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Anti-inflammatory agents from Sandoricum koetjape Merr
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of the stem extracts of Sandoricum koetjape was investigated on topical administration using the TPA (tetradecanoylphorbol acetate)-induced mouse ear inflammation model. Bioassay-guided chromatographic fractionation of active fractions led to the isolation 3-oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid and katonic acid as the bioactive principles responsible for the anti-inflammatory acitivity. The percentage of inhibition exhibited by 3-oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid was almost equivalent to indomethacin.
... Moreover, its extracts have also been reported to exhibit anticoagulation [5], cytotoxicity against colorectal carcinoma HCT 116 cell line [6], and antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities [7]. In addition, previously chemical investigations revealed the presence of triterpenoids [8][9][10], seco-triterpenoids [4,11,12], and limonoids [13][14][15][16][17][18], which are endowed with various bioactivities such as acting as anti-inflammatory [10], antifeedant, and cancer chemopreventive agents [19]; possessing cytotoxicity; and being an inhibitor of NO production [16] and DNA polymerase β [12]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report regarding the α-glucosidase inhibition of compounds isolated from S. koetjape. ...
... Moreover, its extracts have also been reported to exhibit anticoagulation [5], cytotoxicity against colorectal carcinoma HCT 116 cell line [6], and antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities [7]. In addition, previously chemical investigations revealed the presence of triterpenoids [8][9][10], seco-triterpenoids [4,11,12], and limonoids [13][14][15][16][17][18], which are endowed with various bioactivities such as acting as anti-inflammatory [10], antifeedant, and cancer chemopreventive agents [19]; possessing cytotoxicity; and being an inhibitor of NO production [16] and DNA polymerase β [12]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report regarding the α-glucosidase inhibition of compounds isolated from S. koetjape. ...
... To the best of our knowledge, there is no report regarding the α-glucosidase inhibition of compounds isolated from S. koetjape. In this paper, we reported the isolation, structural elucidation, and enzyme inhibitory evaluation of two new cycloartane triterpenoids, compound (1-2) along with ten known compounds which are 16R,22R-dihydroxycycloartenone (3) [20], phellochin (4) [21], [21α-methylmelianol (21R,23R) epoxy-24hydroxy-21α-methoxyl]triucalla-7,25-dien-3-one (5) [22], katonic acid (6) [10], katononic acid (7) [10], koetjapic acid (8) [23], isoscutellarein (9) [24], quercetin (10) [25], 3,4-dihydroxylbenzoic acid (11) [26], and methyl 3,4-dihydroxylbenzoate (12) [26] (Fig. 1). ...
The preliminary α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the methanol extract of the leaves of Sandoricum koetjape Merr. exhibited promising results. The leaves was extracted with methanol to obtain the methanol extract that was continuedly partitioned with hexane and ethyl acetate. Those fractions were further purified by various chromatographic techniques. The isolation of the potent fractions furnished two new cycloartane-type triterpenoids (1 and 2) along with ten known compounds (3–12). Their chemical structures were unambiguously established by interpretation of NMR (1 D & 2 D) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) data. Furthermore, the configurations of two new compounds were determined by using NOESY spectrum as well as comparing their NMR data to the reference. These compounds were evaluated against α-glucosidase. All tested compounds revealed potent activity with IC50 value in the range of 2.17–49.2 µM compared to that of acarbose (IC50 100.6 µM). Compound 10 showed the lowest IC50 value. This compound was reported as a mixed-type inhibitor. Compound 3 possessed the second strong activity with an IC50 value of 14.0 μM and was further investigated on kinetic analysis which revealed as a mixed-type inhibitor with Ki and Ki′ values of 59.1 and 155.2 μM, respectively.
... A casca e a planta inteira são utilizadas pela medicina tradicional para o tratamento de cólica e leucorréia na Malásia e Indonésia, enquanto que na Tailândia, é utilizado o chá da sua folha para tratamento de febre (Ismail et al., 2004;Edfi et al., 2012). Os frutos são comestíveis e possuem polpa macia e saborosa, passíveis de elaboração de diversas receitas (Rasadah et al., 2004;Ismail et al., 2004;Ikram, 2009). ...
... As frutas de santol geralmente são consumidas frescas e utilizadas para a produção de doces, geleias e produtos de confeitaria, assim como na elaboração de bebida alcoólica fermentada (Rasadah et al., 2004;Morton, 1987). Ademais, os frutos de santol apresentam em sua composição grande quantidade de antioxidantes, como betacaroteno, substâncias bioativas e flavanóides, além de alta concentração de vitamina C (Chutichudet et al., 2008). ...
... Ademais, os frutos de santol apresentam em sua composição grande quantidade de antioxidantes, como betacaroteno, substâncias bioativas e flavanóides, além de alta concentração de vitamina C (Chutichudet et al., 2008). Esses compostos possuem nutrientes com propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias, anticancerígenas e capacidade de combater doenças cardíacas-coronárias (Rasadah et al., 2004;Benjawan & Chutichudet, 2009;Chutichudet et al., 2008). Os frutos escurecem com facilidade provavelmente pela presença de enzimas oxidativas. ...
... For the biological properties of Sandoricum koetjape and koetjapic acid, see: Aisha et al. (2009); Kaneda et al. (1992); Sun et al. (1999); Ismail et al. (2003); Rasadah et al. (2004). For ring puckering parameters, see: Cremer & Pople (1975). ...
... Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL; molecular graphics: SHELXTL; software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL and PLATON (Spek, 2009 organic compounds chromatography and was studied for cytotoxic activity (Kaneda et al., 1992). This compound was found to possess DNA polymerase β inhibition (Sun et al., 1999), ichthyotoxic (Ismail et al., 2003), and anti-inflammatory properties (Rasadah et al., 2004). The structure of koetjapic acid was established previously by several research groups from spectral evidence (Kaneda et al., 1992;Rasadah et al., 2004;Sun et al., 1999). ...
... This compound was found to possess DNA polymerase β inhibition (Sun et al., 1999), ichthyotoxic (Ismail et al., 2003), and anti-inflammatory properties (Rasadah et al., 2004). The structure of koetjapic acid was established previously by several research groups from spectral evidence (Kaneda et al., 1992;Rasadah et al., 2004;Sun et al., 1999). Herein we describe a new simple method to purify koetjapic acid from Sandoricum koetjape. ...
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C30H46O4·0.5CHCl3, consists of one koetjapic acid [systematic name: (3R,4aR,4bS,7S,8S,10bS,12aS)-7-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,4b,7,10b,12a-pentamethyl-8-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,9,10,10b,11,12,12a-hexadecahydrochrysene-3-carboxylic acid] molecule and one half-molecule of chloroform solvent, which is disordered about a twofold rotation axis. The symmetry-independent component is further disordered over two sites, with occupancies of 0.30 and 0.20. The koetjapic acid contains a fused four-ring system, A/B/C/D. The A/B, B/C and C/D junctions adopt E/trans/cis configurations, respectively. The conformation of ring A is intermediate between envelope and half-chair and ring B adopts an envelope conformation whereas rings C and D adopt chair conformations. A weak intramolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed. The koetjapic acid molecules are linked into dimers by two pairs of intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The dimers are stacked along the c axis.
... KJA obtained from the stem bark of an evergreen plant, S. koetjape, is a seco-A-ring oleanane triterpene with antitumor properties against different human cancers [24,25]. Besides anticancer activities, KJA also has an antibacterial [26], anti-inflammatory [27], and ichthyotoxic and chemopreventive properties [28] (Fig. 2). So far, literature indicated that KJA promotes cancer cell death and causes angiogenesis regression, as discussed below. ...
... Moreover, KJA was also found to reduce the expression of COX-2 enzyme, but phospholipase A2 can also be a target for inhibiting the production of PGE2 [54]. KJA inhibited the inflammatory response when administered orally (50 mg/kg) to the rat model of the paw oedema [27]. The compound was also found to inactivate the COX-2 activity by potentially binding to its active site, as several in silico molecular docking analyses showed. ...
Scientists have been compelled to search for alternative treatments due to the increasing prevalence of chemoresistance as well as the agonising and distressing side effects of both chemotherapy and radiation. Plant extracts have been exploited to treat various medical conditions for ages. Considering this fact, the main focus of various recent studies that are being conducted to find new and potent anticancer drugs involves the identification and utilisation of potential therapeutic chemicals present in plant extracts. Koetjapic acid (KJA), which belongs to the family of triterpenes, is primarily isolated from Sandoricum koetjape. Ongoing investigations into its therapeutic applications have revealed its tendency to impede the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Koetjapic acid activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and promotes the death of cancer cells. Moreover, it inhibits angiogenesis and the dissemination of tumour (metastasis) by targeting the VEGF signalling cascade. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanism of anticancer activity of koetjapic acid, providing significant insight into the compound’s potential as an anticancer agent.
... Many health benefits have been attributed to the consumption of the pulp of fresh santol fruits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as anticancer activities (Rasadah et al., 2004;Anantachoke et al., 2016;Abu Bakar et al., 2018). But what are the bioactive natural products isolated from santol fruits and Sandoricum koetjape trees? ...
... A crude methanolic extract of S. koetjape has revealed a marked anti-inflammatory activity in a model of tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear inflammation. From this extract, two active triterpenes were isolated and characterized: 3-oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid and katonic acid (8) (Rasadah et al., 2004). The former is an ichthyotoxic triterpenoid that exhibits significant toxicity to killifish (Oryzias latipes) (Ismail, Ito, Mukainaka, et al., 2003). ...
The santol tree (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) is largely distributed in Southeast Asia. It produces useful timber and edible fruits, consumed fresh, and transformed. It has a wide range of traditional medicinal uses for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and digestive troubles. Numerous bioactive natural products have been isolated from the roots, leaves, stems, and fruits of S. koetjape, including flavonoids, limonoids, and terpenoids. The seeds are considered toxic and contain insecticidal limonoids. The present review provides a survey of the natural products isolated from different parts of the plant and discusses their pharmacological properties. Information on S. koetjape was collected through databases and analyzed, leading to the identification of about 30 natural products of interest. Bioactive compounds include limonoids, such as sandoripins A‐B, sanjecumins A‐B, and sandrapins A‐E, and flavonoids with antioxidant, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties such as sandoricin and sandoripin derivatives. The santol plant contains various anti‐inflammatory triterpenes, such as sentulic acid and koetjapic acid (KA). KA is the main product found in santol and a few other plants. This tetracyclic triterpenoid is endowed with anti‐inflammatory and anticancer properties, with marked antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects. Its potential molecular targets are discussed, notably the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and other proteins (cyclooxygenase 2, DNA polymerase‐β). The water‐soluble derivative potassium koetjapate (KK) affords an orally bioavailable derivative, with superior antiangiogenic properties compared to KA. The health benefits associated with the consumption of santol fruits shall be further considered, and the design of hemi‐synthetic analogs of KA encouraged.
Practical applications
The fruits of the santol tree are largely consumed in Asia and different parts of the plant (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) are used in traditional medicine. Diverse bioactive terpenoids have been isolated from the plant. Their pharmacological properties are reviewed here, with a focus on the triterpene koetjapic acid which displays marked anti‐inflammatory and anticancer properties. Several other bioactive natural products, including limonoids and flavonoids, are evoked as well, to shed light on the many active compounds found in the fruits and the whole plant. For a healthy life, the use of the plant in phytomedicine and the consumption of the santol fruit should be encouraged.
... An aqueous extract of S. koetjape bark is used traditionally in Malaysia as a tonic after giving birth [32] . The biological and phamarcological properties of pure compounds isolated from different parts of S. koetjape have been reported to have an anti-viral [33] , anti-inflammatory [32] and anticancer activities [34] . ...
... An aqueous extract of S. koetjape bark is used traditionally in Malaysia as a tonic after giving birth [32] . The biological and phamarcological properties of pure compounds isolated from different parts of S. koetjape have been reported to have an anti-viral [33] , anti-inflammatory [32] and anticancer activities [34] . The roots of S. koetjape are used to treat intestinal disorders throughout Southeast Asia and we are the first to report its anti-E. ...
Objective
To investigate the antiprotozoal activity of medicinal plant extracts and isolated active compounds from the most active plant.
Methods
Twenty one medicinal plants with ethnobotanical use in Thailand, which were claimed to have anti-diarrhoeal or anti-parasitic activity, were screened for their anti-intestinal protozoan activity against Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) and Giardia intestinalis (G. intestinalis). The most active compound was isolated and tested against E. histolytica and G. intestinalis.
Results
An acetone extract of Coptosapelta flavescens was the most active against both E. histolytica and G. intestinalis (minimal inhibitory concentration=125 and 15.63 μg/mL, respectively). Two anthraquinones and one naphthoquinone were isolated. The compound 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone was the most active chemical against E. histolytica and G. intestinalis with minimal inhibitory concentration values of 20 and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively. In time killing assay, the percentage of viable G. intestinalis, when compare to control, after expose to compound 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone showed significantly (P<0.05) lower than when exposed to a standard drug, metronidazole, at 6 and 12 h of incubation time. While for E. histolytica, its activity was comparable to metronidazole.
Conclusions
These observations provide preliminary evidence that 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone from Coptosapelta flavescens can be considered to be a potential anti-parasitic agent against E. histolytica and G. intestinalis infections.
... In vitro studies showed the pharmacological potential of Sandoricum koetjape extract including antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antitumor, and insecticide activities (10). Sandoricum koetjape also has anti-inflammatory activity against tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) (11,12). Sandoricum koetjape stem extract as anti-fungi activity against Candida albicans (13) Phenolic acid is composed of phenol (an aromatic ring with at least one hydroxyl substituent) and at least one organic carboxylic acid (14). ...
... 6 Sentul fruit can be eaten and is also used in traditional medicinal herbs such as the roots can treat diarrhea, the leaves can relieve fever, and the powdered part of the stem can be used as an anthelmintic. 7 Several researchers have proven the efficacy of the Sentul plant as a vaginal discharge medicine, namely reporting that the methanol extract of Sentul bark can inhibit the growth of Candida albican fungus by 39.65%. 8 In addition, the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of the Sentul harp plant also has anti-bacterial activity. ...
Introduction: Infectious mouth diseases are caused by microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. Sentul fruit peel extract contains several phytochemical compounds, flavonoid compounds, saponins and tannins are aromatic hydroxyl groups that act as antibacterial so that they can be used as a treatment for infections of the mouth. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory ability of Sentul fruit peel extract (Sandoricum koetjape) against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria which can cause oral infections. Method: Sentul fruit peel simplicia was extracted by maceration method with ethanol for 24 hours. The maceration method was chosen in this study because it is a method that is easy to do and uses simple tools, which is enough to soak the sample in a solvent. A filtering process followed this and the filtrate was then evaporated with a vacuum rotary evaporator at a temperature of 45oC, so that a thick extract was produced. The maceration process was repeated 2 times. After the extraction process, then proceed with liquid-liquid fractionation using distilled water. The thick extract was put into a separating funnel and distilled water was added. Then it was shaken and the aquadest fraction was taken, followed by evaporation with a vacuum rotary evaporator at 45oC, so that the aqua fraction of the ethanol extract was produced. Result: The results showed that the Sentul fruit peel extract was able to inhibit the growth of S. mutans and S. aureus bacteria as seen from the formation of a clear zone. Based on the ANOVA test, the extract concentration treatment had a significant effect (p<0.005) on the diameter of the clear zone on S. mutans and S. aureus bacteria. Positive control (streptomycin) showed significant differences in Duncan's test, because it produced the greatest antibacterial activity against test bacteria compared to negative control and various extract concentrations. The diameter of the clear zone in the positive control against S. mutans and S. aureus bacteria were 17.63±0.28 mm and 17.62±1.04 mm, respectively. Sentul peel ethanol extract of aqua fraction at a concentration of 100% gave the highest inhibition zone compared to concentrations of 75%, 50%, and 25%, although it was still smaller than the diameter of the clear zone in the positive control. In bacteria S. mutans, the ethanol extract of Sentul peel aqua fraction at a concentration of 100% gave a clear zone diameter of 14.31±1.06 mm and in S. aureus bacteria it gave a clear zone diameter of 15.34±1.81 mm. Conclusion: Sentul fruit peel extract (Sandoricum koetjape) has the ability to inhibit Streptococcus mutans bacteria and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria.
... Studies have postulated that A. carambola could play a role via the croton oil-induced inflammatory cascade, such as protein kinase, phospholipase A 2 activaton, cyclooxygenase-2 induction and cytokine productions [71,72]. Several parts of S. koetjape were also found to have potent anti-inflammatory effects, where 3oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid and katonic acid from S. koetjape stem were found to be the bioactive responsible for antiinflammatory activity and the percentage of inhibition of 3oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid was almost equivalent to indometachin [73]. ...
Underutilized plants are referred to a plant species whose potential is not fully utilized yet and they are usually found abundantly in certain local areas but are globally rare. Sabah is known for high biodiversity and contains many underutilized plants. To our knowledge, this is the first review to provide overview information of the medicinal value and pharmacological properties of underutilized plants in Sabah. Extract and metabolites in different parts of several underutilized plants contain multiple beneficial bioactive compounds and the exploitation of these compounds was supported by additional data that plays various biological activities, including anti-atherosclerotic, anti-cancer antihypercholesterolemic and anti-ulcerogenic. A handful of pharmacological studies on these underutilized plants have conclusively outlined the mode of action in treatment of several diseases and in other health aspects. This paper limits its scope to review and highlight the potential of using underutilized plants in Sabah only which could serve as reliable resource for health product development in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical through continuous discovering of more active and sustainable resources as well as ingredients for food and medicine
... It has also been reported to have anti-carcinogenic, ichthyotoxic, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. 16,17,18,19 Different studies have been made to investigate the anti-angiogenic properties of S. ...
This is an experimental research for the comparison between the anti-angiogenic properties of Sandoricum koetjape (santol) bark extract and Moringa oleifera (malunggay) leaf extract on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The extracts were applied to 5mm filter paper discs and were subjected to CAM assay. Photographs of the CAM were compared by manual counting of the branch points of blood vessels. At 100ug, results showed significant anti-angiogenic effects for both santol and malunggay extracts. Santol bark extract showed a reduction in the mean number of junctions from 36.58±21.428 to 29.83±19.168 before and after treatment. Additionally, malunggay leaf extract showed a mean number of junction reductions from 48.08±14.792 to 36.50±9.259 before and after treatment. The paired t-test for the significant effect of both extracts showed that the Sandoricum koetjape and Moringa oleifera had p-values < 0.05 (p-value = 0.009 and 0.002, respectively), indicating a significant effect of the extracts on the number of junctions. However, on the t-test for equality of means comparing their anti-angiogenic properties, the p-value is > 0.05 (p-value = 0.196) demonstrating an insignificant relationship between the two extract groups, despite both showing effectiveness individually.
... ( 1 H và 13 [4][5][6][7]. ...
Sandoricum koetjape (Meliaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, and as a tonic for women after giving birth. We have studied the chemical constituents of an ethyl acetate extract of the bark of the species collected in Binh Duong Province and isolated five compounds, bryononic acid, 3-oxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid, koetjapic acid, 4-methylbenzoic acid and 4-methylbenzoate ethyl. Structure elucidation was performed using mainly 1- D and 2-D NMR techniques.
... For instance, a significant highest paw edema inhibition (93.34%) was observed in rats at a dose of 300 mg/kg of the Ardisia crispa (Mata pelandok) root extract [51]. Another study also showed that a significant highest inhibition was observed in two isolated compounds from Sandoricum koetjape stems, 3-oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid and katonic acid with 94% and 81%, respectively, where 3-oxo-olean-12en-29-oic acid had the percentage inhibition almost similar to the reference drug, indomethacin (97%) [71]. ...
This article aims to provide detailed information on Malaysian plants used for treating inflammation. An extensive search on electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ScienceDirect and conference papers was done to find relevant articles on anti-inflammatory activity of Malaysian medicinal plants. e keyword search terms used were "inflammation," "Malaysia," "medicinal plants," "mechanisms," "in vitro," and "in vivo." As a result, 96 articles on anti-inflammatory activity of Malaysian medicinal plants were found and further reviewed. Forty-six (46) plants (in vitro) and 30 plants (in vivo) have been identified to possess anti-inflammatory activity where two plants, Melicope ptelefolia (Tenggek burung) and Portulaca oleracea (Gelang pasir), were reported to have the strongest anti-inflammatory activity of more than 90% at a concentration of 250 µg/ml. It was showed that the activity was mainly due to the occurrence of diverse naturally occurring phytochemicals from diverse groups such as flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, steroids, benzophenone, triterpenoids, curcuminoids, and cinnamic acid. Hence, this current review is a detailed discussion on the potential of Malaysian medicinal plants as an anti-inflammatory agent from the previous studies. However, further investigation on the possible underlying mechanisms and isolation of active compounds still remains to be investigated.
... Saponins are also known to possess antiinflammatory (Balandrin, 1996), hypocholesterolemic (Oakenfull, 1996) and immune-stimulating (Klausner, 1988) properties. Similarly terpenoids are also having various pharmacological activities like anti-viral, anti-bacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and anti-cancer (Mahato and Sen, 1997;Kaneda et al., 1992;Rasadah et al., 2004Muhammad et al., 2000. We have also reported the presence of these groups of phytocompounds in different parts of G. superba, C.specious and R. serpentine studied which is responsible for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical values of these plants. ...
Chhattisgarh, the herbal state houses with rich and unique biodiversity of medicinal plants which are widely used by traditional healers of the state for treatment of various disease and extensively exploited for commercial purpose which leads to serious threat. Several plants have been studied and listed as rare and endangered which need to be conserved. We selected three such plants viz. Costus specious, Gloriossa superba Linn and Rauvolfia serpentine (Linn) Benth., from Kanker district of Chhattisgarh for their phytochemical analysis by chemical screening and Thin layer chromatography. On primary analysis of the methanolic and ethanolic extract of rhizome of C. specious and G. superba and root and leaves of R. serpentine (Linn) Benth. we found the presence of phytocompounds like saponin, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and glycosides in them. This phytocompounds were further separated by TLC using petroleum ether: methanol: benzene (8:1:1.5) as mobile phase in silica gel coated glass plates. Maximum 9 bands were observed in methanolic extract of rhizome of C. specious with Rf value between 0.05 – 0.97 and 6 bands in methanolic extract of rhizome of G. superba with Rf value between 0.02 – 0.94.Similarily in ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves of R. serpentine (Linn) Benth. Maximum 13 bands were observed with Rf value between 0.05 – 0.96 and 0.04 – 0.98 respectively whereas ethanolic extract of root showed maximum 11 bands with Rf value between 0.04 – 0.98 in comparison with chloroform and petroleum ether extracts. This result can further help in development of new drugs for diseases like cancer and hypertension based on their traditional uses.
... Dalam setiap 100 gram buah kecapi yang bisa dimakan terdapat 247 kJ, air 83.9 g, protein 0.7 g, lemak 1 g, karbohidrat 13.7 g, serat 1.1 g, abu 0.7 g, kalsium 11 mg, fosfor 20 mg, besi 1.2 mg, kalium 328 mg dan vitamin C 14 mg (Andriyanto, 2001). Bagian-bagian tanaman kecapi yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat herbal antara lain sebuk kulit batangnya dapat digunakan untuk membasmi cacing gelang, akarnya untuk mengobati diare, sakit perut dan juga sebagai tonik bagi ibu-ibu setelah melahirkan,daunnya yang segar jika digosokkan pada kulit dapat berguna sebagai peluruh keringat, dan rebusannya dapat digunakan untuk obat demam (Rasadah et al., 2004). Tumbuhan ini mempunyai batang yang berkayu (lignosus), bentuk batang bulat (teres) dan tumbuh tegak. ...
Buku ini ditulis berdasarkan hasil eksplorasi dan
identifi kasi jenis-jenis dan sub-jenis buah-buahan lokal Bali dari
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lokal Bali.
... However, to date very few publications resulted from the performance of this approach on Malaysian plants. Some examples of bioassay-guided isolation work carried out on Malaysian plants are isolation of reticulatacin, a new bioactive acetogenin from Annona reticulata (Saad et al. 1991), antimitotic and cytotoxic flavonols from Zieridium pseudobtusifolium and Acronychia porteri (Lichius et al. 1994), griffipavixanthone, a novel cytotoxic bixanthone from Garcinia griffithi and G. pavifolia (Xu et al. 1998), anti-inflammatory agents from Sandoricum koetjape (Mat Ali et al. 2004) and a potent PAF antagonist, a new alkenyl resorcinol from Ardisia elliptica (Jalil et al. in press). ...
ABSTRAK Kertas kerja ini menggariskan kecenderungan saintifik dan kemajuan dalam penyelidikan tumbuhan ubatan di Malaysia pada lima dekad yang lepas. Pada mulanya minat utama program penyelidikan ialah kajian fitokimia yang membawa kepada penemuan sebatian bioaktif sebagai templet untuk menghasilkan calon dadah baru. Ketika pasaran ubatan herba di Malaysia mengalami pertumbuhan yang luar biasa, pendekatan penyelidikan baru-baru ini telah meliputi aktiviti untuk membangunkan ubatan herba menjadi produk yang berkualiti, berkesan dan selamat untuk penggunaan manusia. Kemajuan dalam teknik-teknik kromatografi dan spektroskopi telah memberi impak yang sangat besar ke atas pengasingan dan elusidasi struktur kandungan tumbuhan ubatan. Pembangunan siri kaedah bioassai dan penggunaan teknik pengasingan berpandukan bioassai telah menyumbang secara signifikan kepada kemajuan penyelidikan tumbatan ubatan di Malaysia. Kajian ke atas beberapa tumbuhan ubatan yang dijalankan oleh saintis tempatan akan diilustrasi sebagai contoh. Kata kunci: Tumbuhan ubatan, penemuan dadah, ubatan herba, kajian fitokimia, bioassai, teknik kromatografi dan spektrometri. ABSTRACT This paper outlines the past five decades of scientific interests and advances in medicinal plant research in Malaysia. Initially the prime interest of research programmes has been on phytochemical studies leading to the discovery of biologically active compounds as chemical templates to produce new drug candidates. As the Malaysian herbal medicine market experiences an extraordinary growth, the research approaches taken have recently included activities to develop herbal medicines into quality, efficacious and safe products for human consumption. Advances in chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques have had a tremendous impact on the isolation and structure elucidation of the constituents of medicinal plants. The development of a series of bioassay methodologies and utilization of bioassay-guided isolation techniques have contributed significantly to the progress of medicinal plant research in Malaysia. Research work on some medicinal plants carried out by the local scientists will be illustrated as examples.
... Of the three compounds, koetjapic acid (1) was identified as a promising inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 1.05 μM, comparable to that of a potent cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (0.45 μM). In contrast to our study, koetjapic acid (1) was considered inactive in mouse ear inflammation model induced by tetradecanoylphorbol acetate [52]. Betulinic acid (3) had a higher IC50 value (2.59 μM) among the three compounds. ...
The crude methanol extracts and fractions of the root and stem barks of Dillenia serrata Thunb. showed 64% to 73% inhibition on the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide-induced human whole blood using a radioimmunoassay technique. Three triterpenoids isolated from the root bark of the plant, koetjapic (1), 3-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic (2), and betulinic (3) acids, exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on PGE2 production with IC50 values of 1.05, 1.54, and 2.59 μM, respectively, as compared with the positive control, indomethacin (IC50 = 0.45 μM). Quantification of compounds 1 and 3 in the methanol extracts and fractions were carried out by using a validated reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. The ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark showed the highest content of both compound 1 (15.1%) and compound 3 (52.8%). The strong inhibition of the extracts and fractions on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymatic activity was due to the presence of their major constituents, especially koetjapic and betulinic acids.
... Some specific bioassay method involving in vitro systems have been used to study biological activities such as anticancer, antiviral and antiparasitic (Jantan 2008). Several reports have been published regarding the study of the biological activity of extracts and compounds from local plants such as antimalarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of Garcinia atroviridis, Sandoricum koetjape and Hedyotis species (Ahmad et al. 2005;Mackeen et al. 2002;Mat Ali et al. 2004;Nik Rahman et al. 1999). Therefore, plant derivedbioactive compounds have received considerable attention due to their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant agents (Rathee et al. 2009). ...
Biological activities of crude methanolic extracts from leaves, barks, twigs and roots of Enicosanthellum pulchrum were investigated in four bioassays. The antioxidant, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay showed that bark and twig extracts showed high inhibitory activity with 60 and 56% inhibition at 1 mg/mL and IC50 values of 0.43 ± 0.04 and 0.64 ± 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. The bark and root extracts showed greater reducing power (FRAP) than several standard drugs used in the bioassay. Methanolic extracts of leaves, twigs and roots displayed strong cytotoxicity to breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line (WEHI-3) and ovarian cancer cell line (CAOV-3); the IC50 of the leaf extract were 7.8 ± 0.85 μg/mL (MCF-7) and 9.0 ± 0.13 μg/mL (WEHI-3), while those for the twig and root extracts were 13.9 ± 0.35 and 7.3 ± 0.98 μg/mL (CAOV-3), respectively. In the antimicrobial assays, the extracts were tested against ten bacterial strains and two fungal strains. Bark and twig extracts displayed high inhibitory activity to Bacillus subtilis with 13.3 ± 0.57 and 12.0 ± 0.01 mm inhibition, respectively. In addition, the twig extract displayed better minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) compared with the bark extract (MIC 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL, MBC 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL, respectively). For antifungal activity, all extracts showed inhibition on Candida albicans but not on Aspergillus niger. The obtained results suggested that this plant may possibly contain bioactive compounds in the active extracts.
... Katonic acid (3) was reported with anti-inflammatory properties. Its activity was almost equivalent to that shown by the reference standard, indomethacin (Rasadah et al., 2004). The chloroform fraction of stems of P. aculeata showed a chromatographic profile rich in nitrogen compounds. ...
Pisonia aculeata L. (Nyctaginaceae) is a shrub widely used in Brazilian folk medicine, where the roots are used as purging and barks and leaves have anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antiedematogenic activity of crude extract and derived fractions from stems of P. aculeata and the acute toxicity of crude methanolic extract. From methanolic extract from stems of P. aculeata were obtained steroids, triterpenoids and nitrogenous compounds. All fractions tested show inhibitory activity of mice edema ear induced by croton oil, mainly hexane and chloroform fractions. Crude methanolic extract was also active, inhibiting 27.9% of the swelling occasioned by croton oil. In addition, treatment of mice with the crude extract of the stems of P. aculeata in the acute toxicity test did not cause death of animals or change in behavioral parameters, indicating that the extract may be considered non-toxic.
... However, to date very few publications resulted from the performance of this approach on Malaysian plants. Some examples of bioassay-guided isolation work carried out on Malaysian plants are isolation of reticulatacin, a new bioactive acetogenin from Annona reticulata (Saad et al. 1991), antimitotic and cytotoxic flavonols from Zieridium pseudobtusifolium and Acronychia porteri (Lichius et al. 1994), griffipavixanthone, a novel cytotoxic bixanthone from Garcinia griffithi and G. pavifolia (Xu et al. 1998), anti-inflammatory agents from Sandoricum koetjape (Mat Ali et al. 2004) and a potent PAF antagonist, a new alkenyl resorcinol from Ardisia elliptica (Jalil et al. in press). ...
ABSTRAK Kertas kerja ini menggariskan kecenderungan saintifik dan kemajuan dalam penyelidikan tumbuhan ubatan di Malaysia pada lima dekad yang lepas. Pada mulanya minat utama program penyelidikan ialah kajian fitokimia yang membawa kepada penemuan sebatian bioaktif sebagai templet untuk menghasilkan calon dadah baru. Ketika pasaran ubatan herba di Malaysia mengalami pertumbuhan yang luar biasa, pendekatan penyelidikan baru-baru ini telah meliputi aktiviti untuk membangunkan ubatan herba menjadi produk yang berkualiti, berkesan dan selamat untuk penggunaan manusia. Kemajuan dalam teknik-teknik kromatografi dan spektroskopi telah memberi impak yang sangat besar ke atas pengasingan dan elusidasi struktur kandungan tumbuhan ubatan. Pembangunan siri kaedah bioassai dan penggunaan teknik pengasingan berpandukan bioassai telah menyumbang secara signifikan kepada kemajuan penyelidikan tumbatan ubatan di Malaysia. Kajian ke atas beberapa tumbuhan ubatan yang dijalankan oleh saintis tempatan akan diilustrasi sebagai contoh. ABSTRACT This paper outlines the past five decades of scientific interests and advances in medicinal plant research in Malaysia. Initially the prime interest of research programmes has been on phytochemical studies leading to the discovery of biologically active compounds as chemical templates to produce new drug candidates. As the Malaysian herbal medicine market experiences an extraordinary growth, the research approaches taken have recently included activities to develop herbal medicines into quality, efficacious and safe products for human consumption. Advances in chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques have had a tremendous impact on the isolation and structure elucidation of the constituents of medicinal plants. The development of a series of bioassay methodologies and utilization of bioassay-guided isolation techniques have contributed significantly to the progress of medicinal plant research in Malaysia. Research work on some medicinal plants carried out by the local scientists will be illustrated as examples.
... (Meliaceae) is a medicinal plant distributed in tropical Asia. Investigations on the constituents of this species have revealed several bioactive terpenoids [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. In our continuing search for bioactive compounds from tropical plants [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], two new limonoids, sanjecumins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the leaves of S. koetjape, together with two related compounds, sandoripins A (3) and B (4) (Fig. 1) [7]. ...
Two new limonoids, sanjecumins A (1) and B (2), have been isolated from the leaves of Sandoricum koetjape, together with sandoripins A (3) and B (4). Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of NMR and CD data. Sandoripins A (3) and B (4) moderately inhibited nitric oxide production in mouse macrophage-like cell line J774.1 stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.
... Many studies have been focused on screening novel non-cytotoxic compounds or extracts from natural products but have antiangiogenic properties [13,14]. KA has found to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor promoting activity and DNA polymerase inhibition properties [9,[15][16][17]. Till now, there are no reports about antiangiogenic activity of KA. ...
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, has become an important target in cancer therapy. Angiogenesis plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. Koetjapic acid (KA) is a seco-A-ring oleanene triterpene isolated from S. koetjape. The solvent extract of this plant species was shown previously to have strong antiangiogenic activity; however the active ingredient(s) that conferred the biological activity and the mode of action was not established. Given the high concentration of KA in S. koetjape, an attempt has been made in this study to investigate the antiangiogenic properties of KA.
Treatment with 10-50 μg/ml KA resulted in dose dependent inhibition of new blood vessels growth in ex vivo rat aortic ring assay. KA was found to be non-cytotoxic against HUVECs with IC50 40.97 ± 0.37 μg/ml. KA inhibited major angiogenesis process steps, endothelial cell migration and differentiation as well as VEGF expression.
The non-cytotoxic compound, KA, may be a potent antiangiogenic agent; its activity may be attributed to inhibition of endothelial cells migration and differentiation as well VEGF suppression.
... Koetjapic acid also appears to be a promising cancer chemoprevintive compound, as it remarkably delayed tumor promotion in two stage mouse carcinogenesis induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracin and prompoted by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TBA) [25]. In TBA-induced mouse ear odema assay to explore the anti-inflammatory properties, methanolic extract, oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid, Katonic acid and Koetjapic acid inhibits inflammation by 94 % 94 %, 81 % and 13 % respectively [26]. Koetjapic acid also inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with MIC range of 3.125-6.25 ...
Sandoricum koetjape is a traditional plant belonging to the family of Meliaceae. It is native to Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia and Philippines. In Malaysia, it is locally known as Santol. The tree is a medium-sized with edible fruit. In Malaysia, the aqueous extract of the bark is traditionally consumed as a tonic after giving birth. Number of comprehensive studies on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties has been reported. Various bioactive compounds have been isolated from fruits, seeds, leaves and bark. More than 10 terpenoids have been isolated and studied for their potential medicinal properties. Terpenoids represent the largest class of secondary metabolites from the natural source. This article aims to review the pharmacological properties of the isolated terpenoids from Sandoricum koetjape.
Numerous nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to alleviate pain and inflammation by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme isoform, thereby reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Unfortunately, the use of these drugs is associated with a range of adverse effects. However, there exists a group of medicinal plants that exhibit anti-inflammatory therapeutic properties with minimal or no adverse effects. These plants have proven successful in treating inflammatory disorders in conventional medicine. It's noteworthy that researchers have extensively studied and documented the biological and therapeutic effects of some common medicinal plants. Regrettably, there is a notable absence of a comprehensive review paper cataloging medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory properties across various African nations. Recognizing the significance of ethnobotanical knowledge, it is crucial to document and understand the applications of anti-inflammatory medicinal plants from selected countries representing different regions of the African continent. This approach aims to illustrate the diverse array of medicinal plants utilized for traditional or therapeutic purposes globally, and the present study enumerates the anti-inflammatory properties of several such plants from varied geographic regions
Three new pentacyclic triterpenes, trivially named sandkoetjapic acids A-C (1-3), have been isolated from the leaves extract of Sandoricum koetjape, along with the known triterpenes 3-oxo-olean-12-en-29-oic (4), bryonolic (5), and bryononic (6) acids. The structures of the new triterpenes were determined mainly by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic data. The isolation of these pentacyclic triterpenes in the plant's leaves is for the first time. Preliminary biological evaluation of 1-6 was done against eight receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including EGFR, HER2, HER4 (epidermal growth factor receptor), IGF1R, InsR (insulin receptor), KDR (kinase insert domain receptor), and PDGFRα/-β (platelet-derived growth factor receptor), and their inhibitory properties against β-lactamase. The results showed that none of them were active both as the inhibitors of these RTKs and β-lactamase.
Sentul fruit (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) is representing one kind of fruit that is amount enough abundance at West Nusa Tenggara, but it hasn’t been exploited in an optimal fashion and more castaway useless. Parts of sentul plant have been applied as traditional medicine. Sentul fruit can be oxidated by browning reaction when it is pared or sliced, these symptoms shown the existences of phenolic compounds so that very potential as antioxidant. To analyse total phenolic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of sentul fruit, the Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH methods have been used. Results of analysis for three treatment types of sampels ( A, B, and C) shown their total phenolic: 6,9 %, 12,86 %, and 9,36 % respectively and also their antioxidant activity shown by values of IC50 of eachs: 43,36 ppm (1/IC50 = 0,023 ppm-1); 40,53 ppm (1/IC50 = 0,025 ppm-1); and 44,43 ppm (1/IC50 = 0,0225 ppm-1) respectively. These results indicated that sentul fruit is very potensial as antioxidant.
Three andirobin- and one trijugin-class limonoids, named koetjapins A-D (1–4), have been isolated from the seed extracts of Sandoricum koetjape. The structures of these compounds were determined by extensive NMR and mass spectral data, and the chemotaxonomic significance of these limonoids in the family Meliaceae is highlighted. Preliminary biological activity showed that only compound 4 has significant inhibitory activity against P-388 cells, while antibacterial tests showed that none of these compounds were active.
Objectives
Selaginella bryopteris L. (family: Selaginaceae), is often used in traditional Indian systems of medicine for the prevention and cure of several disorders and for the treatment of patient with spermatorrhoea, venereal disease, constipation, colitis, urinary tract infections, fever, epilepsy, leucorrhoea, beri-beri and cancer. It is also used as a strength tonic. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of topically administered aqueous, polar and non-polar methanolic fractions (10 mg/20 μL) of Selaginella bryopteris.
Methods
An acute oral toxicity study of Selaginella bryopteris at doses from 250 to 2,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) was performed. Aqueous, polar and non-polar methanolic extracts (10 mg/20 μL) applied topically for 5 days were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects against 12-tetra-O-decanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation by using the redness in the ear, the ear’s weight (edema), oxidative stress parameters, such as lipid-peroxide (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO), and the pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in inflammation, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Indomethacine (0.5 mg/20 μL) was used for the positive control.
Results
Selaginella bryopteris produced no mortalities when administered orally at doses from 250 to 2,000 mg/kg bw. Topical treatment with the non-polar methanolic fraction (10 mg/20 αL) significantly suppressed redness (2.4 ± 0.5) and edema (30.4 ± 1) and effectively reduced the LPO level (32.3 ± 3.3). The NO level was (8.07 ± 0.55), and the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were decreased to 69.6 ± 15.5, 7.7 ± 4.8 and 82.6 ± 5.9, respectively.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated for the first time the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of medicinal plants like Selaginella bryopteris and quantified the pharmacological interactions between them. The present study showed this herbal product to be a promising anti-inflammatory phytomedicine for the treatment of patients with inflammatory skin diseases.
Seed biometry is an easily measured variable that may indicate an existence of genetic variation favoring the production seedlings high-quality. The present study aimed to evaluate the morphometry and fresh mass of fruits and seeds and the initial emergence of seedlings from three mother-trees of santol [Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr.]. The fruits were collected in three mother-trees from Belém, Pará State. For the biophysical aspects of fruits and seeds, 50 and 100 samples were used, respectively. The emergence of seedlings was carried out on a sand substrate with sawdust, in the ratio of 1:1, consisting of four replicates with 25 seeds. It was observed high variability for fresh fruit mass, the number of seeds per fruit, fresh
mass of the number of seeds per fruit and fresh seed mass. The santol mother trees have the potential for seed collection for the production of seedlings.
The santol is probably native to Indochina and Peninsular Malaysia, and has been introduced into India, Borneo, Indonesia, Mauritius, the Andaman Islands, and the Philippines where it has become naturalized. It is commonly cultivated throughout these regions and the fruits are seasonally abundant in the local markets. It has also been introduced into China, Taiwan, Australia and into a few locations in Central America and Southern Florida.
Information on medicinal plants used to treat skin disorders around Khao Luang region was collected by field surveys and traditional healers’ interviews using semistructured open-ended interviews and questionnaires. Vernacular and scientific names of plants as well as the plant parts used were documented. Among 15 skin disorders listed, ulcer was the most dominant disorder treated with medicinal plants. Among the total 179 plant species, belonging to 154 genera of 68 families, a majority of them were trees; the most used plant species was Curcuma zedoaria; Fabaceae was the most dominant family; and the roots were the most used plant part.
The successive ethanolic and aqueous seed extracts of Strychnos potatorum L.f. (family: Loganiaceae) were investigated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activites at 500 mg/ kg body weight administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). Routine preliminary toxicity studies of these extracts were carried out in mice. For analgesic activity eddy's hot plate in swiss mice and for anti-inflammatory activity carrageenan induced oedema techniques in albino rat model were used. Moderate to significant analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of seed were observed, which is comparable to pentagocine, the standard analgin included especially at 120 min. Further, moderate to significant anti-inflammatory of the extracts were observed and this is reported to be long-lasting which can be comparable to the standard, diclofenac sodium. In conclusion, the results indicate analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities for the seed extracts of S. potatorum studied.
Since the manifestations of skin disease are usually openly visible, patients may feel embarrassed. Nowadays, alternative medicine is promoted; therefore, efforts are being made to discover new herbal formulas for healing skin diseases. This study aimed to (1) investigate the diversity and source of medicinal materials for treating skin diseases, and (2) document the folk knowledge of using herbal medicines from the three southern border provinces of Thailand; Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat. Semi-structured interviews with ten healers were conducted to collect information including the formula name, herbal ingredients, material parts used, preparation, properties and treatment methods. The data were then further analysed. The results showed that 42 multi-species formulas and 30 single species were used to treat 22 skin diseases. The formulas were comprised of 54 plants and eight chemical elements or compounds. Most formulas were used for treating shingles, scabies, urticaria and itching of unknown cause. The most popular materials for various diseases were: Senna alata for ringworm and pityriasis versicolor, Areca catechu for shingles, Knema globularia for scabies and Tamarindus indica for itching of unknown cause. A review of the literature revealed that 36 plant species had already been tested for their pharmacological activities. The remaining species should be investigated for biological activity to confirm the folk utilization of the medicinal materials.
Both cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of the stem bark extract of Sandoricum koetjape were investigated in vitro. 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5- sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium- 5-carboxanilide (XTT) cell proliferation assay was used to study the cytotoxic properties on three breast cancer cell lines and one normal cell line; MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, T47D andMCF-lOA, respectively. Caspase Glo 3/7 assay was used to study the apoptotic activity on MCF-7 as a model cell line. The n-hexane extract showed a dose dependent growth inhibition of all tested cell lines with IC50 values between 44 and 48 μg mL-1. At 100 μg mL-1, the extract induced apoptotic cell death of MCF-7 by inducing activity of the effector caspases 3 and 7. These results indicated that n-hexane extract of S. koetjape has cytotoxic and apoptotic properties on breast cancer cell lines making it a good candidate for further studies.
Cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic properties of n-hexane extract of Sandoricum koetjape stem bark were investigated in vitro. 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4- nitro- 5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium- 5-carboxanilide (XTT) cell proliferation assay was used to study the cytotoxic properties on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) and both colon cancer and normal cell lines; HCT-116, HT-29 and CCD-18CO. Rat aorta ring assay was used to study the anti-angiogenic properties of the extract. At 100 mu;g mL_1, the extract showed 94±5.5% inhibition of the outgrowth of the blood vessels from the rat aorta rings. The extract also showed a dose dependent growth inhibition of all tested cell lines, IC50 values against HCT-116, HUVEC, CCD-18CO and HT-29 were 14, 23, 50 and 52 μg mL-1, respectively. At 50 μg mL-1, the extract had potently induced apoptotic cell death of HCT-116 colon cancer cell line by inducing caspases 3 and 7 activity. These results showed that n-hexane extract of S. koetjape possess both anti-angiogenic and apoptotic properties on colon cancer cell lines making it a good candidate for further studies.
Deregulated cell signaling pathways result in cancer development. More than one signal transduction pathway is involved in colorectal cancer pathogenesis and progression. Koetjapic acid (KA) is a naturally occurring seco-A-ring oleanene triterpene isolated from the Sandoricum koetjape stem bark. We report the cellular and molecular mechanisms of anticancer activity of KA towards human colorectal cancer. The results showed that KA induces apoptosis in HCT 116 colorectal carcinoma cells by inducing the activation of extrinsic and intrinsic caspases. We confirmed that KA-induced apoptosis was mediated by DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation and disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Further studies on the effect of KA on cancer pathways show that the compound causes down-regulation of Wnt, HIF-1α, MAP/ERK/JNK and Myc/Max signaling pathways and up-regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway. The result of this study highlights the anticancer potential of KA against colorectal cancer.
Bryononic and bryonolic acids, mesoinositol and mucic acid were identified in the fruits of Sandoricum indicum.
A new ring-A secotriterpene, koetjapic acid [1], and five known compounds, 3-oxo-olean-12-en-29-oic acid [2] (a novel natural product), katonic acid [3], (-)-alloaromadendrene, (-)-caryophyllene oxide, and (+)-spathulenol, have been isolated and characterized from a cytotoxic Et2O-soluble extract of Sandoricum koetjape stems. Of these compounds, 2 and 3 demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity against cultured P-388 cells (ED50 values of 0.61 and 0.11 microgram/ml, respectively). Significant, albeit less intense, cytotoxicity was also observed with a variety of cultured human cancer cells. The 13C-nmr chemical shifts of these triterpenes were assigned unambiguously using selective INEPT nmr experiments. Aside from compounds 2 and 3, these substances were not toxic with cultured cells.
An extract of the seed of Sandoricum koetjape has yielded two new limonoids, sandoricin [1] and 6-hydroxysandoricin [2]. Both compounds are effective antifeedants when incorporated into artificial diets and fed to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) or European corn borer (Ostrina nubilalis) larvae. Reduced growth rates and increased times to pupation were evident at lower dose levels while significant mortality was noted at higher dose levels. Structures of both compounds were determined by 1H nmr, 13C nmr, and ms and confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Prednisolone derivatives, methyl 20 alpha- and 20 beta-dihydroprednisolonate and methyl 17,20 alpha- and 17,20 beta-acetonidodihydroprednisolonate have been evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil induced ear edema test. The order of anti-inflammatory potency was prednisolone greater than methyl 17,20 alpha-acetonidodihydroprednisolonate greater than methyl 17,20 beta-acetonidodihydroprednisolonate greater than methyl 20 beta-dihydroprednisolonate greater than methyl 20 alpha-dihydroprednisolonate. This order was paralleled by the compounds' octanol-aqueous partition coefficients. Furthermore, after two consecutive days topical administration of an equipotent anti-inflammatory dose, only prednisolone significantly decreased plasma corticosterone levels and relative thymus weight, while the new steroid derivatives had no effect on these parameters, indicating their lack of systemic side effects.
Inhibitors of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism and other pharmacologic agents were evaluated against ear edema produced in mice by tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) or AA. Drugs were administered orally and topically either 30 min prior to AA or 30 min after TPA, except for steroids which were administered 2.5-3 hr prior to AA. Several cyclooxygenase (CO) inhibitors including indomethacin, aspirin, piroxicam and timegadine were without effect when administered orally against either irritant; the same drugs inhibited TPA edema when they were administered topically. Mixed CO/lipoxygenase (LO) inhibitors, phenidone and BW755C, were active orally against AA edema (ED50S of 84 and 65 mg/kg, respectively) and against TPA edema (ED50S of 235 and 88 mg/kg, respectively). Phenidone was more active topically against AA edema (ED50, 0.1 mg/ear) than BW755C (ED50, 2.8 mg/ear); however, BW755C was more active topically against TPA edema (ED50, 0.2 mg/ear) than phenidone (ED50, 0.6 mg/ear). Methylprednisolone was very effective in the AA (oral ED50, 17 mg/kg; topical ED50, greater than 1 mg/ear) and TPA models (oral ED50, 4.3 mg/kg; topical ED50, 0.03 mg/ear. MK-447 was topically and orally effective only in the TPA model. Not surprisingly, drugs were more effective topically than orally in both mouse ear edema assays. The models were somewhat selective for CO and CO/LO inhibitors; however, dapsone was orally effective in the ear models, and a number of mediator antagonists and CNS drugs, especially anti-psychotics, were topically active primarily against TPA edema. These models may be useful for the detection of in vivo activity of CO/LO or 5-LO inhibitors.
Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong
- Malaysia Mat Ali Rasadah Kuala Lumpur
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Mat Ali Rasadah, Forest Research Institute Malaysia,
Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel.: +60-3-6279-7329; Fax: +60-3-6279-7856;
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