A. K. Minks’s research while affiliated with The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and other places

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Publications (24)


Some factors influencing the performance of pheromone traps for Oriental fruit moth in Australia
  • Article

April 2011

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21 Reads

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15 Citations

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

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A. K. MINKS

Catches of oriental fruit moth males, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), at traps baited with (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate were not greatly influenced by design. Males were equally attracted to polyethylene dispensers containing 1–1000μg of the pheromone. There was no evidence that small amounts of the E isomer produced significant increases in catch at pheromone sources, but reductions were apparent when the level of this isomer exceeded 23%. Synergistic effects resulted from the addition of (Z-8-dodecenyl alcohol to the pheromone, and captures were also enhanced when dodecyl alcohol was used as a modifier. Traps at 2m caught more males than those located at 1m or 4m and this pattern was not altered by tree height. There was evidence that traps cleared daily caught fewer moths than those serviced at longer intervals. INFLUENCE DE QUELQUES FACTEURS SUR LA PERFORMANCE DE PIEGES A PHEROMONE POUR GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (TORDEUSE ORIENTALE DES FRUITS) EN AUSTRALIE Les captures de mǎles de la Tordeuse orientale des fruits (Grapholitha molesta) par des pièges attractifs à base de (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate sont peu influencées par le type de dispositif. Les mǎles sont également attirés par des containers-évaporateurs contenant 1–1000μg de phéromones. De petites quantités de l'isomère E n'entrainent pas d'augmentation significative des captures, mais si la teneur en cet isomère excède 23%, alors on observe des réductions des captures. L'addition de (Z)-8-dodecenyl alcool à la phéromone a des effets synergiques; les captures étant aussi augmentées quand de l'alcool dodecylique est utilisé comme élément de modification de l'attractif. Les pièges placés à 2 m de hauteur attrapent plus de mǎles que ceux installés à 1 m ou à 4 m et cela s'observe quelle que soit la hauteur de l'arbre. On remarque que les pièges nettoyés chaque jour capturent moins de papillons que ceux révisés à de plus longs intervalles.


Sex pheromones of the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana: Trapping performance in the field

April 2011

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98 Reads

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28 Citations

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

The sex pheromone of Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two isomers: cis-9 and cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate. The pure synthetic compounds were assessed for their attractant activity in the field. Maximum attraction was with a 9: 1 ratio of the respective isomers. This ratio proved crucial. The two trans isomers were strongly inhibitory to the synthetic pheromone. Catches diminished when a mixture of the trans isomers was added to the standard amount of pheromone. One of the trans isomers alone was less inhibitory. Live virgin A. orana females hardly attracted males when the trans isomers separately or together were placed in the same trap. Polyethylene caps proved to be ideal dispensers with persistent attractiveness. Caps treated with pheromone the previous summer still attracted moths. Over 7 weeks, caps with 100 μg pheromone or more trapped a fairly constant proportion of the total weekly catch. Smaller amounts became inactive after a few weeks. Catch was proportional to the exponent of amount of pheromone. LES PHÉROMONES SEXUELLES D'ADOXOPHYES ORANA (LÉPIDOPTERA TORTRICIDAE): RÉSULTATS DE PIÈGES ATTRACTIFS EN PLEIN CHAMP La phéromone sexuelle d' Adoxophyes orana est un mélange de deux isomères: cis-9 et cis-11 tetradecenyl acetate. Les composés synthétiques purs ont éTÉ tesTÉs pour leur pouvoir attractif dans la nature. L'attraction maximum a éTÉ obtenue avec un mélange des deux isomères préciTÉs dans la proportion 9:1. Cette proportion s'est révélée primordiale. Les deux isomères trans se sont révélés fortement inhibiteurs de l'hormone synthétique. Les captures diminuent quand un mélange des isomères trans est ajouTÉ à une quantiTÉ standard de la phéromone. Un seul des isomères trans a un effet inhibiteur moins marqué. Des femelles vierges d'A. orana attirent difficilement les mâles quand les isomères trans sont ajouTÉs séparément ou ensemble dans le même piège. Les capsules en polyéthylène se sont révélées idéales pour la présentation de la phéromone avec une attractiviTÉ persistante. Des capsules traiTÉes avec la phéromone l'éTÉ précédent attiraient encore les papillons. Des capsules ayant reçu 100 μg de phéromone ou plus capturent encore, après 7 semaines, une proportion correcte et constante des captures hebdomadaires globales. De plus petites quantiTÉs deviennent inactives après quelques semaines. Les captures sont proportionnelles à l'indice de la quantiTÉ de phéromone.


Decreased sex pheromone production in an inbred stock of the summer-fruit tortrix moth Adoxophes orana

April 2011

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82 Reads

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10 Citations

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

The sex pheromone production of two stocks of Adoxophyes orana both reared on wheat-germ diets, which differed only slightly, were compared. Trapping experiments in the field as well as a bioassay in the laboratory pointed to a much lower sex pheromone production in the in-bred stock. VERMINDERTE GESCHLECHTSPHEROMON-PRODUKTION BEI EINEM INZUCHTSTAMM DES SOMMEROBST-WICKLERS, ADOXOPHYES ORANA. Zur Untersuchung ihrer Geschlechtsanlockwirkung wurden 1965 zwei Laborstämme von Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.), einem wichtigen Obstschädling Hollands, begründet (Minks et al. 1970, Minks & Noordink 1971). Beide Stämme wurden an einer künstlichen Weizenkeimlingsdiät (Adkisson et al. 1960) gehalten. Das Produktionsniveau des einen Stammes (Zeeland-Stamm) variierte zwischen 500 bis 1500 Faltern pro Monat; ab 1965 wurden in jedem Sommer ein oder zwei Frischfänge von ca. 100 Freilandinsekten zugesetzt (de Jong 1968). Der andere Stamm (Wageningen-Stamm) wurde gleichzeitig bei einem hohen Produktionsniveau von 500 bis 1000 Faltern pro Tag und 9 bis 10 Generationen pro Jahr ingezüchtet (Ankersmit 1968). Während der Hauptflugperiode der Sommergeneration wurden in einem Versuchsobstgarten etwa 10 Meilen südwestlich Wageningen Klebfallen aufgestellt, die jeweils mit zwei unbe-gatteten Weibchen von je einem der beiden Stämme beschickt waren. Die Mittelwerte der gefangenen Männchen sind für die beiden Stämme signifikant verschieden (Tab. I). Außerdem wurden Laborprüfungen durchgeführt (siehe Shorey et al. 1964), um den Pheromonspiegel in den unbegatteten Weibchen der beiden Stämme zu bestimmen. Fünf Stichproben von jeweils hundert drei Tage alten jungfräulichen Weibchen wurden dem Wageningen- und dem Zeeland-Stamm in Intervallen während Herbst und Winter 1969/70 entnommen. Pheromon-Rohextrakte der Abdomenenden wurden in Methylenchlorid präpariert. Alle Testversuche wurden zwischen 8.45 und 9.15 Uhr vormittags mit Gruppen von 15 drei- bis viertägigen Männchen je Test aus dem Wageningen-Stamm unter gleichen Licht- und Temperaturbedingen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse wurden als positiv (+) betrachtet, wenn über 50% der Männchen eine “Aktivierung vom Ruhestadium” zeigten, eine Reaktion, die von Bartell & Shorey (1969 a, b) für einen anderen Wickler beschrieben worden ist (Tab. II). Ähnliche Reaktionen wurden in einigen Versuchen mit Männchen des Zeeland-Stammes und von Wildfängen erhalten. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß der extrahierbare Pheromongehalt unbegatteter Weibchen des ingezüchteten Wageningen-Stammes zwischen 10- und 100mal niedriger liegt als der von Zeeland-Weibchen. Es bestanden einige Unterschiede in den Zuchtbedingungen der zwei Stämme; Ascorbin-säure war nur im Medium des Zeeland-Stammes vorhanden und die Raupen des Wageningen-Stammes wurden in größeren Einheiten gehalten. Es ist möglich, daß diese Differenzen für die Unterschiede im Pheromongehalt verantwortlich sind. Eine andere Annahme ist, daß der verschiedene Selektionsdruck die Ursache sein könnte. Die Attraktivität der Adoxophyes-Weibchen variiert stark, doch dürfte im Freiland der Selektionsdruck Weibchen mit ausreichender Pheromonproduktion begünstigen. Solche Selektionsdrucke dürften in Laborkulturen unwirksam sein und könnten im Verein mit abnehmender Vitalität zu der beobachteten Abnahme der Pheromonbildung im Wageningen-Stamm geführt haben. Diese Beobachtungen unterstreichen erneut die gebotene Vorsicht bei Verwendung im Labor gezüchteter Insekten für Felduntersuchungen, besonders wenn vorausgesetzt wird, daß diese gleichwertig mit Wildtieren konkurrieren.


Autoradiography: A sensitive method in dispersal studies with Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

April 2011

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16 Reads

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5 Citations

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

By mixing ²² Na and ³² P in artificial diets the adults of A. orana and their subsequent stages were labelled to study their dispersal. The sensitivity of a Geiger‐Müller tube and of autoradiography were compared. The latter method was about 70 times more sensitive under our experimental conditions and was therefore preferred to detect the radioactivity in the insects recaptured during the release experiments. As well as the great sensitivity to beta rays of all energies, autoradiography has the advantage that it can be used where little scientific equipment is available. ³² P was a suitable source of radioactivity. The radioactivity of spermatophores and egg‐clusters of parents labelled with it could be demonstrated easily. In spite of the short half life of ³² P, it was possible to detect radioactivity in a spermatophore extracted from a second generation female, even when modest doses of isotope (200 μCi/800 ml diet) had been used to label the first generation. Field experiments showed that isotopes could be used to show the distance of primary and secondary dispersal of A. orana . Zusammenfassung AUTORADIOGRAPHIE: EINE EMPEINDLICHE METHODE FÜR AUSBREITUNGS‐UNTERSUCHUNGEN BEI ADOXOPHYES ORANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) Zur Untersuchung ihrer Ausbreitung wurden erwachsene Adoxophyes orana und ihre Folgegeneration durch Beimischung von ²² Na und ³² /sp>P zu künstlichen Diäten der Raupen markiert. Die Empfindlichkeit eines Geiger‐Müller‐Zählers und der Autoradiographie wurden verglichen. Die letztgenannte Methode erwies sich unter unseren Versuchsbedingungen als 70mal sensitiver und wurde deshalb zum Nachweis der Radioaktivität von Insekten bevorzugt, die bei Freilassungsexperimenten wiedergefangen wurden. Neben der großen Empfindlichkeit gegenüber β‐Strahlen aller Energiebereiche hat die Autoradiographie den Vorteil, daß sie auch dort benutzt werden kann, wo nur geringe wissenschaftliche Ausrüstung verfügbar ist. ³² P war dafür geeignetes radioaktives Material. Die Radioaktivität der Spermatophoren und Eigelege der mit ³² P markierten Falter konnte leicht nachgewiesen werden. Trotz der kurzen Halbwertszeit von ³² P war es möglich, die Radioaktivität in einer Spermatophore nachzuweisen, die aus einem Weibchen der zweiten Generation entnommen wurde, selbst wenn nur mäßige Dosen des Isotops (200 μCi/800 ml Diät) benutzt worden waren, um die erste Generation zu markieren. Feldversuche zeigten, daß die Isotope dafür benutzt werden können, die Entfernung der primären und sekundären Dispersion von A. orana nachzuweisen.


DISRUPTION OF PHEROMONE COMMUNICATION WITH MICRO‐ENCAPSULATED ANTIPHEROMONES AGAINST ADOXOPHYES ORANA

April 2011

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15 Reads

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3 Citations

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

The antipheromone of the summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), a mixture of trans-9 and trans-11-tetradecenyl acetate in the proportion 9: 1, has been formulated in microcapsules for spraying in a disruption experiment. Three sprays with 2 weeks interval have been applied against the second flight of A. orana during August and September 1974 in an unsprayed 0.2 hectare plot of an apple orchard. The fact that fewer moths have been caught in the monitoring sex pheromone traps in the treated area indicates that sufficient antipheromone was present in the orchard to cause disruption of the pheromone communication. The lower number of larvae of the next generation found in the treated area provides further support to favourable prospects for this pest control method. INTERRUPTION DE LA COMMUNICATION PAR PHÉROMONE, PAR EMPLOI D'ANTIPHÉROMONES SOUS FORME DE MICROCAPSULES, DANS LA LUTTE CONTRE ADOXOPHYES ORANA L'antiphéromone de la tordeuse du pommier, Adoxophyes orana, un mélange de trans-9 et trans-11 tetradecenyl acétate, dans une proportion 9: 1, a été formulée en microcapsules en vue d'un essai d'interruption de la reproduction. Pendant le deuxième vol de A. orana en août-septembre, 3 pulvérisations ont été effectuées dans une partie d'un verger de pommiers de 0,2 ha. Dans la zône traitée, les captures très réduites dans les pièges à phéromone sexuelle indiquent qu'il y avait assez d'antiphéromone répandue dans le verger pour entraîner une interruption de la communication entre les sexes. Le fait que le nombre de chenilles de la génération suivante était également diminué dans la parcelle traitée, offre de bonnes perspectives pour cette méthode de lutte.


Die mögliche Anwendung von Sexualpheromonen für die Bekämpfung des Apfelschalenwicklers, Adoxophyes orana, im holländischen Obstbau1

August 2009

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17 Reads

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2 Citations

Journal of Applied Entomology

Possibilities for the use of sex pheromones to control the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana, in dutch orchards. The sex pheromone of Adoxophyes orana has been identified as a two-component system consisting of cis-9- and cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate (tda). Optimum attraction in the field is obtained with a ratio cis-9-tda: cis-11-tda = 9:1. Research on the problem how to make use of pheromones for control in practice is less spectacular and very laborious. Even if we restrict ourselves to the simplest possibility, namely the detection of the presence and the observation of the flight activity of the moths, we shall quickly encounter problems like the interpretation of the numbers of moths caught in the traps. Several examples indicate that the course of the sex trap data can differ very much from the course of the population density as determined by other sampling methods. There is the extra difficulty that we are observing the activity of the adult moths, but that we are primarily interested in the control of the larvae. During the past 2 years we achieved a very satisfactory control of A. orana by the use of a combination of daily sex trap observations and the so-called temperaturesum method. The relation between sex trap catches and population density will be further analyzed.


Improved sex attractant for the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell. (Lep., Acrolepiidae)

August 2009

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59 Reads

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3 Citations

Journal of Applied Entomology

Sex attractant traps containing a blend of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-16:Ac), in a 10:1 ratio, yielded the highest captures of male Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller moths in comparison with Z11-16:Ald alone or various mixtures of Z11-16:Ald, Z11-16:Ac and Z11-16:OH. Our results at Wageningen could be confirmed by similar findings obtained at other locations in Europe. Verbesserter Sexuallockstoff für die Lauchmotte, Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell. (Lep., Acrolepiidae) Sexualpheromonfallen, die eine Mischung von (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) und (Z)-hexadecen-1-ol Azetat (Z11-16:Ac) in einem Mischungsverhältnis von 10:1 enthielten, erzielten die höchsten Fänge von männlichen Falter der Art Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller verglichen mit Z11-16:Ald allein oder verschiedenen Mischungen von Z11-16:Ald, Z11-16:Ac und Z11-16:OH. Unsere Ergebnisse in Wageningen konnten durch vergleichbare Ergebnisse an anderen Standorten in Europa bestätigt werden.




Elucidation of the sex pheromone system of the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae): a short review

June 1977

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9 Reads

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16 Citations

European Potato Journal

Recent research, reviewed here, of the pheromone system of the potato tuberworm moth has led to the isolation, identification, and synthesis of its components.trans-4,cis-7-tridecadien-l-ol acetate (PTM 1) andtrans-4,cis-7,cis-10-tridecatrien-l-ol acetate (PTM 2), mixtures of which are much more attractive in the field than 2 virgin female moths or each compound on its own.


Citations (18)


... The combination of pheromone traps and degree-day models could be a reliable way for monitoring adults mating and oviposition times and thus predicting accurately the times of pesticide applications (Hanfi, 1999). Research on the pheromone of PTM started in 1969 and then it was identified as a mixture of two components, named as (E, Z)-4, 7-tridecadienyl acetate (PTM1) and (E, Z, Z)-4, 7, 10-tridecatrienyl acetate (PTM2) (Persoons et al., 1976;Raman, 1988). According to Persoons et al. (1976) in field trials the ratio of 1:4 of PTM1 and PTM2 attracted more male insects. ...

Reference:

Factors influencing the pheromone trap catch of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in storage
Sex pheromone of the potato tuberworm moth, Phthorimaea operculella: isolation and identification
  • Citing Article
  • January 1976

C.J. Persoons

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S. Voerman

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P.E.J. Verwiel

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[...]

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A.K. Minks

... A more extensive study (119) induding a series of oxygen analogues confi rmed defi nite structural requirements for the disruptant effect. Similar investi gations with the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana (164,165), and the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomone/la (2,52), showed that the most potent disrupt ants were chemicals closely related to the pheromone components. Primary compo nent geometric isomers, which are not found to be part of the pheromone system, are frequently very effective in decreasing trap catches at very low release rates (7,26,41,42,58,61,62,68,80,82,91,111,123,150,(162)(163)(164). ...

Sex Pheromones of Summerfruit Tortrix Moth, Adoxophyes orana. 2. Compounds Influencing Their Attractant Activity
  • Citing Article
  • October 1973

Environmental Entomology

... A more extensive study (119) induding a series of oxygen analogues confi rmed defi nite structural requirements for the disruptant effect. Similar investi gations with the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana (164,165), and the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomone/la (2,52), showed that the most potent disrupt ants were chemicals closely related to the pheromone components. Primary compo nent geometric isomers, which are not found to be part of the pheromone system, are frequently very effective in decreasing trap catches at very low release rates (7,26,41,42,58,61,62,68,80,82,91,111,123,150,(162)(163)(164). ...

Sex Pheromones of Summerfruit Tortrix Moth, Adoxophyes orana: Investigations on Compounds Modifying Their Attractancy
  • Citing Article
  • August 1974

Environmental Entomology

... Principally, control strategies for A. assectella consist of insecticide applications on foliage against larvae (Goix 1986;Hommes 1992;Greenword and Halstead 1997) but because of the cryptic habitat of larvae, commercial insecticides are not effective against this insect. Sex pheromone for mating disruption (Isart et al. 1982) or mass trapping of adults (Rahn 1982;Minks et al. 1994;Asman 2002) have also been used in the control of this pest. ...

Improved sex attractant for the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell. (Lep., Acrolepiidae)
  • Citing Article
  • August 2009

Journal of Applied Entomology

... Prior attempts to measure adult female dispersal of tOftricoid pests in tree fruits with techniques other than trapping are limited to autoradiographic labeling of Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) byNoordink & Minks (1970), and two studies with codling moth, Cydia pomenella L. (Wildbolz & Baggiolini 1959. White et al. 1973).Noordink & Minks (1970)released about 1,800 32P-Iabeled adults and recovered 43 labeled egg masses within 25 m of the release site. ...

Autoradiography: A sensitive method in dispersal studies with Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
  • Citing Article
  • April 2011

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

... According to Minks and de Jong (1975) [13] it appears that the economic risk limit (loss) is determined at 5 -10 insects/ trap /week. Sex pheromone traps (Delta-type) (Minks and Voerman, 1973;Pehlevan and Kovanci, 2014) [12,16] are used for both surveillance and partial population control of the insect. Against A. orana, a large number of insecticides are being widely used, like organophosphates with active substances chlorpyrifos -methyl, triazophos, etc., synthetic pyrethroids, but also carbamids acting through the carbaryl compound (Charmillot and Brunner, 1989;Cross, 1997; [3,6,4] , although research by Cross (1997) [6] describes the development of considerable resistance of A. orana to the use of organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos. ...

Sex pheromones of the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana: Trapping performance in the field
  • Citing Article
  • April 2011

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

... In some cases, non-pheromone components can be disruptants without having attraction, 19,[44][45][46] although this is not always the case (e.g. Adoxophyes orana 47 ). This can be referred to as sensory system imbalance, when the blend has conflicting signals. ...

DISRUPTION OF PHEROMONE COMMUNICATION WITH MICRO‐ENCAPSULATED ANTIPHEROMONES AGAINST ADOXOPHYES ORANA
  • Citing Article
  • April 2011

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

... Monitoring insect pests is normally necessary to determine the timing of insecticide treatment or other interventions by growers employing integrated pest management [1]. Such data are traditionally collected by manually checking and counting trap captures weekly, ideally with a lure or possibly colored traps [2,3]. Depending on how many traps are in a given system, this method requires labor and regular transport to each trap site. ...

Some factors influencing the performance of pheromone traps for Oriental fruit moth in Australia
  • Citing Article
  • April 2011

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

... In previous studies pheromone traps are successfully used in mass trapping or disruption mating method to control the apple clearing moth (Harzer 1991;Zeki et al. 1996;Hapke et al. 2000;Bosc et al. 2001). In the field condition, evaluation of active substances of pheromone compound at a 10:1 ratio of (Z, Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate and (E, E)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate showed strong sexual attraction of males of Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) (Voerman et al. 1978). ...

Reference:

IDENTI~1
Attractivity of 3.13-octadecadien-1-01 acetates to the male clearwing moth Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)
  • Citing Article
  • May 1978

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

... 100-fold less attractive to males than the pheromone, (Z,Z)-7,11-and (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetates in a 1:1 ratio. Voerman et al. (1975) found Z 11-13:Ac could be substituted for Z11-14:Ac m thetwo -component Z11-14:Ac and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate pheromones of Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von R6slerstamm) and Clepsis spectrana (Treitschke), but with reductions in the levels of attractancy. ...

Specificity of the pheromone system ofAdoxophyes orana andClepsis spectrana
  • Citing Article
  • December 1975

Journal of Chemical Ecology