints in demonstrating safety and immunogenicity of a long peptide vaccine targeting IDH1(R132H) (IDH1-vac) added to standard of care in 32 patients with newly diagnosed W...
BACKGROUND
Rendering the correct tumor diagnosis is key to optimise cancer therapies and to orient patients and relatives regarding prognosis and general understanding of the disease. With the rising impact of molecular diagnostics more molecular profiles of tumors are being generated and assembled in central institutes. With this critical data ass...
BACKGROUND
Due to the lack of consistent tumour-cell specific markers, the diffuse brain invasion of glioblastoma (GB) presents a significant diagnostic challenge, especially for specimens with a low tumour cell fraction or scarce tissue. The only common alteration found in most GB is the gain of chromosome 7 and loss of chromosome 10. The emergenc...
Purpose
Lower-grade glioma (LGG) is rare among patients above the age of 60 (“elderly”). Previous studies reported poor outcome, likely due to the inclusion of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wildtype astrocytomas and advocated defensive surgical and adjuvant treatment. This study set out to question this paradigm analyzing a contemporary cohort of...
Background
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)2 overexpression on glioblastoma endothelia serves as a target for VEGFR2 primed T cells using VXM01 DNA vaccine encoding for VEGFR2. VXM01 is delivered in a bacterial Ty21a carrier suitable for oral administration. A previous phase I/II study in 14 patients with progressive glioblastoma...
Background
Therapy resistance and infiltration still pose major challenges in the treatment of glioma. In the tumour border niche, an interaction between different healthy cell types and malignant cells leads to therapy resistance, acquisition of stem-cell like features, and recurrence. However, studying the tumour border is quite challenging due t...
BACKGROUND
Glioma subtypes are classified according to their characteristic mutations and show a high degree of resistance to standard therapeutic interventions such as radiotherapy and alkylating chemotherapy. Some of these characteristic mutations have shown to generate immunogenic neoepitopes that can be targeted with immunotherapy. 70% of oligo...
BACKGROUND
The WHO classification 2021 includes multiple molecular markers for routine diagnostics in addition to histology. Sequencing setup for complete molecular profiling requires considerable investment, while batching samples for sequencing and methylation profiling can delay turnaround time. We introduce RAPID-CNS2, a nanopore adaptive seque...
BACKGROUND
DNA methylation profiling has emerged as a useful tool for robust classification of rare CNS tumors with a broad morphological spectrum. Routine diagnostic molecular profiling performed in Heidelberg and at international collaborating centers revealed a small but recurring number of CNS tumors with fusions of the PATZ1 gene coupled to ei...
BACKGROUND
As the most common intracranial tumor, meningiomas have caused increasing interest in the field of medical research. Based on their mutational profile, meningiomas can be separated into two main groups: NF2 altered meningiomas, which can occur at WHO grades 1 to 3, and non-NF2 mutant meningiomas with mutations in other genes, such as TRA...
Introduction: One of the DNA methylation-based molecular subgroups of supratentorial ependymoma (ST-EPN), designated ST-EPN-RELA, mostly harbors fusions of the uncharacterized gene C11orf95 and RELA (ST-EPN-RELA). Rarely, no C11orf95-RELA fusion is detected in tumors predicted to belong to the ST-EPN-RELA group. With this study we aimed to refine t...
Background:
GNAQ and GNA11 mutant non-uveal melanoma represent a poorly characterized, rare subgroup of melanoma with a gene mutation profile similar to uveal melanoma.
Objectives:
To characterize these tumours in terms of clinical behaviour and genetic characteristics.
Methods:
Patients with non-uveal GNAQ/11 mutated melanoma were identified...
Background
Angiosarcoma (AS) is a rare malignancy with a heterogeneous clinical presentation and genetic background. Different clinical AS subtypes can be envisaged, including: visceral, deep-seated soft tissue (ST), radiation induced (RT) and UV associated (UV) origin. To better understand their distinct biology and clinical outcome we investigate...
BACKGROUND
Standards of care for meningioma include surgical resection, which may be curative, and radiotherapy as required. Pharmacotherapy plays only a minor role in this disease; however, novel systemic approaches are urgently needed for patients who are no longer candidates for local therapy.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We generated primary cultures...
Background: Challenges in predicting risk of recurrence for individual patients with meningioma limits appropriate selection of patients who may benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy to delay recurrence. Here, we aimed to develop and validate a combined clinicomolecular predictor of early recurrence for individual patients with meningiomas. Metho...
Background
The association of contrast enhancement with malignancy in glioma is widely accepted. A higher grade of uncertainty exists for preoperative grading of non-enhancing tumors. Prior studies point out, that contrast enhancement alone cannot be taken into account for grading glioma since up to 40% of high-grade tumors are reported to be non-e...
Background
Meningioma is a heterogenous disease in terms of prognosis and precise molecular characterization may support clinical decision-making. Several recurring gene mutations as well as prognostic relevant subgroups using DNA-methylation based information were recently identified in meningioma. We aimed to validate the recent findings in an in...
Background
There is a need for treatment personalization as every cancer is molecularly unique. In addition glioblastoma (GB) are immunologically regarded as resistant, “cold” tumor with few targetable antigens available from mutations, thus demanding new personalized immunotherapies. So far outside Neuro-Oncology, T cells orchestrate impressive an...
Background
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are so-called “cold tumors” with a low mutational load and low intratumoral T cell abundance. Hence, major histocompatibility class (MHC) I or II-restricted tumor-specific T cell responses are rare or not even identifiable. In our study, we aim at identifying spontaneous intratumoral tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-sp...
Background
Although clinically aggressive meningiomas (MGMs) are rare tumors, more effective therapies are urgently needed. As a prerequisite for successful immunotherapy we determined the infiltration and activation status of T cells in primary (p-) and recurrent (r-) MGMs and their impact on survival.
Material and Methods
Presence of tumor-infil...
Background
VXM01 consists of the attenuated Salmonella Typhi strain Ty21a carrying a plasmid encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). The bacterium serves as a vector to deliver the plasmid into the Peyer’s patches via the oral route of administration. The vaccine elicits a systemic T-cell response targeting VEGFR2. This tri...
Background
While the NOA-08 trial and the NORDIC Elderly trial suggested an O6-methylguanine DNA-methyl transferase (MGMT) status-tailored use of radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ), recent data from the NCIC CE.6/EORTC 26062 showed that hypofractionated RT plus TMZ was superior to RT for unselected elderly patients with an impact of MGMT for...
Background
IDH1-mutated gliomas are associated with less abundant and phenotypically skewed innate and adaptive immune cell infiltrates compared to IDH1 wild-type tumors. Despite this, the most frequent mutation - IDH1R132H - represents a clonal shared neoantigen and mutations in IDH are associated with a more favorable prognosis. While the tumor c...
Background
In preclinical studies we have defined IDH1R132H as a clonal neoantigen presented on MHC class II. A peptide vaccine encompassing IDH1R132H induces tumor-specific T helper cell responses effective in controlling syngeneic IDH1R132H-mutant tumors in humanized mouse models.
Material and Methods
NOA-16 (NCT02454634) is a first-in-man, mult...
The greatest clinical challenge faced in meningioma is the inability to predict recurrence for individual patients, limiting the ability to select patients who would benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy to prevent recurrence. In this multi-center cohort study, we utilized global epigenome DNA methylation profiles from human tumor samples to gene...
Background:
The addition of bevacizumab to temozolomide-based chemoradiotherapy (TMZ/RT→TMZ) did not prolong overall survival (OS) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma in phase III trials. Elderly and frail patients are underrepresented in clinical trials, but early reports suggested preferential benefit in this population.
Patients and...
Background:O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status is a biomarker for patients with glioblastoma treated with alkylating agents. We investigated whether this marker just predicts the efficacy of alkylating chemotherapy or defines a molecularly distinct tumor subpopulation with clinically different outcome. Methods:...
Contrary to the assumption that brain tumors are hardly immunogenic, immunotherapeutic approaches such as antigen-specific vaccines have become increasingly relevant in clinical trials for malignant gliomas. For instance, a point mutation in the gene for isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 frequently present in adult diffuse gliomas has been shown to r...
OBJECTIVE: Recent studies suggest that glioblastomas (GBM) contacting the subventricular zone (SVZ) confer a dismal prognosis and may be linked to a distinct cell of origin compared to their cortical counterparts. However, existing analyses have disregarded the unique molecular and prognostic phenotype associated with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)...
Neomorphic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) are frequently found in several human cancer types including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and lead to the production of high levels of the oncometabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG). Here, we report the characterization of BAY1436032, a novel pan-mutant IDH1 inhibitor, both in vitro and i...
Mutation-derived neo-epitopes have emerged as promising targets in immune-therapy of glioma. These neo-epitopes are often presented on MHC class II rather than MHC class I molecules, as exemplified by the mutant IDH1 neoepitope. Thus, MHC class II expression may strongly determine the effectiveness of those approaches. However, the expression patte...
Tumors with histological features of pilocytic astrocytoma but with increased mitotic activity and additional high grade features (i.e. microvascular proliferation, necrosis) have been designated anaplastic pilocytic astrocytomas (APA). Patients with such tumors are thought to have an unfavorable clinical outcome. The status of APA as a separate en...
Background
The coincidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and primary brain tumors is a rare but well documented event. So far, little is known about a possible molecular link between chronic CNS inflammation or long-term immunomodulatory treatment and tumor development. On the other hand, the influence of tumor-specific treatments such as radio- or ch...
Gemistocytic astrocytoma represents a subgroup of diffuse astrocytic glioma, defined by presence of “a conspicuous, though variable, fraction of gemistocytic neoplastic astrocytes”. Higher frequencies of PTEN and TP53 mutations, alterations in the methylation of ERCC and RRAS, and more rapid progression have been reported in gemistocytic astrocytom...
The current WHO classification recognizes 15 subtypes of meningioma distributed across three grades of malignancy. Allocation to subtype is based on histological findings. For other brain tumors, molecular profiling has already identified novel subsets beyond histological definitions. Here, we set out to identify novel clinically relevant subgroups...
Astroblastoma is a rare brain tumor mainly defined by histological features of perivascular orientated glial cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and the presence of pericellular and vascular hyalinization as well as formation of pseudo-papillae. Molecular studies on this entity are scarce. Clinical courses range from benign to highly maligna...
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one the most common and malignant forms of brain tumors. The median survival time of patients diagnosed with primary GBM is around 15 months. In spite of multimodal treatments GBMs remain essentially incurable. Therefore, alternative treatments targeting previously unexplored aspects of GBMs are required. However, t...
For malignant gliomas, progress in molecular diagnostics such as genome-wide sequencing led to identification of subgroup-defining genetic alterations representing promising immunotherapeutic targets especially for personalized vaccination strategies. One example for an oncogenic mutation occurring in about one half of all pediatric brain stem glio...
Immunotherapeutic concepts for brain tumors have been hampered by lack of selective measures to target the CNS and lack of truly tumor-specific antigens. But the concept of an immune privileged CNS has to be questioned due to survey of the brain by specific T-cells, CNS autoimmunity and presence of lymphatics. As tumor-specific antigens, mutated an...
Zielsetzung: The recent identification of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations in gliomas and several other cancers suggests that this pathway is involved in oncogenesis; however effector functions are complex and yet incompletely understood. To study the regulatory effects of IDH on hypoxia-inducible-factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), a driving force in...
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) 1 and 2 frequently occur in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and result in the production of the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG). D2HG has been shown to promote leukemogenesis even in the absence of mutated IDH, but the prognostic significance of pretreatment serum D2HG levels in patients with IDH...
The advances of genome-wide ‘discovery platforms’ and the increasing affordability of the analysis of significant sample sizes have led to the identification of novel mutations in brain tumours that became diagnostically and prognostically relevant. The development of mutation-specific antibodies has facilitated the introduction of these convenient...
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, defective autophagy and genomic instability in the central nervous system are often associated with severe developmental defects and neurodegeneration. Here, we reveal the role played by Rint1 in these different biological pathways to ensure normal development of the central nervous system and to prevent neurodege...
For differentiation-defective malignancies, compounds that modulate transcription, such as retinoic acid and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, are of particular interest. HDAC inhibitors are currently under investigation for the treatment of a broad spectrum of cancer diseases. However, one clinical drawback is class-specific toxicity of unsel...
Malignant gliomas generate a local immunosuppressive microenvironment as well as systemic immunosuppression. Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase
(TDO)-mediated tryptophan metabolism and the production of immunosuppressive prostaglandins relevantly contribute to this
inhibition of anti-glioma immune responses. We now connect these two critical immunosuppress...
Molecular testing for MGMT promoter methylation has become of clinical importance in the diagnostic assessment of malignant gliomas since test results may guide therapeutic decision making, in particular in elderly patients with glioblastoma. However, the patterns and extent of MGMT promoter methylation may vary from tumor to tumor, and standardize...
DIG (Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma) is a rare intracranial neo-plasm classified as WHO grade I tumor under neuronal and mixed neuronal glial tumors (under 2007 World Health Organization brain tumor classification). It is usually considered to have a good prognosis but 40% of the cases require additional medical, radiation and/or further surg...
BACKGROUND: In recurrent neuroectodermal brain tumors leptomeningeal disease manifestation was observed in about 50 to 75%
of patients. The role and efficacy of intrathecal therapy in these patients is unclear. As the systemic administration of
etoposide is efficacious in brain tumors a phase II study was initiated to evaluate the efficacy and safe...
BACKGROUND: LMD in children with recurrent medulloblastoma and other PNETs carries a poor prognosis and novel therapies are
urgently needed to improve disease control. Somatostatin receptor-2 (SSR-2)is overexpressed in medulloblastoma and other central
PNETs and can serve as a target for radionuclide tagged somatostatin analogues like 177Lu-DOTA-TA...
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging can provide in vivo assessment of the microvasculature in intracranial tumors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging derived vascular permeability parameters, including the volume transfer constant, the volume of extravascular extracellula...
Ependymomas are common childhood brain tumours that occur throughout the nervous system, but are most common in the paediatric hindbrain. Current standard therapy comprises surgery and radiation, but not cytotoxic chemotherapy as it does not further increase survival. Whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing of 47 hindbrain ependymomas reveals an ex...
There is a lack of relevant prognostic and predictive factors in neurooncology besides mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, codeletion of 1p/19q and promoter hypermethylation of O
6
-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase. More importantly, there is limited translation of these factors into clinical practice. The cancer genome atlas data and also c...
The Pediatric Brain Tumor Preclinical Testing Program aims at the evaluation of the clinical benefit and of the feasibility of an individualized treatment approach. All available pediatric brain tumors independent of the histological diagnosis from cooperating pediatric oncology centers are included. All tumors are subjected to molecular analyis by...
Although histopathological diagnosis is essential in decision of therapeutic strategy for gliomas, sometimes the tumors diagnosed in one histological entity show thoroughly different clinical courses. This phenomenon is believed to be due primarily to the presence of the genetic subgroup. In fact, relationship between treatment response and certain...
Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by small molecules (HDACi) favorably impacts neuroblastoma (NB) biology. Here, we aimed to decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms that have remained enigmatic via gene expression profiling of cell lines in time-course. GRHL1, a highly conserved neuroectodermal developmental transcription factor with...
Background:
To examine the association between level and patterns of baseline intra-tumoural BRAFV600E protein expression and clinical outcome of BRAFV600E melanoma patients treated with selective BRAF inhibitors.
Methods:
Fifty-eight BRAFV600E metastatic melanoma patients treated with dabrafenib or vemurafenib on clinical trials had pre-treatment...
We have previously shown that the ependymoma cancer stem cell model DKFZ-EP1NS recapitulate ependymoma tumorigenesis at the histological, molecular and clinical level in an orthotopic murine model. EP1NS cells are characterized by a high expression of the neuronal stem cell marker nestin and a stem cell expression signature. We have therefore exami...
Background
Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients with a BRAF(V600E) mutation benefit from targeted therapy. The usefulness of immunohistochemistry (IHC) as an alternative approach for the detection of BRAF(V600E) in NSCLC patients has not been evaluated until now. This study compared the specificity and sensitivity of IHC with other method...
Neurothekeoma is a benign nerve sheath tumor thatarises from the cutaneous nerves of the head and neck region. Neurothekeoma
was reported in breast, oral cavity, tongue, maxilla. and spinal intradural space. Intracranial neurothekeoma, however, is
an extremely rare entity, with only 2 cases reported in the literature: 1 in the parasellar region and...
Citations
... The 2021 WHO classification has incorporated some of these molecular markers to better characterize IDH-mutant astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma and predict treatment response [8]. The integration of molecular and clinical data has paved the Tareq A. Juratli tareq.juratli@ukdd.de 1 notion that elderly patients with lower-grade glioma (LGG) have poor outcomes by analyzing a contemporary cohort of patients with specific molecular characteristics [11]. They found that elderly patients had comparable progression-free survival (PFS) to younger patients, and favorable surgical and survival outcomes were achieved in the elderly patients, supporting the recommendation of intensified treatment, including maximal safe resection, in elderly patients whenever feasible [11]. ...
... Accurate calling of DNA methylation from native DNA Oxford Nanopore (ONT) sequencing has matured and now produces single base-pair resolution results highly similar to bisulfite sequencing [9, 10]. The ONT platform is portable and has a low cost of setup and a rapid sequencing workflow that can enable real-time medicine [11,12]. Native ONT sequencing requires no complex sample processing steps and no PCR amplification, making it attractive for clinical tests. ...
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... In non-uveal melanomas, GNAQ/GNA11 mutations display a unique genetic profile characterized by a lower tumor mutational burden and fewer UV signature mutations than are common in cutaneous melanomas [11]. This suggests significant differences in the genetic landscape of these tumors compared with both cutaneous and uveal melanomas. ...
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... Furthermore, oligodendrogliomas exhibit a typical DNA methylation profile with a high degree of global DNA methylation [11]. Recently, oligodendrogliomas were shown to display a unique histone-modification pattern with a reduced trimethylation of lysin 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) in comparison to IDH-mutant astrocytomas [17,18,28]. Oligodendrogliomas are associated with the most favorable prognosis among all diffuse gliomas in adults with a median overall survival of more than 14 years for patients receiving combined radio-chemotherapy [44]. ...
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... 87 Zotiraciclib also inhibited the growth of meningioma primary cell cultures in the nanomolar range. 88 In CLL cells, zotiraciclib-induced cell apoptosis and blocked Bcell receptor signaling and the survival of CLL. 86 This compound has completed phase I/II clinical trials for second-line use in combination with temozolomide in adults with recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma and showed promising results in cancer treatment (NCT02942264) ( Table 2). ...
... Based on promising results of IDH1 peptide vaccines in preclinical experiments, 104 two ongoing phase I clinical trials (NOA-16 and RESIST) have been started to investigate its efficacy against GBM patients. This vaccine is engineered to specifically target the IDH1R132 H mutation. 105 Survivin is highly expressed in GBM and other cancers. SurVaxM is a peptide vaccine of amino acids 53-67 of the protein, conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. ...
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... No additional study was identified after searching the bibliographies of these studies. After full-text reviews of the 14 provisionally eligible studies, one study was excluded since unclear data selection for T2/FLAIR mismatch evaluation among entire patient group, 32 two because they contained insufficient data for the reconstruction of 2 × 2 tables, 33,34 two because they were case reports, letters, editorials and abstracts, 35,36 and one owing to suspected population overlap. 37 Finally, 8 studies were included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis. ...
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... Two randomized clinical trials supported the importance of cancer therapies stratification based on MGMT gene promoter methylation status in elderly glioblastoma patients. In fact, it has been shown that those with MGMT gene promoter methylation appear to benefit most from temozolomide chemotherapy alone, while those without methylation (unmethylated) have greater benefit from radiotherapy alone [26][27][28]. In the long-term analyses of the randomized phase III trial "NOA-08" [28], the authors concluded that, "to improve OS and event-free survival (EFS), MGMT promoter methylation is a strong predictive biomarker for choice between RT and TMZ and offers unexpectedly favorable long-term outcome with initial TMZ monotherapy". ...
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... 9,10 Among patients over 80 years, the median OS ranges from 2 to 3.5 months. 4,11 Despite increasing awareness, elderly patients continue to be underrepresented in clinical trials [12][13][14] and even such trials that focus on geriatric patients include only a minority of patients beyond the age of 80. [15][16][17][18][19] The standard treatment for glioblastoma patients up to the age of approximately 70 years consists of maximum safe tumor resection, followed by combined radiochemotherapy with temozolomide. 20 This treatment is typically well tolerated in younger patients but may impose a higher risk for toxicity in the elderly. ...
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... MetabolicEnzymes/MetabolicEnzymeDatabase.html. In addition, expression data of glioma patients was also retrieved from GEO database for the following datasets: GSE4290 (21), GSE7696 (22), GSE10878 (23), GSE16011 (24), GSE21354 (25), GSE43289 (26), GSE45921 (27), GSE52009, and GSE107850 (28). Protein expression data of metabolic hits in Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) database was retrieved from cProcite (https:// cprosite.ccr.cancer.gov/). ...
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