Fold difference ¼ 2 ðÀDDCtÞ RT-PCR data were first log-transformed, following the normality of the variances according to Snedecor and Cochran [45]. Results were then analysed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates and three different treatments (time-points) according to the experiment, using the PROC GLM of SAS Institute V.S. 9.2 [40].
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: To increase understanding of the interactions between Brachypodium distachyon (purple false brome) and its pathogens, six diploid and two hexaploid Plant Introductions (PI) lines were assessed for their resistance/susceptibility to nine economically important fungal pathogens and two species of insect pests affecting closely related grass species. Naturally occurring variation in resistance was found, with two lines being the most resistant and one line being the most susceptible to most of the insects and pathogens tested. Evidence was found for differential activation of key genes in pathogen defense response pathways between susceptible and resistant lines.
RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 179 Since the R 2 value from equation 6 must have a level of Significance before the model is considered verified, the statistical significance test was done to ascertain how adequately the sample data test used for developing the model represents the whole population. The significance level for a given R 2 can be obtained by computing 't' as presented by (Snedecor and Cochron, 1980) in equation below, and then determining the significance level in a table of 't' values.
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT
A mathematical expression for predicting the throughput capacity for chipping process of a mechanically operated cocoyam chipper is presented. The chipper throughput capacity model was developed by dimensional analysis, using the concept of Buckingham’s Pi Theorem. The model was verified and validated by fitting it into experimental data from the developed mechanical cocoyam chipper. The results obtained revealed that the fitted model correlated well with the experimental data with R-square value of 0.91. Also, the difference between the means of the predicted and the measured throughput capacity was not statistically significant at 5% level of significance.
Key words: Modeling, Throughput capacity, Cocoyam, Chipper
Collected data were analyzed statistically using multiple comparison methods. When Bartlett's test (1937) indicated no significant deviations from variance homogeneity, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Snedecor and Cochran, 1980) was conducted to determine whether any of the group means differed at the P < 0.05 significance level. When significance was found using ANOVA, Dunnett's post hoc test (1964) was used to determine the difference between the control and treatment groups.
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the potential subchronic toxicity of triclosan (TCS) in rats following 28 days of exposure by repeated inhalation. Four groups of six rats of each sex were exposed to TCS-containing aerosols by nose-only inhalation of 0, 0.04, 0.13, or 0.40 mg/L for 6 h/day, 5 days/week over a 28-day period. During the study period, clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology were examined. At 0.40 mg/L, rats of both sexes exhibited an increase in the incidence of postdosing salivation and a decrease in body weight. Histopathological alterations were found in the nasal septum and larynx. There were no treatment-related effects in rats of either sex at ⩽0.13 mg/L. Under the present experimental conditions, the target organs in rats were determined to be the nasal cavity and larynx. The no-observed-adverse-effect concentration in rats was determined to be 0.13 mg/L.
These differential scores can be viewed as measuring the overall quality improvement and reverberation reduction provided by each enhancement method. To assess the significance of the observed differences in mean MUSHRA scores, a two-sample t-test was used with Satterthwaite's approximation for unequal variances [69]. The proposed method always has lower perceived reverberation than the unprocessed speech.
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: This paper proposes an online single-channel speech enhancement method designed to improve the quality of speech degraded by reverberation and noise. Based on an auto-regressive model for the reverberation power and on a Hidden Markov Model for clean speech production, a Bayesian filtering formulation of the problem is derived and online joint estimation of the acoustic parameters and mean speech, reverberation and noise powers is obtained in Mel-frequency bands. From these estimates, a real-valued spectral gain is derived and spectral enhancement is applied in the STFT domain. The method yields state-of-theart performance and greatly reduces the effects of reverberation and noise while improving speech quality and preserving speech intelligibility in challenging acoustic environments.
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Present study was conducted to explore the possibility of treating the diabetic rat wounds by canine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and its conditioned media (CM). Canine bone marrow stem cells were isolated ascetically from dog and cultured in vitro. Stem cells conditioned media was collected from third passage cells at 120 hours of culture. Streptozotocin was used for induction of diabetes in rats. Six groups were made for the wound healing therapy in which group I, II and III were non-diabetic while group IV, V and VI were diabetic with six animals in each group and one wound was created in each animal. Group II and V received stem cells in culture media and group III and VI received conditioned media while group I and IV were kept as respective controls given only stem cell culture media. Stem cells and its conditioned media were injected at the periphery of wounds. Wound healing was assessed by wound contraction, photographic evaluation at different time interval (0, 3 rd , 7 th , 14 th , 21 st and 28 th day) and histomorphological examination on day 28. The outcomes of wound healing experiment suggested that canine bone marrow stem cells as well as its conditioned media can be exploited xenogenically very well for diabetic rat wound healing.
We took the observation period to begin in 1890 (Table 1). The uniformity assumption was tested using the chi squared goodness-of-fit statistic (Snedecor & Cochran 1989) with significance assessed via simulation. The null hypothesis of uniformity can not be rejected for either egg or skin sightings.
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) was a social breeder and it has been suggested that the species experienced functional extinction, defined as a total reproductive failure, prior to its actual extinction in the early years of the 20th century. Here, we apply a novel statistical method to a record of egg specimens and so-called skin specimens to test for functional extinction. The results indicate that the species did not become functionally extinct, suggesting that proposals to reverse its rapid decline in the late 19th century could have been successful. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
In fact, the observed results showed that the medium correction factor for the Pinus pinaster was in reality only 1.38 (with maximum and minimum values of 2.56 and 0.62, respectively). According toSnedecor and Cochran (1995)the quantity F should be a good criterion for testing the null hypothesis that the population means are the same in all methodologies. From this analysis it can be proved that the differences between the LAI average values from the tested methodologies are highly significant.
Briefly, a total number of genes available for testing across two studies (common background) is established based on gene symbol level annotation and high quality signal in both studies. Among this set of background, the number genes significant in both studies (the 'overlap') is statistically contrasted with the number of genes one would expect in the overlap by chance using the binomial test [46]. Proteins were resolved by electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes for quantitative Western blot as described previously [47].
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Many aging changes seem similar to those elicited by sleep-deprivation and psychosocial stress. Further, sleep architecture changes with age suggest an age-related loss of sleep. Here, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation in young subjects would elicit both stress and aging-like transcriptional responses.
F344 rats were divided into control and sleep deprivation groups. Body weight, adrenal weight, corticosterone level and hippocampal CA1 transcriptional profiles were measured. A second group of animals was exposed to novel environment stress (NES), and their hippocampal transcriptional profiles measured. A third cohort exposed to control or SD was used to validate transcriptional results with Western blots. Microarray results were statistically contrasted with prior transcriptional studies. Microarray results pointed to sleep pressure signaling and macromolecular synthesis disruptions in the hippocampal CA1 region. Animals exposed to NES recapitulated nearly one third of the SD transcriptional profile. However, the SD-aging relationship was more complex. Compared to aging, SD profiles influenced a significant subset of genes. mRNA associated with neurogenesis and energy pathways showed agreement between aging and SD, while immune, glial, and macromolecular synthesis pathways showed SD profiles that opposed those seen in aging.
We conclude that although NES and SD exert similar transcriptional changes, selective presynaptic release machinery and Homer1 expression changes are seen in SD. Among other changes, the marked decrease in Homer1 expression with age may represent an important divergence between young and aged brain response to SD. Based on this, it seems reasonable to conclude that therapeutic strategies designed to promote sleep in young subjects may have off-target effects in the aged. Finally, this work identifies presynaptic vesicular release and intercellular adhesion molecular signatures as novel therapeutic targets to counter effects of SD in young subjects.
N E S T I N G A C T I V I T Y M O N I T O R I N G Nesting beaches at Cayenne ⁄ Re´mireRe´mire-Montjoly (French Guiana) were patrolled nightly from sunrise to sunset during the nesting season (early May to early September) from 2002 to 2010 to count individual nesting events and tracks. The Grubbs' test statistic (Snedecor & Cochran 1989 ) for the detection of outliers, based on median absolute deviation, was used to identify peaks of turtle landingfrom 2002 to 2008. S A T E L L I T E T E L E M E T R Y Ten olive ridley turtles (N = 5 in 2006 and N = 5 in 2007) were individually equipped with a Satellite Relay Data Logger (SRDL 9000X; Sea Marine Research Unit, SMRU, St Andrews, UK, http:// www.smru.st-and.ac.uk/) whilst nesting on beaches at Cayenne ⁄ Re´mireRe´mire-Montjoly (French Guiana, N = 9) and Eilanti (Suriname , N = 1).
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: 1. The assessment of species extinction risk has been well established for some time now. Assessing the potential for recovery in endangered species is however much more challenging, because complementary approaches are required to detect reliable signals of positive trends.
2. This study combines genetics, demography and behavioural data at three different time-scales to assess historical and recent population changes and evidence of reproductive synchrony in a small population of olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea. Lepidochelys is considered as the most extraordinary example of reproductive synchrony in reptiles, yet to date, it has only been reported in large populations.
3. Using Bayesian coalescent-based models on microsatellite nuclear DNA variability, we demonstrate that effective population size in olive ridleys nesting in French Guiana has dramatically declined by 99% over the last 20 centuries. This low current population size is further illustrated by the absence of genetic mitochondrial DNA diversity in the present nesting population. Yet, monitoring of nesting sites in French Guiana suggests a possible recovery of the population over the last decade.
4. Satellite telemetry shows that over the first 14 days of their 28-days inter-nesting interval, i.e. when eggs maturation is likely to occur, gravid females disperse over the continental shelf. They then gather together with a striking spatiotemporal consistency close to the nesting site, where they later emerge for their second nesting event.
5. Our results therefore suggest that reproductive synchrony also occurs in small populations. Olive ridleys may ensure this synchrony by adjusting the duration of the second half of their inter-nesting interval prior to landing, possibly through social mediation.
6. Such reproductive synchrony may be related to the maintenance of some species-specific strategy despite former collapse and may contribute to the present population recovery. The gregarious behaviour of reproductive individuals close to shore where human-induced perturbations occur is however a cause for conservation concern for this still poorly known species.
As applicable, continuous group mean data (e.g., food consumption, body weights, organ weights, clinical pathology, pathology data, etc.) for all statistically examined parameters were evaluated for homogeneity of variance using Bartlett's test (Snedecor and Cochran, 1998a). For homogenous data, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed along with a Dunnett's Test for parameters showing a significant effect by ANOVA (Dunnett, 1955Dunnett, , 1964 Snedecor and Cochran, 1998b). Study data were analyzed for a dose-related trend using the Williams Test (parametric data) (Williams, 1952 ) or the Shirley Test (non-parametric data) (Konietschke and Ludwig, 2012 ), which were onesided tests, except for the top dose (two-sided test).
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Genetically modified (GM) crops have been developed and commercialized that utilize double stranded RNAs (dsRNA) to suppress a target gene(s), producing virus resistance, nutritional and quality traits. MON 87411 is a GM maize variety that leverages dsRNAs to selectively control corn rootworm through production of a 240 base pair (bp) dsRNA fragment targeting for suppression the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) Snf7 gene (DvSnf7). A bioinformatics assessment found that endogenous corn small RNAs matched ∼450 to 2,300 unique RNA transcripts that likely code for proteins in rat, mouse, and human, demonstrating safe dsRNA consumption by mammals. Mice were administered DvSnf7 RNA (968 nucleotides, including the 240 bp DvSnf7 dsRNA) at 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg by oral gavage in a 28-day repeat dose toxicity study. No treatment-related effects were observed in body weights, food consumption, clinical observations, clinical chemistry, hematology, gross pathology, or histopathology endpoints. Therefore, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for DvSnf7 RNA was 100 mg/kg, the highest dose tested. These results demonstrate that dsRNA for insect control does not produce adverse health effects in mammals at oral doses millions to billions of times higher than anticipated human exposures and therefore poses negligible risk to mammals.
Data were first evaluated for normality using the ShapiroeWilks normality test[33]. Data did not follow a normal distribution; therefore, the nonparametric sign test of matched pairs was used to compare the cellular and humoral immunoreactivity values before and after vacci- nation[34]. A significant difference was defined as P < .05.
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Xenogeneic plasmid DNA constructs have been developed and optimized for immunotherapies targeting cancer in both humans and dogs. Specifically, plasmid vectors containing the tumor antigen tyrosinase have demonstrated immunoreactivity and clinical benefit in the treatment of melanocytic tumors in these species. Overexpression of tyrosinase has also been noted in equine melanocytic tumors, supporting its role as a valid tumor antigen in the horse. Vaccination with plasmid constructs containing tyrosinase may thus have translational immunoreactivity in the treatment of equine melanomas. Here, we describe a methodology that is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of both humoral and cell-mediated immunoreactivity against tyrosinase in equine patients. These antigen-specific immunoassays are used to measure the humoral and cell-mediated responses in a cohort of horses vaccinated with xenogeneic plasmid DNA encoding human tyrosinase. Serum humoral responses were measured using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique against the full-length recombinant human tyrosinase protein. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from vaccinated horses and stimulated with tyrosinase-specific peptides. Cell-mediated responses were then measured using a novel quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction technique to determine resultant interferon-γ expression. All horses developed significantly positive humoral and cell-mediated immune responses compared with their individual prevaccination values. No adverse reactions or signs of autoimmunity were detected. Vaccination with xenogeneic plasmid DNA expressing tyrosinase appears to elicit tumor antigen-specific reactivity and should be evaluated in a larger cohort of horses with melanocytic tumors.
Upon removal from the rumen, bags were immediately rinsed in cold water and washed three times for 10 min in a washing machine using cold water to suppress microbial action, dried at 60°C for 48 h, and weighed for the estimation of DM degradation. The test of Anscombe and Tukey (Snedecor and Cochran 1984) was performed on DM degradation values to detect abnormal data. This resulted in removal of 2.0% of the data.
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: In ruminant nutrition, peas are characterized by high protein solubility and degradability, which impair its protein value estimated by the official in situ method. Grinding can be used as a technological treatment of pea seeds to modify their nutritional value. The aim of this study was to compare the in situ method with an in vitro method on the same pea either in a coarse pea flour form (PCF) or in a ground pea fine flour form (PFF) to understand the effect of grinding. Both forms were also reground (GPCF and GPFF). PCF presented a lower rate of in vitro degradation than PFF, and more stable fermentation parameters (pH, ammonia, soluble carbohydrates) even if gas production was higher for the PCF after 48 h of incubation. In situ dry matter and protein degradation were lower for PCF than those for PFF; these differences were more marked than with the in vitro method. Reground peas were very similar to PFF. The values for pea protein digestible in the intestine (PDI) were higher for PCF than those for PFF. This study points out the high sensitivity of the in situ method to grinding. The study needs to be validated by in vivo measurements.
