A. Royo's research while affiliated with Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón and other places

... The principal reason for weak aboveground development of wheat can be explained by water deficiency, ionic toxicity, and unavailable photosynthates [169]. Wheat reaction varies with different salinity values, which is visible in yield reduction of 6 to 8 dS m −1 [170]. However, some varieties succeed in alleviating excess salinity by activating the mechanisms of osmoregulation, sodium exclusion, or potassium retention [171]. ...

... Al inicio del encañado se aplicaron 75 Kg N ha -1 en forma de nitrato amónico. En dicha parcela se instaló una Triple fuente Lineal de Aspersión (TLA) compuesta por tres líneas de aspersión separadas entre sí 15 m, que es el radio mojado por los aspersores (Royo et al., 1987). La línea central aplica agua salina (CE ≅ 18-20 dS m -1 ; mezcla de Cl 2 Ca hidratado y ClNa en una relación molar Na:Ca = 2) y las dos líneas laterales aplican agua dulce (CE < 2 dS m -1 ). ...

... Indeed, its genotypes possess different potential to produce adequate yield under salinity stress. In this respect wide genetic variation has been demonstrated by various researchers in published studies (Royo et al., 2000;Munns et al., 2006;Bchini et al., 2010;Hammami et al., 2016;Jamshidi and Javanmard, 2018;Allel et al., 2019;Moustafa et al., 2021b). Therefore, it is possible to survey barley germplasm and explore the genotypic responses under different salinity levels. ...

... EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN. The salinity treatments were run for 125 d in Expt. 1 and 111 d in Expt. 2. In both cases, the treatments were applied to the plants using a multi drip-line injection system (Aragues et al., 1999), whereby fertilizer solution was added through one drip line and NaCl and CaCl 2 treatments mixed with fertilizer solution were added through two other lines. The system consisted of three water-drive chemical injectors (D14MZ2; Dosatron International, Clearwater, FL). ...

... For characters that did not follow a curvilinear model, a simple linear regression line was tried. Finally, for characters without a significant salinity response, the ST/CT ratio was calculated as an estimate of tolerance (Royo and Aragüés, 1995), where ST is the mean value of the character for the three most saline treatments and CT the value in the control treatment. Analysis of variance was carried out for this parameter and for ion contents, taking the cultivars as replications within each character. ...

... La salinidad provoca una disminución en todos los componentes Royo y Aragüés, 1995) en la cebada, si bien parece que no existe un acuerdo total acerca de qué componentes son los más afectados por la salinidad. Dutt (1988) concluyó que el descenso de rendimiento de la cebada se debía a un menor peso de mil granos, mientras que para Francois et al. (1988) el descenso de rendimiento en triticale estaba ligado al menor número de espigas, en coincidencia con los resultados obtenidos por Royo et al. (1994) en cebada. Una estrategia sería seleccionar cultivares empleando como criterio de selección aquel componente del rendimiento que se encontrara más directamente asociado con el rendimiento de grano en condiciones salinas. ...

... Sprinkling with low-salinity water for 3 to 5 minutes either prior to or after sprinkler irrigations with saline water effectively reduced foliar salt accumulation and injury in barley and corn (Aragüés et al. 1994;Benes et al. 1996). These investigators concluded that much of the salt accumulated by wetted leaves is absorbed during the first few minutes of irrigation and also after sprinkling when the saline water evaporates and concentrates on the leaf surface. ...

... Sorghum Hybrids Salt tolerant at all saline soils Peng et al., 1994; Azhar et al., 1998 in Spain (Hollington et al., 1994) but a low yield in India and Pakistan, mainly due to maturing two weeks later as compared to local genotypes (Hollington, 2000). To solve this problem, mutation breeding has been employed to reduce its time to maturity by three weeks without adverse effects on yield at 150 mM NaCl (Mahar et al., 2003). ...

... Shah et al. (1987) considered the Na + and Cl À exclusion trait from Thinopyrum to be dominant as it was expressed both in amphiploids and in multiple addition lines derived from hybrids with hexaploid wheats. The amphiploid tested under controlled salinity in Spain had a reasonable degree of salinity tolerance (Hollington et al., 1992), but it showed many drawbacks for direct use as a salt-tolerant crop. Further work using disomic addition lines in Chinese Spring concluded that both T. aestivum and T. bessarabicum carried genes on group 2 chromosomes that conferred susceptibility to salt, although the increased sensitivity was less with the 2J (2E b ) chromosome from T. bessarabicum than for additions of 2A, 2D or 2B chromatin. ...

... Por otro lado, bastantes de los trabajos para determinar tolerancia en fase adulta se efectúan en cultivos hidropónicos o sustratos inertes salinizados artificialmente en los que el desarrollo del sistema radicular es generalmente diferente al existente en el campo, lo que afecta a los resultados obtenidos. Por ello, en las últimas décadas se han desarrollado métodos de campo para determinar la tolerancia en fase adulta, tanto en condiciones salinas naturales de regadío (Slavich et al. 1990;Royo et al. 1991b;Slavich et al.1993;Bercero y Aragüés, 1996) como en condiciones artificiales en las que se impone un gradiente salino apropiado en el suelo (Nieman y Shannon, 1976;Aragüés et al., 1992;Royo et al., 2000) La tolerancia a la salinidad puede definirse en base a distintos enfoques. Bernstein (1963) define tolerancia como el grado con que una planta es capaz de ajustar su potencial osmótico con un sacrificio mínimo de crecimiento, y Levit (1980) asocia la tolerancia con la ausencia de efectos negativos sobre el crecimiento de las plantas que acumulan sales en sus tejidos. ...