Article

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Novaluron a New Acylurea Insect Growth Regulator against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

January 2004
Journal of Vector Ecology 28(2):241-54

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Usavadee Thavara

Ministry of Public Health, Thailand

Apiwat Tawatsin

Ministry of Public Health, Thailand

Jakkrawarn Chompoosri

National Institute Of Health of Thailand

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Novaluron, a new chitin synthesis inhibitor type of insect growth regulator, was evaluated in the laboratory and field against larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.). In the laboratory, the technical material showed a high level of activity against 2nd and 4th instar larvae. The inhibition of emergence (IE) was 100% at concentrations of 0.25 to 1.0 microg/L. Second instars were slightly more susceptible than fourth instars. At the high concentration (1 ppb), most of the mortality occurred in the larvae, but at sublethal concentrations (for larvae) mortality also occurred in pupae and adults (incomplete eclosion). An EC10 (emulsifiable concentrate containing 10% active ingredient) formulation of novaluron was evaluated against Ae. aegypti in water-storage containers in the field in Thailand. Two tests at high (0.05 to 1 mg/L) and low (1 to 20 microg/L) concentrations were carried out in clay jars (200 L) and plastic pails (75 L). At high concentrations in clayjars, we obtained 86-96% inhibition of emergence (IE) for about 190 d, but the mortality declined at low concentrations after 190 d. At much lower concentrations, in jars and plastic pails in the second experiment, the IE was 80-100% for 2 mo. The highest concentrations of this series (10 microg/L in jars and 20 microg/L in pails) were active for 75 and 68 d respectively, losing efficacy by 82 d post-treatment. In the experiment using low concentrations, all treatments in jars and plastic pails failed to provide adequate control 90 d after treatment. These studies show that novaluron, even as EC10, has exceptional long-term activity against Ae. aegypti in water-storage containers, with higher concentrations yielding greater long-term control than low concentrations.

Susceptibility status of major malaria vectors to novaluron, an insect growth regulator South-Eastern Tanzania

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

Introduction: application of Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) such as pyriproxyfen has shown a promising result in controlling malaria transmitting mosquitoes through autodissemination technique. Novaluron that inhibits the chitin development at mosquito larval stage present a promising candidate IGR for rotation with pyriproxyfen to prevent a chance of resistance development. This study assessed the susceptibility of immature stages of Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus to novaluron. Methods: susceptibility bioassays using technical grade novaluron (98% active ingredient) were performed inside the semi-field system using first instar larvae of Anopheles species. For each tested species, a total of 1500 larvae were used in the bioassay. Concentration range of 0.01 mg/l to 2 mg/l of novaluron were tested to establish Lethal Concentration (LC) sufficient to kills 50%, 90% and 99% of the exposed larvae by using log-dose response analysis. Results: of the tested mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae were highly susceptible to novaluron followed by An. Arabiensis and then An. funestus. Lethal concentrations, LC50, LC90 and LC99 (95%CI) in mg/l for An. gambiae were 0.018, 0.332 and 2.001 respectively. For An. arabiensis were 0.026, 0.546 and 2.013; and for An. funestus were 0.032, 1.00 and 5.580. High larval mortality was recorded at high concentration (2mg/L), with 80% mortality within 3 days post exposure. Conclusion: the study demonstrates the efficacy of novaluron in controlling Anopheles mosquito species at immature stages via larval mortality. These findings warrant further testing of novaluron for autodissemination by different vector species for its inclusion in rotation to prevent development of resistance.

Evaluación de la eficacia de novaluron 0,2 % GR para el control de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti es el vector principal de dengue, zika y chikungunya en las Américas, enfermedades de gran impacto en salud pública. De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el control de estas enfermedades requiere un enfoque integral, y el control larvario hace parte de tal estrategia. Con base en ello, los Insecticidas Reguladores de Crecimiento (IRC) surgen como una alternativa eficiente para el control de los estados inmaduros de este mosquito. Con el propósito de evaluar la eficacia del IRC novaluron 0,2 % GR se determinaron en laboratorio las concentraciones letales (CL) 50, 90, 95 y 99 sobre larvas de cuarto estadio de Ae. aegypti , y en condiciones de campo se estimó el porcentaje de inhibición de emergencia empleando las CL obtenidas en laboratorio, mediante dos esquemas de manejo de agua, con recambio y sin recambio, en recipientes de 40 L, en 30 viviendas en un barrio de Medellín (Antioquia, Colombia) con alta incidencia de dengue. Los bioensayos indicaron que las CL 50, 90, 95 y 99 correspondieron a 0,019; 0,055; 0,065 y 0,084 mg/L, respectivamente. Los resultados de campo revelan que novaluron 0,2 % GR inhibió eficientemente la emergencia de adultos de Ae. aegypti indicando el potencial del producto como regulador de poblaciones a muy bajas concentraciones. Se considera que el producto es de gran utilidad en los programas de prevención y control de dengue, zika y chikungunya.

Spent Coffee Grounds and Novaluron Are Toxic to Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Simple Summary The mosquito Aedes aegypti has developed insecticide resistance in Thailand and around the world. We investigated the effective forms between wet and dry spent coffee grounds (wSCGs and dSCGs) and novaluron on larval mortality and adult emergence inhibition of Ae. aegypti. The main chemical compound concentration in wSCGs was higher than that in dSCGs. Then, the effective SCGs were selected to combine with novaluron and determined the synergistic effects of its combination. At sublethal concentrations wSCGs and novaluron had low efficacies when present individually; however, when combined at low concentrations, they showed greater efficacy. Therefore, wSCGs combined with novaluron could be utilized as an alternative control for this mosquito vector. Abstract Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector for mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. Insecticide resistance is a major concern in controlling this mosquito. We investigated the chemical compounds in wet and dry spent coffee grounds (wSCGs and dSCGs) and evaluated the efficacy of dSCGs, wSCGs, and novaluron on the mortality and adult emergence inhibition of Ae. aegypti. We found higher concentrations of chemical compounds in wSCGs than in dSCGs. The wSCGs and dSCGs both contained total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compounds, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, and vanillic acid. Complete mortality was observed after 48 h of exposure to 50 g/L wSCGs, while similar mortality was found after 120 h of exposure to 10 µg/L of novaluron. The sublethal dose was a concentration of wSCGs (5 g/L) and novaluron (0.01, 0.1, and 1 µg/L) combined that resulted in a larval mortality lower than twenty percent (at 72 h) to determine their synergistic effects. The death rate of larvae exposed in sublethal combination of wSCGs and novaluron was significantly higher than that of its stand-alone. The findings indicate that the combination of wSCGs and novaluron at sublethal concentrations had synergistic effects on the mortality of Ae. aegypti larvae and could be applied as an alternative control measure.

Field-based evaluation of novaluron EC10 insect growth regulator, a chitin synthesis inhibitor against dengue vector breeding in leaf axils of pineapple plantations in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka

Article

Full-text available

May 2020

Abstract Background Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are considered a novel group of insecticides to control mosquitoes. Novaluron is an IGR with benzoylphenyl urea insecticide, which inhibits chitin synthesis in insects and can reduce insect population density; it is also known to have a high margin of safety for mammals. Methods The effective minimum concentration of novaluron formulation EC10 was tested. Six pineapple plantations [control (n = 3) and test (n = 3)] were selected from Meerigama Medical Officer of Health area in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. Fifteen plots (10 × 10 m) were demarcated in each site with a 200 m distance apart. Leaf axils of 450 pineapple plants (30 plants × 15 plots) were screened for immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes weekly for 12 weeks. The required concentration (20 ppm) of novaluron was sprayed onto the selected pineapple plants (n = 1350) individually in 3 selected test sites for 5–10 s. The reduction in the vector population was interpreted as the percentage of reduction in immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes. Results The 100% mortality of the Ae. aegypti larvae within 24 h was observed at 20 ppm (0.05 ml of novaluron 100 g/l in 250 ml of water) as the minimum dose. Variation in the number of Aedes larvae present in the control and intervention sites was found to be significantly different throughout the entire observational period (χ 2 = 128.29, df = 11, P 50% until the 8th week. The lowest reduction (34.2%) was observed at 12 weeks after the initial treatment. Therefore, re-treatment may be recommended based on the reduction in the efficacy of the IGR.

Aedes albopictus in America: current perspectives and future challenges

Article

Jan 2020

Isik Unlu

The Zika virus outbreak in Miami-Dade, Florida, in 2016 heightened our awareness of the presence, expansion and vectorial capacity of invasive Aedes mosquitoes in the USA. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, has not been implicated as a vector during an arbovirus outbreak in the USA, however this species is established in at least 40 states, including Hawaii, and has a greater geographic distribution in North America than Ae. aegypti. Current mosquito control strategies may be insufficient to control Ae. albopictus in the USA, given the affinity of this species for cryptic habitats and diurnal activity. Accordingly, control efforts have had to be creative. For example, more mosquito abatement districts are modifying truck-mounted sprayers to apply larvicides to cryptic habitats in, inspecting and treating corrugated extension gutters as part of source reduction campaigns, and improving ultra-low volume (ULV) adulticiding methods to achieve higher reduction in adult Ae. albopictus. This review discusses Ae. albopictus surveillance, action thresholds for intervention, rising concerns on resistance, public involvement, challenges facing mosquito control professionals and how to address gaps for a sustainable surveillance and management programme.

Evaluación de la eficacia de novaluron 0,2 % GR para el control de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera)

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2019

Toxic and disruptive effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on development of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2017

The pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive insects attacking cotton fields worldwide. It acquired resistance against most of the conventional pesticides. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic and developmental effects of Novaluron (concentration range: 5.0-0.05 ppm) on this insect pest. LC50 values were estimated in 0.187 ppm and 0.765 ppm, after treatment of newly hatched and full grown larvae, respectively. Novaluron exhibited a retarding effect on the development, especially after treatment of full grown larvae, since larval and pupal durations had been remarkably prolonged, in a dose-dependent manner. Novaluron failed to affect the metamorphosis after treatment of the newly hatched larvae but disrupted it after treatment of full grown larvae (larval-pupal intermediates). The pupation was considerably hindered, especially after treatment of full grown larvae. The pupal morphogenesis was deranged (deformed pupae) after treatment of only newly hatched larvae. Therefore, Novaluron forms an important component in the integrated pest management program for this insect pest which has developed resistance to the majority of conventional insecticides.

Bioefficacy of Insect Growth Regulators Against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidea) From Sarawak, Malaysia: A Statewide Survey

Article

Apr 2018

The susceptibility status of Aedes albopictus (Skuse; Diptera: Culicidea) larvae collected from 13 districts in Sarawak state, Malaysia was evaluated against five insect growth regulators (IGRs) namely, methoprene, pyriproxyfen, diflubenzuron, cyromazine, and novaluron. Field populations of Ae. albopictus were susceptible to methoprene, pyriproxyfen, cyromazine and novaluron with resistance ratios (RRs) ranging from 0.19-0.38, 0.05-0.14, 0.50-0.95, and 0.75-1.00, respectively. Nevertheless, tolerance towards diflubenzuron (0.33-1.33) was observed in this study. In general, these IGRs exhibited promising results and can be used as alternative control agents against field populations of Ae. albopictus in Sarawak, Malaysia.

Toxicity and disruptive impacts of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on development and metamorphosis of the olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Article

May 2017

The olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an economic pest of the commercial olive groves in Egypt and different Mediterranean countries. The present study was conducted aiming to assess the effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on survival, growth, development and metamorphosis of this pest. The newly moulted last instar (6th) larvae had been treated with six concentrations (100.0, 10.0, 1.00, 0.10, 0.01 and 0.001 ppm), via the fresh olive leaves, as food. Different degrees of toxicity were recorded on all developmental stages. LC 50 was calculated in 0.97 ppm. The somatic weight gain of larvae was drastically reduced and the larval growth rate was severely regressed, regardless the concentration. The larval duration was generally shortened but the pupal duration was remarkably prolonged, in a dose-dependent manner. The pupation rate was regressed, especially at the higher four concentrations. The metamorphosis program was impaired, since larval-pupal intermediates had been produced at some concentrations. In addition, the pupal morphogenesis was disrupted, since some pupal deformities had been observed at some concentrations.

Toxic and disruptive effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on development of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2017

Abstract The pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive insects attacking cotton fields world-wide. It acquired resistance against most of the conventional pesticides. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic and developmental effects of Novaluron (concentration range: 5.0 -0.05 ppm) on this insect pest. LC50 values were estimated in 0.187 ppm and 0.765 ppm, after treatment of newly hatched and full grown larvae, respectively. Novaluron exhibited a retarding effect on the development, especially after treatment of full grown larvae, since larval and pupal durations had been remarkably prolonged, in a dose-dependent manner. Novaluron failed to affect the metamorphosis after treatment of the newly hatched larvae but disrupted it after treatment of full grown larvae (larval -pupal intermediates). The pupation was considerably hindered, especially after treatment of full grown larvae. The pupal morphogenesis was deranged (deformed pupae) after treatment of only newly hatched larvae. Therefore, Novaluron forms an important component in the integrated pest management program for this insect pest which has developed resistance to the majority of conventional insecticides.

Mosquito Larvicidal Trap (MLT) as Surveillance and Control Tool for Aedes Mosquitoes

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2016
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health

The larvicidal potential and ovipositional effect of an insect growth regulator, 2% Novaluron (Mosquiron), in an oviposition trap or ovitrap on dengue mosquito vectors were determined under field condition. The set-up is hereafter referred to as Mosquito Larvicidal Trap (MLT). This MLT is a modification of an ovitrap utilized by De Las Llagas et al (2002, 2007, 2012) in all dengue mosquito surveillance and control studies in the Philippines. Variation entails mixing 40 parts per million (ppm) of an insect growth regulator (2% Novaluron), proven to have an attractant effect in an ovitrap clean water. The study was conducted from July 2012 to June 2013 in Barangay Batong Malake and Barangay San Antonio in Los Baños, Laguna, both places known as endemic sites for dengue transmission. The MLTs were installed and serviced every three weeks inside each household. Two hundred twenty households per study site were installed with MLT. Efficacy of MLT as a surveillance tool was measured against the conventional inspection of containers with water and the classical ovitrap. The Breteau Index (BI), Ovitrap Index (OI), and MLT positive for immatures of mosquito were determined. Breteau and ovitrap indices are known entomological indicators depicting the level of household mosquito infestation. The MLT as an autocidal/larvicidal trap was gauged in terms of its relative attractiveness to ovipositing mosquitoes compared to other containers and the classical ovitrap. Results showed that MLT was more attractive to Aedes for egg deposition than ovitrap or other containers inside the house. The mean MLT found positive with mosquito was 70.5% in Batong Malake while the OI was 53.5%. In San Antonio, the MLT was 56.6% compared to 50.4% OI. The added Novaluron increased the attractiveness to female mosquitoes to lay their eggs and has killing effect on the larvae. The findings indicate that MLT is more attractive than containers or ovitraps as oviposition medium. It is also lethal to the deposited eggs. Moreover, MLT prevented pupal development, indicating its autocidal activity to larvae. Thus, MLT prevents adult emergence by preventing pupal development. In conclusion, the use of MLT as an integral component of dengue vector control program will enhance reduction in density of mosquitoes at immature stages thus lessening dependency on adulticiding efforts. With the threat of vertical and transstadial dengue transmission in nature, managing the vector at its youngest developmental stage must be done.

Lethal and sublethal effects of novaluron, a novel insect growth regulator, on annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, lifestages in turfgrass

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2025
CROP SCI

The development of pyrethroid resistance within annual bluegrass weevil (ABW), Listronotus maculicollis (Kirby), a severe pest of golf course turfgrass in eastern North America, has created a dire need for alternatives to conventional insecticides. This study assessed the efficacy of novaluron, a recently registered benzoylphenyl urea insect growth regulator which inhibits chitin synthesis in developing larvae, as an alternative to conventional neurotoxic insecticides. Field trial treatments were designed to assess the effect of application timing in relation to population development stages, including peak overwintering adult emergence and early‐instar (stem‐boring) and late‐instar (soil‐dwelling) larvae. Novaluron was effective at all timings, even when larvae were not yet present (overwintering adult peak). In laboratory assays, novaluron topically applied to adults reduced the recovery of first‐instar larvae by 91%–98% and 0%–43% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Significant ovicidal activity was also observed with reductions of 67%–85% and 35%–68% in 2020 and 2021 trials, respectively. Females treated with 9.3 L ha⁻¹ novaluron experienced reduced fecundity over 8 weeks (52%), though weekly reductions were only significantly different from controls in the first week after exposure. Novaluron‐treated adults resumed oviposition after being transferred to untreated turf, suggesting potential recovery from exposure. These studies demonstrate novaluron's effectiveness against a wide range of larval instars which should facilitate flexible application timing in field settings. However, the transient effects observed on adults in laboratory studies may reduce novaluron's reliability as an adulticide.

Comparison of Mosquito Larvicidal Formulations of Diflubenzuron on Culex Pipiens Mosquitoes in Belgrade, Serbia

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022
ACTA VET-BEOGRAD

Culex mosquitos are important infectious diseases vectors in temperate and tropical regions of the World, affecting nearly 350 million people in both developed and developing countries. Our approach was to “recycle” the well-established larvicide, and by studying the tablets, pellets and granules as floating or sinking formulations, we found a method to optimise the use of diflubenzuron against Culex pipiens mosquitoes in field conditions. A standard WHO procedure was used to test the larvicide efficacy. The combined efficacy of all floating formulations was 10.7% higher than sinking preparations ( p -value =0.002) and that maximised throughout the experiment on days 14 and 21, ( p -values 0.012 and 0.008, respectively). All floating formulations kept their efficacies above 70% until day 21 of the experiment, while the mortality of sinking designs dropped significantly after day 14. The lowest efficacy was observed when sinking granules were used and the highest when floating tablets were applied in the canals. Only the floating tablets showed no significant changes in efficacy from day 1 to 21, but then that efficacy drops sharp until day 35. Since the larvae spend most of their time on the surface of the slow-moving waters to breathe, and floating pellets and tablets are made of materials that can serve as food sources, we conclude that these formulations have a higher efficacy, at least in conditions of non- or slow-moving waters. This study shows the importance of a systematic approach to reformulation of old, already proven and environmentally safe larvicides which can control the mosquito populations and their spreading of various pathogens.

Insecticidal activity of pyriproxyfen, a juvenoid, and its suppressive effect on growth and development of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

The black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is generally considered to be worldwide in distribution. It is one of destructive pests attacking nearly all vegetables and different field crops. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity of pyriproxyfen and its effect on growth, development, metamorphosis and morphogenesis of this insect. Both the 4th instar and 5th instar larvae were treated with 6 concentrations of this juvenoid (800, 400, 200, 100, 50 & 25 ppm) via fresh discs of castor bean leaves. The most important results could be summarized as follows. Pyriproxyfen exhibited strong acute toxic activity against larvae and chronic toxicity against pupae and adults, after treatment of 4th instar or 5th instar larvae. LC50 values were calculated in 65.95 and 99.90ppm, after treatment of 4th instar and 5th instar larvae, respectively, i.e., the 4th instar larvae were found more sensitive to pyriproxyfen than 5th instar larvae. The larval body weight gain was remarkably reduced and the growth was considerably inhibited. The larval and pupal durations were considerably prolonged, in a dose-dependent course. Failure of ecdysis, as a criterion of disrupted developmental program, was observed only after treatment with certain concentrations, but other features of disrupted program had not been observed. The pupation was detrimentally suppressed after treatment of 4th or 5th instar larvae with pyriproxyfen. No deformed pupae were observed. Therefore, pyriproxyfen could be recommended as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides for the IPM program of A. ipsilon. ***

http://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/ Insecticidal Activity of Pyriproxyfen, A Juvenoid, and Its Suppressive Effect on Growth and Development of The Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Article

Oct 2021

Article History The black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is generally considered to be worldwide in distribution. It is one of the destructive pests attacking nearly all vegetables and different field crops. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity of pyriproxyfen and its effect on the growth, development, metamorphosis and morphogenesis of this insect. Both the 4 th instar and 5 th instar larvae were treated with 6 concentrations of this juvenoid (800, 400, 200, 100, 50 & 25 ppm) via fresh discs of castor bean leaves. The most important results could be summarized as follows. Pyriproxyfen exhibited strong acute toxic activity against larvae and chronic toxicity against pupae and adults, after treatment of 4 th instar or 5 th instar larvae. LC50 values were calculated in 65.95 and 99.90ppm, after treatment of 4 th instar and 5 th instar larvae, respectively, i.e., the 4 th instar larvae were found more sensitive to pyriproxyfen than 5 th instar larvae. The larval body weight gain was remarkably reduced and the growth was considerably inhibited. The larval and pupal durations were considerably prolonged, in a dose-dependent course. Failure of ecdysis, as a criterion of the disrupted developmental program, was observed only after treatment with certain concentrations, but other features of the disrupted program had not been observed. The pupation was detrimentally suppressed after treatment of 4 th or 5 th instar larvae with pyriproxyfen. No deformed pupae were observed. Therefore, pyriproxyfen could be recommended as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides for the IPM program of A. ipsilon.

Toxicological and developmental impacts of the chitin synthesis inhibitor, Diofenolan, on the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Jan 2018

The pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive insects attacking cotton fields world-wide. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic and developmental effects of Diofenolan (10.0, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 ppm) on this insect pest. LC50 values were estimated in 0.028 ppm and 0.036 ppm, after treatment of newly hatched and full-grown larvae, respectively. After treatment of the newly hatched or full-grown larvae with sublethal concentrations of Diofenolan, larval and durations were pronouncedly prolonged and the developmental rate was drastically regressed, in a dose-dependent course. The pupation process was detrimentally prohibited, regardless the larval instar under treatment. Although Diofenolan failed to exhibit a disruptive effect on the metamorphosis program (larval-pupal intermediates) after treatment of the newly hatched larvae, such program was impaired after treatment of full grown larvae, especially at the higher three concentrations. Also, the morphogenesis program of pupae was disturbed (pupal deformities) after treatment of larvae, irrespective of the instar under treatment.

Effects of novaluron ingestion and topical application on German cockroach (Blattella germanica) development and reproduction

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2020
PEST MANAG SCI

BACKGROUND Insect growth regulators disrupt insect development and reproduction. Chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) allow the insect to grow normally, but because chitin is an essential component of the cuticle, formation of a new cuticle and ecdysis are prevented and the insect dies. CSIs can also kill embryos by disrupting their normal development. We evaluated the potential utility of novaluron in bait formulations against the German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.). RESULTS The minimum novaluron intake that interfered with molting and reproduction was assessed by exposing nymphs and adult females to novaluron. Results showed that 1 day of feeding on 0.1% novaluron was sufficient to disrupt molting in nymphs and prevent adult females from developing viable oothecae. The long‐term effects on gravid females were investigated by feeding females 0.1% novaluron for different 5‐day intervals during successive stages of gestation. Results demonstrated that gravid females fed novaluron during any period of gestation were able to produce viable eggs. To determine if ingestion of novaluron affected mating success and fertility of adult males, males were fed novaluron and then allowed to mate with untreated virgin females. Males that fed on novaluron successfully mated, and the females produced viable oothecae. Finally, direct comparisons revealed that novaluron is equally effective by ingestion and topical application. CONCLUSIONS Novaluron caused mortality in nymphs and interfered with ootheca production in adult females, but only before they formed an ootheca. It successfully reduced German cockroach populations in cages and has potential to be incorporated in cockroach baits.

Biological and histopathological effects of cyromazine on the laevae of Culex pipiens (Diptera Culicidae).

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2016

Benzophenyl urea insecticides -useful and eco- friendly options for insect pest control

Article

May 2020

Insecticides play a very important role in increasing production by protecting crops from destructive insect pests. But indiscriminate use of conventional and broad spectrum insecticides, leads to development of resistance, resurgence and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to select new, safe and less persistent products for ecofriendly and sustainable pest management. Benzophenyl urea based insecticides fit well in this aspect. These are basically inhibitors of the chitin synthesis in insects which make them strong candidate for the integrated pest management. Extensive research has been carried out on different aspects to assess the potentiality and environment friendliness of this group of insecticides. Thus, the aim of this review is to gather comprehensive information about benzophenyl urea insecticide related to its development, mode of action, bio-efficacy, environmental fate and eco-toxicity, which may be helpful for the researchers for future endeavour.

EFFECT OF SPINOSAD AND CONSULT AND THEIR MIXTURE ON THE FIFTH NYMPHAL INSTAR OF DESERT LOCUST Schistocerca gregaria (FORSK.)

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2014

STRACT Laboratory studies were carried out in an attempt to disclose the effect of a bio-insecticide (Spinosad), and IGR (consult) and their mixture at different concentrations (19 ppm), (123 ppm) and (9ppm of spinosad+52 ppm of consult), respectively on one day old of the 5th nymphal instar of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) by feeding technique. the insect enzymes acid phosphatase and Phenoloxidase activities and total carbohydrates were affected fluctuated between increasing and decreasing after 2, 4 and 6 days of treatment with Spinosad (at LC50 value), consult(at LC50 value) and their mixture(at LC25 values). acid phosphatase activity and phenoloxidase activity were dramatically declined in all treatments comparing with untreated nymphs. Highly significant decline were recorded in them by mixture. Consult caused more increase in the total carbohydrates but Spinosad and the mixture caused decrease in the total carbohydrates comparing with untreated nymphs. Highly significant decline were recorded in carbohydrate content by Spinosad. Keywords: Schistocerca gregaria, haemolymph, activity enzymes, Spinosad, consult

Triflumuron induces genotoxicity in both mice bone marrow cells and human Colon cancer cell line

Article

Apr 2020

Triflumuron (TFM) is an insect growth regulator (IGR), an insecticide commonly used over the world. It is known for its several toxic manifestations, such as reprotoxicity, immunotoxicity and hematotoxicity, which could affect public health. However, studies that reveal its toxic effects on mammalians are limited. To reach this purpose, our study aimed to elucidate the eventual genotoxic effects of TFM in mice bone marrow cells and in HCT 116 cells after a short term exposition. TFM was administered intraperitoneally to Balb/C male mice at doses of 250, 350 and 500 mg/kg bw for 24 h. Genotoxicity was monitored in bone marrow cells using the comet test, the micronucleus test and the chromosome aberration assay. Our results showed that TFM induced DNA damages in a dose-dependent manner. This genotoxicity was confirmed also in vitro on human intestinal cells HCT 116 using the comet test. It was then asked whether this genotoxicity induced by TFM could be due to an oxidative stress. Thus, we found that TFM significantly decreased HCT 116 cell viability. In addition, it induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) followed by lipid peroxidation as revealed by the increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Similarly, the activation of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) was also observed. Our results indicated that, in our experimental conditions, TFM had a genotoxic effect on bone morrow cells and in HCT 116 cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that this genotoxicity passes through an oxidative stress.

Potential insecticidal activity of Sarocladium strictum, an endophyte of Cynancum acutum, against Spodoptera littoralis, a polyphagous insect pest

Article

Feb 2020

Spodoptera littoralis has been recognized as the major destructive cause of various economic crops in Egypt. Chemical insecticides have been frequently used, however, the development of insecticidal resistance is the current challenge, thus searching for novel ecofriendly biocontrol agents is the prospective challenge. Fungal endophytes of plants have been recognized as a repertoire for bioactive metabolites. Thus, the objective of this study was to isolate a potential endophytic fungal isolates from different medicinal plants, with an efficient insecticidal activity against S. littoralis. Fifteen plant genera were selected, and their endogenous endophytic fungi were recovered, and their insecticidal activity were resolved. Forty-five isolates were recovered from these plants, Sarocladium strictum, endophyte of Cynancum acutum, and Aspergillus nidulans, endophyte of Lantana camara, displayed the highest insecticidal activity against 2nd larval instar of S. littoralis. The identity of S. strictum and A. nidulans has been confirmed based on their ITS sequence and deposited on genbank with accession # MK367604 and MK367603, and deposition # AUMC14096 and AUMC14095, respectively. The EtOAc and DCM extracts of S. strictum exhibited a strong effect on the total larval period, pupal period and development period of S. littoralis immature. The LC50 were 11.8, 15.3 mg/ml for S. strictum EtOAc and DCM extracts, while it was 22.6 and 34.4 mg/ml for A. nidulans DCM and EtOAc extract. A strong deformation was observed to the adults of S. littoralis by about 25.1% individuals descending from larvae treated with S. strictum EtOAc. The four major compounds from S. strictum EtOAc extract were resolved as Cis-13-octadecenoic acid, sebacic acid, pentamethoxy flavone and n-hexadecanoic acid.

Veterinary Research

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2019
BMC Vet Res

The biological effects of both spinosad (4.7%) and flubex (diflubenzuron DT 2%) against Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti (L.) mosquito larvae were assessed under laboratory conditions. The LC50 values of the spinosad and diflubenzuron were 0.22 ppm and 0.0019 ppm respectively, against Ae. aegypti larvae. The mortality rate of mosquito larvae ranged from 35- 96 % and 2-20 % for those spinosad and diflubenzuron separately. The results revealed that the spinosad formulation was highly effective against larvae comparing with flubex. Larval treatment with the IGR diflubenzuron reduced the reproductive potential of adult mosquito that emerged from these treatments by 16-84%. These results revealed that although flubex is an IGR, its larvicidal activity is better than spinosad. Further assessments and field investigation on IGRs products as insecticides alternatives should be carried out for managing Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Keywords: Spinosad, flubex, Aedes, biological, larvicides.

Evaluation of Effectiveness and Persistence of three Slow Release Formulations against Aedes Aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) under Laboratory Conditions

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

A laboratory evaluation of three slow-release formulations (SRFs) of spinosad tablets, sumilarv granules and du-dim tablets was carried out in 20 liters plastic containers. The tested formulations were applied according to recommended doses to evaluate their efficacy and longevity against Ae. aegypti. The results revealed that the tested SRFs achieved complete inhibition of adult stages emergence of Ae. aegypti in the first four weeks and gave continuous effective with 50-100% for 98, 86 and 78 days post -treatment by using spinosad tablets, sumilarv granules and du-dim tablets respectively. The highest larval mortality was observed for spinosad followed by sumilarv and du-dim, it gave 1.3 folds than sumilarv and 1.1 folds with du-dium, whereas sumilarv and du-dium were more effective on pupal mortality than spinosad. On the other hand, morphological abnormalities were observed in larval and pupal stages of Ae. aegypti as delayed effects by tested formulations. This study highlighted that these SRFs could be used as potential larvicidal compounds in mosquito control programs as a single treatment and provide satisfactory results and continuous control against the dengue vector Ae. aegypti for several weeks.

High effectiveness of an adulticide-larvicide formulation for field control of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the city of Clorinda, Argentina

Article

Full-text available

May 2019

In Argentina, Leishmania infantum(syn. L.chagasi) is the etiologic agent of human visceral leishmaniosis(HVL), and Lutzomyia longipalpis(Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) is the main vector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and residual effect of two commercial insecticide formulations, one with permethrin and pyriproxyfen as active ingredients (Dragon Max®) and the other with only permethrin (Flop®) for the control of sandflies. Both formulations were applied in chicken coops and other surroundings structures of the peridomicile of urban houses in Clorinda, Formosa (Argentina). Entomological monitoring was carried out weekly for 44 weeks after the intervention. The results showed great effectiveness and residual effect up to 21 weeks post-intervention for Dragon Max®. This result could be explained by the excellent larvicidal activity of the Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen against the immature forms of phlebotomines and by the delay on the restoration of the natural thresholdof the vector population in treated sites.

Medically Important Vector Borne Disease Control-Botanical Plant Extract Trials.

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

Rakhshan Rakhshan

Mosquitoes are vectors of many pathogens which causes serious human diseases like Malaria, Filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever and Zika virus which constitute a major public health problem globally. Mosquito borne diseases cause high level of economic impact all over the world and result in millions of death every year. They infect around 700,000,000 people annually worldwide and 40,000,000 only in India. The continuous use of synthetic pesticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance, toxic effect on human health, environmental pollution and addition to these, its adverse effects can be observed on non-target organisms. Synthetic chemical pesticides have been proved to be effective, but overall in last 5 decades indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides against vector borne disease control have originated several ecological issues due to their residual accumulation and development of resistance in target vectors and their chronic effects.

Evaluation of the Potential Side-Effects of Novaluron on the Shrimp Palaemon adspersus: Moulting Hormone Profile, Cuticle Secretion and Chitin Contents

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

The leaching of a large amount of pollutants derived from agricultural and domestic activities (fertilizers, pesticides, detergents) might contaminate especially the aquatic environments affecting several non-target aquatic organisms such as crustacean species. The current study aimed to evaluate under laboratory conditions the potential side-effects of novaluron (20% Wettable Powder), a potent benzoylurea derivative insecticide on mosquito larvae, against a non-target shrimp, Palaemon adspersus Rathke, 1837 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). This species is abundant in the lagoon El-Mellah (Northeast Algeria) and a relatively important species for the local fishery industry. The compound was tested at two concentrations (0.91 mg/L and 4.30 mg/L) corresponding respectively to the LC50 and LC90 determined against fourth-instar larvae of Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera, Culicidae). The newly ecdysed adult shrimps were exposed for 15 days, i.e. stage A until D during a moult cycle. Under normal conditions, changes in hemolymphatic ecdysteroid concentrations during the molting cycle presented a peak at stage D, just before the ecdysis while in the treated series, we note an increase in hemolymphatic ecdysteroid concentrations at stages C and D and an absence of the peak as compared to the controls. Histological observations of integuments revealed that novaluron caused a significant reduction in thickness of the new cuticle at its LC50 and an inhibition of the new cuticle secretion at its LC50. The determination of chitin amounts, showed that exposure of shrimps to novaluron resulted in a significant decrease of values at all molting stages with a dose-response manner in comparison to controls. Thus, the overall data confirm the primary mode of action of novaluron on chitin. This insecticide can present secondary effects on this non-target shrimp species commercially important for the local economy.

Field efficacy of triflumuron against Aedes and Culex mosquitoes in temperate Argentina

Article

Mar 2018
J Asia Pac Entomol

Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens s.l. (Linnaeus, 1762 and 1758, respectively) (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors of diseases to humans and a growing public health concern. In order to contribute to the control of mosquito vectors by low environmental impact approaches we assessed the susceptibility of natural populations of container-breeding mosquitoes to triflumuron, an insect growth regulator, in temperate Argentina. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two doses (0.5 ppm and 1 ppm) of triflumuron (SC 48%) against natural populations of Ae. aegypti and Culex spp. immatures in flower vases of four cemeteries. The results demonstrated the susceptibility of both target mosquitoes to triflumuron in field conditions. For Ae. aegypti, dose-dependent reductions were achieved in the presence of pupae and the percentage of water-holding containers harbouring L3–4 and/or pupae, whereas the larvae abundance was equally reduced for both doses. For Culex spp., similar levels of reduction of larvae abundance and pupae presence were achieved with both doses. Significant effects on the response variables measured were recorded up to six to eight weeks post-intervention. Bimonthly applying 1 ppm triflumuron in the context of an integrated mosquito management should achieve a lasting control of Ae. aegypti and Culex spp. in small artificial containers with minimal environmental impacts.

The Larvicidal and Repellent Effect of Bush Mint Plant (Hyptis suaveolens) and Hairy Sicklepod (Senna hirsuta) Extracts against the Larvae and Adult of Culex quinquefasciatus

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017

Triflumuron Effects on the Physiology and Reproduction of Rhodnius prolixus Adult Females

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016
BMRI

We evaluated the efficacy of the growth regulator triflumuron (TFM) in inducing mortality and disrupting both oviposition and egg hatching in Rhodnius prolixus adult females. TFM was administered via feeding, topically or by continuous contact with impregnated surfaces. Feeding resulted in mild biological effects compared with topical and impregnated surfaces. One day after treatment, the highest mortality levels were observed with topical surface and 30 days later both topical and impregnated surfaces induced higher mortalities than feeding. Oral treatment inhibited oviposition even at lower doses, and hatching of eggs deposited by treated females was similarly affected by the three delivery modes. Topical treatment of eggs deposited by nontreated females significantly reduced hatching. However, treatment per contact of eggs oviposited by untreated females did not disrupt eclosion. Additionally, oral treatment increased the number of immature oocytes per female, and topical treatment reduced the mean size of oocytes. TFM also affected carcass chitin content, diuresis, and innate immunity of treated insects. These results suggest that TFM acts as a potent growth inhibitor of R. prolixus adult females and has the potential to be used in integrated vector control programs against hematophagous triatomine species.

Assessment of Gluta renghas L. and Mangifera indica L. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) extracts on the sublethal effects of dengue vector

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2016
J Asia Pac Entomol

Botanical extracts are one of the effective alternative methods for controlling dengue vectors. Methanolic extracts of Gluta renghas Linnaeus and Mangifera indica Linnaeus were assessed under the field condition for substantial lethal and in the laboratory for sublethal effects on dengue vectors in different seasons (dry and wet), and conditions (shaded and unshaded). The effectiveness of these plant extracts was evaluated for the Aedes mosquitoes on the number of eggs, percentage survival of adults, development days to reach adulthood, the number of eggs laid by F1 generation and percentage of hatchability. Significant differences were observed for the number of eggs in both the conditions and weeks of collection (P < 0.005) with the least number of eggs recorded by the Mn. indica stem treatment in the dry season. Whereas, Gl. renghas leave extract had the lowest percentage (33.51 ± 2.75%) of surviving adults under the dry shaded conditions. Significant effects were noticed for both conditions and weeks on the percentage of Aedes survived adults and the time to take to reach adulthood (P < 0.005) during both seasons. Mangifera indica stem treatment was observed caused prolong in time for emergence to adult stage in dry unshaded conditions (12.42 ± 0.29 days) and significantly reduced the fecundity of the F1 generations in both seasons (P < 0.005) with less hatching percentage at 55.67 ± 4.24% during wet shaded conditions. Overall, both plant extracts performed effectively and better than Abate to control Aedes population in the dry season. It can be concluded, that both plant extracts are potential candidatesfor alternative source of biolarvicides.

Technical Bulletin of the FMCA (articles)

Book

Full-text available

Mar 2016

Rui-De Xue

The TBFMCA vol. 10, 2016 published 16 articles including a review about host-seeking and blood feeding behavior of mosquito, Aedes albopictus, 12 research articles, and 3 scientific notes about arbovirus surveillance, biology, behavior, ecology, attractant/repellent, and control methods for mosquitoes and tick..

Entomological Impact and Current Perceptions of Novaluron and Temephos against the Aedes Aegypti (Skuse) Vector of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Arboviruses in a Coastal Town in Ecuador

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016

Objective Two larvicides, temephos (Abate®) and novaluron (Mosquiron®) were compared in a field trial in Colonche, Ecuador against Aedes aegypti (Skuse). Community perceptions of dengue fever along with acceptance of new methods were evaluated. Methods: Homes were inspected for water storage containers and the evaluation of two larvicides was conducted post-application to 189L drums citywide. The city was split in half using the main street to assign treatment areas: the northern part of the city received temephos in 43 drums, while the southern side of the city received novaluron applications in 66 drums. Aedes population density was assessed by eggs counts. Eggs were collected from oviposition traps every 7days for 56 days. A survey was administered to the community to determine dengue related knowledge and risk perception. Results Eggs were reduced from an average of 37 and 15 to 0 at day 7 post-treatment for the temephos and novaluron sites, respectively. Significant reductions were found only at days 7 and 14 for both treatment sites. Most of the respondents thought that protection against mosquito bites was important, however only 50% of them knew about either the locations of larval habitats or source reduction practices. About 16% reported they did not want to use a different larvicide than temephos. Yet, some participants reported concerns about temephos applications. Conclusion Results showed that fewer eggs were collected at pre and post-treatment but were apparently lower in the novaluron site. Both interventions were effective up to 15 days post-application. Short effect could be explained by the lack of knowledge in the community about dengue prevention practices. Interventions need to be tailored to the local ecology and social conditions so they can be effective, thus such should follow the principles of integrated vector management.

Entomological Impact and Current Perceptions of Novaluron and Temephos against the Aedes Aegypti (Skuse) Vector of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Arboviruses in a Coastal Town in Ecuador

Research

Full-text available

Apr 2016

Diana P Naranjo

Objective: Two larvicides, temephos (Abate®) and novaluron (Mosquiron®) were compared in a field trial in Colonche, Ecuador against Aedes aegypti (Skuse). Community perceptions of dengue fever along with acceptance of new methods were evaluated.

Novaluron: prospects and limitations in insect pest management

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2007

ARBOVIRUS SURVEILLANCE REPORT IN ST. JOHNS COUNTY, FLORIDA, 2008-2014

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2015

Arbovirus surveillance is a core function of the Anastasia Mosquito Control Districtin St. Johns County, Florida. This agency largely relies on the use of sentinel chicken flocks to monitor annual incidence of arbovirus transmission. Environmental and arbovirus surveillance data for the years 2008-2014 were analyzed. Total monthly rainfall and mean monthly temperature were found to have significant relationships with eastern equine encephalitis seroconversions in sentinel chicken flocks, while only temperature was found to have a significant influence on West Nile virus seroconversions. The identification of environmental and temporal patterns that influence the transmission of arboviruses is vital to the formation of effective vector management programs

Effectiveness of Novaluron, chitin synthesis inhibitor, on the adult performance of Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Article

Jul 2015

For evaluating the effects of Novaluron on the adult performance of Spodoptera littoralis females, a concentration range of 1.00-0.0001ppm was applied on the newly molted penultimate (5th) instar larvae and a concentration range of 0.10-0.0001ppm was applied on the newly molted last instar larvae. Novaluron failed to affect the adult survival except at the higher concentration levels, regardless the time of treatment. Treatment of last instar larvae resulted in some features of impaired morphogenesis only at the higher two concentrations. On the contrary, no adult deformities had been produced after treatment of penultimate instar larvae. The total adult longevity was significantly shortened, regardless the time of larval treatment. Treatment of penultimate instar larvae with Novaluron resulted in remarkably accelerated the ovarian maturation, at all concentrations except the highest one. On the other hand, a diverse effect was detected after treatment of last instar larvae because Novaluron prohibited this vital process at the higher two concentrations, but remarkably enhanced it at the lower two concentrations. Novaluron exhibited a prevalent stimulatory effect on the reproductive life-time (oviposition period) of adult females to quickly lay eggs during a very short interval, regardless the time of larval treatment.

An Overview of Insect Growth Disruptors; Applied Aspects

Chapter

Dec 2012
ADV INSECT PHYSIOL

Since the initial suggestion of using insect hormones or their mimics as the third-generation insecticides, great strides have been made in the discovery of three classes of such insect growth-disrupting insecticides. We propose the use of the term " insect growth disruptors" instead of the mis-named term " insect growth regulators" We review the commercial insecticides that mimic the mode of action of the insect growth and development hormones, the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormones and the steroidal 20-hydroxyecdysone and the third class of insecticides that disrupt growth and development by interfering with chitin synthesis in target insect pests. In this chapter, the emphasis is on the application of these insecticides to control insect pests and development of resistance. Since the non-steroidal ecdysone agonist insecticides have been extensively reviewed in other chapters of this volume and elsewhere, only salient features of these novel insecticides are discussed.

Factors Potentially Influencing the Abundance of Mosquitoes in Louisiana Rice Fields

Article

Jan 2008

Ana Maria Sanchez de Cuadra

The Impact of Selection with Diflubenzuron, a Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, on the Fitness of Two Brazilian Aedes aegypti Field Populations

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2015
PLOS ONE

Several Aedes aegypti field populations are resistant to neurotoxic insecticides, mainly organophoshates and pyrethroids, which are extensively used as larvicides and adulticides, respectively. Diflubenzuron (DFB), a chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI), was recently approved for use in drinking water, and is presently employed in Brazil for Ae. aegypti control, against populations resistant to the organophosphate temephos. However, tests of DFB efficacy against field Ae. aegypti populations are lacking. In addition, information regarding the dynamics of CSI resistance, and characterization of any potential fitness effects that may arise in conjunction with resistance are essential for new Ae. aegypti control strategies. Here, the efficacy of DFB was evaluated for two Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations known to be resistant to both temephos and the pyrethroid deltamethrin. Laboratory selection for DFB resistance was then performed over six or seven generations, using a fixed dose of insecticide that inhibited 80% of adult emergence in the first generation. The selection process was stopped when adult emergence in the diflubenzuron-treated groups was equivalent to that of the control groups, kept without insecticide. Diflubenzuron was effective against the two Ae. aegypti field populations evaluated, regardless of their resistance level to neurotoxic insecticides. However, only a few generations of DFB selection were sufficient to change the susceptible status of both populations to this compound. Several aspects of mosquito biology were affected in both selected populations, indicating that diflubenzuron resistance acquisition is associated with a fitness cost. We believe that these results can significantly contribute to the design of control strategies involving the use of insect growth regulators.

Evaluation of Moringa Oliefera (Lam) (Moringaceae) Seed oil for Laval control of Aedes Aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae).

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2014

Abstract: Comparative bioassays were carried out with 1st and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) using Moringa oleifera seed oil. This was to investigate whether the oil extract would show lethal effects on the mosquito larvae and to further establish at which point during the larval growth the oil would be effective. The larvae were exposed at ambient laboratory temperatures of 28 ± 20C, 80 ± 5% r.h and photoperiod of 12:12 light and dark hours. Seven dosages of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 µl of oil dissolved in acetone per millilitre of water and control treatments with ordinary acetone were included in the trials. These were arranged on the laboratory bench in a Completely Randomised manner. Larval mortality was recorded at 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours post treatment. Mortality data were subjected to analysis of variance and log-probit regression, accordingly. Results showed that significant (P<0.05) dosage-related morality responses were noted for both instars. Thus, Moringa oil showed significant (P<0.05) toxic action against all larval instars of Ae. aegypti tested. Higher concentrations of the oil resulted in higher kill of the larvae within 12 hours, while sublethal dosages gave low mortality rates. The LD50 values determined were 208.35 µl/ml and 62.94 µl/ml for the 4th and 1st instar larvae, respectively. The present studies therefore, demonstrate that moringa seed oil exhibits significant toxic action against all larval instars of Ae. aegypti especially the 1st instar. Higher levels of toxicity with increasing larval mortality were achieved with increasing dosage levels and longer exposure time. Keywords: Moringa oleifera oil, Aedes aegypti, larval control

2024 AMCA MEMORIAL LECTURE HONOREE: MIR SUBHAN MULLA 1925–2023

Article

Oct 2024

Tianyun Su

From 1979 to 2024, 51 individuals have been recognized as AMCA honorees for their lifetime achievements in mosquito and vector control. Mir Subhan Mulla (1925–2023) was the most recent honoree recognized in March 2024. Mulla received a scholarship in 1948 to attend Cornell University, where he obtained his bachelor’s degree in entomology and parasitology. Mulla received his Ph.D. in entomology at the University of California, Berkeley in 1956, and then joined the University of California, Riverside (UC Riverside) faculty the same year. He retired in 2006 after 50 years of service. As one of the founding faculty in entomology at UC Riverside, Mulla created undergraduate and graduate courses and seminars in medical and veterinary entomology. As a leader in UC Riverside’s world-renowned medical entomology graduate program, he advised 27 Ph.D. students, three master’s students, 20 postdoctoral fellows, and 30 visiting scholars from many countries. Mulla contributed significantly to research and developments in biology, ecology, and control of arthropods of public health and economic importance, including but not limited to mosquitoes, flies, eye gnats, midges, blackflies, and stored product beetles. His work on biorational pesticides was remarkable. He published more than 550 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals. Mulla served the scientific community as a consultant, advisor, member, or chairman with numerous national and international organizations. He guided many universities in the development of their medical entomology programs. Mulla also served as one of the founding scientists of the Society for Vector Ecology (SOVE). He also provided financial support for facilities, faculty, and students at UC Riverside. Additionally, Mulla served as a leader in the Riverside Muslim community. He and his wife Lelia founded the Islamic Society of Riverside and Orange Counties in California. In recognition of Mulla’s excellence in teaching, mentorship, and research, he received numerous prestigious recognitions from universities, communities, and professional organizations. He will be greatly missed by his loving and devoted family, friends, former students, and colleagues here in the USA and abroad.

Behavioral and ultrastructural effects of novaluron on Aedes aegypti larvae

Article

Jun 2021

Chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) are supposed to inhibit formation of chitin microfibrils in newly synthesized cuticle during molting process. Conversely, there has been comparatively few data on morphological effects of CSI on non-target insect organs. In this work, the effects of the CSI novaluron on behavior and midgut of A. aegypti were evaluated. Toxicity bioassays revealed that novaluron is toxic to A. aegypti larva with LC50 = 18.57 mg L-1 when exposed in aqueous solution for 24 h. Novaluron treated larvae were less active and spent more time resting compared to the control group. Histopathology showed that midguts of novaluron-treated larvae had cytoplasm vacuolization and damaged brush border. Cytotoxic effects in midguts of treated larvae induced necrosis, autophagy and damage to mitochondria. Despite being chitin synthesis inhibitor, novaluron did not induce alterations in the integument of A. aegypti larvae. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the number of digestive cells were higher in novaluron-treated larvae than in control, in response to digestive cell apoptosis. The present study highlights the importance of novaluron against A. aegypti larvae by causing injuries to non-target organs, altering behaviors, inducing cell death and inhibiting cell proliferation.

Biocontrol potential of six locally available fish species as predators of Aedes aegypti in Sri Lanka

Article

Apr 2021
BIOL CONTROL

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of six locally abundant fish species to control Aedes mosquito larvae and thereby manage dengue epidemics in a sustainable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner. The biocontrol efficacy of six larvivorous fish species, namely, Poecilia reticulata, Rasbora daniconius, Aplocheilus dayi, Oriochromis mossambicus, O. niloticus and Puntius bimaculatus, was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Five size-matched fish (of the same species) were introduced into separate tanks (replicates) containing 2 L of dechlorinated water and 200 third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.). The number of larvae consumed by each fish species was recorded at three-hour intervals for 24 hours. Acclimatized fish were introduced into a total of eighteen artificial breeding habitats located in the Gampola Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area at the species level with three replications. In addition, three breeding sites without fish were monitored as controls. Aedes larvae were monitored by dipping and siphoning methods in each breeding habitat at weekly intervals for three months and the number of fish surviving in each habitat was tallied. Over 24 hours under laboratory conditions, O. mossambicus showed the highest predation rate, consuming 320.2 ± 14.5 larvae per day, with a predatory efficiency of 87.5 ± 3.5%. In comparison, O. niloticus consumed 264.6 ± 12.2 larvae per day with consumption efficiciency of 78.1 ± 3.7%, whereas R. daniconius had the lowest larval consumption (33.2 ± 2.7 larvae per day) and predatory efficiency (33.2 ± 3.2%). Over 12 weeks of observation under field conditions, breeding sites with Ap. dayi had the lowest Aedes larval counts, followed by Po. reticulata. Considering predation efficiency and survival under field conditions, Ap. dayi and Po. reticulata were considered to be the best potential candidates for biological control of Ae. aegypti. Further studies under field settings are warranted to evaluate the survival and predatory potential of the selected candidates under more varied environmental conditions.

Comparison of novaluron, pyriproxyfen, spinosad and temephos as larvicides against Aedes aegypti in Chiapas, Mexico

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020
SALUD PUBLICA MEXICO

Objective: To compare the efficacy of three modern larvicides with the organophosphate temephos for control of Aedes aegypti in water tanks in Chiapas. Materials and methods: Trials were performed to compare the efficacy of pyriproxyfen, novaluron, two formulations of spinosad (granules and tablets) and temephos in oviposition traps and domestic water tanks. Results: Pyriproxyfen and temephos provided 2-3 weeks of complete control of larvae in oviposition traps, whereas spinosad granules and novaluron provided 7-12 weeks of control. Treatment of water tanks resulted in a significant reduction in oviposition by Ae. aegypti in houses (p<0.001). Higher numbers of larvae were present in temephos and pyriproxyfen-treated water tanks compared to novaluron and spinosad tablet treatments during most of the study. Conclusions: Spinosad formulations and novaluron were effective larvicides in this region. The poor performance of temephos may be indicative of reduced susceptibility in Ae. aegypti populations in Chiapas.

Lufenuron: A Potential Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Against Aedes aegypti L.

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Jan 2020

ABSTRACT Chemical control of dengue vector, Aedes aegypti is impaired due to development of resistance to conventional insecticides. Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) are considered more suitable and effective vector control agents as they specifically inhibit chitin biosynthesis, a process absent in vertebrates, and impose less adverse effects on beneficial insects and the environment. Present study investigates Lufenuron, a Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (CSI), as a control agent of Ae. aegypti. Different instars of Ae. aegypti were exposed to a range of concentrations of Lufenuron as per WHO protocol. The investigations showed the effective hormone-mimetic effect of Lufenuron resulting in the formation of a significant number of larval-pupal and pupal-adult intermediates with the maximum number observed on exposure to L3 (L-P=17%, P-A=21%). Approximately 20% of L2 instars either could not moult and remained trapped inside the new exuviae or possessed bulged abdomen while some showed ruptured exoskeleton. The results showed increase in IE30 from L1 (0.00010 ppm) to L4 stage (0.00013 ppm); the L2 stage exhibiting maximum IE30 (0.00025 ppm). The median emergence suppression (IE50) doses of the Lufenuron were found to be 0.00057 ppm for L1, 0.00047 ppm for L2, 0.00050 ppm for L3 and 0.00096 ppm for L4. The results also revealed increased duration of larval development and inability of pupae to develop into adults, as compared to the controls. The investigations indicate the potential use of Lufenuron as the control agent of Ae. aegypti. Further research is being conducted to understand its mode of action to develop effective control strategies. Keywords: Aedes aegypti, growth inhibition, intermediates, Lufenuron, hormone-mimetic (1) (PDF) Lufenuron: A Potential Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Against Aedes aegypti L.. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341470881_Lufenuron_A_Potential_Chitin_Synthesis_Inhibitor_Against_Aedes_aegypti_L [accessed Jan 04 2021].

Insect Hormones (As Pesticides)

Chapter

Dec 2016

This chapter gives an overview of hormones in pest management covering aspects including physiology of insect hormones; concept of insect growth regulators (IGRs); a brief history and evolution of hormone insecticides including juvenile hormone analogues, chitin synthesis inhibitors and ecdysone agonists with details of historical aspects of discovery; innovations on structural modifications leading to development of novel analogues; utility of IGRS in management of crop pests, stored products, in public health and urban pest management; termite management; their impact on natural enemies of crop pests, bees, and other pollinators; and development of resistance in insects to IGRS.

Deteriorated acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in certain tissues of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by some novel chitin synthesis inhibitors.

Article

Feb 2016

Tanani, M.; Ghoneim, K.; Hamadah, Kh.; Basiouny, A. and Waheeb, H. (2016): Disruptive effects of some novel chitin synthesis inhibitors on the Transaminase activity in larval tissues of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology, 2(1): 1-12.

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2016

Slow- Release Formulations of Two Insect Growth Regulators for Long-Term Control of the Larvae of the House Mosquito Culex pipiens L. (Diptera:Culicidae) in Jeddah Governorate.

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2011

Biorational agents: Mechanism and importance in IPM and IRM programs for controlling agricultural pests

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2001

Biorational agents in IPM and IRM programs for controlling agricultural pests

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2001
Mededelingen

Among the new approaches for controlling agricultural pests is the development of novel compounds affecting specific processes in insects such as chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile hormone mimics and ecdysone agonists. In addition, efforts have been made to develop compounds acting selectively on groups of insects by inhibiting or enhancing biochemical sites such as respiration (diafenthiuron), the nicotinyl acetylcholine receptors (imidacloprid and acetamiprid), the GABA receptors (avermectins), the salivary glands of sucking pests (pymetrozine) and others. Among the most recent novel insecticides with selective properties are novaluron, thiamethoxam, emamectin and spinosad. Novaluron (Rimon) is a novel chitin synthesis inhibitor that acts by both ingestion and contact. It is a powerful suppressor of lepidopteran larvae such as Spodoptera littoralis and Helicoverpa armigera (by ingestion) and of whiteflies such as Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (by contact). Thiamethoxam (Actarn), a novel neonicotinoid acts specifically on aphids and whiteflies. Emamectin (Proclaim), an avermectin derivative acts on GABA receptor affecting diversity of insects such as mites, lepidopterans and thrips. Spinosad (Tracer) seems to act on both acetylcholine and GABA receptors affecting diversity of insect species and is considered an important agent for controlling the western flower thrips.

Procedures for the evaluation of field efficacy of slow-release formulations of larvicides against Aedes aegypti in water-storage containers

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2004

In Thailand, water-storage jars, barrels, drums, pails, and tanks constitute vast developmental sites for Aedes aegypti in urban, semiurban, and rural areas. Earthen water jars, cement jars, and concrete tanks constitute the greatest proportion of artificial containers where Ae. aegypti breed. This species is a major vector of the causal agents of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, and vector control by larviciding is one of the main approaches to disease control. At present, temephos sand granules (SG) (1%) are used in large-scale community-based larviciding programs. Because of the use of this larvicide over the past 30 years, the likelihood exists that Ae. aegypti already has become resistant to this larvicide. To develop more options for control and make them available for use, we evaluated VectoBac tablets (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis [Bti] 5%) and a new formulation of zeolite granules (ZG) of temephos (1%) and compared these formulations for efficacy with temephos SG (1%) in water-storage jars. In these tests, we used 48 identical glazed earthen water-storage jars (200-liter capacity) and developed quantitative sampling procedures for larvae, pupae, and pupal skins. Pupal skins were the easiest to count and this technique was used for the 1st time for assessing emergence of adults in water-storage containers. Three water regimens were used: full jars, half-full jars, and full jars emptied half way and refilled weekly. The 3 formulations with 3 regimens of water were assessed over a period of 6 months. VectoBac tablets at the dosage of 1 tablet or 0.37 g per 50 liters of water provided excellent control for about 112 days in full water jars. In the other 2 water regimens, VectoBac gave excellent control for 90 days. The 2 temephos formulations at the operational rate of 5 g per 50 liters of water were equal in efficacy, yielding almost 100% control for more than 6 months. Unlike temephos SG, the temephos ZG had no objectionable odor. Both the temephos ZG and Bti tablets increased clarity of the water, a feature desired by the users. Lack of odor and depression of turbidity are important attributes of Bti tablets and temephos ZG.

Efficacy and longevity of a new formulation of temephos larvicide tested in village-scale trials against larval Aedes aegypti in water-storage containers

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2004

Field trials on the initial and long-term efficacy of a new formulation of temephos granules (1% on zeolite) applied at 1 ppm active ingredient (AI) were conducted in water-storage containers against Aedes aegypti in 3 villages in the Kanchanaburi Province in Thailand. A total of 316 water-storage containers of various types and sizes were included in the study. In the initial survey, we found that some containers were positive for larval Ae. aegypti, whereas others were devoid of larvae before the initiation of treatments. The containers all were numbered with paint and divided into 4 groups: with larvae and treated, without larvae and treated, with larvae untreated, and without larvae and untreated. Assessment of larval abundance was made 48 h after treatment and monthly thereafter for 5 months. Containers with larvae and that were treated exhibited almost complete absence of larval Ae. aegypti for 2 months, but a small proportion became positive after 3 months. Most of these positive containers were devoid of zeolite granules, which are visible in the containers. The number of positive containers increased in months 4 and 5, despite the fact that residues of temephos granules were present in some of the larvae-positive containers. The containers initially without larvae and treated with temephos essentially were devoid of larvae for 2 months. After 3, 4, and 5 months, about 6-23% of the containers became positive despite the fact that some had visible amounts of temephos granules. In the 2 control groups initially with and without larvae, sustained and consistent production of larvae occurred. Even in the group initially without a larval population, the containers became positive for larvae 1 month after the start of the experiment and the positivity rate increased as the trial progressed. From these studies, the conclusion can be made that a single application of temephos zeolite granules at 1 ppm AI can provide highly satisfactory control of larval Ae. aegypti in water-storage containers for at least 3 months in the field under normal water-use practices.

Insect growth regulators for the control of mosquito pests and disease vectors

Article

Jan 1991

M.S. Mulla

Comparative evaluation of some chitin synthesis inhibitors as insecticides against Colorado beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say

Article

Jan 1992
Pestic Sci

The bioactivity of the chitin synthesis inhibitors, chlorfluazuron, hexa-flumuron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron and GR 572(novaluron) used in commercial or experimental formulations against larvae of Colorado beetle, Leplinotarsa decemlineata Say in laboratory and field experiments was evaluated during 1985–90. All compounds showed high potential for control of the pest. The activity mainly depended on the period of time after treatment. Higher activity was found on younger larvae. A shailow dose-response relationship was observed for a given larval stage, particularly at the last observation, 15 days after treatment. A single treatment is able to suppress the pest population density below a dangerous level during the whole season. Observations showed that long-term activity resulted from stomach and contact larvicidal action, reduced egg viability and antifeedant effect.

Impact of new insect growth regulators and their formulations on mosquito larval development in impoundment and flood-water habitats

Article

Apr 1989

Four insect growth regulators were evaluated in the laboratory and field. In the laboratory, AC-291898 showed excellent activity, inducing 90% mortality in Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti at 0.5-0.7 ppb. The EC formulation of XRD-473 was slightly more active than the technical material with an LC90 of 0.84 ppb and 0.92 ppb against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. In the field, AC-291898 at the rates of 0.005 and 0.01 lb AI/acre caused 85 and 100% inhibition of adult emergence of Cx. tarsalis 2 days after treatment. Activity, however, declined at the low rate, while the high rate remained active for more than 7 days. In the same species, XRD-473 induced complete inhibition of adult emergence 2 days after treatment at the rates of 0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 lb AI/acre. At the low rate (0.01 lb AI/acre), activity declined markedly, while the 2 higher rates remained active for one week. In Cx. peus larvae, AC-291898 at the rates of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.025 lb AI/acre produced complete inhibition of adult emergence 2 days after treatment, but activity declined at the 2 lower rates 7 days after treatment, while the high rate (0.025 lb AI/acre) remained active for more than one week. Methoprene (4%) pellets were effective against Cx. tarsalis for 7 days at the rates of 0.25 lb AI/acre whereas 0.5 lb AI/acre was required to obtain similar results against Cx. peus larvae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Laboratory toxicity of a new benzoylphenylurea insect growth regulator (UC-84572) against mosquitoes and chironomid midges

Article

Jul 1987

Evaluation of new insect growth regulators against mosquitoes with notes on nontarget organisms

Article

Oct 1986

Three new insect growth regulators (IGRs) were tested against Culex, Aedes and Psorophora mosquitoes. In the laboratory the 3 IGRs were active in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 ppb against Cx. quinquefasciatus. In field tests, the IGRs fenoxycarb and S-31183 formulations yielded complete control of floodwater mosquitoes at the rates of 0.005 to 0.01 lb AI/acre. In field tests against Cx. tarsalis, S-31183 formulations produced complete inhibition of emergence at the rates of 0.005 to 0.025 lb AI/acre. Fenoxycarb formulation produced similar results at the rate of 0.1 lb AI/acre. It is possible that initial and residual field activity of both IGRs can be increased by employing suitable formulations.

Evaluation of two new insect growth regulators against mosquitoes in the laboratory

Article

Apr 1986

Biological activity of two new IGRs was studied under laboratory conditions against 2nd- and 4th-instar larvae and pupae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Aedes aegypti and Culex tarsalis. The IGR S-21149, an oxime [0-(2-(4'-Phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl propionaldoxime], produced an overall mortality or inhibition of emergence of 95% (when 4th instar treated) at 0.0047, 0.0013 and 0.00041 mg/liter in the three species, respectively. The EI95 values for the second IGR S-31183, a pyridine compound, [1-(4'-Phenoxyphenoxy)-2-(2'pyridyloxy) propane] were 0.017, 0.0026 and 0.00032 mg/liter for the three species, respectively. Both materials in general were less active against 2nd than 4th-instar larvae, except that the 2nd- and 4th instars of An. quadrimaculatus were equally susceptible. Pupae treated at up to 0.1 mg/liter showed no mortality in the pupal or the ensuing adult stages.

Laboratory and field evaluation of the IGR fenoxycarb against mosquitoes

Article

Jan 1986

A new juvenile hormone mimic [fenoxycarb or RO13-5223 ethyl-(p-phenoxyphenoxy) ethylcarbamate] was evaluated in the field against Culex tarsalis in stagnant water ponds, Psorophora columbiae and Aedes melanimon in irrigated pastures. This material, showing high level of activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus in laboratory, was found to be highly effective against field populations of the 3 former species. A 5% attaclay granular formation yielded 100% inhibition of emergence in Cx. tarsalis at the rate of 0.1 lb/acre ai, 2 days after treatment. The extent of control declined markedly 7 days after treatment. An EC and 1% sand coated granular formulation yielded poor control providing 91 and 69% inhibition of emergence 2 days posttreatment at the high rate of 0.25 lb/acre ai. The 2 flood water mosquitoes were about 10 X more susceptible than Cx. tarsalis. The EC and 1% attaclay granular formulations produced 100% inhibition of emergence of the floodwater mosquitoes Ps. columbiae and Ae. melanimon in irrigated pastures at the rate of 0.01 lb/acre ai, while Cx. tarsalis required 0.1 lb/acre ai for this level of EI. Most of the mortality in treatments with this insect growth regulator was noted in the pupal stage, very few dying in the larval stage or as adults upon emergence. From extensive field studies, it can be concluded that fenoxycarb has excellent potential in operational mosquito control programs.

The future of insect growth regulators in vector control

Article

Jul 1995

Mir S. Mulla

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are diverse groups of chemical compounds that are highly active against larvae of mosquitoes and other insects. The IGRs in general have a good margin of safety to most nontarget biota including invertebrates, fish, birds, and other wildlife. They are also relatively safe to man and domestic animals. The IGR compounds do not induce quick mortality in the preimaginal stages treated. Mortality occurs many days later after treatment. This is indeed a desirable feature of a control agent because larvae of mosquitoes and other vectors are an important source of food for fish and wildlife. On account of these advantages of IGRs and the high level of activity against target species, it is likely that IGRs will play an important role in vector control programs in the future.

Laboratory and field evaluations of novaluron, a new insect growth regulator (IGR), against Culex mosquitoes

Article

Jan 2004

Limited laboratory and field studies have indicated that the insect growth regulator (IGR) novaluron exhibits good activity against larvae of pest species in the orders Coleoptera, Hemiptera (suborder Heteroptera), and Lepidoptera by both ingestion and contact. We completed laboratory and field studies to evaluate activity and efficacy of novaluron against Culex mosquitoes. In laboratory studies, novaluron was highly active against Cx. quinquefasciatus, as indicated by low levels of inhibition of emergency (IE), at the 50% level, IE50 (0.159 ppb for 2nd-stage larvae and 0.118 ppb for 4th-stage larvae) and IE90, at the 90% level, (0.604 ppb for 2nd-stage larvae and 0.595 ppb for 4th-stage larvae). In outdoor microcosm and mesocosm studies against natural populations, novaluron yielded excellent control of immature Culex mosquitoes for up to 14 days at 1.25, 2.5, and 5 ppb in microcosms, and for up to 7 days at the dosages of 1, 5, and 10 mg/m2 in mesocosms. Based on qualitative observations, novaluron seemed to have a favorable margin of safety for nontarget aquatic invertebrates cohabiting with mosquito larvae. Further large-scale field studies are warranted to evaluate initial efficacy and longevity of novaluron against various mosquito species, as well as its safety for nontarget biota.

Polo-PC: A user's guide to probit or logit analysis

Jan 1987

Leora Software

LeOra Software. 1987. Polo-PC: A user's guide to probit or logit analysis. LeOra Software, Berkely, California.

Novaluron (MCW-275), a novel benzoylphenyl urea, suppressing developing stages of Lepidoptera, white fly and leafminer pests

Dec 1996

I Ishaaya
S Yablonski
Z Mendelson
Y Mansour
A R Horowitz

Ishaaya, I., S.Yablonski, Z. Mendelson, Y. Mansour, and A.R. Horowitz. 1996. Novaluron (MCW-275), a novel benzoylphenyl urea, suppressing developing stages of Lepidoptera, white fly and leafminer pests. International Conference, British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, England (Nov 18-21, 1996).

Acylurea insect growth regulators in integrated control of forest pest insects Biological and integrated forest protection. Third meeting of the E. Palearctic section. International Org

Jan 1994
251-259

H Malinowski

Malinowski, H. 1995. Acylurea insect growth regulators in integrated control of forest pest insects. In: H. Malinowski, and G. Tsankov (eds.) Biological and integrated forest protection. Third meeting of the E. Palearctic section. International Org. Biol. Control. Sekocin, Poland. September 12-16, 1994, pp. 251- 259.

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Novaluron a New Acylurea Insect Growth Regulator against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract

No full-text available

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