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Personality and intelligence characteristics of selected high school athletes and non-athletes
Abstract
Selected high school athletes (junior and senior lettermen in baseball, basketball, football, swimming, and wrestling) were compared with nonathletes from the same population for differences in selected profile scales, as indicated by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and intelligent quotients (I).
... In Humara's (2000) examination of successful collegiate athletes, he found that vigor, aggression, leadership, ability to cope with stress, coachability, confidence, social support, and positive selfconcept as the most likely contributors to high performance. Differences between athletes and non-athletes on various psychological attributes have been shown using a variety of personality models and scales (Schendel, 1965;Slusher, 1964;Werner, 1960). Furthermore, research has been presented that shows significant differences between elite and less-successful athletes, as defined by success at national championship competitions, results of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS;Williams, Hoepner, Moody, & Ogilvie, 1970) and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI;Morgan, 1968). ...
... Therefore, the past, the person, or situation alone cannot predict the behavior of a person, all facets need to be considered. Although research has suggested that psychological factors may play an important role in athletic development (Morgan, 1968Schendel, 1965Slusher, 1964;Werner, 1960, psychology alone does not determine the collegiate success of a football player (Humara, 2000;Niednagel, 2004). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine what factors predict starting status of a collegiate football player. ...
The recruiting process within the United States collegiate football culture calls for coaches to identify prospective student-athletes who would be most successful at their institution. Humara (2005) argues that while coaches are experts in the identification of physical attributes needed for success, they may lack the ability to identify psychological skills. In addition, Niednagel (2004) would contend that environmental factors also contribute to the athletes' likelihood of success in sport. Participants were 108 male football players (35 linemen, 18 tight ends/linebackers, 47 skill players, 8 special teams) from 6 teams in a NCAA Division I Southeastern conference. Using multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis, the current research attempted to determine factors from demographic information, the Ten-Item Personality Inventory, and the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28, that most accurately predicts starting status in United States collegiate football players. Results showed that there was a significant difference between starters and non-starters for age, high school size, and coping with adversity, that predicted starting status 79.6% of the time.
... Indeed, the author found that young athletes are rather less sociable and more neurotic than non-athletic youths [10]. The results of Slusher go in the same direction as the author states that the athlete is characterised by a great pathological anxiety [11]. Some researchers have studied the personalities of sportspeople in relation to their specialities. ...
In Morocco, physical education (PE) in primary school is justified by its contribution to the integral formation of children. It has a positive impact on the development of the personality of those who invest in it. This is the reason why PE is included as a separate subject in the curricula of the different levels of the primary cycle. However, several factors minimise the effect of practising PE in schools and make it difficult for PE to make a real contribution to the development of children's personalities.This article therefore sets out to show that in the absence of rational programming, qualified physical educators and suitable and sufficient material conditions, PE cannot claim to make a real contribution to the development of children's personality.
... The major portion of the research literature on personality structure in the field of sports psychology is related to the comparison between sportspersons and non-sports persons. [1][2][3] Majority of the investigations have indicated that sportspersons differ from non-sports persons on several personality traits. Alderman (1974) has identified seven personality dimensions mostly prevalent in sports participants. ...
COVID-19 has caused an excruciating impact on the mentality of people. It has severally affected the different attributes of the personality of an individual. If we further investigate the problem, we would find that the period of quarantine in the COVID hospital is the most difficult one. It affects different attributes of the personality of an individual. If we look at the other side of this problem, we find that the solution to the problem lies within the person. It depends on the mental and physical strength of the person as to how he or she copes with a difficult situation. It is a general perception that a person who has ever played sports is more disciplined, cooperative, and coordinative in comparison to other persons. The basic hypothesis of the present research is that whether sportspersons have a positive approach towards life in comparison to other persons during the crises like a pandemic of COVID-19. To accomplish the task, a question-based survey was conducted to collect the desired data. Five behavioral aspect-bases were laid for the survey. The samples were collected from COVID patients identified as a sportsperson or non-sports persons. On these grounds, it was concluded that the behavioral pattern of players is better than the non-players; during the quarantine period of the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding offers great help to a primary care physician who provides care to the patient at the point of the first contact. Being a specialist in family medicine, internal medicine, or pediatrics such a person takes continuing responsibility for providing the patient's comprehensive care.
... The results of the study prove that, someone who uses emotional information to help in making decisions [6], emotional levels are highlighted as a stable disposition related to sports performance [7], intelligence is also the most advanced conceptualization in understanding the characteristics of emotional traits [8], intelligence will help in higher decision making related to athletes' abilities [9], physical movement characteristics according to increased brain activity [10]. However, at the level of certain athletes (beginner athletes) compared to non-athletes, the level of intelligence is lower than that of non-athletes [11]. Identification and development of talent in football is a multi-functional approach that involves systematic assessment of the physiological, technical, tactical, social and psychological characteristics of the player [12], skill is an action or task that is done intentionally to achieve a certain goal [13]. ...
... In order to give a better insight into the results of individual studies the following research related to male basketball players and players of varying abilities has been reviewed. Slusher (1964) collected data on selected high school athletes using the MMPI, and reportedrsignificantly lower scores for all athletic groups, when compared with the non-athletic groups, on the femininity and intelligence scales. ...
... Em alguns trabalhos o factor psicológico tem primordial influência no sucesso desportivo (William, 1996). Diversos investigadores têm dedicado particular atenção às características psicológicas associadas aos atletas de elite com sucesso, procurando identificar as características que influenciam o desempenho desportivo (Werner, 1960;Slusher, 1964;Morgan, 1968;Schendel, 1965;Silva et al., 1985;Orlick & Partington, 1988;McCaffery & Orlick, 1989;Gould et al., 1993aGould et al., , 1993bGould et al., e 1993cMoore et al., 1998). Também é evidente que, o auto-conceito, enquanto parte integrante da personalidade, influencia o comportamento de diversas formas. ...
... Of the groups tested, basketball players and gymnasts were most different from each other. Other studies (e.g., Slusher, 1964) have also shown that participants in team and individual sports have similar personality profiles. Franzoi and Shields (1986) showed that, when people evaluate their own bodies, they do not do so merely on the basis of global assessments, e.g., "I like or dislike my body," but rather evaluate their bodies in terms of distinct dimensions. ...
Scores on three subscales of the Body Esteem Scale were analyzed for the effect of group participation on body esteem. Intercollegiate women athletes from three sports (basketball, n = 9; volleyball, n = 10; and Softball, n = 12) and a control group of 34 women who did not participate in athletics were respondents. Scores on Weight Concern and Physical Condition significantly discriminated between the groups. On Weight Concern the mean of the control group was significantly lower than those of the athletic groups. On Physical Condition the control group mean was significantly lower than that of the basketball group. Other comparisons were not significant.
Most of the 7.1 million current global COVID deaths could likely have been prevented if the initial behavioral response in Wuhan, China had been different. Since the virus has spread globally, national death rates have varied from less than 1 to 660 deaths per 100,000. If all countries had responded like neighboring countries in Asia, half of global deaths could have been prevented. The United States with 1.2 million COVID deaths, 17% of the global total, has one of the highest COVID death rates, more than five times higher than expected from age, income, and temperature and more than six times the rate in Japan, which has more elderly. Five-year age-adjusted COVID death rates in US states vary from 66 to 410 per 100,000 in Non-Hispanic Whites, a six-fold difference. The state’s percentage of Trump votes in 2020 explains 51% of these differences, with death rates 69% higher in high vs low percentage states overall and 225% higher in 2021, the year with the most deaths. Residents of states with more Trump votes have been half as likely to be vaccinated and to practice social distancing. If the US had responded to COVID like Japan, almost a million American lives would have been saved. If all states had responded like the best Blue State, Hawaii, more than 900,000 lives would have been spared. In addition, using death certificate data, we estimate that the prevalence of Long COVID is 2.7 times higher in states with more vs less Trump votes (10.5±2.3% vs 3.8±1.2%). We discuss how three mental traits evolved through natural and sexual selection may help to explain such dysfunctional behavioral responses to life threatening danger: the tendency to form dominance hierarchies, rampant ingroup favoritism, and the often lethal combination of risk taking and overconfidence, especially in males.
Description
Promotes safety and the decrease of risk factors through better equipment, facilities, and knowledge of the mechanism of injury. Experts of various disciplines present their research, clinical experiences, data collections, and the application of their accumulated experiences and knowledge. 27 peer-reviewed papers on epidemiology; risk factors; mechanism of injury; and protective equipment applications. Covers a broad spectrum of sporting activities including ice hockey, football, baseball, swimming and diving, equestrian, soccer, gymnastics. Playing facilities, playing, and protective equipment are also addressed.
The present research deals with psychological traits of Taekwondo athletes in global and division classes. The study population included all taekwondo athletes in Iran. The research sample involves 110 taekwondo athletes (54 in world class: world and Olympic medalist and 56 in division one) were chosen as per systematic sampling. For data collection, questionnaire sports oriented Gale (1998), NEO-Five Factor Inventory, Short Form (NEO) - Subject Follow-up (Costa and McGraw, 1985), mental skills assessment questionnaire (Durand Bush and Salmela, 2001) and Anxiety Inventory (Martens, 1977) were used. After determining descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), the data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA at the significant level (P DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2016.v6n2p133
There is growing evidence for possible associations between physical exercise, fitness and cognitive performance in elderly, but research in young adults is lacking. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the interdependence between physical (in-) activity, fitness, and cognition in young adults. The methods included a number of physical performance tests, a physical activity questionnaire, and a test battery to measure executive functions and event-related brain potentials. © 2014 Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie (KIT). All rights reserved.
Ninth grade boys from a California junior high school who were participants in interscholastic athletics were compared with non-participants with respect to academic achievement. The athletic group tested higher on academic ability on the School and College Ability Test and earned a higher academic grade-point average. When athletes and non-athletes were matched on SCAT test scores, the athletic group showed higher academic achievement. The majority of boys who participated in sports for only one semester did as well as or better academically during their semester of participation than they did the other ninth grade semester. An incidental finding of the study showed that boys in general showed improved grade-point averages in the ninth grade when compared with their eighth grade records.
A total of 365 men (96 nonathletes, 106 individual sportsmen, 163 team sportsmen) completed a measure of sex-role orientation, the Bern Sex-role Inventory, a measure of views of women's roles (the Attitudes Towards Women Scale), and an index of attitudes towards men's and women's premarital heterosexual behavior, the Reiss Premarital Sexual Permissiveness Scale. Analyses indicated that competitive team athletes were significantly more masculine, were more tolerant of premarital sexual behavior for both sexes, and showed less egalitarian views towards women than did their nonathlete and individual athlete peers. No differences in femininity were observed between the groups. The results support the contention that success in athletics is associated with masculine characteristics and indicate the desirability of considering type of athletic activity when discussing the characteristics of athletes.
Anhand theoretischer Überlegungen und empirischer Befunde wird verdeutlicht, daß die bisherige Diskussion über die Frage nach einer Beziehung zwischen sportlicher Aktivität und Persönlichkeit noch von globalen Annahmen und Hypothesen bestimmt wird, Fragen wie etwa die, ob und inwieweit Sport als solcher die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung des sport-treibenden Menschen beeinflußt, lassen sich in dieser Form wissenschaftlich nicht beantworten. Sport wird in so vielfältigen Realisierungsformen betrieben und die menschliche Persönlichkeit ist so vielfältig strukturiert und verfügt über so große kompensatorische Möglichkeiten, daß generelle Sozialisationswirkungen des Sports nicht zu erwarten sind, sondern nur differentielle und spezielle Umwelt-Sport-Person-Interaktionseffekte. Über die Differenzierung der Fragestellung hinaus könnte es sich als notwendig erweisen, sport-spezifische Meßinstrumente zu entwickeln.
Males members of two college teams, baseball and football, and female members of two teams, field hockey and lacrosse (combined) and equestrians, were compared on the five scales of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ). All teams were significantly higher on the Activity and lower on the Neuroticism-Anxiety scales than the general college population of the University of Delaware. Lacrosse and field hockey athletes were higher on activity than equestrians and baseball players were higher than football players on this scale. Contrary to predictions, football players scored lower than the general university male population on Impulsive Sensation Seeking and the lacrosse and field hockey players did not differ from the general college females on Impulsive Sensation Seeking. The baseball players also scored lower on this scale. The hypothesis that body contact sports attract high sensation seeking and aggressive participants was not supported. Sensation seeking is more characteristic of participants in high risk sports offering unusual sensation and personal challenges.
Reviews studies on the relationship between participation in sports and personality measures. Athletes tend to be extroverted, low in neuroticism and anxiety, and high on the psychoticism-superego variable. Factors that have been used to explain this profile include assertiveness, sensation-seeking, competitiveness, and a lack of cortical control and inhibition of ongoing behavior and immediate reactions. Evidence does not support the suggestion that sporting activity may have a beneficial effect on personality, particularly in reducing anxiety and depression. Automobile driving and sexual activity share characteristics of sports and show correlations with many of the same personality variables. The role of physical-skills learning and genetic factors in both sport and personality is also considered. The possible utility of behavior modification and behavior therapy in improving athletic performance is noted. (8 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Ausgehend von einem theoretischen Konzept der Identitätsentwicklung, das u.a. auf Hurrelmann basiert, wurde versucht, Einflüsse des Fußballs nachzuweisen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden im Jahr 2001 453 männliche Jugendfußballer aus 34 Mannschaften verschiedener Leistungsklassen befragt, unter ihnen auch die U15, U16, U17 und U18-Nationalmannschaften des DFB. Die Fragen bezogen sich auf das häusliche Umfeld, die schulische Situation, die Gesundheit, die soziale Lage und bestimmte Ausprägungen des Fußballs. Mit Hilfe der logistischen Regression ließen sich einige Effekte des Fußballs nachweisen. Zum Beispiel ist insbesondere in den niedrigen Leistungsklassen ein erhöhter Alkohol- und Zigarettenkonsum festzustellen. Andererseits weisen diese Fußballer kaum Stress-Symptome (psychosomatische Beschwerden) auf. The study is based on the theory of development of identity of Klaus Hurrelmann. It shows the effects of playing soccer on male teenagers. Therefore in 2001, 453 players were asked questions concerning health, social situation, school success and... soccer! Also the youth national teams of Germany took part in the study. One result, for example, was, that players of lower leagues smoke and drink more alcohol than the others. On the other hand, these players have less psychosomatic problems.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the personality and biographic traits of superior and average college basketball officials. Cattell's 16PF (Form A) was administered to superior (N=25) and average (N=28) officials who were members of the Indiana Collegiate Basketball Association. Performance categories of superior and average officials were established by previous ratings by fellow officials and intercollegiate coaches. Stepwise multiple discriminant analysis was used for analysis. It was found that superior men college basketball officials are more self-sufficient, more self-assured, more self-reliant, and more sensitive to outside social demands than their fellow average officials. Superior officials also had significantly more experience as a college basketball participant than did their average officiating counterpart.
Ninety-four amateur and collegiate wrestlers were studied with the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Personality profiles were studied across different levels of demonstrated achievement in wrestling. Discriminant function analyses failed to establish any profile differences between criterion groups. Groups assessed were (a) a superior group comprised of 28 wrestlers from the United States Olympic team, NCAA or NAIA champions or place winners, (b) an excellent group comprised of 33 collegiate wrestlers who were varsity representatives, rated excellent by their coach, and who had won at least 60 percent of their matches during the season; (c) an average to below average group of the 33 wrestlers remaining on four college teams secured for the study. When compared to norms, wrestlers demonstrated a significant departure from average on factor I indicating tough-mindedness, self-reliance, and masculinity. No support was found for the suggestion that wrestlers may possess a neurotic profile.
An attempt was made to review the empirical work concerning the relationship between athletics and various personality factors. While no intellectual differences were noted, a greater motivation to achieve was noted among athletes. Generally, the personality features of athletes pointed to greater social adjustment and ascendancy, and higher emotional stability. On the basis of these studies alternative methodology is suggested, such as individual interviews in depth, and facets of the area are brought into focus, such as body concern and the vicissitudes of aggression, which heretofore seemed either absent from discussion or too implicit. An attempt was made to separate conceptually athletic participation from the physical activity itself; and the point was underlined that the psychology of team membership may be different in important ways from the influence of physical activity on individuals. Because of the widely acknowledged importance of physical activity for both physical and psychological development, the urgency of continued careful study in this area is underscored.
College football players were subjectively classified into Group A (judged highly sportsmanlike) and Group B (judged highly unsportsmanlike). Individuals in both groups were administered a problem-solving test eliciting normative decisions. While subjects responded overtly to test situations, an electronic psychometer simultaneously recorded covert reactions. Possible self-contamination was assessed by utilization of the Edwards Social Desirability Test.
The Guilford-Martin inventory of factors GAMIN was administered to 96 male and 40 female college students. The students were intercollegiate athletes, physical education majors, and coeds who showed interest in dancing. The instrument used measures traits of dynamic and aggressive types differentiated among groups of athletes and physical education majors of both sexes. Statistical procedures, using the analysis of variance, indicated that differences in four of the five traits were significant (p = .01) in men. Among women, the differences in four of the five traits were significant at the .01 level and at the .05 level in the fifth trait. When the scores were compared to the most favorable scores for the selection of supervisory and administrative personnel, as suggested by the inventory's manual, football players scored favorably in three of the five traits, and the rest of the athletes and majors scored favorably in one or two traits only.
This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the relationship between specific factors of personality adjustment and levels of motor achievement in a select group of junior and senior high school boys. Pertinent scales from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey were administered to 154 subjects for the purpose of determining existing personality characteristics. The motor achievement data were collected from administration of the McCloy General Motor Ability and Motor Capacity Test. The data were statistically analyzed through the use of the Pearson product-moment correlation technique, the t test, and the multiple regression technique. The study concluded that, (a) individual group dependance was a factor in extent of exhibited motor achievement and, (b) that levels of motor achievement were predictable with the use of grouped measured personality characteristics.
This study was designed to investigate the differences in four personality traits between Negro and white athletes and nonathletes utilizing the Gordon Personal Profile. Six hypotheses, all stated in the null form, were used in comparing the different groups. A total of 111 subjects were divided into four groups based upon their ethnic background and athletic ability. The results produced seven significant differences at the .05 level: three between white athletes and white nonathletes; one between Negro varsity athletes and Negro nonathletes; and three between white varsity athletes and Negro nonathletes. These results suggested that white varsity athletes were significantly different and ranked higher in Ascendancy, Responsibility, and Emotional Stability traits when compared to Negro and white nonathletes. They also suggested that Negro varsity athletes were significantly different and ranked higher in Responsibility when compared to Negro nonathletes. No significant differences occurred when white varsity athletes and Negro varsity athletes were compared; when Negro varsity athletes and white nonathletes were compared; or when Negro nonathletes and white nonathletes were compared.
There was little relationship between selected physical attributes and authoritarian dimensions, but a significant relationship existed between athletic achievement and 7 perceived authoritarian dimensions for 574 college freshmen.
The purpose of the present study was to replicate the use of a psychophysiological model in the assessment of variables that influence elite wrestling success. The subjects were 15 males participating in the 1979 United States Junior World Wrestling Camp. Athletic performance in the camp determined whether a wrestler qualified or did not qualify for the touring United States team. Several psychological tests were administered to subjects over a three-day interval. Subjects were also evaluated on anthropometric and physiological variables. Descriptive data analysis indicated that physiologically the average qualifier was: marginally lower in grip strength, lower in relative dynamic anaerobic muscular endurance, more aerobically fit, and slightly higher in percentage of body fat as compared to the average nonqualifier. Psychologically, the average qualifier was higher in state anxiety and tension but less depressed, angry, vigorous, fatigued, and confused than the nonqualifiers. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the group centroids differed significantly on the selected psychophysiological variables considered in this study. Discriminant function analyses of the data supported the psychophysiological model as the most accurate in predicting group membership. The variables anger, tension, total grip strength, dynamic muscular endurance, relative muscular endurance, and VE BTPS were found to be the factors that most accurately discriminated qualifiers from nonqualifiers. These variables had a canonical correlation of .89 and using these six variables it was possible to classify the wrestlers to their appropriate groups with 93.3% accuracy. A revised model including factors such as psychomotor skill, memory, balance, and additional psychophysiological measures is suggested.
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