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Effects of mud pack treatment on skin microcirculation
Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a laser-Doppler flowmetry investigation of skin microcirculation changes induced by mud pack therapy. The magnitude of the changes, potential remote effects, and potential influence of mud pack thickness were studied.
Twenty female spa therapy patients aged 28-67 years (median, 51 years) participated in the study. The reason for spa therapy was lower limb venous insufficiency in 14 patients and osteoarthritis in six patients, none of whom had involvement of the shoulders. Mud pack treatment was associated with a significant elevation in skin temperature, by 1.8 +/- 0.2 and 1.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C with the 30- and 15-mm packs, respectively (P < 0.001 for both comparisons; nonsignificant difference between the two packs). Skin blood flow increased significantly, by 619 +/- 82 and 410 +/- 124 mV with the 30- and 15-mm packs, respectively (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons; nonsignificant difference between the two packs). The vasomotion score increased markedly on the treated side, by 16.7 +/- 2.8 and 13.0 +/- 1.6 with the 30- and 15-mm packs, respectively (P < 0.005 for both comparisons; no significant difference between the two packs). Furthermore, low-frequency vasomotion waves of a type not described previously were recorded. The microcirculatory changes lasted longer than did the temperature increase. No significant changes were noted in the other shoulder or in central body temperature.
The patients were volunteers receiving spa therapy and free of diabetes mellitus, vasoactive drug treatment, and inflammatory shoulder disease. Two mud packs, 15 and 30 mm in thickness, respectively, were applied at an interval of 48 h, at the same time of day in a given patient, and at a distance from other spa treatments. The packs were centered on the deltopectoral groove. The side and order of application of the two packs were determined at random. Superficial skin blood flow was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry (Perimed PF4001, wavelength 82 nm) and recorded by the Perisoft computer program with a 3-s time constant downstream from a broadband filter (12 MHz).
These results suggest that the vascular changes induced by mud pack therapy are not fully explained by vasodilation in response to local temperature elevation. Further studies are in order to identify the other mechanisms involved.
... Previous studies have suggested that mud applications can improve microcirculation and stimulate vasomotion. For example, Poensin et al. (Poensin et al. 2003) reported a significant increase in blood flow and stimulation of vasomotion after the application of "La Léchère" mud pack (France) in patients diagnosed with lower limb venous insufficiency and osteoarthritis, as measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. A similar effect was also reported by Clijsen et al. (Clijsen et al. 2008) when applying mud packs ("Parafango di Battaglia", Padova, Italy) to healthy subjects. ...
... Our findings align with those from Poensin et al. (Poensin et al. 2003), Clijsen et al. (Clijsen et al. 2008) , Kasimova et al. (Kasimova et al. 2017), and Tuulik et al. (Tuulik et al. 2015), who also reported similar improvements in microcirculation and tissue oxygenation after mud therapy. Marin et al. (Marin et al. 2011, 2012 reported improvement of partial pressures of blood gases after applications of the same Techirghiol mud, results that are similar to ours. ...
... Other investigators (Poensin et al. 2003;Clijsen et al. 2008) used Doppler ultrasonography to demonstrate improvements of blood flow following mud therapy. Hyperspectral imaging is, thus, a relatively simple, easy to use and non-invasive method for spectral characterization of skin and subcutaneous tissue. ...
Sapropelic muds have been used for centuries to treat various illnesses, but their effects and mechanisms are still under research. In this study the effects of Techirghiol sapropelic mud on tissue oxygenation in elderly patients diagnosed with neuromuscular disorders were investigated using spatial and spectral information provided by hyperspectral imaging technique. A group of 38 elderly patients with neuromuscular disorders for which they received mud therapy was studied. Sapropelic mud was applied to the lumbar region of each patient for 30 min, directly on the skin in a thick layer, while a symmetrical area of 15 × 10 cm in the same region was covered with a medical patch to serve as the control area. The mud is typically heated to a temperature of 40–45 °C before application. Hyperspectral images were taken before, after the first day of therapy, and at day seven. Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations and oxygen saturation values were calculated from the hyperspectral images and compared to control areas. The results revealed that, in the treated area, the mean oxyhemoglobin concentration increased with + 0.2127 ± 0.1096 mol cm∕L, while deoxyhemoglobin concentration decreased by -0.0509 ± 0.0558 mol cm∕L. Local tissue oxygen saturation raised to over 98% in all patients. Lesser improvements were recorded for the control areas: oxyhemoglobin increased with + 0.1673 ± 0.1059 mol cm∕L, and deoxyhemoglobin decreased with − 0.0525 ± 0.0578 mol cm∕L. A good level of agreement was found between values of oxygen saturation measured with hyperspectral imaging method and the classical pulse oximetry method. Thus, improvement in local circulation was demonstrated after mud therapy. In conclusion, therapy with Techirghiol sapropelic mud improved local tissue oxygenation, hyperspectral imaging being a reliable and non-invasive tool for monitoring these changes.
... Balneology is a research field of baths and bathing in natural waters for healing purposes, including the application of the emerging gasses and peloids [4]. A method of pelotherapy is mud pack compress application-an option treating localized areas of the body to increase skin permeability and microcirculation [5] or reducing pain in the case of knee osteoarthritis [6]. The popularity of balneotherapy is increasing [7], related to the perpetually-appearing new evidence of the advantageous effects of peloids on the human body [8] and awareness of personal health. ...
... It is generally accepted that the skin, which is a very complex structure, is affected by a set of different factors of pelotherapy. Based on scientific evidence, the pelotherapeutic procedures are proposed, e.g., to relieve the joint pain of osteoarthritis of the knees [10], to have a positive effect on gynecological problems [11], to entail the passage of minerals through psoriatic skin [12], and to enhance the superficial blood circulation [5]. Pelotherapy has a useful effect on muscle tone and reduces pain through increasing temperature and hydrostatic pressure [13]. ...
... The effect of pelotherapy can be evaluated directly or indirectly, from which the latter includes questionnaires and visual examination. The direct methods can be divided based on the utilized techniques, for example optical (laser Doppler flowmetry) [5]; electrical (corneometry-for estimating the relative permittivity of the skin [14]; electrical bioimpedance (EBI)); and blood analysis. A comprehensive overview of skin assessment techniques is given elsewhere [15]. ...
Background:
Pelotherapy is the traditional procedure of applying curative muds on the skin's surface-shown to have a positive effect on the human body and cure illnesses. The effect of pelotherapy is complex, functioning through several mechanisms, and depends on the skin's functional condition. The current research objective was to develop a methodology and electrodes to assess the passage of the chemical and biologically active compounds of curative mud through human skin by performing electrical bioimpedance (EBI) analysis.
Methods:
The methodology included local area mud pack and simultaneous tap water compress application on the forearms with the comparison to the measurements of the dry skin. A custom-designed small-area gold-plated electrode on a rigid printed circuit board, in a tetrapolar configuration, was designed. A pilot study experiment with ten volunteers was performed.
Results:
Our results indicated the presence of an effect of pelotherapy, manifested by the varying electrical properties of the skin. Distinguishable difference in the measured real part of impedance (R) emerged, showing a very strong correlation between the dry and tap-water-treated skin (r = 0.941), while a poor correlation between the dry and mud-pack-treated skin (r = 0.166) appeared. The findings emerged exclusively in the frequency interval of 10 kHz …1 MHz and only for R.
Conclusions:
EBI provides a promising tool for monitoring the variations in the electrical properties of the skin, including the skin barrier. We foresee developing smart devices for promoting the exploitation of spa therapies.
... Knowledge of particle size distribution features of the raw materials is essential for the right pre-formulation steps of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Based on the literature (Poensin et al., 2003) the powder particle size distribution applicability can vary. Finer powders have higher skin adhesion and provide better softness when applied on skin. ...
... Finer powders have higher skin adhesion and provide better softness when applied on skin. One example showing that particle size influences powder properties is the research published by Poensin et al. (2003), which demonstrated that products for topical application containing in their composition clay of average particle size around 74 μm provided promising results related to augmented blood flow toward the treated skin region. The analyzed clays showed particle size between 3.6 and 24.1 μm. ...
... 1 Releasable mineral salts in skin care products containing salts of magnesium (Mg 2+ ), manganese (Mn 2+ ), copper (Cu 2+ ), zinc (Zn 2+ ) and several others play vital roles in maintaining skin conditions by regulating water retention, osmotic pressure, pH and bio-electrical potentials. 2 Topical mud pack improves local microcirculation and vasomotion stimulation. 3 High mineral contents of the Dead Sea mud and mineral water are shown to have beneficial effects for treatment of psoriasis. 4,5 Certain factors, such as climate, intense sunlight and mineral-rich mud influence the effect of mud therapy on rheumatic disorders.The evaporites of the Cretaceous to early Tertiary Maha Sarakham Formation (MSF) are typically found in the Khorat Plateau in the Northeast of Thailand. ...
... It is worth notified that the temperature control in this study was 1-2°C higher than the skin temperature (about 35°C) since it was well defined that topical applications of mud for 15 -30 mm elevated skin temperature. 3 Initial contents of the metal ions in the clay samples used directly affect each individual permeation. Table 2 shows that the 4 minerals in the clay samples were, as follows: Mg 2+ > Mn 2+ > Zn 2+ > Cu 2+ which is also the case with permeation. ...
Mineral clay from the evaporites of the Cretaceous to early Tertiary Maha Sarakham Formation in some regions of the Northeast of Thailand containing Cu 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ and Zn 2+ , in various mineral forms, was used for external applications. Samples of mineral clay were collected in Udonthani and pulverized by heat to obtain plain clay (particle sizes of < 75 µm) and then maturated to obtain mature clay. Two gel formulas, a polymer gel (formula 1) and a mineral gel (formula 2), were prepared to incorporate plain clay. In vitro skin permeation of Cu 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ and Zn 2+ from plain clay, mature clay and plain clay in formula 1 or formula 2 through full-thickness skin of newborn pigs (n =6) were compared by using Franz diffusion cells and analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Trace amounts of these metals were detected in the receptor fluid. Maturation of clay with smaller size significantly enhanced skin permeation of Cu 2+ (p = 0.04), Mn 2+ (p = 0.04) and Zn 2+ (p = 0.01). Formula 1 and size reduction affect permeation of Cu 2+ (p = 0.04) and Zn 2+ (p = 0.01), while formula 2 and size reduction affect permeation of Mn 2+ (p = 0.02) and Zn 2+ (p = 0.01). Initial content and skin permeation of plain clay are comparatively in the same order, as follows: Mg 2+ > Mn 2+ > Cu 2+ > Zn 2+. Therefore, some trace elements, Cu 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ and Zn 2+ from mineral clay can permeate the skin by diffusion with additional effects from formulation and particle size reduction.
... Knowledge of particle size distribution features of the raw materials is essential for the right pre-formulation steps of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Based on the literature (Poensin et al., 2003) the powder particle size distribution applicability can vary. Finer powders have higher skin adhesion and provide better softness when applied on skin. ...
... Finer powders have higher skin adhesion and provide better softness when applied on skin. One example showing that particle size influences powder properties is the research published by Poensin et al. (2003), which demonstrated that products for topical Fig. 4. Infrared spectra for clay samples (I, II, III and IV): (a) region between 4000 and 3300 cm −1 ; (b) region below 1900 to 400 cm −1 . application containing in their composition clay of average particle size around 74 μm provided promising results related to augmented blood flow toward the treated skin region. ...
Clays are materials originated from rock decomposition, made up of clay minerals and non-clayish minerals. Their applicability in the field of cosmetics depends on their chemical and mineralogical composition. In view of their huge bioburden there is the need to submit them to effective decontamination before they are incorporated into cosmetics. The present work involved the characterization of four different samples of clays originated from the sand extraction residue of mining activities in the hinterland of São Paulo state, Brazil. Characterization was performed with the aid of tools like X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), particle size distribution by laser dispersion, surface area (BET method) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Besides, it aims to evaluate the bioburden of these clays, as well as to propose a method for the decontamination of these samples. The average particle diameter varied from 3.6 to 24.1 μm, kaolinite and illite being the main mineralogical phases to be identified. The proposed method for decontamination employed a combination of ethanol 70% and dry heat at 120 °C in an oven for 24 h. The decontamination was effective in reducing samples bioburden, leaving the clays within the limits required for cosmetics application.
... [30][31][32] Poen sin ve ark.'la rı ta ra fın dan ya pı lan bir ça lış ma da ise, pe lo id te da vi si son ra sı la ser-dopp ler flow metri ile cilt kan do la şı mı nın art tı ğı sap tan mış tır. 33 Bu ne den le pe lo id te da vi si nin lo kal me ka niz ma lar yo luy la, bel ki de trans ku ta nöz iyon trans fe riy le et ki li ol du ğu bil di ril miş tir. 33 Ay rı ca bir grup çalış ma da ise cilt yo luy la emi len sül für mi ne ral le ri -nin anal je zik et ki mey da na ge tir di ği bil di ril mekte dir. ...
... 33 Bu ne den le pe lo id te da vi si nin lo kal me ka niz ma lar yo luy la, bel ki de trans ku ta nöz iyon trans fe riy le et ki li ol du ğu bil di ril miş tir. 33 Ay rı ca bir grup çalış ma da ise cilt yo luy la emi len sül für mi ne ral le ri -nin anal je zik et ki mey da na ge tir di ği bil di ril mekte dir. 30,31,34 Maz zul la ve ark. ...
Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of balneotherapy which includes mud pack therapy in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS). Material and Methods: 29 patients (23 females, 6 males) with shoulder pain for more than three months who were diagnosed as SIS were included in this study. The mean age was 48.24 +/- 6.83 (33-60) years. Mud pack therapy was applied at 45 degrees C for 30 minutes, and the therapy continued once a day, for 15 days. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores for pain evaluation during rest, activity and night, and Constant, UCLA and Shoulder Disability Questionnaire (SDQ) scoring for the functional situation were used as outcome measurements. All patients were instructed to perform Codman's pendulum, passive strengthening and range of motion (ROM) exercises as home exercises during the study. Besides, the patients took paracetamol when needed. Results: All parameters were evaluated three times (before therapy, after therapy and at the end of third month). VAS, Constant, UCLA Score, SDQ scores were improved significantly. Conclusion: We concluded that balneotherapy can be safely applied for patients with SIS because it gives satisfactory results in early period and improves the quality of life for these patients.
... During sapropel application, there is an increase in pulse and breathing rate, elevation of blood pressure, increased sweating, kidney function as well as reduced activity of the gastrointestinal system (Uzbekov, 1958;Kostjakova, 1985;Carabelli et al., 1998;Odabasi, 2008;Espejo-Antúnez, 2012). Several studies showed that changes in microcirculation and small blood vessels cannot be explained solely by vasodilatation (Poensin et al., 2003). Changes in markers responsible for inflammatory mechanisms and articular pain -TNF-alfa, IL-1ß, PGE2 and LTB4 levels were observed after sapropel application. ...
Found in lakes, freshwater sapropel is a sediment with a fine structure containing more than 10% of organic matter as well as residues of aquatic organisms with a small content of inorganic components of biogenic origin and mixture of mineral ingredients. The mud was first used in medicine by ancient Greeks, and it gained more popularity together with development of balneology in Europe in the 19 th century as a remedy for several diseases. The last century also brought wider popularity in its cosmetic use. Despite its wide usage, mechanisms behind its effects are not so clear yet. Broad but fragmented studies on the effects of sapropel are available, but few have used modern research methods. There is evidence suggesting that its positive health effects are linked to its thermal capacity, ability of penetration in tissues and biological activity of its components, e.g., humic substances. Evidence also suggests antimicrobial activity and positive effects on skin regeneration. This review aims at summarising available knowledge on the structure and composition of sapropel and its effects on the human body, as well as its potential for further evidence-based use in medicine and cosmetics.
... Clay materials are considered as biodegradable materials, which are safe or environmentally friendly (Wood et al. 2011;Li et al. 2010;Sánchez-Fernández et al. 2014;Vergaro et al. 2010), thus suitable for a range of biomedical applications . Cationic clay minerals have been used conventionally in many fields such as skin chemotherapy, laxatives, antidiarrhea, and anti-inflammatory as well as in the form of antimicrobial agents (Carretero and Pozo 2009;Ferrand and Yvon 1991;Poensin et al. 2003). Beside these, they are also used as lubricants and distributary in pharmaceutical programs to improve chemical, physical, and organoleptic properties (Summa and Tateo 1998;Cara 2000;Singh et al. 2011). ...
The therapeutic potential of natural clays was known to the mankind since ages and was used as cures for wounds, tapeworm, hookworm, diarrhea, and several other intestinal ailments. However, over the past few decades, engineered clay-based nanomaterials have been receiving immense attention of the researchers over the globe for their tremendous application potential, not only in therapeutics but also in food sciences, cosmetics, and various polymer industries. This can be attributed to their remarkable biocompatibility, low cost, and advantageous structural features. Moreover, this emerging class of two-dimensional nanomaterials provides vast scopes for facile chemical modifications facilitating the synthesis of novel nanocomposites with desired physicochemical characteristics. Here, we present a brief outline of the current developments in the area of engineered clay-based nanomaterials for applications in various branches of biomedical sciences, such as tissue engineering, cancer therapy, drug delivery, cosmetics, and regenerative medicines. Furthermore, it also attempts to provide an insight into the physical and chemical traits of these engineered clay nanomaterials that make them suitable for specific applications. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
... Clay materials are considered as biodegradable materials, which are safe or environmentally friendly (Wood et al. 2011;Li et al. 2010;Sánchez-Fernández et al. 2014;Vergaro et al. 2010), thus suitable for a range of biomedical applications . Cationic clay minerals have been used conventionally in many fields such as skin chemotherapy, laxatives, antidiarrhea, and anti-inflammatory as well as in the form of antimicrobial agents (Carretero and Pozo 2009;Ferrand and Yvon 1991;Poensin et al. 2003). Beside these, they are also used as lubricants and distributary in pharmaceutical programs to improve chemical, physical, and organoleptic properties (Summa and Tateo 1998;Cara 2000;Singh et al. 2011). ...
Quantum dots are the most innovative molecules created in the modern era. These molecules are of nano-size ranged from 1-10 nm with unique photoluminescence characteristics. The unique properties of luminescence madethem an excellent candidate for cellular labelling and detection markers. The fabrication by conjugating with a library of biomolecules opened the gates for various innovative bioimaging and diagnostic protocols and drugdelivery systems. Having these versatile properties, QDs are originating as next-generation bio-nanotechnological tools for mankind to answer many biomedical issues in the fields of diagnosis and treatment. In this book chapter, a comprehensive discussion was made on the QDs, and their critical physico-optical characteristics, and their application in bioimaging, diagnosis, and drug targeting. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
... Compreender as características granulométricas é de suma importância nas etapas que antecedem a formulação dos cosméticos. Segundo Poensin, Carpentier, Féchoz, & Gasparini (2003), a granulometria do pó possui influência direta na aplicação, os pós mais finos possuem maior adesividade cutânea e promovem maior suavidade quando aplicados à pele. As duas amostras estudadas apresentaram elevada porcentagem de passante caracterizando o material com granulometria significativamente fina. ...
As máscaras argilosas são apontadas como as mais antigas preparações cosméticas utilizadas no tratamento de beleza em função da sua vasta gama de propriedades proporcionadas pelos minerais presentes. Dessa forma, torna-se interessante estudar a potencialidade cosmética de outros materiais com composição semelhante, especialmente aqueles gerados de forma abundante e com limitada reutilização, como os rejeitos industriais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a incorporação do rejeito de rochas ornamentais (RRO) em argila bentonita cálcica para utilização na cosmetologia. A metodologia adotada consistiu na preparação de duas composições diferentes incorporando o RRO na argila bentonita cálcica, assim, as seguintes análises foram realizadas: pH, teor de umidade, densidade absoluta, fluorescência de raios X (FRX) e análise microbiológica. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a composição com maior quantidade de bentonita apresentou características mais eficientes no que diz respeito a cosmetologia, isto é, menor alcalinidade com pH igual a 6 e teor de densidade (2,7 g.cm-3) que favorece a suspensão contínua. Ambas as incorporações manifestaram conformidade com o controle microbiológico. Ao comparar a melhor incorporação com as argilas cosméticas comercializadas, baseando-se na composição química, majoritariamente sílico-aluminosa, fica evidenciado o potencial cosmético da amostra estudada, uma vez que a aplicabilidade das argilas na área cosmética depende primordialmente desta característica.
... The granulometry of a material is a very important property that must be known for the application in cosmetics, since according to the size of the particles, the purpose of the product is different. Raw materials with high granulometry are usually exploited by their exfoliating action, while those with fine granulometry are used for skin hydration because they have greater adhesiveness and more pleasant sensory to the skin 35 . Therefore considering the above described the clays in the cosmetology area can be used as exfoliating or moisturizing. ...
The clay minerals have characteristics and properties that allow their applicability in the cosmetic area, being incorporated into formulations as an active principle. Therefore, the aim of this work is characterizing and evaluating the influence of a clay from Miracema do Norte, Tocantins, Brazil, named Clay V, on the physicochemical characteristics of a hydrophilic gel of Aristoflex®, a copolymer of the neutralized acryloyldimethyltaurate and vinylpyrrolidone sulphonic acid. Clay V was decontaminated and characterized through microbiological evaluation, crystalline phases present by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), chemical composition by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and granulometric distribution by sieving. Gels were prepared using Clay V with particles in the range ≤ 180 μm in three different concentrations: 1%, 3% and 5% (w/w) and a standard gel without clay. The formulations were evaluated according to organoleptic characteristics, pH, viscosity, spreadability and the centrifugation test. The microbiological evaluation showed that the clay sample is in compliance with the parameters established by the legislation. The following mineral phases were identified by XRD: kaolinite, illite, vermiculite and quartz, mainly composed of silica and alumina according to XRF. Thermal analysis showed that the clay has two thermal decomposition reactions, the largest being 547.6°C. The granulometric analysis identified that the largest fraction (63.22%) was of particles with sizes greater than 710 μm. The organoleptic characteristics presented by the formulations were suitable, with characteristic gel odor, homogeneous appearance, soft and refreshing texture and staining based on the concentration of Clay V used. The obtained pH values were within the range between 5.5 and 6.5, and it was verified that the gel has high spreadability, distributing evenly on the skin. The values obtained for viscosity showed that the formulations are non-Newtonian fluids with pseudoplastic behavior. The centrifugation test showed that the formulations are stable, with no phase separation. The results obtained with the tests showed that the natural clay V material is beneficial in cosmetic products and can be used for incorporation in cosmetic gel formulations of Aristoflex® type.
... The increase in the OLL surface temperature was lower than that in the OUL surface temperature (38°C vs. 40°C), which could be explained by the lesser surface area of the lower lid [17]. The ILL surface, which is the most important area that should experience the increase in the temperature, had the lowest rise (up to 35°C), which could be explained by the phenomenon of heat transfer [22]. However, this study showed that the ILL temperatures could be maintained at [ 35°C constantly both during the 10-min compression and after the compression was removed through the final temperature measurement (20 min), and this could be explained by the heat retention of the inner tissue surface [23]. ...
Purpose
To investigate the eyelid temperature (Temp) and tissue blood flow (TBF) changes in healthy eyes using wheat hot pack (WHP) and pottery hot pack (PHP).
Methods
A randomized, double-blind, within-subject crossover study design was conducted in a Thai tertiary care center. All healthy subjects received warm compress treatment with WHP and PHP. The subjects were randomized to receive the WHP or the PHP at the first sequence. Temp and TBF measurements were taken at baseline, and every 2 min during the 10-min application of the heated compresses, and every 2 min for a 10-min duration after the compresses were removed.
Results
There were 29 females (96.7%) and 1 male. The mean (SD) age of the subjects was 33.17 (5.21) years. Two warm compresses were able to increase the surface lid Temp significantly from the baseline Temp at every time point of measurement and location. For the WHP application, the maximum surface Temp (SD) of the outer upper lid, outer lower lid, and inner lower lid were 40.07 (0.80) °C, 38.44 (0.91) °C, and 35.83 (0.71) °C, respectively (all P value < 0.001) and under the PHP application, the highest surface Temp (SD) were 40.63 (0.97) °C, 38.32 (1.27) °C, and 35.82 (0.71) °C, respectively (all P value < 0.001). Both WHP and PHP were able to increase TBF significantly with no adverse events and these effects can be sustained until 20 min.
Conclusions
The results of this study suggest the potential of using these warm compresses for meibomian gland dysfunction. Further clinical research is needed.
... Finer powders have higher skin adhesion and provide better softness when applied on skin. One example showing that particle size influences powder properties is the research published by [72], which demonstrated that products for topical application containing in their composition clay of average particle size around 74 µm provided promising results related to augmented blood flow toward the treated skin region. The analyzed clays showed particle size between 2 and 9 µm. ...
... Damit wirkt er gleich zweifach: Einerseits entzieht er dem Körper Krankheitsgifte, die zu Entzündung, Schwellung und Schmerzen im Gewebe führen, andererseits gibt er wichtige Mineralien und Spurenelemente, vor allem Kieselsäure, an den Organismus ab, wodurch es zur schnelleren Wundheilung, Kräftigung des Bindegewebes und Regeneration kommt. Da Lehm wasserundurchlässig ist und der für die Behandlung genutzte Lehm aus mehreren Metern Tiefe gewonnen wird, ist er praktisch keimfrei und enthält keinerlei Umweltgifte.Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaften bieten Lehmpackungen eine ideale Möglichkeit zur Straffung und Durchblutungsverbesserung der Haut und Entschlackung des Bindegewebes im Gesicht und an Problemzonen[18]. Ein weiteres wichtiges Anwendungsgebiet sind die Gelenke. ...
Zusammenfassung
Hydrotherapeutische Verfahren erscheinen vielen umständlich, aufwendig und altmodisch. Doch sie sind alles andere als das. Gerade in der heutigen, chemie- und chirurgiegläubigen Zeit, stellen sie ein wertvolles Instrument im naturheilkundlichen Repertoire dar. Als typische Regulationsverfahren wirken sie ausgleichend auf die Aktivität des vegetativen Nervensystems und tragen so zur Verbesserung des Stoffwechsels und der Durchblutung bei. Zudem aktivieren sie das Immunsystem und die zellulären Reparaturmechanismen und regen die Regulation des Hormonhaushaltes an. Gleichzeitig unterstützen sie – mit relativ geringem Aufwand – die Eigenverantwortung und Selbsthilfefähigkeit der Betroffenen.
... Knowledge of particle size distribution features of the raw materials is essential for the right pre-formulation steps of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Based on the literature [34] the powder particle size distribution applicability can vary. Finer powders have higher skin adhesion and provide better softness when applied on the skin. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of clays from the State of Paraíba to be used for medicinal, therapeutic and aesthetic treatments. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence chemical composition, thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, laser diffraction granulometric analysis, cation exchange capacity, and antimicrobial activity. Based on the study, it was concluded that the clays from the State of Paraíba had properties similar to those of commercial clay. The antimicrobial evaluation revealed that the samples showed no activity against the three bacterial strains of clinical interest: Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12 228, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25 923, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25 922. Finally, it was concluded that the clays studied have the potential for technological applications in medicinal, therapeutic, and aesthetic treatments, and as raw material for obtaining biomaterials, due to their stability and biological safety.
... In fact, cationic minerals have traditionally been applied in a variety of ields including skin chemotherapy, laxatives, antidiarrhea, and anti-inlammatory agents as well as antimicrobial agents [40][41][42]. Recently, they are used as lubricants and distributary in pharmaceutical programs to improve chemical, physical, and organoleptic properties [43][44][45]. MMT can be considered as an eco-friendly cationic clay [46], which is commonly used in many pharmaceutical formulations as an active and additive substance [47]. In addition, anionic nanoparticles of LDH in carbonate form are used as an antacid agent (antipepsin) to neutralize gastric acid, which is related to its alkaline properties under physiological pH [48]. ...
Clay nanoparticles are among the most applicable and cost-afordable materials, all
of which have a variety of applications in case of medical science. In this chapter, key
characteristics of the clay nanoparticles along with their major groups, structure, morphology,
and physicochemical properties were evaluated. Thereafter, the applications of
clay nanoparticles in the ield of nanocomposite, polymeric matrices, and medicine were
investigated, while specimen production procedures were also reviewed. The main focus
of this chapter is to investigate the applications of clay nanoparticles in bio- and medical
science. In fact, organically modiied clay nanoparticles (organoclays) are an atractive
class of hybrid organic–inorganic nanomaterials with potential applications in case of
polymer nanocomposites, rheological properties modiication, and drug delivery carrier.
... According to several bibliographical sources, thermal water can act as moisturizing (ELKHYAT et al., 2004;RAWLINGS, HARDING, 2004), presents anti-irritant, anti-pruritic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and skin-repairer barriers properties (FAÍLDE, MOSQUEIRA, 2006;PRISTA, BAHIA, VILAR, 1992;WILHELM, FREITAG, WOLFF, 1994;SALMON, ARMSTRONG, ANSEL, 1994;HALEVY, SUKENIK, 1998;MATZ, ORION, WOLF, 2003;BOCK, SCHURER, SCHWANITZ, 2004;YURTKURAN et al., 2006). It can also aid on the control of the pH of the skin (WILLIAMS et al., 2007) and acts as analgesic and in the circulatory system (MATZ, ORION, WOLF, 2003;ROQUES, DE BOISSEZON, QUENEAU, 2009;POENSIN et al., 2003), besides of their (GOMES, SILVA, 2007;VILE, TYRRELL, 1995;HALLIDAY et al., 2008). ...
... Cold application capable of inducing shivering has shown to encourage production of Irisin, an adipokine that facilitates white adipose tissue to mimic functions similar to brown adipose tissue and enhance metabolism 17 . Though the exact effect of local mud pack and cold abdominal pack on adiposities is not so evident, it had marked effects on skin microcirculation, with a very large blood flow increase and stimulation of vasomotion 18 . Studies shows that variations in the vascularisation of different types of adipose tissue and between white adipose tissue depots likely contribute to the metabolic dysfunction, or lack thereof, associated with adipose expansion and obesity 19 . ...
Obesity is one of the most common and most neglected public health problems in both developed as well as developing countries. Abdominal obesity is strongly associated with other metabolic disorders like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases and has higher rates of mortality and morbidity compared to non obese individuals. This pilot study is an attempt to elicit the impact of six days Naturopathic treatment protocol on abdominal obesity. Twenty participants with Waist Circumference cutoff point with 90cms for men and 80cms for women, and completed the full 6 days of treatment protocol, were taken for final analysis. Height, weight and waist circumference were recorded before and after the interventions. Statistically significant average reduction in weight of 2.52 Kilograms and 1.95 Kilograms for male and female respectively was observed. WC primary parameter used for this study shows a significant change of 5.05cms in male and 4.25cms in female participants respectively. Significant changes in BMI also observed. Further studies with larger sample size are indicated to establish mechanism of action and impact of naturopathic treatments for managing abdominal obesity.
... No changes in the temperature and respiratory rate were seen between and within both the groups, these results are similar with a study done by Dominique Poensin et al. [17] The probable mechanism of action indicating a sympathetic dominance might be due to peripheral vasodilatation following an exposure to cold temperature. Effects of full mud bath could also be thermic and chemical in origin. ...
... For example, peloid, mud used therapeutically, is administered locally to alleviate joint pain and recover bone-muscle damage, by slowly elevating the local temperature of the underlying tissues without causing damage (Ferrand and Yvon, 1991; Cara et al., 2000a Cara et al., , 2000b). Medicinal clays have also been used in curing ulcers, preventing infections, and even treating some allergies in the body (Poensin et al., 2003; Veniale et al., 2004). Moreover, clay minerals have been adjusted to improve pharmaceutical properties depending on the medical application required. ...
Focus here is placed on the pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of novel clay-drug hybrid materials categorized by methods of administration. Clay minerals have been used for many years as pharmaceutical and medicinal ingredients for therapeutic purposes. A number of studies have attempted to explore clay-drug hybrid materials for biomedical applications with desired functions, such as sustained release, increased solubility, enhanced adsorption, mucoadhesion, biocompatibility, targeting, etc. The present review attempts not only to summarize the state-of-the-art of clay-drug hybrid materials and their advantages, depending on the methods of administration, but also to deal with challenges and future perspectives of clay mineral-based hybrids for biomedical applications.
... La Medicina Termal se ha desarrollado en España en la última década ya que la mejora de las inso crónicas, de vías urinarias altas, renales, vias urinarias bajas vejigas, etc… ; prostatitis crónicas o a recaídas; cistalgias de orinas clara [24]. Dermatología: eczemas, psoriasis, otras indicaciones (ictiosis; algunos liquen planos, algunas cicatrices de acné, cicatrices de quemaduras) [25][26]. Flebología: insuficiencia venosa con edema crónico y trastornos tróficos venosos: dermatitis de éxtasis, hipodermitis, úlceras; varices y complicaciones de las varices perforantes ; secuelas de flebitis profunda y superficial; hemorroides; insuficiencia linfática; acrosíndromes vasculares , fenómeno de Raynaud, acro- cianosis [27]. ...
Se repasan los conceptos fundamentales de la Hidrología Médica. Cura Balnearia. Hidroterapia-Terapia Acuática. Talasoterapia. Peloterapia. Agua Mineromedicinal (clasificaciones, vías y técnicas de administración e indicaciones). Así mismo, se recuerdan los centros de investigación españoles que se dedican a la disciplina y sus más recientes aportaciones.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Hidrología Médica, Cura Balnearia, Hidroterapia, Terapia Acuática, Talasoterapia, Peloterapia
... La Medicina Termal se ha desarrollado en España en la última década ya que la mejora de las inso crónicas, de vías urinarias altas, renales, vias urinarias bajas vejigas, etc… ; prostatitis crónicas o a recaídas; cistalgias de orinas clara [24]. Dermatología: eczemas, psoriasis, otras indicaciones (ictiosis; algunos liquen planos, algunas cicatrices de acné, cicatrices de quemaduras) [25][26]. Flebología: insuficiencia venosa con edema crónico y trastornos tróficos venosos: dermatitis de éxtasis, hipodermitis, úlceras; varices y complicaciones de las varices perforantes ; secuelas de flebitis profunda y superficial; hemorroides; insuficiencia linfática; acrosíndromes vasculares , fenómeno de Raynaud, acro- cianosis [27]. ...
... Enfermedades Aparato Urinario: litiasis urinarias, destacando las principales variedades químicas: oxalato-cálcicas, fosfato-cálcicas y ácido úrico; infecciones urinarias, recidivantes o crónicas, de vías urinarias altas, renales, vias urinarias bajas vejigas, etc...; prostatitis crónicas o a recaidas; cistalgias de orinas clara [24]. Dermatología: eczemas, psoriasis, otras indicaciones (ictiosis; algunos liquen planos, algunas cicatrices de acné, cicatrices de quemaduras)2526. Flebología: insuficiencia venosa con edema crónico y trastornos tróficos venosos: dermatitis de éxtasis, hipodermitis, úlceras; varices y complicaciones de las varices perforantes; secuelas de flebitis profunda y superficial; hemorroides; insuficiencia linfática; acro-síndromes vasculares, fenómeno de Raynaud, acrocianosis [27]. ...
Se repasan los conceptos fundamentales de la Hidrología Médica. Cura Balnearia. Hidroterapia-Terapia Acuática. Talasoterapia. Peloterapia. Agua Mineromedicinal (clasificaciones, vías y técnicas de administración e indicaciones). Así mismo, se recuerdan los centros de investigación españoles que se dedican a la disciplina y sus más recientes aportaciones.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Hidrología Médica, Cura Balnearia, Hidroterapia, Terapia Acuática, Talasoterapia, Peloterapia
... Bu ne den le ça mur te da vi si nin lo kal me ka niz ma lar yo luy la, bel ki de trans ku ta nöz iyon trans fe riy le et ki li ol du ğu bil di ril miş tir. 25 Ayrı ca bir grup ça lış ma da ise cilt yo luy la emi len sülfür mi ne ral le ri nin anal je zik et ki mey da na ge tir di ği bil di ril mek te dir. 22,23,26 Maz zul la ve ark.la rı nın yaptı ğı bir ça lış ma da ise, ça mu run için de bu lu nan sülfü rün cilt mat rik sin de ka ro ten, vi ta min ler ve fi tos te rol le ri açı ğa çı kar dı ğı ve bu nun so nu cun da an ti inf lama tu ar et ki mey da na gel di ği be lir til mekte dir. ...
Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of mudpack therapy in 31 patients with chronic low back pain for more than 3 months. Material and Methods: In this study, that included 16 females and 15 males, the mean age was 49.23 (35-66) years. Mudpack therapy was applied at 45°C for 30 minutes once a day for 12 days. All patients were evaluated using Visual Anlogue Scale (VAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Modified Schober Test (MST) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) scores. Results: All instruments were administered three times (before therapy, at the end of week 3 and at the end of the 3rd month). VAS, BDI, MST and SF-36 scores improved significantly (p< 0.001). Conclusion: We conclude that mudpack therapy gives satisfatory results in the early period for patients with chronic low back pain and improves quality of life and that it can be safely applied for these patients.
... Αυτοί χρη-σιµοποιούνται, επίσης, στο αρχικό στάδιο της λι-ποδυστροφίας όπου απαιτείται πρόληψη και δεν είναι δυνατή η εφαρµογή επιθετικής θεραπείας. Θεωρείται ότι αυτοί επιβραδύνουν την εξέλιξη της κυτταρίτιδας, επειδή διεγείρουν τη µικροκυκλοφο-ρία (1,33). ...
In this article the beneficial effects for human health of clay minerals is studied. Minerals have been used for medical purposes since Prehistory. The use of medicinal earths in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece has also been proven. Clay minerals are widely used in spas. They are mixed with water (geotherapy), mixed with sea or salt lake water, or minero-medicinal water and then matured (pelotherapy) or mixed with paraffin (paramuds). Clay minerals are used in Aesthetics and in the Cosmetology to clean and moisturize the skin, to peel off the keratinocytes and to combat compact lipodystrophies, acne and cellulite. Bentonite, kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite and attapulgite are the most known clays used in aesthetic medicine. It is necessary to study the presence of toxic elements as As, Cd, Hg, Pb, etc. in the clay, since these elements, if they are not strongly bounded to the mineral structures, can be exchanged with cations in skin sweat as sodium and be absorbed by the skin. The ratio of aluminum and silicon in the clay and the size of its particles influence the physicochemical, the rheological, and the viscoelastic properties of the clay before and after application on the skin and the biological activity, as well. Maturation procedure affects also on the quality and the effectiveness of the peloid. Innovative methodologies and protocols have been developed for the evaluation of the quality and the influence of muds on human health. Investigations are in progress to qualify peloids for various therapies. Since, these materials are being more-and-more focused on specific pathologies and wellness-relax-spa treatments, it is suggested a Network of specialized laboratories to be set up for the certification of their quality and suitability and the appropriate methodology of application.
... Knowledge of the particle size is necessary to choose the most appropriate formulation for pharmaceutical and cosmetic actions. According to the previous study [32], the use of clay particle size around 74 lm produced significant results regarding the microcirculation of the skin because of the increased blood flow in the region applied. Thus, the study showed palygorskite has an appropriate size for uses as potential pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. ...
Due to the growing interest of the population in natural treatments, the clays represent a good alternative to the treatment of wounds. Its modification by organophilization happens when the same inorganic cations are exchanged for organic cations of the surfactant used in the process. Thus, the clay has the properties of its surface modified from being hydrophilic to hydrophobic, improving its functionality on the skin. In order to determine changes in surface palygorskite and to assess its healing action, this clay was organophilizated by two cationic surfactants: dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride alkyl, and cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and characterized by sieve analysis, property flow, test oil adsorption, and the techniques of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, infrared Fourier transform, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning calorimetry—differential and histological of cutaneous wounds in rats. The results indicate that the attapulgite has good rheological properties, a high capacity of adsorption of oil, and the presence of clay minerals that reduce inflammation. The analysis by X-ray fluorescence is not observing any change in the crystal structure of palygorskite organophilizated but through infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform, verifying the interaction and incorporation of the clay ammonium salts, as well as thermoanalytical analysis also suggests that the organophilic process reduces the hydrophilic character of palygorskite. The histological analysis showed healing effect after topical application of natural and organophilizated clay in skin wounds in rats. These analyses favor a good prospect of its application in dermopharmaceuticals, because the use of palygorskite provides greater interaction with skin and heals wounds.
... However, a limited number of clays are used for the purpose due to its certain utility and fulfillment of fundamentals. Among them, bentonite is the one which is mostly used as both pharmaceutical excipient and active principle in the forms of liquid (suspensions, emulsions), semisolid (creams, ointments) and solid (capsules, tablets and powders) either for topical or oral administration (Carretero, 2002;Ferrand and Yvon, 1991;Kibbe, 2000;Lopez-Galindo and Viseras, 2004;Poensin et al., 2003;Viseras et al., 2007). In spite of its uses in the pharmaceutical sector, the meaning of bentonite is still ambiguous. ...
The aim of this study is to assess the suitability of Pakistani bentonite for its possible pharmaceutical use in raw and purified forms. The purified samples were obtained by two different methods i.e. simple sedimentation and classical NaCl treatment Prior to bentonite application in pharmacy, it is imperative that they must comply with some general features as high mineral, chemical and microbial purity. The physicochemical properties especially gel formation and swelling capacity are also important to be tested to investigate its specific use. The mineralogical study reveals that the raw sample is bentonite containing mainly montmorillonite with minor contents of kaolinite, illite and quartz. The quartz impurities were removed by the purification methods as confirmed by the X-ray diffraction patterns and the other properties were also improved. In view of the fundamentals of major pharmacopeias for use of bentonite in pharmacy and considering the chemical composition, microbiological results we could designate a pharmaceutical acceptable denomination for Pakistani purified bentonite samples. The two purified samples vary in interlayer cations, chemical composition and other properties that would present different behavior in pharmacy. The studied bentonite in purified form could be used as suspending and disintegrating agent because of its excellent swelling capacity and sedimentation volume. The high cation exchange capacity, high surface area and pore size distribution suggest their use as a good adsorbent of drugs and a drug carrier in controlled drug release system.
... Bu ne den le ça mur te da vi si nin lo kal me ka niz ma lar yo luy la, bel ki de trans ku ta nöz iyon trans fe riy le et ki li ol du ğu bil di ril miş tir. 25 Ayrı ca bir grup ça lış ma da ise cilt yo luy la emi len sülfür mi ne ral le ri nin anal je zik et ki mey da na ge tir di ği bil di ril mek te dir. 22,23,26 Maz zul la ve ark.la rı nın yaptı ğı bir ça lış ma da ise, ça mu run için de bu lu nan sülfü rün cilt mat rik sin de ka ro ten, vi ta min ler ve fi tos te rol le ri açı ğa çı kar dı ğı ve bu nun so nu cun da an ti inf lama tu ar et ki mey da na gel di ği be lir til mekte dir. ...
... Knowledge of the particle size is necessary to choose the most appropriate formulation for pharmaceutical and cosmetic actions. According to the previous study [32], the use of clay particle size around 74 lm produced significant results regarding the microcirculation of the skin because of the increased blood flow in the region applied. Thus, the study showed palygorskite has an appropriate size for uses as potential pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. ...
Due to the growing interest of the population in natural treatments, the clays represent a good alternative to the treatment of wounds. Its modification by organophiliza-tion happens when the same inorganic cations are exchanged for organic cations of the surfactant used in the process. Thus, the clay has the properties of its surface modified from being hydrophilic to hydrophobic, improving its functionality on the skin. In order to determine changes in surface palygorskite and to assess its healing action, this clay was organophilizated by two cationic surfactants: dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride alkyl, and cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and characterized by sieve analysis, property flow, test oil adsorption, and the techniques of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, infrared Fourier transform, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning calorimetry—differential and histological of cutaneous wounds in rats. The results indicate that the attapulgite has good rheological properties, a high capacity of adsorption of oil, and the presence of clay minerals that reduce inflammation. The analysis by X-ray fluorescence is not observing any change in the crystal structure of paly-gorskite organophilizated but through infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform, verifying the interaction and incorporation of the clay ammonium salts, as well as thermoanalytical analysis also suggests that the organophilic process reduces the hydrophilic character of palygorskite. The histological analysis showed healing effect after topical application of natural and organophilizated clay in skin wounds in rats. These analyses favor a good prospect of its application in dermopharmaceuticals, because the use of palygorskite provides greater interaction with skin and heals wounds.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Alternative therapies with antihyperglycemic effects are increasingly sought after by patients with diabetes. Some potential alternative treatments for diabetes include yoga and naturopathy, which encompass hydrotherapy, massage therapy, mud therapy, acupuncture, and more. While there are review articles on various alternative therapies for diabetes individually, no known reviews have reported the collective effect of naturopathy therapies, including acupuncture, on diabetes. This comprehensive review was conducted using PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar electronic databases, aiming to provide evidence-based effects of naturopathy therapies such as hydrotherapy, mud therapy, fasting therapy, diet therapy, massage therapy, magnetotherapy, acupuncture, and reflexology, commonly practiced in India, on the management of diabetes. The literature suggests that these treatment modalities significantly improve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, more studies are needed to understand the comprehensive effects of administering these treatments, either individually or in combination, in effectively treating T2DM.
No Estado do Amazonas encontramos uma diversidade grande de argilas que são destinadas, essencialmente, para o setor de cerâmica e pouco se conhece sobre sua aplicação e utilização como cosmético ou medicinal. Além disso, existe uma carência de pesquisas e literaturas sobre a utilização do uso das argilas, apesar de serem muita utilizadas na área de beleza e terapias alternativas dificilmente encontram-se publicações que abordam esse tema no Brasil e muito raramente no Amazonas. Nos últimos anos, verificamos um aumento crescente na preferência por tratamentos de saúde e estética em produtos com base em argilas. Os vários benefícios da argila como cosméticos, a facilidade de acesso e o baixo valor do produto tem provocado um intenso consumo de argilas em feiras e mercados da cidade de Manaus sem que estudos tenham sido realizados para atestarem a qualidade e segurança, especialmente, em relação a presença de metais pesados e bactérias nocivas à saúde humana. Este fato motivou a realização desta pesquisa que visa identificar a presença de metais pesados e microrganismos nas argilas usadas como cosméticos em Manaus através de fluorescência de raios- x e análises microbiológica. Para o estudo, foram adquiridos cosméticos e argilas em pó em feiras e nos principais comércios da cidade de Manaus. Amostras de argila branca in natura, utilizadas na produção de cosméticos, foram coletadas de uma jazida situada no Km 25 da BR 174. Em laboratório, a argila in natura foi submetida à ensaios de fluorescência de raios X (FRX) para identificar a composição química (a concentração de óxidos e os metais pesados). As análises microbiológicas para detecção de microrganismos foram realizadas na argila branca in natura e em uma amostra de argila comercializada. Os resultados das análises foram comparados com os dados consagrados na literatura cientifica que trata da pesquisa sobre argila para uso terapêutico e medicinal e com base nas resoluções RDC no 79/2000 e RDC no 48/2006 da ANVISA para verificar se estão dentro dos parâmetros recomendados para tal uso. Os resultados revelaram que as argilas não possuem metais pesados e não foram encontrados microrganismos, estando a argila apta para o consumo.
With the widespread dispersal of pathogens, toxins and all sorts of harmful chemicals throughout the globe, the demand for suitable cleaners, hand sanitisers and surface disinfectants are increasing day by day. Most of the conventional sanitisers are alkali-based, like the soap cakes, liquid soaps, and detergents; or alcohol-based liquids, gels, or sprays. The recent pandemic situation led to an unprecedented rise in the production and use (as well as overuse) of such disinfectants. But all of them have certain detrimental effects on human health and also on the environment. Since reducing the use of disinfectants is not possible in the present scenario, the only solution is to find out a better alternative that can effectively clean a surface without causing any harm. The natural clays, owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, can remove from a surface a wide variety of viruses, bacteria, grease and dirt. In some cases, clay minerals assist in the bactericidal actions of cations like Fe 2+ , Cu + detrimental effect on human health instead of damaging the skin, the clay-based disinfectants may contribute to skin nourishment. Furthermore, clays are readily available everywhere, and their purification processes are also simple and less expensive. This makes them suitable for large-scale production of low-cost skin sanitisers and surface disinfectants, thus helping the developing economies to meet the challenges of the ever-increasing demands for these products. This contribution explains the correlation between the internal structures, chemical compositions and properties of clay minerals that make them suitable as cleaners and disinfectants, and discusses the present situation and future prospects of the clay-based sanitisers.
No Brasil verifica-se, atualmente, uma crescente preferência por tratamentos de saúde e estéticos com base em recursos geológicos como as argilas. Mas, muitas argilas são usadas sem estudos científicos que garantam a sua qualidade para tais usos. Este fato motivou a realização da presente pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar as características mineralógicas, químicas e a ação bacteriológica das argilas com fins estéticos e medicinais. Foram estudadas quatro amostras de argilas: vermelha, marrom, amarela e branca. As amostras foram submetidas aos ensaios de granulometria, FRX, DRX, análise química e análise bacteriológica, fazendo uso de bactérias E. Coli e S. aureus, aplicando técnicas de diluição seriada, de semeadura por spread plate, cultivo de bactérias, utilizando meios de cultura e, posteriormente, isolando e identificando halos de inibição de bactéria. Todas as amostras apresentaram alta concentração de fração argilosa, compostas por óxidos de silício e alumínio, com predomínio de quartzo, caulinita e zircão. Quanto a ação antibacteriana, a argila amarela inibiu a presença de colônias de E. Coli e S. aureus e a branca apresentou maiores halos de inibição de crescimento dessas colônias. Assim, as argilas amarela e branca têm potencial para uso terapêutico e medicinal.
A review of the research on peloids and pelotherapy has been carried out considering only the publications in English. More than 300 publications were reviewed that included: articles, books and chapters from books related to the subject. Of them, a total of 198 have been chosen to be cited in the two papers related with this review (Part I and Part II), and 140 published in the period between 1990 and 2019 have been considered in this paper. In the present study a review on the organic compounds, organic matter content and microorganisms present in the peloids, as well as their therapeutic activity, were surveyed and analysed. The mineralogy, chemistry and physical and physicochemical properties of peloids, as well as historical background, definition and classification, forms of application, maturation process, presence of radioactive isotopes, peloid interstitial liquid, cation release and toxicity, are reviewed in the paper: Clays in pelotherapy. A review. Part I: Mineralogy, chemistry, physical and physicochemical properties (Carretero, 2020). The main microorganisms detected in peloids used with therapeutical purposes were microalgae, diatoms and thermophilic blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) that are part of the so-called “bioglea”, which develop in some hot spring peloids and with a certain composition of minero-medicinal water and solid phase. Organic compounds were detected in the peloids that were associated to these microorganisms such as sulfoglycolipids, glycoglycerolipids, diacylglycerolipids, etc., which have proven anti-inflammatory properties. Many authors also indicated an antimicrobial action including the inhibitory effect on potential skin pathogens, that might partially explain the therapeutic properties of the peloids when they are used for dermatological diseases. Experimental findings or results of the therapeutic efficacy of peloids by means of in vitro and in vivo studies, or clinical trials or studies, demonstrated that the peloids improve the ailments of some diseases. Nevertheless the peloids are usually applied in combination with other techniques, therefore its therapeutic efficacy has not been fully demonstrated. On the other hand, there are numerous researches conducted on the study of clays for their possible use as peloids, which include the study of the mineralogical, chemical composition and physical and physicochemical properties of the obtained peloids. They are described in the part I of the review of clays in pelotherapy (Carretero, 2020). It should be said that the peloids used in the studies for their therapeutic efficacy are not characterized from the point of view of their mineralogical, chemical, physical, and physicochemical properties. There are also few studies carried out on the organic compounds and microorganisms present in peloids, and their relationship with their therapeutic activity. It should be noted that in no case was the composition and properties of the peloids related to their therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, these lines of research should be considered in the coming years.
The aim of the study was to investigate skin microcirculation, flux, and temperature changes induced by the application of Dead Sea mud (DSM) formulas with different mud salts and mineral contents using laser Doppler flowmetry. Instrumental analysis of eight over-the-shelf DSM products and four different samples of nonformulated Dead Sea mud were carried out to determine their contents of various salts and elements, including K, Na, Cl, Mg, Mn, Ca, SO3, SiO2, Al, Br, Fe, Hg, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Sr. Three DSM samples with different levels of salts were then used to study the influence of salt content on skin irritation potential using laser Doppler flowmetry. Fifteen healthy nonsmoking females aged 18-45 years participated in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either "Salted" mud group (n = 5), "As is" mud group (n = 5), or "Over-the-Shelf" mud group (n = 5). Five circular areas were marked on the ventral aspect of each forearm. One forearm was assigned randomly for mud treatment and the other forearm was untreated. Ten milliliters of mud was applied on the assigned forearm and left for 30 minutes. Two reading protocols were designed and used to study the effects of tested type of mud on skin blood flux and temperature during mud application (protocol 2) as well as before and after mud removal (protocol 1). All types of tested mud were not associated with a significant measurable elevation in skin temperature and skin blood flow. All types of Dead Sea mud did not cause detectable microcirculatory and skin temperature changes regardless of their different mineral and salts contents.
Recent findings highlight the role of skin microbiome in modulating immune function and inflammatory response. This systematic review aims to investigate the effects of muds, already used for the treatment of several rheumatic and dermatologic conditions, on skin microbiome. Medline via PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for articles about the effects of therapeutic muds on microorganisms of skin microbiome. Five studies were included in the review and critically appraised. Limited data suggest that muds have various properties that may explain their action on skin microbiome, with different effects on commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Further investigation on this topic is needed to better characterize the effects of different muds on skin microbiome, thus possibly extending their indications.
A 33 year old female diagnosed with iron deficiency Anemia in November 2014 visited National Institute of Naturopathy, OPD with complaints of lethargy, weakness, dry itchy skin and myalgia of shoulder and neck. She also expressed weakness post minor household works. Patient was not under any medications. A modified protocol of naturopathy treatments enduring for 6 days, with each session lasting for 90 minutes was devised which included hydrotherapy, mud therapy, massage and electrotherapy. Assessments were based on the changes in hemoglobin (Hb) level from the blood sample collected on first day and sixth day of the one week session. Our patient showed an escalation in the Hb level from 7 g/dl to 8.2 g/dl at the end of six days, suggesting a positive effect of naturopathy treatments in anemia. Literature also suggests that naturopathy modalities like hydrotherapy; mud therapy etc may play a role in improving the hematological status of the body. Naturopathy, a drugless system of medicine can bring clinically significant changes in Hb levels and should be considered as a potential tool for treating anemia. However large scale randomized studies has to be conducted in this area for warranting better results.
This review focused on the promising potential of nanoclays as nutraceutical delivery systems. In nature, two forms of nanoclays, anionic and cationic clays, are present depending on the surface layered charge and the types of interlayer ions. Nanoclays including anionic and cationic clays have unique layered structure which enables intercalation of nutraceuticals and bioactive agents into the gallery spaces without any changes in their chemical and functional properties. They also have efficient cell permeation, high mucoadhesive, and low toxic properties that offer a new route to enhance the bioavailability of bioactive agents through oral administration. The preparation, physical/chemical characterization and bioavailability of nanoclay based delivery systems as well as their applications in food system as a nanocarrier for vitamins, antioxidants, linoleic acid, and other neutraceuticals are discussed.
The study examines if the application of sea mud compresses from Missolonghi sea lagoon can be used as an alternative treatment for the symptoms of neck, shoulder, arm, back, hip and knee osteoarthritis. The patients (n=240) were contacted on Ag. Triada beach, Missolonghi and got assigned to six different groups according to their osteoarthritic joint. An initial evaluation was performed using the appropriate questionnaires for pain, functionality of the joint and estimation of the general health status of the patient. After the completion of treatment the patients filled the same questionnaires at the end of each subsequent month and for a period of four months. The treatment the patients were following was application of a thin layer of sea mud (<3 mm) covering the joint in a uniform way and exposure to the sunlight for 30 minutes taking care that all parts of the joint received the same amount of sunlight. At the end of the thirty minute period the patients washed off the mud at the sea. They repeated the same procedure for fifteen consecutive days. Result analysis showed that there was significant reduction of pain; Neck (P=0.037), Shoulder (P=0.003), Back (P=0.001), Arm (P=0.001), Hip (P=0.004), Knee (P =0.004), improvement of joint functionality; Neck (P =0.001), Shoulder (P=0.006), Back (P=0.001), Arm (P =0.004), Hip (P=0.039), Knee (P=0.001), as well as in general health status of the patients; Neck (P=0.001), Shoulder (P=0.001), Back (P=0.003), Arm (P=0.001), Hip (P=0.016), Knee (P=0.001). In conclusion, the application of sea mud compresses from Mesolonghi sea lagoon can be an effective treatment for osteoarthritis.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of mudpack therapy for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis and identify the likely factors associated with the high heterogeneity of combined studies.
The Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials in which mudpack therapy was used to treat knee osteoarthritis.
Ten publications that reported the results from a total of 1010 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of improvement in joint function at the final follow-up visit suggested, given that the follow-up time was less than 4 mos, that the combined effect size of four studies was -0.30 (-0.62 to 0.02) and the difference did not reach the level of statistical significance. When the follow-up time reached 4 mos, the combined effect size was -1.10 (-2.07 to -0.14) and the difference was significant. The I values of the two groups were 21.4% and 93.8%.
Functional improvement of the knee joint in patients treated with mudpack therapy was not significantly different from that of control subjects at the end of the 4-mo follow-up. The quality of current publications was a factor causing heterogeneity.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.
SUMMARY Report
OBJECTIVE
Longtime mud therapy (pelotherapy) is a therapeutic technique that is widely used throughout Europe, mainly in Spas, Thermal Centers and Rehabilitation Centers, for the treatment of different rheumatologic processes (rheumatism, osteoarthritic degenerative, inflammatory processes etc.) and some dermatological diseases, such as psoriasis, which have excellent medical results and, lately, also cosmetic.
This report describes the specific technique used in each pathology, the properties of the elements or raw materials included in the different types of peloids.Medical and cosmetic instructions, information technologies etc. There is a comprehensive study of systematic review carried out to find out scientific evidence of this technique, including for that purpose more than thousand seven hundred references.
The therapeutic effects of Pelotherapy are not very-well known among the medical groups, being techniques used by medical specialists trained post-Bachelor hydrologists in the specialty, way MIR. This report intends to disseminate the new knowledge medical-therapeutics as a new therapeutic tool, of high efficiency and effectiveness. Medical groups can get more efficient results than using other drugs, being at the same time a non-aggressive technique and very well tolerated by all type of patients (rheumatism, dermatologists, with certain vascular pathologies or in processes of rehabilitation osteoarticular). Furthermore, the Pelotherapy is a technical that, could even be used in their own homes with the minimum training.
JUSTIFICATION of the publication and interest
It is an innovative report in medical therapy because of the lack of awareness about this technology as well as its feasible results. Its implementation could guess a reduction of pharmaceutical costs on healthcare system, getting the same or better efficacy and effectiveness than other products in the Pharmacopoeia, through the combination of physical and pharmacological therapies. The cost/effectiveness of the pelotherapy technology study is higher than other anti-inflammatory and analgesic products.
The dissemination of this report is especially relevant for rehabilitation physicians, rheumatologists, dermatologists, IMSERSO and spas. This report describes likewise the properties of the different peloid types, the pathologies as well as the obtained results.
METHODOLOGY
This report has a multidisciplinary approach thanks to the participation of forty-four authors and collaborators, medical specialists (hydrologists), pharmacists, hydrogeologists, physiotherapists and nurses in order to achieve a better understanding. The authors, come from the autonomous regions of Andalusia, Galicia and Aragon as well as from Italy and Argentina. They are great experts of the Pelotherapy techniques and technologies
The literature searching by chapters has been made independently by each author. The presentation of bibliographic repertory responds to a systematic order by subject, included at the end of each chapter. On this way, the consultation of bibliographical references is simplified, as his group corresponds to the specific topic consulted, providing bibliographic information on each type of condition. Within each chapter, the management of authors is alphabetical or sequential, according to their appearance in other issues, using the Vancouver standard nomenclature.
It has been conducted a systematic search of the available scientific literature until the middle of 2012In order to analyse the volume and quality of the publications about Pelotherapy. The databases analysed are the following,:MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, TRIP Database, The Cochrane Library (Cochrane database of systematic reviews and clinical trials)DARE (Database of Abstract of Reviews of Effects), NHS EED (Economic Evaluation Database) and HTA database (Health Technology Assessment) the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) of the University of York, without restrictions of language or date in the recovery of the bibliographical references. The searching terms have been selected according to the characteristic of every thesaurus database. Different searching strategies are presented in the chapter on systematic reviews.
RESULTS
This report explains the techniques and medical technology used in Pelotherapy, describing all their instructions and applications according to the different complaints. . This report has taken two and a half years due to the issue and the large group of authors involved in..
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The use of Pelotherapy (hot spring resorts, Spas, centers and hospital rehabilitation services, centres of aesthetic medicine and cosmetic centers), can get meaningful cosmetic and therapeutic results not only applicable to targeted groups of elderly people. On the contrary, the rest of the population may benefit from the evident preventive and healing results of Pelotherapy on different pathologies.
Therefore, it is important to assess and pay attention to the study of the treatments with Peloids and the practical interest that they may represent. Its potential influence on ageing people and its ability to provide more efficient therapeutic solutions, i.e. same effective than others but cheaper, providing quality of life free of disability, evident clinical improvement, consumption decreasing of certain drugs, absenteeism at work and school.
SUMMARY Report
OBJECTIVE
Longtime mud therapy (pelotherapy) is a therapeutic technique that is widely used throughout Europe, mainly in Spas, Thermal Centers and Rehabilitation Centers, for the treatment of different rheumatologic processes (rheumatism, osteoarthritic degenerative, inflammatory processes etc.) and some dermatological diseases, such as psoriasis, which have excellent medical results and, lately, also cosmetic.
This report describes the specific technique used in each pathology, the properties of the elements or raw materials included in the different types of peloids.Medical and cosmetic instructions, information technologies etc. There is a comprehensive study of systematic review carried out to find out scientific evidence of this technique, including for that purpose more than thousand seven hundred references.
The therapeutic effects of Pelotherapy are not very-well known among the medical groups, being techniques used by medical specialists trained post-Bachelor hydrologists in the specialty, way MIR. This report intends to disseminate the new knowledge medical-therapeutics as a new therapeutic tool, of high efficiency and effectiveness. Medical groups can get more efficient results than using other drugs, being at the same time a non-aggressive technique and very well tolerated by all type of patients (rheumatism, dermatologists, with certain vascular pathologies or in processes of rehabilitation osteoarticular). Furthermore, the Pelotherapy is a technical that, could even be used in their own homes with the minimum training.
JUSTIFICATION of the publication and interest
It is an innovative report in medical therapy because of the lack of awareness about this technology as well as its feasible results. Its implementation could guess a reduction of pharmaceutical costs on healthcare system, getting the same or better efficacy and effectiveness than other products in the Pharmacopoeia, through the combination of physical and pharmacological therapies. The cost/effectiveness of the pelotherapy technology study is higher than other anti-inflammatory and analgesic products.
The dissemination of this report is especially relevant for rehabilitation physicians, rheumatologists, dermatologists, IMSERSO and spas. This report describes likewise the properties of the different peloid types, the pathologies as well as the obtained results.
METHODOLOGY
This report has a multidisciplinary approach thanks to the participation of forty-four authors and collaborators, medical specialists (hydrologists), pharmacists, hydrogeologists, physiotherapists and nurses in order to achieve a better understanding. The authors, come from the autonomous regions of Andalusia, Galicia and Aragon as well as from Italy and Argentina. They are great experts of the Pelotherapy techniques and technologies
The literature searching by chapters has been made independently by each author. The presentation of bibliographic repertory responds to a systematic order by subject, included at the end of each chapter. On this way, the consultation of bibliographical references is simplified, as his group corresponds to the specific topic consulted, providing bibliographic information on each type of condition. Within each chapter, the management of authors is alphabetical or sequential, according to their appearance in other issues, using the Vancouver standard nomenclature.
It has been conducted a systematic search of the available scientific literature until the middle of 2012In order to analyse the volume and quality of the publications about Pelotherapy. The databases analysed are the following,:MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, TRIP Database, The Cochrane Library (Cochrane database of systematic reviews and clinical trials)DARE (Database of Abstract of Reviews of Effects), NHS EED (Economic Evaluation Database) and HTA database (Health Technology Assessment) the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) of the University of York, without restrictions of language or date in the recovery of the bibliographical references. The searching terms have been selected according to the characteristic of every thesaurus database. Different searching strategies are presented in the chapter on systematic reviews.
RESULTS
This report explains the techniques and medical technology used in Pelotherapy, describing all their instructions and applications according to the different complaints. . This report has taken two and a half years due to the issue and the large group of authors involved in..
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The use of Pelotherapy (hot spring resorts, Spas, centers and hospital rehabilitation services, centres of aesthetic medicine and cosmetic centers), can get meaningful cosmetic and therapeutic results not only applicable to targeted groups of elderly people. On the contrary, the rest of the population may benefit from the evident preventive and healing results of Pelotherapy on different pathologies.
Therefore, it is important to assess and pay attention to the study of the treatments with Peloids and the practical interest that they may represent. Its potential influence on ageing people and its ability to provide more efficient therapeutic solutions, i.e. same effective than others but cheaper, providing quality of life free of disability, evident clinical improvement, consumption decreasing of certain drugs, absenteeism at work and school.
Controlled drug delivery system is a protocol to develop nanostructures and materials that can efficiently encapsulate drugs at high concentration, cross the cell membrane, and release the drug at the target site in a controlled manner for a prescribed period of time. This system can reduces the patient expenses, and risks of toxicity, while it can increase the drug efficacy, specificity, tolerability and therapeutic index of corresponding drugs. Therefore, construction of stimuli-responsive controlled-release systems is of crucial importance for the development of both fundamental science and clinical medicine. Both natural and synthetic materials have been tested and proposed as components of controlled drug delivery.
Clay minerals, synthetic or natural, are an important, widely abundant, and low-cost class of materials with unique swelling, intercalation, adsorption, and ion-exchange properties. The safety proof data of clay minerals clearly suggest them to be non-toxic for transdermal application and oral administration. To accomplish controlled-release systems based on layered clay minerals, one of the best ways is to intercalate organic molecules into the interlayer gallery of clay minerals. Intercalation of organic molecules within the gallery of layered silicates offers a novel route to prepare organic and inorganic hybrids that contain properties of both the inorganic host and organic guest in a single material.
In this article we will highlight the applications of clay in pharmaceutics as controlled drug delivery carrier.
Maturation experiments of volcanic mud samples with mineral water were followed up during 120 days at constant room temperature (20 ºC) in order to track geochemical modifications induced by the process and, eventually, the development of diatom communities. Different abiotic conditions were tested during the experiments. Mud samples were collected in Azores and Madeira Archipelagos (Portugal) and the biological inoculum was collected from the edge of a fumarole from Azores (Portugal). The assemblages of diatoms were dominated by Nitzschia species both in the inoculum and on maturated muds. While one of the samples from São Miguel island (Azores) was dominated by Nitzschia cf. thermalis var. minor, the mud sample from Porto Santo (Madeira) allowed the development mainly of Nitzschia communis during maturation experiments.
Associations between chemical composition and samples’ mineralogical signature were established by cluster analysis. Slight enrichment on Na+ and Ca2+ was detected in samples after maturation and exchangeable cations content were improved by the process. This research includes a multidisciplinary approach that contributes to the understanding of interactions between volcanic substrates and specific diatom species and geochemical modifications induced by maturation in volcanic materials.
Caldeiras da Ribeira Grande fumarolic field is located in the Fogo Volcano complex, São Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal). These are associated to a geothermal system of high enthalpy that allows the existence of singular thermal muds or peloids that are continuously mixed with water inside a manmade pool. The peloids produced by the maturation (mixture) in situ are extracted from this boiling-mud pool and used directly in a local thermal centre (the “Banhos da Coroa” centre), which exists since 1811, for the relief of pain associated with rheumatic diseases and skin disorders treatment.
Until this investigation, the application of sediments from Ribeira Grande for pelotherapy ends was only evaluated by human perception. Thus, this work aims the physical, mineralogical and geochemical characterization of the peloids collected inside the boiling-mud pool and the evaluation of their potential to be used for aesthetic and therapeutic purposes. The assessment of the volume of clays available for exploitation is estimated too.
Sediments from Caldeiras da Ribeira Grande are naturally heated (above 36ºC in most of the cases) and present pH up to 5. The X-ray fluorescence analyses revealed a high content on Si and S, which are useful for therapeutic purposes and the risk inherent to potential toxic elements concentrations was evaluated. The X-ray diffraction data reveal presence of clay minerals, sulphates (alunite) and feldspars. Additionally to these features, silty-clay fraction also exhibits interesting features such as suitable abrasivity and high plasticity.
A detailed field survey was carried out at the Caldeiras da Ribeira Grande boiling-mud pool, including the measurement of the sediments thickness at 45 points and the determination of the ratio wet to dry sediments weight. This allowed to estimate a volume of sediments available for exploitation of 84 m3, or about 36 Ton of dry sediments.
The purpose of this paper was to prepare purified Na- bentonite with improved properties for use in the pharmaceutical industry. Calcium bentonite from the Shagia region of Karak district, Pakistan, was activated with various proportions of sodium carbonate (2, 3, 5 and 8 wt.%) and purified by sedimentation to remove impurities, especially quartz. X-ray diffraction (XRD), and swelling volume confirmed the conversion of raw bentonite to sodium bentonite by using 5% Na2CO3. The sodium bentonite (K5) obtained by activation met the chemical and microbiological requirements set by the pharmacopeias regarding the toxic trace elemental content (Pb and As), absence of E. coli, total aerobic microbial contents and physicochemical properties such as swelling volume, pH and sedimentation volume. Therefore K5 bentonite could be designated as potentially suitable for pharmaceutical applications. The CEC, surface area, porosity, pH, gel formation and swelling volume indicated that K5 bentonite could be used in the formulation of oral suspension and in topical application.
The main objective of this paper was to assess the performance of the ambulatory device μHematron to measure indirectly skin blood flow relative to the well-established Laser Doppler flowmetry method. The μHematron device is dedicated to the non-invasive measurement of effective thermal conductivity of living tissues, based on the thermal clearance method. Its major advantage is its ambulatory functionality, as available methods for evaluation of microcirculatory activity are non-ambulatory methods. An experiment was conducted on ten healthy women exposed for one hour in three different thermal environments (22 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C). Skin microcirculatory activity was analyzed after an acclimatization period of 30 minutes. The time between each exposure was at least one hour. Performances of the μHematron device were assessed and a comparative study with a laser Doppler perfusion monitor (LDPM) was performed. Good correlation coefficients between the two devices (r = 0.71 at T1 = 22 °C, r = 0.77 at T2 = 25 °C and r = 0.83 at T3 = 30 °C) were obtained while the LDPM signal was filtered by a low pass filter (0.1 Hz). These results showed that continuous monitoring of effective thermal conductivity was possible in neutral and warm ambiences. Then, the μHematron device could be considered as a complementary tool to Doppler techniques for the investigation of skin blood flow, when ambulatory conditions are required.
109 Objective: To elucidate the effects of sea salt and various other soap ingredients on skin in humans. Methods: Forty healthy women (age 30.4 ± 6.0 years) were assigned to one of four test-soap groups (sea salt, SS; collagen added, SS+C; humic added, SS+H; or, fucoidan added, SS+F) or a control group. Subjects washed their face with the soap twice daily for eight weeks. Before and after the study, subjects undertook the Anti-Aging QOL Common Questionnaire (AAQol), skin image analysis (VISIAII), elasticity tests by a Cutometer (MPA580), and moisture tests by a Corneometer (CM825). Results: At 8 weeks, significant improvements were seen in symptoms scores for "noticeable blackheads in pores" and "oily face" in the SS group, the score for "concerned about spots or freckles" in the SS+H group, and the scores for "noticeable pores", "concerned about pore opening", "dry skin", "rough skin", "concerned about rough skin", and "corner of eyes sagging" in the SS+F group. There was no significant change in skin moisture. Compared to controls, the R2 index of skin elasticity showed improvement in the SS+C group by inter-group analysis (p=0.009). On skin image analysis, the number of face wrinkles bilaterally (- 26.6%, p=0.008) in the SS+F group and the number of wrinkles on the right side of the face (- 45.5%, p=0.005) in the SS group) showed significant improvement. Although an increase in ultraviolet (UV) spots was seen in the SS and control groups, this increase was significantly attenuated in the SS+C group (inter-group analysis: p
Rhythmical variations in blood cell flux in human skin have been studied using laser Doppler flowmetry. The fluctuations in blood cell flux could be divided into two different categories named alpha- and beta-oscillations with a median frequency of 6.8 min-1 and 1.5 min-1, respectively. The amplitude of beta-oscillations was approximately two to four times the amplitude of alpha-oscillations. Simultaneous registration from different skin regions showed periods with synchronous and non-synchronous fluctuations for both alpha- and beta-oscillations. alpha-oscillations were unchanged during local and ganglionic nerve blockade and were preserved in chronically sympathectomized tissue. In contrast, beta-oscillations disappeared completely after the three types of denervation. We suggest alpha-oscillations to be local non-neurogenic vasomotion and beta-oscillations to be a vascular reaction of pure neurogenic origin. A method for induction of regular amplified alpha-oscillations was discovered and evaluated. When heating the skin locally to 42 degrees C the blood cell flux increased and the pre-heating alpha- and beta-oscillations disappeared. During the post-heating period, amplified regular rhythmic alpha-oscillations appeared. At the end of the post-heating period beta-oscillations re-appeared.
This paper reviews the development and use of laser-Doppler perfusion monitors and imagers over the past two decades. The enormous interest in microvascular blood perfusion coupled with the 'ease of use' of the technique has led to 1500+ publications citing its use. However, useful results can only be achieved with an understanding of the basic principles of the instrumentation and its application in the various clinical disciplines. The basic theoretical background is explored and definitions of blood perfusion and laser-Doppler perfusion are established. The calibration method is then described together with potential routes to standardisation. A guide to the limitations in application of the technique gives the user a clear indication of what can be achieved in new studies as well as possible inadequacy in some published investigations.
The effect of indirect cooling on finger-tip blood flow patterns were recorded in 31 patients suffering from Raynaud's phenomenon. Fifteen were suffering from generalized scleroderma with acrosclerosis (GS), and 16 from primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PR), and were compared to 13 healthy controls without cold sensitivity. Finger blood flow (FBF) was monitored by a laser Doppler flowmeter.
Resting blood flow values were significantly lower in patients compared to controls.
After two min of body cooling no difference could be observed in relative flow decrease between patients and controls or between PR and GS, but after 10 min of body cooling, relative flow decrease tended to be more pronounced in GS than in PR. Only in GS was the zero flow situation observed.
During the resting condition, skin vessel vasomotion was observed as rhythmical variations in the blood flow of 5–10 cycles per minute. These seemed to be preserved in patients and in chronically sympathectomized patients, and could not be abolished by nerve blockade of the finger. The influence from sympathetic vasomotor fibres on FBF could be observed during cooling as irregular coarse flow fluctuations. This was observed in both patients and controls but not in the chronically sympathectomized patients and disappeared after nerve blockade of the finger. Finger temperature was measured simultaneously during body cooling, but significant changes were observed only in normals and PR.
The conclusions were that (1) during body cooling, flow decrease in GS tends to be more pronounced than in PR, and only in GS could the zero flow situation be elicited; (2) influence on finger blood vessels from the sympathetic nervous system could be observed in both patients and control persons; (3) GS and PR patients seem to have preserved local vasomotion in cutaneous microvessels; (4) finger-tip temperature in sclerotic skin is an imprecise blood flow indicator.
Flowmotion was characterized in healthy controls and 61 Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) patients by spectral analysis of laser-Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) tracings. Healthy subjects flowmotion patterns revealed a main frequency of 3 cycles per min (cpm) with another low frequency and heart rate synchronous components. A first group of RP patients presented a low frequency and heart rate frequency component but no significant difference in blood flow. The second group presented the predominating heart rate related frequency with low microvascular perfusion. The third group presented a flowmotion pattern with overlapping of heart rate and low frequency components. Patients with primary and secondary RP show specific changes in flowmotion, probably related to increased sympathetic nervous activity or vessel wall alterations causing disappearance of arteriolar tone and impairment of microvascular perfusion. The group of patients with overlapping frequency components presents an intermediate flowmotion pattern indicating a different grade of alterations in microvasculature.
Current methods for clinical investigation of the cutaneous microcirculation in patients are based mainly on laser Doppler and capillary microscopy. The use of laser Doppler gives a semi-quantitative index of superficial tissue perfusion. The most recent devices are capable of analysing both the volumetric and velocimetric components. New instruments use two different frequencies to compare tissue perfusion at different depths beneath the skin surface. The combination of a laser probe and a small automate produces a 2-dimensional image, allowing the evaluation of spatial heterogeneity in tissue perfusion, an important pathophysiological concept in vascular diseases. Capillaroscopy has recently been improved by the emergence of the flexible videomicroscope, allowing easy exploration of not only the classical site of the nail-fold but also of the body skin surface. The use of this method was therefore extended--from peripheral vascular disease and connective tissue diseases to the whole spectrum of trophic changes in the skin of the extremities. Systems for digital image analysis allow quantification of the structure of the microvascular bed (quantitative appraisal of microangiopathies) and function (capillary haemodynamics and exchange). Laser Doppler and capillaroscopy can also be combined for the measurement of red blood cell velocity in single capillaries.
Traitement thermal des maladies rhumatismales et des séquelles de traumatismes ostéo-articulaires
- Boulangé
Boulangé M. Traitement thermal des maladies rhumatismales et des séquelles de traumatismes ostéo-articulaires. In: Boulangé M, editor. Les vertus des cures thermales. Montpellier: Espaces 34 Ed; 1997. p. 73–81.
Bases physiologiques de la crénothérapie
- Boulangé
Boulangé M, Perrin P. Bases physiologiques de la crénothérapie. In: Queneau P, et al., editors. Médecine Thermale, Faits et Preuves. Paris: Masson Ed; 2000. p. 7–17.
Eaux minérales naturelles et leurs dérivés
- Popoff
Popoff G. Eaux minérales naturelles et leurs dérivés. In: Que-neau P, et al., editors. Médecine Thermale, Faits et Preuves. Paris: Masson Ed; 2000. p. 7–17.
Les boues thermales d’intérêt thérapeutique. Définition et Classification actualisées
- Savarit
Savarit R. Les boues thermales d'intérêt thérapeutique. Définition et Classification actualisées. Presse Thermale et Climatique 1987;124: 14–8.
La température tolérée par la peau pendant la fangothérapie
- G Vanderstraten
- J Holvoet
- Segers
Vanderstraten G, Holvoet J, Segers M. La température tolérée par la peau pendant la fangothérapie. Presse Thermale et Climatique 1989; 126:13–6.
La température tolérée par la peau pendant la fangothérapie
- Vanderstraten