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Childhood injuries
... Globally, injuries (intentional and unintentional) are among the 10 leading causes of death and disease burden in the 0 Á/4, 5Á/14 and 15 Á/29 year age groups [1]. The 5 Á/14-y age group accounts for about 20% of the 1.3 billion people in China [2], and injuries have become the number-one cause of death in this age group. ...
... Write it down._____ refer to the right column 1 ...
Aim: To describe the rates and patterns of unintentional injuries among primary and middle school students in China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Maanshan City of the Anhui Province in eastern China. All students attending six primary and four middle schools, selected randomly, were asked to report unintentional injuries occurring in the 12-mo period before the survey. The occurrence of unintentional injuries that resulted in medical attendance was summarized by study grade, sex, month and external causes. Results: The annual event-based injury rate per 100 students was higher among boys (21.7) than girls (17.6). Only 1.9% of the episodes resulted in hospitalization, and 17.8% resulted in missing school. The most frequent injuries were falls (38.2%) and transportation-related injuries (19.6%). The risk of injury was lower in middle schools than primary schools. Distribution by month of occurrence showed two peaks in boys during spring and autumn, but no clear peak was observed in girls. Conclusion: The descriptive epidemiology of unintentional injuries among students in China provides useful information on the distributions in person, place and time, which in turn provide hints for the further exploration of possible risk factors that are important in planning strategies for future prevention.
... Globally, injuries (intentional and unintentional) are among the 10 leading causes of death and disease burden in the 0 Á/4, 5Á/14 and 15 Á/29 year age groups [1]. The 5 Á/14-y age group accounts for about 20% of the 1.3 billion people in China [2], and injuries have become the number-one cause of death in this age group. ...
... Write it down._____ refer to the right column 1 ...
To describe the rates and patterns of unintentional injuries among primary and middle school students in China.
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Maanshan City of the Anhui Province in eastern China. All students attending six primary and four middle schools, selected randomly, were asked to report unintentional injuries occurring in the 12-mo period before the survey. The occurrence of unintentional injuries that resulted in medical attendance was summarized by study grade, sex, month and external causes.
The annual event-based injury rate per 100 students was higher among boys (21.7) than girls (17.6). Only 1.9% of the episodes resulted in hospitalization, and 17.8% resulted in missing school. The most frequent injuries were falls (38.2%) and transportation-related injuries (19.6%). The risk of injury was lower in middle schools than primary schools. Distribution by month of occurrence showed two peaks in boys during spring and autumn, but no clear peak was observed in girls.
The descriptive epidemiology of unintentional injuries among students in China provides useful information on the distributions in person, place and time, which in turn provide hints for the further exploration of possible risk factors that are important in planning strategies for future prevention.
... [4] On a global scale, road traffic-related injuries are among the first 10 causes in terms of death and injury burden within the age groups of 0-4, 5-14 and 15-29. [5] Road traffic-related injuries, which take an important place among injuries, attract attention due to the fact that adolescent and young adults are the most highly affected of all groups. It has been pointed out that children and adolescents have become the target group to be affected by injuries since the frequency of road traffic-related injuries in urban areas has risen. ...
This study aimed to examine the extent of death and injuries among the 0-17 years of age group recorded in the official road traffic injury statistics.
This is a record-based study covering a 5-year-period (2003-2007) using the annual records of national road traffic injury statistics in Turkey.
The 0-17 age group accounted for 10.9% of deaths and 20.1% of injuries over the 5-year-period that served as the scope of the study. It was found out that 53.5% of deaths and 70.7% of injuries occurred in residential areas. The occurrence of death among pedestrians in residential areas is notable. Injuries showed a similar tendency.
According to the 5-year period statistics examined in this study, road traffic-related deaths and injuries are a public health problem, and necessitate the development of programs and policies aimed at their prevention.
The purpose of this research was to study the behaviour and attitudes of young cyclists in different urban environments towards wearing a helmet, and possible differences regarding the length of the cycle lanes in the surveyed cities. A survey was carried out among 546 schoolchildren, aged from 10 to 15 years, at primary schools in three Croatian cities: Zagreb, Varaždin and Samobor. A comparison of the cities regarding the ownership of bicycles has shown that there are no statistically significant differences between the cities, whereas the difference in helmet ownership is statistically significant. Attitudes towards wearing a helmet are generally more positive in Zagreb and Varaždin, while the situation in Samobor, a town with no bike lanes, is just the opposite - schoolchildren there have negative attitudes towards wearing helmets. Negative attitudes and insufficient knowledge about wearing a protective cycle helmet indicates the necessity of developing positive attitudes towards wearing a safety helmet among schoolchildren and educating them about the means of injury prevention when riding a bicycle.
Washing machines are part of every household and there are various reports of upper extremity injuries due to inadequate safety precautions while operating the machine. Most of the injuries occur when an attempt is made to remove the clothes from the machine and the hand gets caught in the spinning machine. The presentation can vary from minor soft tissue injuries to a mangled upper extremity. The chance of neurovascular damage resulting in compartment syndrome is very high. The author reports three cases of washing machine injuries to draw attention to this not so uncommon injury. The relevant literature is also considered.
Background: Falls from balconies and windows are an important cause of childhood injury. This study investigated the circumstances around such falls and attempted to identify possible measures for their prevention.
Population: Children <15 years living in Dallas County, Texas.
Methods: Each child treated because of a fall from a building in 1997–99 had information about the injury collected, and a parent was contacted to obtain further information. For apartment related falls, an attempt was made to visit the apartment to measure windows and balcony rails.
Results: Ninety eight children were injured in falls from buildings during the three year period; 39 (40%) were admitted to hospital. Seventy five of the falls (77%) involved apartments, and most occurred around noon or evening meal times. Among apartment falls, 39 (52%) fell from windows, 34 (45%) from balconies, and two (3%) from unknown sites. For more than two thirds of balcony related falls, the child fell from between the balcony rails, all of which were spaced more than 4 inches (10 cm) apart. On-site measurement showed the rails were an average of 7.5 inches (19 cm) apart; all of these apartments were built before 1984. For more than two thirds of window related falls, the window was situated within 2 feet (61 cm) of the floor.
Conclusions: Two factors are important in falls from apartment windows and balconies: balcony rails more than 4 inches (10 cm) apart, and windows positioned low to the floor. Current building codes do not apply to older apartments, where most of these falls occurred. Nevertheless, these factors may be amenable to environmental modifications that may prevent most of these falls.
To describe washing machine related injuries in children in the United States.
Injury data for 496 washing machine related injuries documented by the Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and death certificate data files were analyzed. Gender, age, diagnosis, body part injured, disposition, location and mechanism of injury were considered in the analysis of data.
The upper extremities were most frequently injured in washing machine related injuries, especially with wringer machines. Fewer than 10% of patients required admission, but automatic washers accounted for most of these and for both of the deaths. Automatic washer injuries involved a wider range of injury mechanism, including 23 children who fell from the machines while in baby seats.
Though most injuries associated with washing machines are minor, some are severe and devastating. Many of the injuries could be avoided with improvements in machine design while others suggest a need for increased education of potential dangers and better supervision of children if they are allowed access to areas where washing machines are operating. Furthermore, washing machines should only be used for their intended purpose. Given the limitations of educational efforts to prevent injuries, health professionals should have a major role in public education regarding these seemingly benign household appliances.
Falls from balconies and windows are an important cause of childhood injury. This study investigated the circumstances around such falls and attempted to identify possible measures for their prevention.
Children <15 years living in Dallas County, Texas.
Each child treated because of a fall from a building in 1997-99 had information about the injury collected, and a parent was contacted to obtain further information. For apartment related falls, an attempt was made to visit the apartment to measure windows and balcony rails.
Ninety eight children were injured in falls from buildings during the three year period; 39 (40%) were admitted to hospital. Seventy five of the falls (77%) involved apartments, and most occurred around noon or evening meal times. Among apartment falls, 39 (52%) fell from windows, 34 (45%) from balconies, and two (3%) from unknown sites. For more than two thirds of balcony related falls, the child fell from between the balcony rails, all of which were spaced more than 4 inches (10 cm) apart. On-site measurement showed the rails were an average of 7.5 inches (19 cm) apart; all of these apartments were built before 1984. For more than two thirds of window related falls, the window was situated within 2 feet (61 cm) of the floor.
Two factors are important in falls from apartment windows and balconies: balcony rails more than 4 inches (10 cm) apart, and windows positioned low to the floor. Current building codes do not apply to older apartments, where most of these falls occurred. Nevertheless, these factors may be amenable to environmental modifications that may prevent most of these falls.
To determine the suitability of four research methods to measure the rate of child restraint device (CRD) use and incorrect use in New Zealand and obtain data on barriers to CRD use.
To assess the rates of CRD use among vehicles carrying children 8 years of age and under, two methods were piloted-namely, an unobtrusive observational survey and a short interview and close inspection. A self administered questionnaire and focus group interviews were also piloted to assess CRD use, reasons for use and non-use, and to obtain information on barriers to their use. Respondents to all methods except the focus groups were approached in supermarket car park sites at randomly selected times. Focus groups were established with parents identified through early childhood organisations. All methods were assessed on criteria related to efficiency, representativeness, and ability to obtain the necessary data.
The observational survey provided a simple method for identifying rates of CRD use, while the self administered questionnaire obtained data on demographic characteristics and reported the installation and use/non-use of CRDs. The interview/inspection addressed all the questions of both the above methods and enabled incorrect CRD use to be examined. The focus groups provided the most meaningful information of all methods on barriers to CRD use.
and conclusion: Advantages and limitations of these methods are discussed and some refinements of the original instruments are proposed. The interview/inspection and focus group methods were identified as being more appropriate for efficiently obtaining reliable data on CRD use and identification of barriers to CRD use.
World Health Organization Injury chart book
World Health Organization. Injury chart book.
Geneva: WHO, 2002.