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Abstract
The effect of aqueous extracts of carob (Ceratonia siliqua) pods, gallotannic acid, gallic acid, and catechol on several microorganisms was studied. Carob pod extract and tannic acid showed a strong antimicrobial activity toward some cellulolytic bacteria. On the basis of tannin content, to which antimicrobial effect was related, carob pod extracts inhibited Cellvibrio fulvus and Clostridium cellulosolvens at 15 mug/ml, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides at 45 mug/ml, and Bacillus subtilis at 75 mug/ml. The inhibiting concentrations for tannic acid were found to be 12, 10, 45, and 30 mug/ml, respectively. Gallic acid and catechol were much less effective. Tannic acid and the tannin fraction of carob extract exerted both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on C. fulvus. Respiration of C. fulvus in the presence of bactericidal concentrations of tannic acid or tannin fraction of carob extract was inhibited less than 30%. A partial formation of "protoplasts" by C. fulvus was obtained after 2 hr of incubation in a growth medium to which 20% sucrose, 0.15% MgSO(4).7H(2)O, and 10 to 50 mug/ml of tannic acid or 500mug/ml of penicillin, or both, had been added. Tannic acid and the tannin fraction of carob extract protected C. fulvus from metabolic lysis in sucrose solution. Although the growth of other microorganisms tested was only slightly affected, the morphology of some of them was drastically changed in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of carob pod extracts of tannic acid. It is suggested that the site of action of tannins on sensitive microorganisms is primarily the cell envelope.
... cesses of organic matter (Basaraba, 1960;Oslage and Becker, 1958;Siu, 1951). Carob pod extract and its tannin, as well as gallotannic acid at very low concentrations, have been shown to inhibit saprophytic cellulolytic bacteria and modify their colonies, especially Cellvibrio (Henis, Tagari, and Volcani, 1964). A high soluble sugar content is also known to affect microbial activity (Krogh, 1954;Siu, 1951;Berman and Rettger, 1918). ...
... Tannin and sugar fractions of the pod extract were prepared as described by Henis (Henis et al., 1964). ...
... This is in accordance with experiments in which high sugar content was found to reduce cellulose digestion in the rumen (Krogh, 1954). However, results obtained in previous work (Henis et al., 1964) showed that some saprophytic cellulolytic bacteria were extremely sensitive to the tannin fraction of the pod extract as well as to gallotannic acid. In the present experiments, it was found that proteolytic activity was affected by both tannin and sugar fractions of carob extract, as well as by gabotannic acid and sucrose. ...
Carob pod extract and its tannin and sugar fractions were compared with gallotannic acid and sucrose for their effect on the cellulolytic, proteolytic, protein biosynthetic, and deaminative activities of rumen microorganisms. The inhibitory effects of carob pod extract upon the cellulolysis and deamination were correlated mainly with its sugar, rather than its tannin components. On the other hand, proteolytic activity and protein biosynthesis were more significantly affected by the tannin fraction. In contrast to the tannin fraction of carob pod extract, gallotannic acid inhibited cellulolytic activity. The harmful effect of a low concentration of tannins on protein biosynthesis could be prevented by the addition of carbohydrates to the reaction mixture. At high tannin concentration (40 μg/ml), however, the addition of carbohydrates did not prevent the inhibition.
... In the aforementioned investigations, it was confirmed that the Eucalyptus-dose (1 ml of Eucalyptus extract per ml of anaerobic sludge having VSS of 25 g.l -1 , equivalent to 10 6 CFU.ml -1 ) was effective on mixed anaerobic microbes for resulting the highest PD in MFC; however, the response of microbes depends on the optimum dose. In an earlier investigation, it was reported that, tannin-dose from Carob pod could be able to initiate filamentous growth in Pseudomonas fluorescens, nonetheless not in case of Escherichia coli 38 . Hence, mixed anaerobic consortia was preferred for the determination of optimum dose of the Eucalyptus-extract. ...
... The Eucalyptus-extract dose was selected in an increasing order as 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, 1.5 mg, 2.0 mg and 5.0 mg per 1 ml of anaerobic sludge having VSS concentration of 25 g.l -1 and named as E 0.5 , E 1.0 , E 1.5 , E 2.0 , and E 5.0 , respectively. The sucrose medium with 20% sucrose and 0.15% MgSO 4 .7H 2 O in glucose-basal medium 38 was used for inoculating the mixed bacteria by keeping the incubation temperature at 30 ˚C. The mixed anaerobic culture was incubated with different Eucalyptus-dosage. ...
... The mixed anaerobic culture was incubated with different Eucalyptus-dosage. Cell growth and cell counts were performed through OD 600 and plate count methods as previously described 38 keeping a time interval of 8 h. It was observed that there was a sudden rise in the OD 600 values in culture medium with E 1.0 , E 1.5 , and E 2.0 as compared to the untreated microbes and other E-dosages (Fig. 5a). ...
Wastewater treatment coupled with electricity recovery in microbial fuel cell (MFC) prefer mixed anaerobic sludge as inoculum in anodic chamber than pure stain of electroactive bacteria (EAB), due to robustness and syntrophic association. Genetic modification is difficult to adopt for mixed sludge microbes for enhancing power production of MFC. Hence, we demonstrated use of eco-friendly plant secondary metabolites (PSM) with sub-lethal concentrations to enhance the rate of extracellular electron transfer between EAB and anode and validated it in both bench-scale as well as pilot-scale MFCs. The PSMs contain tannin, saponin and essential oils, which are having electron shuttling properties and their addition to microbes can cause alteration in cell morphology, electroactive behaviour and shifting in microbial population dynamics depending upon concentrations and types of PSM used. Improvement of 2.1-times and 3.8-times in power densities was observed in two different MFCs inoculated with Eucalyptus-extract pre-treated mixed anaerobic sludge and pure culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, as compared to respective control MFCs operated without adding Eucalyptus-extract to inoculum. When Eucalyptus-extract-dose was spiked to anodic chamber (125 l) of pilot-scale MFC, treating septage, the current production was dramatically improved. Thus, PSM-dosing to inoculum holds exciting promise for increasing electricity production of field-scale MFCs.
... Escherichia coli represents probably the most investigated microorganism and the strain used, K12, represents a lab strain, largely used in Molecular Biology due to the availability of a wide range of tools for its engineering. Due to its wide availability, MIC of tannic acid against E. coli was determined by Henis et al. [19], Taguri et al. [20], and Chung et al. [17,18]. For the same reason, MIC of gallic acid against E. coli was also measured in several studies [19,21,22]. ...
... Due to its wide availability, MIC of tannic acid against E. coli was determined by Henis et al. [19], Taguri et al. [20], and Chung et al. [17,18]. For the same reason, MIC of gallic acid against E. coli was also measured in several studies [19,21,22]. On the contrary, vescalagin and castalagin are not so easily obtainable, but MIC values of both compounds against Escherichia coli represents probably the most investigated microorganism and the strain used, K12, represents a lab strain, largely used in Molecular Biology due to the availability of a wide range of tools for its engineering. ...
... On the contrary, vescalagin and castalagin are not so easily obtainable, but MIC values of both compounds against Escherichia coli represents probably the most investigated microorganism and the strain used, K12, represents a lab strain, largely used in Molecular Biology due to the availability of a wide range of tools for its engineering. Due to its wide availability, MIC of tannic acid against E. coli was determined by Henis et al. [19], Taguri et al. [20], and Chung et al. [17,18]. For the same reason, MIC of gallic acid against E. coli was also measured in several studies [19,21,22]. ...
In this study the effect of growth medium strength on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different tannins and tannin extracts against Escherichia coli was systematically investigated for the first time. Three pure compounds (vescalagin, castalagin and gallic acid) and five extracts (chestnut, quebracho, mimosa, Colistizer and tannic acid) were studied. Broth microdilution was assayed and bacteria were grown using different growth medium strengths varying from half to double the concentration recommended by the producer. MICs were determined using the iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) dye or turbidity measurements. It was observed that MIC values depend on the growth medium strength. With an increase in the growth medium concentration MIC values rose roughly linearly for all samples, while their relative order remained unchanged, indicating that a direct interaction of tannins with growth medium nutrients represents the likely source of their antimicrobial activity. Understanding the effect of growth medium strength can finally yield a plausible explanation for the observed variation in MIC values reported in the scientific literature as well as provide help in planning proper applications of tannins in the livestock production.
... Similarly, the increase in PD in the MFCs using antibiotics and natural inhibitors can be attributed to the enhanced electron shuttling rather than suppression of methanogenesis. Also, antibiotics such as penicillin from fungus can cause the formation of chains and filaments at sub-inhibitory concentrations and makes the bacterial cell envelop more perforated to facilitate EET and enhanced PD in MFC (Henis et al., 1964;Wen et al., 2011a;Wright and White, 1966). ...
... The physical stress caused the dilation of the cell membrane in the exoelectrogens, which in turn might have led to the enhanced EET activity. This is similar to the effect of introduction of antibiotics in the anolyte of MFC as discussed previously (Henis et al., 1964;Wen et al., 2011a;Wright and White, 1966). ...
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a robust technology capable of treating real wastewaters by utilizing mixed anaerobic microbiota as inoculum for producing electricity from oxidation of the biodegradable matters. However, these mixed microbiota comprises of both electroactive microorganisms (EAM) and substrate/electron scavenging microorganisms such as methanogens. Hence, in order to maximize bioelectricity from MFC, different physio-chemical techniques have been applied in past investigations to suppress activity of methanogens. Interestingly, recent investigations exhibit that methanogens can produce electricity in MFC and possess the cellular machinery like cytochrome c and Type IV pili to perform extracellular electron transfer (EET) in the presence of suitable electron acceptors. Hence, in this review, in-depth analysis of versatile behaviour of methanogens in both MFC and natural anaerobic conditions with different inhibition techniques is explored. This review also discusses the future research directions based on the latest scientific evidence on role of methanogens for EET in MFC.
... It *Address correspondence to this author at the Lecturer of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Tel: 01092487412; Fax: 02-0862347759; E-mail: dr_rehab010@yahoo.com is called carob, algarroba, locust bean, locust tree, St. John's bread and in Arabic is kharroub [4,5]. The major phytochemicals detected in Ceratonia siliqua L. are polyphenols including condensed and hydrolysable tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and flavonoidal glycosids suggesting a potential antibacterial and cytotoxic activities [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Carob pods are a traditional part of the diet in the Mediterranean region and carob syrup is a popular drink in many countries including Egypt [14]. ...
... Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds 1-9 was carried out using several spectral techniques; UV, 1H -NMR, 13C -NMR and mass spectroscopy and detailed data were recently submitted by elsewhere. The structures of compounds 1-9 were as follows ( Figure 1): Nonadecanol (1), lupeol (2), 5,7-dihydroxy-8,4`-dimethoxy isoflavone (3), (2S)-7,4`dihydroxyflavanone (liquiritigenin) (4), 7,4`-dihydroxy-3`-methoxy flavone (geraldone) (5), gallic acid methyl ester (6), 7,4`-dihydroxyisoflavone (genistein) (7), quercetin-3-O--L-rhamnopyranoside (quericitrin) (8), myricetin-3-O--L-rhamnopyranoside (myricitrin) (9). ...
... Following infection, phenolic acids are over-concentrated in resistant wheat and they have been demonstrated as efficient inhibitors of mycotoxin production in several strains of Fusarium [28,29]. Antifungal and antibacterial activity of tannic acid has been known for a long time [30][31][32], with activity against Fusarium graminearum shown recently [33]. ...
... A number of active metabolites listed in Figure 2 have been previously shown as antifungals. General antifungal and antibacterial activity of tannic acid, for example, has been known for a long time [30][31][32] and activity against Fusarium graminearum was recently experimentally shown [34]. Our analysis presents several possible protein targets for tannic acid, including carbonic anhydrases and a bromodomain adjacent to the zinc finger domain 2B, both having homolog in the Fusarium graminearum sequence. ...
Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat. Partial resistance to FHB of several wheat cultivars includes specific metabolic responses to inoculation. Previously published studies have determined major metabolic changes induced by pathogens in resistant and susceptible plants. Functionality of the majority of these metabolites in resistance remains unknown. In this work we have made a compilation of all metabolites determined as selectively accumulated following FHB inoculation in resistant plants. Characteristics, as well as possible functions and targets of these metabolites, are investigated using cheminformatics approaches with focus on the likelihood of these metabolites acting as drug-like molecules against fungal pathogens. Results of computational analyses of binding properties of several representative metabolites to homology models of fungal proteins are presented. Theoretical analysis highlights the possibility for strong inhibitory activity of several metabolites against some major proteins in Fusarium graminearum, such as carbonic anhydrases and cytochrome P450s. Activity of several of these compounds has been experimentally confirmed in fungal growth inhibition assays. Analysis of anti-fungal properties of plant metabolites can lead to the development of more resistant wheat varieties while showing novel application of cheminformatics approaches in the analysis of plant/pathogen interactions.
... The main purpose of the carob pulp extraction procedures was to obtain highly rich sugar extracts for succinic acid production, while minimizing the quantity of recovered soluble polyphenols, as they may act as antimicrobial agents (Henis et al., 1964). Differ- ent methods for polyphenols extraction are reported in literature, including conventional methods using water or acetone (Henis et al., 1964;Roseiro et al., 2013b;Avallone et al., 1997), ultrasound extraction ( Roseiro et al., 2013b) and supercritical extraction (Bernardo-Gil et al., 2011;Roseiro et al., 2013b). ...
... The main purpose of the carob pulp extraction procedures was to obtain highly rich sugar extracts for succinic acid production, while minimizing the quantity of recovered soluble polyphenols, as they may act as antimicrobial agents (Henis et al., 1964). Differ- ent methods for polyphenols extraction are reported in literature, including conventional methods using water or acetone (Henis et al., 1964;Roseiro et al., 2013b;Avallone et al., 1997), ultrasound extraction ( Roseiro et al., 2013b) and supercritical extraction (Bernardo-Gil et al., 2011;Roseiro et al., 2013b). Polyphenols extraction from carob pods is the lowest when performed with water in shake flasks at room temperature. ...
... It *Address correspondence to this author at the Lecturer of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Tel: 01092487412; Fax: 02-0862347759; E-mail: dr_rehab010@yahoo.com is called carob, algarroba, locust bean, locust tree, St. John's bread and in Arabic is kharroub [4,5]. The major phytochemicals detected in Ceratonia siliqua L. are polyphenols including condensed and hydrolysable tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and flavonoidal glycosids suggesting a potential antibacterial and cytotoxic activities [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Carob pods are a traditional part of the diet in the Mediterranean region and carob syrup is a popular drink in many countries including Egypt [14]. ...
... Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds 1-9 was carried out using several spectral techniques; UV, 1H -NMR, 13C -NMR and mass spectroscopy and detailed data were recently submitted by elsewhere. The structures of compounds 1-9 were as follows ( Figure 1): Nonadecanol (1), lupeol (2), 5,7-dihydroxy-8,4`-dimethoxy isoflavone (3), (2S)-7,4`dihydroxyflavanone (liquiritigenin) (4), 7,4`-dihydroxy-3`-methoxy flavone (geraldone) (5), gallic acid methyl ester (6), 7,4`-dihydroxyisoflavone (genistein) (7), quercetin-3-O--L-rhamnopyranoside (quericitrin) (8), myricetin-3-O--L-rhamnopyranoside (myricitrin) (9). ...
Objectives: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the total extracts, methanolic and water extract of leaves with stems and the pods of Ceratonia siliqua L. each alone and in combination with some antimicrobials on some pathogens. As the wide use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections has led to the emergence and spread of resistant strains. Many studies showed that the efficacy of antimicrobials can be improved by combining them with crude plant extracts. Materials and Methods: the antibacterial activity of the total extracts, methanolic and water extract of leaves with stems and the pods of Ceratonia siliqua L. each alone and in combination with some antimicrobials was evaluated using well-diffusion method. Cytotoxicity of the total methanolic extract against Huh-7 liver and A-495 lung cancer cell lines was assessed using SRB method. Results: Well diffusion method demonstrates an in-vitro antibacterial activity of the tested extracts against tested microorganisms. Combination of the tested extracts with antimicrobials increased the activity of the tested antimicrobials. A dose dependant effect on both Huh-7 liver and A-495 lung cancer cells was observed. Conclusion: Our results revealed the importance of plant extracts when associated with antibiotics to control resistant bacteria that become a threat to human health. In addition, the tested plant extracts can be exposed for further investigation to be used as hepatoprotective agent.
... Gallic acid and pentagalloyl glucose have the most prosperous components with bovine serum albumin, and are commercially used 13 . Tannins have antibacterial properties 14 ; moreover, bacteria modulate gene expression actively in response to tannins 15,16 , and currently, they have been stated 17 to have antibiofilm properties. Pentagalloyl glucose and ellagic acid are pointed to inhibit biofilm formation in S. Aureus 18-20 . ...
Objective:
We investigated the effects of tannic acid on viability and proliferation of nasal cells after topical application. It was also evaluated whether tannic acid served as an alternative treatment agent.
Materials and methods:
Collected primary nasal epithelium from healthy people who had undergone septoplasty operations were incubated in cell culture. Following the implementation of 2.5 µM tannic acid in cultured cells, both the number of total cells and their viability were measured using the trypan blue assay, while proliferation was assessed through the XTT method. The XTT method, which involves using "2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide", is a reliable means of determining cellular toxicity.
Results:
XTT experiment results showed that there was no harm was detected to nasal cells after tannic acid's topical implementation. There were no significant changes in cell proliferation; moreover, no matter what the doses were. Additionally, no cytotoxic effects were detected on nasal cells' primary culture at "the end of the 24 hours of implementation". There was no side effect of it, either.
Conclusions:
According to the research, the application of tannic acid topically did not result in any harmful effects on the nasal cell culture. Tannic acid's potential anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to decrease Th2-related cytokines suggest that it may be beneficial for patients with rhinosinusitis or allergic rhinitis, pending confirmation through clinical trials. Additionally, if clinical trials confirm its effectiveness, tannic acid may be useful in healing wounds for patients undergoing septorhinoplasty.
... Gram negative coccobacilli surrounded morphology with a capsule or hallow and cytotoxic actions (Owen et al, 2003;Avallone et al, 1997;Nachtomi and Alumot, 1963;Henis et al, 1964;Kivçak et al, 2002;Tassou et al, 1997;Custódio et al, 2011;Ben Hsouna et al, 2011). Separated secondary metabolites are predestined to be <10% of the overall number obtainable in plants. ...
To evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of plant extract (Origanum majorana, Salvia rosmarinus, Ceratonia siliqua, Plantago Ovata and Senna acutifolia) against oral Pathogens Prevotella intermedia by an in vitro method. All tested isolate were susceptible to plant extract (Origanum majorana, Salvia rosmarinus, Ceratonia siliqua, Plantago Ovata and Senna acutifolia) with variable degrees of antimicrobial inhibition. The extract was effective against P.intermedia with inhibition zone ranging from 32-24mm. The extract represented as a potent anti-biofilm agent with dual actions, preventing biofilm formation and also eradicating the existing biofilm.
... Carob contains bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect against some cellulotic bacteria (Celvibrio fulvus) due to its tannins content as well as sugar content [8]. Plants and preparations prepared from them have emerged as an alternative treatment tool for many diseases including cancer, almost as old as human history. ...
Carob (Cerotonia siliqua L.) is a plant with various uses in the field of health among the public. The present study aimed to evaluate carob fruit extract, syrup and essence cytotoxic effects using 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) methyl thiazole tetrazolium (MTT) bromide test. The study also evaluated apoptotic and necrotic effect using a double staining method of Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide. Carob fruit extract, syrup and essence were applied to adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) and mouse adipose tissue derived fibroblast (L929) cells. It was applied in 5 different doses (200 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 25 μg/mL, 12.5 μg/mL). According to the results carob extract were not found to be toxic against both L929 cells and A549 cells at administered doses. High degree of toxicity was detected in L929 and A549 cells which carob syrup and essence were directly applied. In high doses, necrosis was found to be high and decreased as it fell. The ratio of apoptosis in L929 cells was higher than that of A549 cells. Further studies should be conducted in different cell lines. Carob is a plant that can be easily cultivated and processed under the conditions of Turkey. Within the scope of the study, taking into consideration the effects on lung cancer cells; It can be expressed as an alternative approach in treatment with applications.
... Gram negative coccobacilli surrounded morphology with a capsule or hallow and cytotoxic actions (Owen et al, 2003;Avallone et al, 1997;Nachtomi and Alumot, 1963;Henis et al, 1964;Kivçak et al, 2002;Tassou et al, 1997;Custódio et al, 2011;Ben Hsouna et al, 2011). Separated secondary metabolites are predestined to be <10% of the overall number obtainable in plants. ...
To evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of plant extract (Origanum majorana, Salvia rosmarinus, Ceratonia siliqua, Plantago Ovata and Senna acutifolia) against oral Pathogens Prevotella intermedia by an in vitro method. All tested isolate were susceptible to plant extract (Origanum majorana, Salvia rosmarinus, Ceratonia siliqua, Plantago Ovata and Senna acutifolia) with variable degrees of antimicrobial inhibition. The extract was effective against P.intermedia with inhibition zone ranging from 32-24mm. The extract represented as a potent anti-biofilm agent with dual actions, preventing biofilm formation and also eradicating the existing biofilm.
... Gram negative coccobacilli surrounded morphology with a capsule or hallow and cytotoxic actions (Owen et al, 2003;Avallone et al, 1997;Nachtomi and Alumot, 1963;Henis et al, 1964;Kivçak et al, 2002;Tassou et al, 1997;Custódio et al, 2011;Ben Hsouna et al, 2011). Separated secondary metabolites are predestined to be <10% of the overall number obtainable in plants. ...
To evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of plant extract (Origanum majorana, Salvia rosmarinus, Ceratonia siliqua, Plantago Ovata and Senna acutifolia) against oral Pathogens Prevotella intermedia by an in vitro method. All tested isolate were susceptible to plant extract (Origanum majorana, Salvia rosmarinus, Ceratonia siliqua, Plantago Ovata and Senna acutifolia) with variable degrees of antimicrobial inhibition. The extract was effective against P.intermedia with inhibition zone ranging from 32-24mm. The extract represented as a potent anti-biofilm agent with dual actions, preventing biofilm formation and also eradicating the existing biofilm.
... All the plates were incubated at 28 • C for 24 h, and the pure bacteria culture was also incubated with the influent contained RR2 and the effluent from MFC4/MFC5 at 28 • C (110 r/min). Bacteria-growth curves were plotted by plate count methods as previously described (Henis et al., 1964). ...
Reactive red 2 (RR2) is a highly recalcitrant and toxic azo dye that can cause the collapse of biological treatment system. Although MFC can decolorize RR2 effectively, its performance is still inevitably affected by toxicity. Anthraquinone can enhance MFCs’ performance through mediating electron transfer. In this study, an anthraquinone-rich natural plants (B.rheum (Rheum offcinale Baill)) was extracted and then added to MFCs. The optimal dosage was selected and the enhanced effects were investigated. The results showed that adding 5%(V/V) extract resulted in the optimal performance elevation of MFC. When 5% extract was added together with RR2, 15.63% and 1.33-fold improvement in RR2 decolorization efficiency and rate were achieved compared with the control group. Meanwhile, higher power density (2.75 W/m³), coulombic efficiency (6.45%), and lower internal resistance (233.69 Ω) were also observed when 5% B.rheum extract and RR2 were added. B.rheum extract in MFCs enhanced microbial activity and enriched the dye-degrading microorganisms, such as Enterobacter, Raoultella, Comamonas and Shinella. B.rheum extract acts as “antidote” in alleviating the biotoxicity of RR2 was firstly illustrated in this study. The results provided a new strategy for using plant-source electron mediators to simultaneously improve biological detoxification, bioelectricity generation and dye decolorization in bioelectrochemical system.
... Caffeine and natural alkaloids like pyridine, guanidine, and chinoline have been reported to cause morphological changes in certain symbiotic rhizobia (Waksman, 1952). Henis, Tagari, and Volcani (1964) recently reported the antibacterial effect of tannins, and found extracts containing tannic acid to induce morphological changes in gram-negative bacteria. Considerable attention has been focussed on the effect of plant polyphenols on cellular functions (Pridham, 1960). ...
The effect of xanthines on various microorganisms was studied. The antibacterial effect was not high; most of the test organisms could easily withstand a concentration of 2,500 μg/ml. Caffeine was more antibacterial than theophylline, and the latter more than theobromine. Caffeine citrate exhibited greater inhibitory effect than did pure caffeine. The effect was both bacteriostatic and bactericidal against susceptible organisms. The susceptibility of organisms to xanthines differed greatly even in related species. The morphology of Aerobacter aerogenes and A. cloacae was affected under the influence of caffeine; filamentation of cells followed sublethal doses. Potentiation was seen with antibiotics and caffeine; resistant strains were killed with a lower dose of drug in the presence of caffeine. This potentiating effect was pronounced with the tetracyclines; with streptomycin, the effect was the contrary.
... MIC values of several antimicrobial agents have already been examined, some against E. coli, others against different microorganisms [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Although there are several studies available, a comparison between determined MIC values is difficult since the outcome of an assay is affected by many factors, including the bacterial strain [24] and growth medium used [30], inoculum concentration [31], incubation time and temperature [30] as well as the employed method of MIC determination [32]. ...
The current study examines the effect of tannins and tannin extracts on the lag phase duration, growth rate, and generation time of Escherichia coli. Effects of castalagin, vescalagin, gallic acid, Colistizer, tannic acid as well as chestnut, mimosa, and quebracho extracts were determined on E. coli’s growth phases using the broth microdilution method and obtained by turbidimetric measurements. E. coli responds to the stress caused by the investigated antimicrobial agents with reduced growth rates, longer generation times, and extended lag phases. Prolongation of the lag phase was relatively small at low tannin concentrations, while it became more pronounced at concentrations above half the MIC. Moreover, for the first time, it was observed that lag time extensions follow a strict exponential relationship with increasing tannin concentrations. This feature is very likely a direct consequence of the tannin complexation of certain essential ions from the growth medium, making them unavailable to E. coli for its growth.
... Tannic acid (TA; Figure 1) is a class of more complex plant polyphenol derivatives (Haslam et al., 1989). It is abundant in cereals, fruits, herbs, tea, and red wine (Henis et al., 1964;Thiansilakul et al., 2012). TA's chemical structure contains glucose linked to a 3-5 gallic acid via an ester bond (Yugarani et al., 1993). ...
Tannic acid (TA) belongs to a class of complex water-soluble polyphenolic derivatives that show anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and scavenging activities. Here, we investigate the protective effects of TA against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial fibrosis (MF) in mice. Mice received TA and ISO dosing and were sacrificed 48 h later. The activities of creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and mitochondria enzymes were measured. Cardiac histopathology was done using H&E, Sirius red, and Masson’s Trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to indicate changes in B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) protein expressions in cardiac tissue. RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP, respectively), c-fos, and c-jun. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, phosphorylated NF-κB p65), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), p38, phosphorylated p38, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Compared to the ISO group, the TA group had reduced levels of TLR4, p38, p-p38, NF-κB (p65), p-NF-κB (p-p65), caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2, as well as CK, CK-MB, and LDH. These results indicate that TA protects against ISO-induced MF, possibly through its ability to suppress the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway.
... Les tanins sont probablement responsables de la lutte antibactérienne : sur la base de la teneur en tanins, auxquels l'activité antimicrobienne a été liée, l'extrait de caroube inhibe les germes Cellvibrio fulvus et Clostridium cellulosolvens à 15 μg/ml, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides à 45 μg/ml et Bacillus subtilis à 75 μg/ml. Les concentrations inhibitrices de l'acide tannique ont été trouvées à 12, 10, 45 et 30 μg/ml, respectivement [11]. ...
... However, efforts to determine the DNA binding sites in the promoters corresponding to the observed target genes remain unsuccessful, leaving room for further explorations (Lin et al., 2015). A phenotypic microarray screen revealed that the deletion of baeR resulted in reduced tolerance of A. baumannii to tannic acid (Lin et al., 2015), a diverse group of natural antibacterial compound (Henis et al., 1964). Tannic acids The list of putative TCSs were extracted from the P2CS database (www.p2cs.org) ...
Acinetobacter baumannii is a notorious pathogen in health care settings around the world, primarily due to high resistance to antibiotics. A. baumannii also shows an impressive capability to adapt to harsh conditions in clinical settings, which contributes to its persistence in such conditions. Following their traditional role, the Two Component Systems (TCSs) present in A. baumannii play a crucial role in sensing and adapting to the changing environmental conditions. This provides A. baumannii with a greater chance of survival even in unfavorable conditions. Since all the TCSs characterized to date in A. baumannii play a role in its antibiotic resistance and virulence, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms behind TCSs can help with a better understanding of the pathways that regulate these phenotypes. This can also guide efforts to target TCSs as novel drug targets. In this review, we discuss the roles of TCSs in A. baumannii, their molecular mechanisms, and most importantly, the potential of using small molecule inhibitors of TCSs as potential novel drug targets.
... In general Gram-positive bacteria were generally more susceptible to tannins than Gram-negative [52]. Tannic acid also demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. subtilis with a MIC of 30 µg/mL [53]. ...
Background:
Multi-drug-resistant bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disseminate rapidly amongst patients in healthcare facilities and suppose an increasingly important cause of community-associated infections and associated mortality. The development of effective therapeutic options against resistant bacteria is a public health priority. Plant polyphenols are structurally diverse compounds that have been used for centuries for medicinal purposes, including infections treatment. Based on the existing evidence on the polyphenols' antibacterial capacity, polyphenols may be postulated as an alternative or complementary therapy for infectious diseases.
Objective:
Review the antimicrobial activity of plant polyphenols against Gram-positive bacteria, especially against S. aureus and its resistant strains. Determine the main bacterial molecular targets of polyphenols and their potential mechanism of action.
Methodology:
The most relevant reports on plant polyphenols' antibacterial activity and their putative molecular targets were studied. We also performed virtual screening of thousand different polyphenols against proteins involved in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis to find potential valuable bioactive compounds.
Results:
Several polyphenols: phenolic acids, flavonoids (especially flavonols), tannins, lignans, stilbenes and combinations of these in botanical mixtures, have exhibited significant antibacterial activity against resistant and non-resistant Gram-positive bacteria at low µg/mL range MIC values. Their mechanism of action is quite diverse, targeting cell wall, lipid membrane, membrane receptors and ion channels, bacteria metabolites, and biofilm formation. Synergic effects were also demonstrated for some combinations of polyphenols and antibiotics.
Conclusion:
Plant polyphenols mean a promising source of antibacterial agents, either alone or in combination with existing antibiotics, for the development of new antibiotic therapies.
... OL ταννίνες συγκαταλέγονται στους αντιδιατροφικούς παράγοντες και η παρουσία τους στην τροφή των ζώων μειώνει την πεπτικότητα των θρεπτικών ουσιών (Jansman 1993) και επιφέρει αρνητικά απο τελέσματα στην αύξηση του σωματικού τους βάρους (Jansman 1993, Brufau et al. 1998). Ωστόσο, οι ταννίνες έχουν και θετικά αποτελέσματα που εξαρτώνται από τη βιολογική δραστικότητα τους, αφού έχουν τη δυνα τότητα να εμποδίζουν την ανάπτυξη μικροβίων (παθο γόνων ή μη βακτηρίων, μυκήτων και ζυμών) (Henis et al. 1964, Sealbert 1991. Επιπλέον, οι ταννίνες των χαρουπιών έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί για την καταστολή της διάρροιας σε νεογνά ανθρώπου (Loeb et al. 1989). ...
The carob tree belongs to the nutrient plants and it is known since antiquity as a native plant of Greece. Its scientific name Ceratonia siliqua, originates from the Greek word "keraton" which means "horn", and which indicates the shape of its fruit. The carob tree is an evergreen, long-lived, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious. It is easily cultivated and thrives in all types of soil, except the humid and non-affluent. The wood, the bark and the leaves of carob have different uses. The fruit of the carob tree, the carob, is a lobe and it is 10-30 cm long and 2-3 cm wide with a brown and leathery exocarp and a fleshy and juicy mesocarp, in which 8 to 16 oval, flattened, hard and shiny reddish seeds are enclosed. The collection of the fruits must be finished before the winter rains. The fruits fall from the tree by themselves or by caning. A 6 years old carob tree can produce 2.25 kg carobs, while a 12 years old tree can produce 45 kg or more. The annual Greek carob production for the year 2005 was 14,816 tons, while the average yield was 9.8 kg/tree. The world carob production is about 315,000 tons/year. The carobs have low total fat and crude protein content, but high sugar content. The carobs' characteristic odor is due to their isobutyric acid content (1.3%). Furthermore, they include an unusually large amount of tannins, 16-20% of which are polyphenols and 27-50% of which are bound with cellulose. The tannins are a complex group of secondary metabolites of plants and are separated from other polyphenol compounds due to their ability to create sediment with proteins. The presence of tannin in feed reduces the nutrients' digestibility and has a negative effect on body weight gain. However, tannins can also have positive effects depending on their biological potency, because they have the ability to prevent bacterial, fungal and yeast growth. Carobs and their by-products have a considerable fibre content (average 8%) and therefore they can be included in supplementary ruminant rations up to 20% - 30%. Experiments carried out by adding carobs in broiler feeds resulted in decreased body weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio, probably because of the high cellulose and tannin content of the carob. Nevertheless, if the broiler's ration is enriched with fats or oils and synthetic amino acids, these birds show normal weight gain, but with a high feed conversion ratio. The carobs can be included up to 10% - 20% in the ration of pigs. Also, since the carobs have high sugar content, they can increase the feed consumption of the piglets and they can replace other sugar feeds with high sugar content (dextrose, starch, milk powder) without adversely affecting the feed intake. Greece produces a considerable quantity of carobs every year, therefore a part of this production could be utilized as animal feed
... 15) Tannic acid has long been known to have antibacterial properties. 16) Nonetheless, it was reported Notes: Samples for RNA extraction were taken at 6 h. Values represent the mean ± SD for three independent experiments. ...
In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of 14 food additives derived from polyphenol samples on staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) production and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Tannic acid AL (TA), Purephenon 50 W (PP) and Polyphenon 70A (POP) at 0.25 mg/mL and Gravinol®-N (GN), Blackcurrant polyphenol AC10 (BP), and Resveratrol-P5 (RT) at 1.0 mg/mL significantly decreased SEA production by S. aureus C-29 (p < 0.05). TA, GN, BP, and RT significantly inhibited the expression of the sea gene in S. aureus C-29 (p < 0.05), while suppression attempts by PP and POP proved unsuccessful. After result analysis, it can be derived that TA, GN, BP, and RT inhibit the production of SEA. Of the six samples, each one significantly inhibited biofilm formation (p < 0.05). Food additives derived from polyphenols have viability to be used as a means to inhibit the enterotoxin production and control the biofilm formation of foodborne pathogens.
... The exudation of tannic acid and other phenols by the aquatic macrophytes are documented to suppress the abundance of phytoplankton [allelopathic effect] [36]. It has also been experimentally verified that TA inhibits bacterial growth and activity [37,38]. Such studies investigating the effects of TA on microalgae are limited to a few species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), diatoms, and green algae [39]. ...
Bioassay and gene expression experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the growth and physiology of Prorocentrum minimum isolated from a eutrophic coastal water in response to tannic acid. In the bioassay experiments, variations in abundance, chlorophyll (chl) a concentration, maximum fluorescence (in vivo Fm), and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) were measured over the course of a seven-day incubation. Moreover, stress-related gene expression in both the control and an experimental (2.5 ppm TA treatment) group was observed for 24 h and 48 h. The molecular markers used in this study were the heat shock proteins (Hsp70 and Hsp90) and cyclophilin (CYP). The findings show that P. minimum can thrive and grow at low concentrations (<2.5 ppm) of tannic acid, and, above this concentration, cells begin to slow down development. In addition, TA concentration of 10 ppm halted photosynthetic activity. At the molecular level, treatment with tannic acid increased the expression of Hsp70, Hsp90, and CYP, and heat shock proteins are more upregulated than the cyclophilin gene. Exposure to tannic acid increased the expression of stress factors over time (48 h) by 10- to 27-fold the expression level of the control group. These results suggest that tannic acid can be used to control harmful algal blooms such as those containing P. minimum in eutrophic coastal waters.
... Conversely, tannins added to the growth medium of L. plantarum had an effect on fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity comparable to that of increasing the temperature of the growth medium (Rozes and Peres, 1998). Henis et al. (1964) found that the tannin fraction of carob pod extract inhibited the growth of C. fulvus. Tannins are high-molecular-weight substances which form insoluble complexes with proteins. ...
Rhizobia accumulate intracellular trehalose as a response to osmotic and desiccation stress, which has been related to an improved capacity for desiccation tolerance. We have observed a linear relationship between intracellular trehalose accumulation in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii (TA1) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (CB1809) and increasing osmotic pressure of the growth medium. However, desiccation tolerance and survival of trehalose-loaded cells were not significantly improved. Growing TA1 and CB1809 in an aqueous peat extract also increased trehalose accumulation during growth compared to cells grown in a defined liquid medium, and a significant improvement in survival was observed for TA1 after growth in peat extract. Although survival was generally improved for CB1809 after growth in peat extract, it was not significantly different to the control. Cells grown in water extracts of peat exhibit changes in cell morphology and protein expression similar to those observed after solid-state fermentation in peat. Electron microscopy revealed the accumulation of an electron-dense material around the plasma membrane that occupied the periplasmic space in both TA1 and CB1809. Results from a membrane integrity assay suggest that stress in the growth medium increases membrane permeability. Peptide analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated increased expression of stress response proteins in TA1 and CB1809 after growth in peat extract. Our findings suggest that desiccation tolerance in rhizobia is multifactorial, involving the accumulation of trehalose together with increased expression of proteins involved in maintaining cell envelope integrity and stability, repair and prevention of DNA damage, and oxidative stress responses.
... Presence of lignin and other anti-nutritional components mainly the tannins and phenolics hampers their use as animal feed. Tannins and phenolics had bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect on rumen microbes (Henis et al., 1964;Martin and Akin, 1988), fungi (Akin and Rigsby, 1987) and protozoa (Akin, 1982). Work with Leucaena leucocephala and Hadwickia binata tropical trees on rumen microbial population (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) seems to be obscure. ...
Four adult goats (mean body weight 29.0 +/- 2.65 kg) were fed Dicanthium annulatum - Leucaena leucocephala (DA-LL) and Dicanthium annulatum - Hardwickia binata (DA-HB) in 50:50 ratio in switch-over experiment to assess the effect of tree leaves supplementation on rumen concentration of protozoa, their generic distribution, bacteria and fungi. Animals were maintained on each diet for more than 3 months and rumen liquor was collected at 0 and 4 h post feeding. Mean protozoa counts were 5.98 and 5.03 x 10(5)/ml in goats supplemented with LL and HB, respectively. Entodiniomopha were the most dominant (88.0%) rumen protozoa on both diets. Total viable, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria population was higher (P<0.05) in rumen of goats fed DA-LL (23.74, 11.22 and 29.66) than DA-HB diet (10.52 x 10(8)/ml, 6.31 x 10(8)/ml and 11.02 x 10(7)/ml), while the concentration of proteolytic bacteria was 8.64 and 6.23 x 10(7)/ml in rumen of goats fed earlier and later diets, respectively. Mean sporangia counts were comparable in rumen liquor of goats fed both types of diets (0.31 vs 0.33 x 10(5)/ml), while total fungi was higher (P<0.05) in goats fed DA-LL (9.62) than DA-HB (5.04 x 10(4)/ml). On both diets bacteria population was higher at 0 h post feeding, while population of fungi was higher at 4 than 0 h of feeding. Results revealed that goats had higher activities of bacteria and fungi on LL supplemented diet.
... Tannic acid has long been known to have antibacterial properties 128 , bacteria are known to actively modulate gene expression in response to tannins 129,130 , and recently it has been suggested that tannic acid has antibiofilm properties 131 . Pentagalloyl glucose (one of the major components of commercial tannic acid) and ellagic acid (another plant-derived polyphenolic compound) have also been shown to inhibit biofilm formation in S. aureus 132,133 . ...
Staphylococcus aureus, a human commensal and pathogen, is capable of forming biofilms on a variety of host tissues and implanted medical devices. Biofilm-associated infections resist antimicrobial chemotherapy and attack from the host immune system, making these infections particularly difficult to treat. To gain insight into environmental conditions that influence S. aureus biofilm development, we screened a library of small molecules for the ability to inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation. This led to the finding that the polyphenolic compound tannic acid inhibits S. aureus biofilm formation in multiple biofilm models without inhibiting bacterial growth. We present evidence that tannic acid inhibits S. aureus biofilm formation via a mechanism dependent upon the putative transglycosylase IsaA. Tannin-containing drinks like tea have been found to reduce methicillin-resistant S. aureus nasal colonization; we found that black tea inhibited S. aureus biofilm development and that an isaA mutant resisted this inhibition. We developed a rodent model for S. aureus throat colonization and found that tea consumption reduced S. aureus throat colonization via an isaA-dependent mechanism.
We also showed two distinct mechanisms by which S. aureus adapts to resist tannic acid stress. First, when the dedicated regulator of the Sigma B stress response system, rsbU, is mutated, the cells overproduce extracellular proteases, clearing IsaA from the extracellular milieu. Second, when the serine threonine kinase pknB is mutated, PIA (a major component of the biofilm matrix) is overproduced, which we hypothesize strengthens the overall structure of the matrix, conferring resistance to tannic acid. These findings provide insight into a molecular mechanism by which commonly consumed polyphenolic compounds, such as tannins, influence S. aureus surface colonization, as well as how bacteria can adapt to evade such antibiofilm treatments.
... Interaction of tannin with polysaccharides has not yet been studied well ecologically but the inhibitory effects of tannins on cellulolytic fungi were reported as early as, 1912 (Wehmer, 1912). Henis et al., (1964) showed that tannins were absorbed by the bacterial cell walls and prevented bacterial growth. Mole and Waterman (1987d) showed that cellulose treated with tannins prior to cellulose digestion was a less efficient substrate due to the complex formation with tannins. ...
... Bioassay for antimicrobial activity. Bacterial cultures were grown in nutrient broth4'5 on a rotary shaker for 3 days at 25 C and were used to inoculate molten bacterial minimal medium (BMM) that was cooled to approximately 45 C. The BMM was modified from Henis et al. (16) and contained 2 g glucose, 1 g ammonium sulfate, 1 g dipotassium phosphate, 1 g potassium chloride, 0.5 g magnesium chloride, 0.1 g yeast extract, and 11 g agar in 1L of distilled water, adjusted to pH 7.2 with 1 N sodium hydroxide prior to autoclaving. The BMM contained approximately 5 x 105 cells per ml, and 20 ml was added to each 100-mm-diam petri plate and allowed to solidify. ...
Velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medik. # ABUTH) seeds were bioassayed on 241 microbial isolates to assess their antimicrobial activity. Seeds placed on agar plates inoculated with test microorganisms released a diffusible substance(s) that inhibited the growth of 117 of 202 (58%) bacteria and all of the fungi tested. Antimicrobial activity of the seeds appeared to be nonselective as the extent of inhibition was not related to type of microorganism nor their origin. Hard, water-impermeable seeds had greater inhibitory activity than imbibed (soft) seeds. The intensity of inhibition was affected by prior leaching of seeds with various solvents and by the stage of seed development. Chemical analysis of diffusion zones from agar plates and seed leachates revealed the presence of phenolic compounds. The presence of antimicrobial substances in velvetleaf seeds may contribute to the persistence of viable seeds in soil by inhibiting potential seed-deteriorating microorganisms.
... Another factor that would alter this nutrient digestibility and especially of the protein would be tannin that have the ability to form complexes with the globulin G1, basically hydrophobic interactions [13], and the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on ruminal microbiota [32]. The tannins have not been quantified but can observe their presence during the process of determining the FDA, which resulted in intense pink color of the detergent solution. ...
To evaluate the inclusion of common beans in the diet of cattle in feedlot on characteristics of productive performance, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters, 15 bulls crossed were used in a completely randomized design. The animals were confined for 64 days, and 21 days of adaptation. We evaluated the inclusion common beans at levels of 0%, 13% and 26%. All diets were isocaloric and isonitroge-nous with a 45:55 forage: concentrate ratio. The addition of beans in the diet did not affect animal performance, dry matter intake and feed efficiency. Inclusion bean changed the nutrient di-gestibility of DM, CP, EE, TC and OM, where the best digestibility was observed with the inclusion 13% and the lowest concentration of ru-minal NH 3-N. The general behavior of ruminal pH in relation to levels of inclusion of beans was 6.2. The inclusion of up to 13% of beans in the diet of feedlot cattle did not alter the apparent digesti-bility, ruminal and animal performance.
... Cell associated and extracellular endoglucanase activities of F. succinogenes were inhibited by CT (0.1-0.4 mg/mL) from L. corniculatus under in vitro conditions (Bae et al. 1993 ) . It has been stated that tannins from carob pod extract change the morphology of bacteria to produce antimicrobial activity (Heins et al. 1964 ) . Similarly, CT fractions from O. viciifolia leaf caused morphological changes in tannin-sensitive bacteria S. bovis and B. fi brisolvens indicating the action of CT on the cell wall ) . ...
his review discusses the effects of tannins on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen and intestine, microbial populations (bacteria, protozoa, fungi and archaea), metabolism of tannins, microbial tolerance mechanisms to tannins, inhibition of methanogenesis, ruminal biohydrogenation processes and performance of animals. The discrepancies in responses of tannins among different studies are attributed to the different chemical structures (degree of polymerization, procyanidins to propdelphinidins, stereochemistry and C–C bonding), different concentrations of tannins, and type of diets. An establishment of structure-activity relationship would be required to explain differences among studies and obtain consistent beneficial tannin effects. This paper reviews progress with plant tannins occurring in both temperate and tropical forages for fulfilling the objective of mode of action of tannins, rumen microbial activity and rumen metabolisms.
... This low gas production could be an indication of the presence of high phenolic compounds that depress microbial fermentation and gas production in this species. The negative effect of phenolics on in vitro gas production could be due to their bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic effects on the rumen microbes (Henis et al. 1964) and inactivation of microbial enzymes (Kumar and Singh, 1984). The volume of gas produced is the reflection of the rate and extent of substrate fermentation to short chain fatty acids, carbon dioxide and methane . ...
Chemical composition and in vitro gas production of vetch (Vicia sativa) and some browse and grass species from northern Ethiopia were investigated. Vetch (fresh cut) was sampled in September and vetch hay samples were taken in October both during the early dry period. Samples of the browse and grass species were taken once per month during the rainy (June-August) and early dry (September-November) seasons in each year of the study period. Big variation was observed in the chemical composition of the browse and grass species. The browse species had relatively higher crude protein (CP) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents and lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF) contents than the grass species during both seasons. The highest CP content was observed in Albizia amara (24.7%) in the rainy season and in the fresh cut vetch (24.3%) in the dry season. Among the grass species, Digitaria abyssinica and Panicum miliaceum had relatively high CP contents during both the rainy and early dry seasons. Panicum coloratum had the highest NDF content in both seasons. The potential gas production was the highest (71.5 ml/0.2 g DM) in fresh cut vetch and the lowest (12.5 ml/0.2 g DM) in Ximenia american. The rate of gas production was the highest (0.081 ml h-1) in Balanites aegyptica and the lowest (0.019 ml h –1) in Combretum molle. Gas production was higher in fresh cut vetch than in the vetch hay, while the rate of gas production was higher in the hay than in the fresh cut vetch. In general, most of the browse species considered in this study had comparable CP and NDF contents to vetch and could be used as dry season supplementation for goats and other ruminants. However, further study is needed to understand the underlying causes of low gas production in some of the browse species and to evaluate animal response to supplementation of the promising browse species.
... Another factor that would alter this nutrient digestibility and especially of the protein would be tannin that have the ability to form complexes with the globulin G1, basically hydrophobic interactions [13], and the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on ruminal microbiota [32]. The tannins have not been quantified but can observe their presence during the process of determining the FDA, which resulted in intense pink color of the detergent solution. ...
To evaluate the inclusion of common beans in the diet of cattle in feedlot on characteristics of productive performance, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters, 15 bulls crossed were used in a completely randomized design. The animals were confined for 64 days, and 21 days of adaptation. We evaluated the inclusion common beans at levels of 0%, 13% and 26%. All diets were isocaloric and isonitroge-nous with a 45:55 forage: concentrate ratio. The addition of beans in the diet did not affect animal performance, dry matter intake and feed efficiency. Inclusion bean changed the nutrient di-gestibility of DM, CP, EE, TC and OM, where the best digestibility was observed with the inclusion 13% and the lowest concentration of ru-minal NH 3-N. The general behavior of ruminal pH in relation to levels of inclusion of beans was 6.2. The inclusion of up to 13% of beans in the diet of feedlot cattle did not alter the apparent digesti-bility, ruminal and animal performance.
... Pois níveis elevados (acima de 70%) de bananeira (folha ou caule) na dieta elevam os teores de extrato etéreo (acima 6%), o que promove a diminuição na digestibilidade da fibra (Van Soest, 1994), seja pelo efeito tóxico sobre organismos celulolíticos, ou como consequência há diminuição da flora ruminal (Henderson, 1973). O excesso de taninos contidos nesse subproduto reduz a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) por causar efeitos bactericidas e bacteriostáticos na microbiota ruminal (Henis et al., 1964), redução no número total e na variedade de gêneros de protozoários ciliados do rúmen (Silva et al., 2006), e ainda por interagir com a proteína da dieta para formar complexos tanino-proteína indigeríveis (Kumar e Singh, 1984), produzindo assim maiores percentuais de nitrogênio indigerível em detergente ácido (NIDA). Esse fator pode ser limitante para a digestão dos nutrientes, visto que indisponibiliza o nitrogênio para os micro-organismos ruminais, o que retarda o crescimento das bactérias ruminais fermentadoras de fibra, bem como a produção dos complexos enzimáticos responsáveis pela despolimerização dos carboidratos fibrosos, deprimindo a capacidade de digestão (Van soest, 1994). ...
Resumo A compactação dos pré-estômagos é um transtorno digestório pouco frequente. E pode ter origem primária ou secundária. Os autores descrevem o primeiro relato de compactação ruminoabomasal causado pela ingestão de caule de bananeira (Musa sp.) em bovinos. Os casos ocorreram em duas vacas, mestiças de aptidão leiteira, com idades de 5 e 4 anos respectivamente, oriundas de uma propriedade rural no município de Araguaína, Estado do Tocantins (TO). O histórico, os achados clínicos, os resultados dos exames hematológicos e a análise do fluido ruminal permitiram o diagnóstico, que foram confirmados por necropsia e laparotomia exploratória. O uso de caule de bananeira (Musa sp.) como única fonte de volumoso favoreceu a ocorrência da compactação ruminoabomasal. No entanto, essa fonte de alimento pode ser considerada uma boa opção para a alimentação de bovinos, desde que seja fornecido em proporções adequadas na dieta. Palavras-chave: bovinos, compactação, clínica, ruminotomia, sistema digestório. Abstract The pre-stomach impaction is a rare digestive disorder. And can be primary or secondary origin. The authors describe the first report of impaction rumino-abomasal caused by eating stalk of banana (Musa sp.) In cattle. The cases occurred in two crossbred dairy cows, aged 5 and 4 years respectively, originated from a farm in the municipality of Araguaína, Tocantins (TO). The history, clinical findings, results of blood tests and analysis of rumen fluid led to diagnosis of compression of the rumen and abomasums, which were confirmed by necropsy and exploratory laparotomy. The use of stem of banana (Musa sp.) as the only source of forage favored the occurrence of impaction rumino-abomasal. However, this food source can be considered a good choice for cattle feed, from which is provided in adequate proportions in the diet.
... As early as in 1913, Knudson [27] reported that tannic acid (TA; C 76 H 52 O 46 ) is even at low concentrations toxic to a large number of fungi. Furthermore, strong inhibition was also observed towards bacteria [28,29]. Antibiotic phenolic compounds were found in many plants and play constitutively or induced by elicitors a crucial role in the defense of plant diseases [30]. ...
Suspensions or solutions with 1% of Chinese galls (Galla chinensis, GC) or 1% of tannic acid (TA), inhibited germination of conidia or mycelium growth of Fusarium graminearum (FG) by 98%-100% or by 75%-80%, respectively, whereas dried bark from buckthorn (Frangula alnus, FA) showed no effect at this concentration. In climate chamber experiments where the wheat variety "Apogee" was artificially inoculated with FG and F. crookwellense (FCr) and treated with 5% suspensions of TA, GC and FA, the deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grains was reduced by 81%, 67% and 33%, respectively. In field experiments with two commercial wheat varieties and artificial or semi-natural inoculations, mean DON reductions of 66% (TA) and 58% (FA), respectively, were obtained. Antifungal toxicity can explain the high efficacies of TA and GC but not those of FA. The Fusarium head blight (FHB) and mycotoxin reducing effect of FA is probably due to elicitation of resistance in wheat plants. With semi-natural inoculation, a single FA application in the first half of the flowering period performed best. However, we assume that applications of FA at the end of ear emergence and a treatment, triggered by an infection period, with TA or GC during flowering, might perform better than synthetic fungicides.
... The presence of tannins in animal feed reduces digestibility of the major dietary components (Jansman, 1993 ) and provokes adverse effects on growth performance (Jansman, 1993; Brufau et al., 1998). However, tannins may also have beneficial effects depending on their biological activity and concentration and they could inhibit microbial growth and activity (Henis et al., 1964; Scalbert, 1991 ). In particular , tannins from carob have been used to treat diarrhoea in infants (Loeb et al., 1989). ...
Objectives:
to investigate the effects of Chinese gallnut extracts and pure tannic acid on in situ biofilm formation on enamel and dentin samples over 24 h.
Methods:
Bovine enamel and dentin samples were buccally fixed on maxillary splints. Six volunteers wore the splints for 24 h, and rinsed their mouths with tap water (control), 1% tannic acid- and 1% Chinese gallnut extracts-containing solution twice a day, 3 min after the splints were placed in the mouth and before night sleep. Live/dead staining was used for fluorescence microscopic (FM) visualization and quantification of bacteria viability of biofilms formed on enamel and dentin samples. Biofilm coverage was evaluated and recorded by FM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, biofilms were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze biofilm data.
Results:
Rinsing with tannic acid- and Chinese gallnut extracts-containing solutions significantly reduced in situ biofilm coverage on enamel and dentin samples (P < 0.05). The bacterial viability of biofilms formed on enamel samples was significantly reduced compared to the control (P < 0.05). TEM analysis revealed an increase in pellicle's electron density and thickness and only few or no bacteria adherent to the pellicle in the experimental samples.
Conclusions:
Rinsing with tannic acid- and Chinese gallnut extracts-containing solutions can effectively inhibit in situ biofilm formation, modify the ultrastructure of biofilms on enamel and dentin surfaces and significantly reduce the bacterial viability of biofilm on enamel surfaces.
Clinical significance:
Tannic acid- and Chinese gallnut extracts-containing solutions might be used for dental biofilm management.
Carob (Ceratonia
siliqua L.) fruit pulp from 12 wild and 8 domesticated trees from 15
Moroccan localities were investigated for their polyphenols contents: total
polyphenols content (53.22 - 118.04 mg and 57.46 - 183.31 mg), total flavonoids
(1.41 - 4.83 mg and 1.62 - 7.46 mg) and condensed tannins (1.47 - 7.36 mg and
1.85 - 6.66 mg) in one carob fresh pulp for wild and domesticated trees,
respectively. Fruit pulp from trees in the same region shows variable contents
in polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins.
In this paper, a facile, economical and environmentally friendly synthetic method was developed to fabricate a Ag nanoparticle (NP) decorated graphene (GR/TA/Ag) composite with tannic acid (TA) as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent. The GR/TA/Ag composite was fully characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that Ag NPs with diameters of up to 6 nm were homogeneously and uniformly deposited on graphene sheets. With an increasing concentration of AgNO3 used for immersion, the amount of Ag NPs loaded kept increasing without aggregation or deformation. The antibacterial properties of the GR/TA/Ag composite were studied using Gram-negative E. coli ATCC 25922 and Gram-positive S. aureus ATCC 6538 via both the disk diffusion method and the shaking flask method. The disk diffusion method results showed that the synthesized GR/TA/Ag composite had great release antibacterial properties owing to the loading of Ag NPs. In addition, the presence of TA gave the composite good non-release antibacterial properties, based on the results of the shaking flask method. The ingenious combination of the release-killing capabilities of Ag NPs and the contact-killing capabilities of TA bestow two-level antibacterial activity on the GR/TA/Ag composite, promoting the GR/TA/Ag composite as part of a new generation of powerful antibacterial agents with promising applications. © 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
The chemical basis of wood durability, together with the nature, synthesis and localization of tannins in wood tissues are reviewed. Most durable woods, particularly those of angiosperms, are rich in tannins. The presence of tannins in durable woods may be explained partly by their toxicity to microorganisms resulting from some of their fundamental physico-chemical properties, but also by their high solubility in water which may be necessary for wood cells to accumulate such large amounts of low toxicity compounds.
A grazing experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effect of PEG supplementation on the fatty acid composition of milk from Sarda sheep grazing sulla. Twenty-four late-lactating sheep (12 per group), were paired and split into two groups: group control (CON), dosed daily with a quenching gun with 200 ml of water, and group PEG, dosed with 200 ml of a 50/50 w/v water solution of PEG. The sheep grazed two 0.8 ha plots of sulla under a rotational grazing scheme. The contents of c-9, t-11 CLA and t-11 C18:1 in milk fat were on average 40% higher (P < 0.01) in the PEG group than in the CON group. This can be explained by the higher biohydrogenation activity of ruminal bacteria in the PEG group, due to the partial inactivation of the tannins. Odd-branched chain fatty acids (OBCFA) were higher in PEG than in the control group (+ 20%; P < 0.01) and this confirms the hypothesis that tannin in sulla reduced ruminal microbial activity. Both linoleic (C18:2 c-9 c-12) and linolenic (C18:3 c-9 c-12 c-15) fatty acids were lower (P < 0.05) in milk from PEG, than in the CON-group (- 12% and - 30% for linoleic and linolenic acids, respectively). The mitigating effect on tannins of PEG increased the ratio of ω6/ω3 by 24%; (P < 0.01) and total trans FA content in milk by 20% (P < 0.01). In conclusion, condensed tannins in sulla at flowering are conducive to lower c-9, t-11 CLA and t-11 C18:1 but also lower total trans FA, ω6/ω3 ratio and higher linoleic and linolenic acid.
Tannic acid (TA) is a polyphenolic compound, which has shown diverse pharmacological effects with antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic and antibactericidal properties. However, cardioprotective effects of TA have not been reported. To investigate the protective effects of TA, rats were administered TA for 7 days and then intoxicated with isoproterenol (ISO). Myocardial ischemia injury was indicated by changes in electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns, morphology and cardiac marker enzymes. Furthermore, protein expression levels of c-fos, c-jun, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cleaved-caspase-3 and -9 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and activities of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were detected by Western blot. Pretreatment with TA ameliorated changes in morphology and ECG, reduced activities of marker enzymes, suppressed overexpression of apoptosis-related proteins, upregulated expression of antioxidants. Moreover, TA pretreatment contributed to the decrease in ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, as well as reduced expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-3 and -9. TA displayed cardioprotective effects, which may be attributed to lowering of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, c-fos and c-jun expression and inhibition of NF-κB activation, as well as oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. These findings provide further insight into the 'French paradox' and the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of TA. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pomegranate has been known for hundreds of years as a healing food. Health benefits associated with the use of pomegranate are well documented. Research studies have shown that various pomegranate extracts possess great preventive potency against a wide range of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans. Various phytochemical compounds are considered as potent agents responsible for antimicrobial efficacy of pomegranate extracts. These compounds include polyphenols, including hydrolyzable tannins (punicalagin and ellagic acid), anthocyanins, and other polyphenols. The present review investigates the antimicrobial potential of pomegranate fruit extracts against various pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.
Summary Acorn starchy endosperm was saccharified by dilute HCZ, H2SO4 and H3PO4, and the hydrolysates were used as substrates forC. utilis growth. The effects of acid on both stages were investigated and optimized. Biomass yields up to 27.3% on acorn or 83% of theoretical value are reported.
The presence of tannins in a large number of nutritionally important tree leaves hampers their utilization as ruminant feed. Generally, both the condensed and hydrolysable tannins are present in tree leaves, but some tree leaves may contain predominantly condensed tannins whereas others contain hydrolysable tannins. An inverse relationship has been found between the protein-precipitating capacity of tannins in tree leaves and their palatability, voluntary intake and digestibilities of crude protein and dry matter in grazing as well as browsing animals. Dietary tannins adversely affect rumen metabolism by bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities, and by inactivating several enzymes (e.g. carboxymethyl cellulase, proteases, glutamate dehydrogenase). The availability of sulphur and iron becomes limited to the animals consuming tannin-rich tree leaves.The prolonged consumption of tannin-rich leaves induces toxicity. Sheep ingesting 0.9 g hydrolysable tannins kg−1 body weight might show signs of toxicity in 15 days. Although animals like mule deer, rats and mice have been shown to secrete proline-rich proteins in saliva and these constitute the first line of defense against ingested tannin, the observed deleterious effects suggest the inadequacy of defence against a high quantity of dietary tannins.A tannin content of ∼ 5% in browse may not only act as a feeding deterrent, but also influence the digestibilities. Hence when such leaves are offered as a sole feed they may lower the animal's productivity in terms of body weight gain and wool yield. Treatment with polyethylene glycol-4000 seems viable in reducing the deleterious effects of tannins in top feed, however its economical field application remains to be elucidated.
Knowledge of the mechanism of microbial action on cellulose is important for the solution of problems not only in textile technology but also in agronomy, plant pathology, bacteriology, mycology, medicine, geology, and the wood, paper, photographic, and allied industries.
Our present picture concerning the mode of breakdown of the cotton fiber is as follows: Upon germination, the microorganism secretes enzymes which first digest the cuticle. The hyphae of fungi then penetrate the secondary cellulosic wall directly into the lumen, where profuse growth ensues. Bacteria, on the other hand, adhere to the outer surface and pit their way inward. In both cases, digestion of cellulose occurs at the point of immediate contact with the organism.
In submicroscopic regions of the fiber, the amorphous cellulose is more rapidly attacked than the crystalline. The native cellulose molecule is first converted by an enzyme (called cellulase by the author) into a linear polysaccharide. Another enzyme then hydrolyzes the linear chain directly into glucose, without the intermediary of cellobiose. The proposed mechanism differs significantly from that of Pringsheim and of Winogradsky.
Based on this picture, topochemical modification appears to be very promising as a means of imparting simultaneously two or more properties to cotton fabrics, one of which is mildew proofness.
Studies were continued on the chemical nature of the water-soluble substance in Muscadine grape leaves that was previously reported as inhibiting pectinase and cellulase. The inhibitor is a tannin or tannin-like material, removable from leaf extracts by hide powder, caffeine, gelatin, and nicotine sulfate. Muscadine leaves had the highest inhibiting activity of the plants tested.
1. 1. A simple experimental system has been devised for the study of biochemical and physiological properties of protoplasts formed by treatment of Bacillus megaterium with lysozyme. 2. 2. The uptake of the radio-active tracers, glucose, acetate, glycine, uracil and thymine, into protein and nucleic acid fractions of the sub-cellular system has been compared with that in intact cells. 3. 3. 14C from carboxyl-labelled glycine appears in protein glycine and also in adenine and guanine of the nucleic acid; uracil is converted to uridylic and cytidylic acid residues of the nucleic acid; thymine is not incorporated by either preparation. 4. 4. The rates of incorporation of 14C from tracers by protoplasts are comparable with those by intact growing cells.
The growth of bacteria in chemically-defined media containing mixtures of amino-acids is less dependent upon the magnesium concentration than in simple media composed of salts, glucose or glycerol and a single source of nitrogen. In the more complex chemically-defined media growth initially increases rapidly with, and then becomes independent of, the magnesium concentration. Gram-positive bacilli fail to grow when the magnesium content of the medium is less than 0.66p.p.m., whereas this amount of magnesium is almost sufficient to maintain maximum growth of the Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, a deficiency of magnesium (i.e. c. 1-5 p.p.m.) inhibits the cell division of the Gram-positive rod-shaped organisms, and results in the formation of filamentous cells. The importance of ionic magnesium in the processes of bacterial growth and cell division has been recorded in previous papers (Webb, 1948, 1949a, b, 1951). In peptone media, a deficiency of magnesium predominantly inhibits the cell division of Gram-positive rods and results in the formation of filamentous cells. In simple chemically-defined media, however, the growth of bacteria is a function of the magnesium concentration, and in such media containing suboptimal amounts of magnesium, filamentous cells are not observed. To explain these differences it was suggested (Webb, 19493) that magnesium is essential both for the synthesis of intermediate metabolites and for cell division. In complex media which already contain some or all of the inter- mediate metabolites, the synthetic activities of the cell are decreased and a deficiency of magnesium inhibits cell division. However, in simple chemically- defined media, where synthesis precedes cell division, a deficiency of magnesium inhibits growth and normal cell division occurs throughout the restricted population that the medium is able to maintain. Evidence in favour of the above hypothesis is provided by the present com- munication which records the results of an investigation of the effect of mag- nesium on the growth of bacteria in more complex chemically-defined media containing amino-acids and other growth factors. Under these conditions, the growth of bacteria is less dependent upon the magnesium concentration, and a deficiency of magnesium primarily inhibits the cell division of the Gram- positive rods. MATERIALS AND METHODS It was found in early experiments that in media containing several amino- acids but no added magnesium, the cumulative effect of traces of magnesium in the commercial amino-acids used was sufficient to maintain the growth of bacteria for an indefinite number of subcultures. Similar results were obtained after treatment of concentrated solutions of the amino-acids at pH 9 with GMV3 32
Tannins and polyphenols in carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua)
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Plant phenolic group
PRIDHAM, J. B. 1960. Plant phenolic group. Symposium, Bristol,
April 1959. Symposium Publications Division, Pergamon
Press, Inc., New York.
Tannic acid as protection for oak wood against dry rot
WEHMER, C. 1912. Tannic acid as protection for oak wood against
dry rot. Mycol. Centr. 1:138-148.