A. L. de Castro’s research while affiliated with Federal University of São Carlos and other places

The fire resistance of a structural concrete is evaluated by the time length that the element keeps performing its functions under high temperature conditions. It is usually believed that the concrete has an excellent durability before fire; however, in practice the stability of this material is reduced by high temperatures. Unfortunately, under such circumstances, concrete elements present excessive damages or even catastrophic failures. When exposed to high temperatures, cement based materials undergo physicochemical changes that damage their mechanical properties and spoil their resistance to heat transfer. Although the thermal features of a high strength concrete are similar to those of a conventional concrete, this material has a greater sensibility to high temperatures due to its reduced porosity, showing a higher relative loss of the mechanical properties and explosive spalling in the temperature range between 100 ºC and 400 ºC. The spalling can be avoided by adding polypropylene fibers in concrete: when melted and partially absorbed by the cement matrix, the fibers generate a permeable network that allows the outward gas migration, decreasing the pore pressure in the material and, consequently, eliminating the possibility of explosive spalling occurrence. Thus, in the present paper, a review regarding the behavior of concretes exposed to high temperatures, as well as the influence of polypropylene fibers have been addressed for concretes applied in the civil engineering area.

When a concrete is produced, especially a high performance one, the first concern is the cement type to be used, making this binder an essential compound. The rheological properties of high performance concretes are related to the hydration of cement aluminates phase, whereas the development of mechanical strength depends on the hydrated silicates formed. Thus, variations on cement characteristics influence the properties of a concrete, being observed different behaviors for mixtures produced with distinct cements. The present paper aims to evaluate the influence of cement type on the performance of special concretes designed using computing techniques. The fresh properties were evaluated measuring the fluidity index and the rheological behavior of the material. In the hardened condition, the mechanical strength were evaluated by the compressive, splitting tensile and 3 point bending tests, whereas the Young's modulus was measured by the static and dynamic methods. By comparing all the measured properties, the concretes produced with Portland cement showed better performance than that containing calcium aluminate cement, being the high early strength Portland cement more efficient than the slag-modified Portland cement for the production of high performance mixtures and until the age of 28 days.

From a rheological point of view, concrete can be understood as a concentrate suspension of solid particles (aggregates) in a viscous liquid (cement paste). In such case, its fresh behavior should be evaluated based on the concepts of rheology, the science which relates the deformation and flow of a fluid under stress influence. Several studies had already been accomplished along the time, resulting in a series of equations that describe the fresh concrete behavior. It is known that the rheological behavior of this material is close to that of a Bingham fluid and two rheological parameters are required for its description: yield stress and plastic viscosity. The rheology of fresh concrete has been studied by measurements that vary among simple and practical test methods, such as the slump test, and more sophisticated equipments that determine the flow curve of the material, such as the rheometer. Therefore, it is possible to attain a correlation between shear stress and shear rate under conditions defined physically. As fresh concrete is a heterogeneous material, a more accurate approach of its rheological behavior is given by the direct analysis of the forces (torque) that result from the shear (rotation speed) of the concrete. Thus, this paper presents a review concerning the main concepts related with the rheology of high performance concretes applied in building site, which involves the rheological characterization and the test methods used for the measurement of the rheological properties.

The search for materials with better mechanical performance and durability has been the aim of the concrete's technology researchers. In order to attain this target, concretes developed with engineering microstructure are necessary. Based on the concepts of particle packing and dispersion, it is possible to obtain materials with dense matrix and appropriate workability. Thus, in the present paper, the properties of concretes based on these concepts are presented and compared to those high performance ones used in building site researches. The fresh properties were evaluated measuring the fluidity index and the rheological behavior of the material. In the hardened condition, the mechanical strength were evaluated by the compressive, splitting tensile and 3 point bending tests, whereas the Young's modulus were measured by the static and dynamic methods. The new concretes showed to be more workable for a longer period of time than the reference one, without the need of retarding admixtures addition. In terms of mechanical strength, it was possible to verify higher reproducibility for the concretes designed with the computing mix proportion technique. Besides that, it was also possible to establish good correlations between the strength measured for these concretes, as well for the Young's modulus measured by both test methods.

A busca por materiais com desempenho mecânico e durabilidade cada vez superiores tem sido o alvo dos pesquisadores da tecnologia dos concretos. Para tanto, concretos obtidos a partir da engenharia de microestrutura são necessários. Com base nos conceitos de empacotamento e dispersão de partículas é possível obter materiais com matrizes densas e trabalhabilidade adequada. Assim, as propriedades de concretos dosados com base nesses conceitos são apresentadas e comparadas àquelas de concretos de alto desempenho, adotados em pesquisas da construção civil. As propriedades no estado fresco foram avaliadas medindo-se o índice de fluidez e determinando-se o comportamento reológico do material. No estado endurecido, a resistência mecânica foi avaliada pelos ensaios de compressão uniaxial, tração por compressão diametral e flexão em 3 pontos, enquanto o módulo de elasticidade foi avaliado pelos métodos estático e dinâmico. Os concretos desenvolvidos se apresentaram trabalháveis por um período de tempo superior que o concreto de referência, sem a necessidade da incorporação de aditivos retardadores. Em termos de resistência mecânica, foi possível observar uma maior reprodutibilidade dos resultados obtidos para os concretos formulados por dosagem computacional. Além disso, os resultados possibilitaram estabelecer boas correlações entre as resistências medidas para esses concretos, bem como entre os módulos de elasticidade medidos por ambos os métodos de ensaio.

Concrete, the most widely used construction material, is constantly developing. During the recent years, several researches have been carried out and the search for materials with higher mechanical and durability performance has been the objective of the concrete technology area. These materials allow designers and the architects to use them efficiently in high slender and innovative buildings. Therefore, in order to attain this target, microstructural engineering is required. Being composites constituted of fine size distribution particles (maximum size < 4750 μm) and low water/cement ratio, these concretes present dense matrix by packing optimization of the granular materials, whereas the suitable workability is the result of particle dispersion promoted by adding chemical admixtures to the mixture. Moreover, they incorporate mineral additives which are, mostly, industrial by-products, resulting in a great environmental benefit: industrial residues recycling, pollutant emissions reduction during cement production, raw materials preservation and energy saving. Thus, in present paper, a review related to the concepts of particle dispersion and packing was carried out, addressed for special concretes applied in the civil engineering field.

O concreto material de construção mais amplamente utilizado está constantemente evoluindo. Nos últimos anos, muitas pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas e a busca por materiais com desempenho mecânico e de durabilidade cada vez maiores tem sido o alvo dos pesquisadores da tecnologia dos concretos. Tais materiais permitem que os projetistas e arquitetos o usem eficientemente em edifícios altos, além de serem esteticamente mais interessantes. Para tanto, concretos obtidos a partir da engenharia de microestrutura são necessários. Por serem compósitos constituídos de partículas com granulometria fina (tamanho máximo < 4750 μm) e uma baixa relação água/cimento, esses concretos apresentam matrizes densas obtidas a partir da otimização do empacotamento dos materiais granulares, enquanto a trabalhabilidade adequada é obtida com a dispersão das partículas promovida pela incorporação de aditivos químicos à mistura. Além disso, utilizam adições minerais que são, na grande maioria, subprodutos industriais, resultando em um grande benefício ambiental: reciclagem de resíduos industriais, redução de emissões poluidoras durante a produção do cimento, preservação de matérias-primas e economia de energia. Assim, no presente artigo, uma revisão sobre os conceitos de dispersão e empacotamento de partículas foi realizada, direcionando-se para os concretos especiais aplicados na construção civil.