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Hypoglycemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarium
Abstract
The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Lycium barbarum fruit water decoction, crude polysaccharide extracts (crude LBP), and purified polysaccharide fractions (LBP-X) in alloxan-induced diabetic or hyperlipidemic rabbits were investigated through designed sequential trials and by measuring blood glucose and serum lipid parameters. Total antioxidant capacity was also assessed using trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. It was found that the three Lycium barbarum fruit extracts/fractions could significantly reduce blood glucose levels and serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations and at same time markedly increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels after 10 days treatment in tested rabbits, indicating that there were substantial hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Hypoglycemic effect of LBP-X was more significant than those of water decoction and crude LBP, but its hypolipidemic effect seemed to be weaker. Total antioxidant capacity assay showed that all three Lycium barbarum extracts/fractions possessed antioxidant activity. However, water and methanolc fruit extracts and crude polysaccharide extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than purified polysaccharide fractions because crude extracts were identified to be rich in antioxidants (e.g., carotenoids, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, nicotinic acid). Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (glycocojugates), containing several monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, were major bioactive constituents of hypoglycemic effect. Both polysaccharides and vitamin antioxidants from Lycium barbarum fruits were possible active principles of hypolipidemic effect.
... In alloxan-induced diabetic mice, L. barbarum polysaccharides at 20 and 40 mg/kg for 28 days decreased fasting glycaemia, total cholesterol, and triglycerides (Jing et al., 2009). The protective effect of L. barbarum fruit water decoction (0.25 g/kg/day), crude L. barbarum polysaccharides (10 mg/kg/day), or purified L. barbarum polysaccharides (10 mg/kg/day) was investigated in 35 rabbits with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia (Luo et al., 2004). It was reported that there was a significant decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in rabbits treated with all L. barbarum formulations, along with an increase HDLc. ...
... barbarum polysaccharides exhibited a more pronounced hypoglycemic effect than both water decoction and crude L. barbarum polysaccharides. However, its hypolipidemic effect appeared to be comparatively weaker (Luo et al., 2004). A more comprehensive analysis of energy homeostasis in rabbits in response to L. barbarum supplementation was performed in female rabbits during their reproductive cycle. ...
... Although one study in rabbits raise concerns about possible adverse metabolic effects of L. barbarum supplementation at high doses, this effect was exclusively found during pregnancy (Menchetti et al., 2020) but not in other conditions (Luo et al., 2004). ...
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common disorder involving a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and atherogenic profile. MetS is characterized by an increase in oxidative stress and a chronic proinflammatory state, which are directly related to the development and progression of this pathology. It has been seen how a healthy lifestyle and good dietary practices are key to improving the different metabolic parameters and, therefore , play a fundamental role in reducing the risk of developing diabetes. The present review focuses on the research evidence related to the therapeutic properties of Lycium barbarum L. in MetS gathered in the last years. Several preclinical studies This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
... According to Chinese medicinal monographs, L. barbarum fruits were recorded as nourishing the liver and kidney (Byambasuren et al., 2019), and enhancing eyesight (Liu et al., 2022). More functions were reported as antioxidation (Liu et al., 2020;Shori & Baba, 2023), anticancer (Qi et al., 2022), anti-inflammatory (Liu et al., 2021), antidiabetes properties (Luo et al., 2004) and antihypertensive activity (Shori et al., 2021a). The sweetness of M. grosvenori fruit (monk fruit) or (luo han guo) is attributed to mogrosides as a main bioactive component (Shen et al., 2014). ...
... In diabetic rabbits' studies, a water extract of L. barbarum fruit (250mg/kg.d) effectively lowered blood glucose levels and exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects (Luo et al., 2004). Moreover, the protein component of L. barbarum (10mg/kg.d) ...
Article History Interest in and awareness of health attributes by natural resources such as herbs, spices, and fruits have resulted in increased consumption of natural products for a safe and effective resolution for illness and also promoting good health. Plants are rich in diverse chemical substances, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and xanthones, many of which have demonstrated medicinal effects or pharmacological benefits. Chinese clinical studies have identified many useful plants that can increase the effectiveness of modern drug treatment and reduce its side effects. The scientific basis for using traditional medicinal plants such as Garcinia mongostana, Lycium barbarum, Momordica grosvenori, and Psidium guajava has been established. Therefore, this review research aims to highlight these four traditional medicinal plants' chemical components and medicinal effects.
... It is characterized by an increased blood glucose level (hyperglycaemia) due to the inefficiency or deficiency of insulin [1]. Prolonged hyperglycaemia has been established as the primary cause of diabetesrelated complications and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [2,3]. At high concentrations, ROS can lead to oxidativestress-mediated organ damage and DNA damage [2]. ...
... Prolonged hyperglycaemia has been established as the primary cause of diabetesrelated complications and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [2,3]. At high concentrations, ROS can lead to oxidativestress-mediated organ damage and DNA damage [2]. They can also contribute to the progression of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's, and other degenerative diseases [4]. ...
In the present study, the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol crude extracts of Smilax balbisiana rhizomes were screened for their hypoglycaemic activity using the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at 300 mg/kg Body Weight (BW). All three crude extracts showed significant post-prandial hypoglycaemic activity when compared with their respective controls (p≤0.05). However, the hexane extract reduced the blood glucose concentration at the glycaemic peak but not as effective as glibenclamide (positive control). The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity where the ethyl acetate (IC 50 =32.48 µg/mL) and methanol (IC 50 =58.36 µg/mL) extracts produced moderate inhibition of DPPH radicals when compared with ascorbic acid (IC 50 =15.88 µg/mL). Several classes of phytochemicals were found within the extracts that may have contributed to the activities observed. This study establishes that the rhizome of Smilax balbisiana contains compounds that contribute to its hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activities and may be beneficial for the management of diabetes.
... This effect was reproducible in other studies with rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet for 45 days [22] or for 60 days [23]. Luo et al. demonstrated in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits that 10 days of oral administration of Goji fruit extract reduced hypercholesterolemia [24]. Finally, the hypocholesterolemic effect of black pepper has been reported in various animal models [25,26]. ...
... Totum-070 combines five plant extracts selected to act on different organs involved in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. The effect on dyslipidemia of several of these plant extracts and compounds present in Totum-070 has already been studied in animal models, such as the hypolipidemic effect of artichoke leaf extracts in rats fed an HFD [14,52,53], the beneficial action of olive leaf extracts in HFD-mice [54] and rats [18,55], and hyperlipemia reduction by Goji berries [21,24] and black pepper extracts [25] in rats and mice. The choice of animal model in the present work is also fundamental. ...
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a central risk factor for atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the effects of Totum-070, a plant-based polyphenol-rich supplement, in hamsters with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced dyslipidemia. The molecular mechanisms of action were explored using human Caco2 enterocytes. Totum-070 supplementation reduced the total cholesterol (−41%), non-HDL cholesterol (−47%), and triglycerides (−46%) in a dose-dependent manner, compared with HFD. HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was also significantly decreased by Totum-070, an effect associated with the reduction in various lipid and inflammatory gene expression. Upon challenging with olive oil gavage, the post-prandial triglyceride levels were strongly reduced. The sterol excretion in the feces was increased in the HFD-Totum-070 groups compared with the HFD group and associated with reduction of intestinal cholesterol absorption. These effects were confirmed in the Caco2 cells, where incubation with Totum-070 inhibited cholesterol uptake and apolipoprotein B secretion. Furthermore, a microbiota composition analysis revealed a strong effect of Totum-070 on the alpha and beta diversity of bacterial species and a significant decrease in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Altogether, our findings indicate that Totum-070 lowers hypercholesterolemia by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, suggesting that its use as dietary supplement may be explored as a new preventive strategy for cardiovascular diseases.
... L. barbarum contains many phytochemicals and nutrients, including carotenoids, flavonoids, zeaxanthin, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP), fats, proteins, vitamins, and mineral elements. [16] LBP, the main active ingredients in the fruit of L. barbarum, have been reported to have some health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, [15] antioxidant, [17,18] hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic [19][20][21] properties in recent years. Because of these health properties, L. barbarum has excellent potential as a functional food [15,22] and for the prevention of age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, [23] neurodegenerative diseases, [24] type 2 diabetes, [25] and age-related macular degeneration. ...
... [15] A previous experimental study showed that the aqueous decoction and crude LBP had better hypolipidemic effects than the purified polysaccharide fraction (LBP-X) in a rabbit model of hyperlipidemia. [19] The antioxidant components in the aqueous extract of L. barbarum and LBP may play a synergistic role in lowering blood lipids. The bioavailability of L. barbarum fruit is higher than that of LBP. ...
Background
Dyslipidemia is a global health concern with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum ) is widely used as a medicinal and functional food, and evidence suggests that it may be beneficial for lipid management. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of L. barbarum supplementation on lipid profiles in adults.
Methods
PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Wanfang Database were searched from inception until October 2022. The random-effect model was applied, and the pooled effect sizes were expressed as mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
The meta-analysis of 5 randomized controlled trials involving 259 subjects indicated that L. barbarum supplementation significantly decreased the triglyceride (TG) concentration (MD: 0.14 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.08–0.20) and increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (HDL-C) (MD: −0.07 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.13 to −0.01). However, the reductions in total cholesterol (TC) concentration (MD: 0.11 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.37 to 0.59) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration (MD: 0.21 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.46 to 0.89) were not statistically significant.
Conclusion
The present study showed that L. barbarum supplementation might have some beneficial effects on TG and HDL-C concentrations in adults, and L. barbarum fruit has an even greater effect on TG and HDL-C concentrations. Considering the sensitivity analyses and limitations of the study included, further large-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.
... Ni et al. (2019) carried out an EHD drying technique for Chinese wolfberries to preserve polysaccharides. These polysaccharides have antioxidative, antiaging, and immunity-boosting properties (Luo et al. 2004;Wu et al. 2010). Hence the preservation of those polysaccharides is important, and EHD is able to retain more polysaccharides than the oven-dry method. ...
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying, an emerging non‐thermal technology, gains favor for its simple construction, energy efficiency, and superior dried product quality. Operating at ambient temperature, it preserves a product's original characteristics. This study delves into EHD drying's mechanism, electrode selection, and design considerations, emphasizing its impact on vitamins, color, and bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables. A comparative analysis with traditional and innovative drying methods is included, exploring combined and EHD‐assisted techniques for improved organoleptic and nutritional qualities. While, currently it is limited to lab‐scale, scaling up EHD drying holds promise for ensuring nutritional security, with considerations on various limiting factors and future potential.
... These berries are known for their antioxidant, anti-aging, and vision-protecting properties, along with their ability to lower blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol. They also improve liver, kidney, and lung functions, help prevent diabetes and cancer, and enhance metabolism [9][10][11]. ...
Lycium barbarum L. (goji), as an economic crop, has a high added value. However, the tender and fragile fruits are easily damaged during harvesting and transportation, leading to fruit bruising, which can cause rotting or black–brown spots after drying, seriously affecting the quality and price. In this study, two varieties of goji were used to determine and evaluate fruit bruising using a pendulum impact test, and the impact process was recorded using a high-speed camera and impact force sensor. This study discussed the energy changes during the impact process of fruits and conducted a correlation analysis of the impact energy, absorbed energy, restitution coefficient, impact force, and other indicators, analyzing the changes in each indicator with the falling height. The results showed that 0.2 m could be considered a critical height for damaging the fruit of goji. Furthermore, this study calculated the bruise susceptibility of the different varieties at different heights, which can be used for predicting bruising during the harvesting and collection of goji berries and ultimately for estimating the damage caused by mechanical harvesting.
... Berries contain a wide range of bioactive substances that have been shown to promote human health, and people around the globe enjoy them [3,4]. Berries have earned a reputation as superfoods [5] and functional foods [6] and are widely recognized for their health benefits. The berry of L. chinense is known as Wolfberry or Goji berry. ...
These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Betaine is a useful compound that has various activities and is the marker compound of Lycium chinense fruit in Korean Pharmacopoeia. we seek to support the stable production of medicinal goji berries, which have significant potential in the pharmaceutical industry due to their high values, and to provide foundational data for consistent quality control. This study's purpose was to examine the correlation among betaine content, environmental variables, and the growth characteristics of L. chinense fruits. The fruits were collected from 25 cultivation sites across South Korea. We investigated five growth characteristics and betaine contents in L. chinense fruits and twelve soil physicochemical properties, and seven meteorological data at cultivation sites. The fruit's growth characteristics included a length of 15.62-26.49 mm, a width of 7.09-11.38 mm, a fresh weight of 0.73-1.62 g, and a sugar content of 11.10-19.62 Brix •. Its betaine content ranged from 0.54% to 0.97%. The betaine content was positively correlated with electrical conductivity (0.327 **), exchangeable potassium (0.314 **), and sodium (0.259 *) and negatively correlated with annual average minimum temperature (−0.256 *) and annual average temperature (−0.242 *). Also, betaine showed a positive correlation with the length of the fruit (0.294 *) and the fresh weight of the fruit (0.238 *). These results can be used to find the best cultivation method and to manage quality control for the highly economical L. chinense fruit.
... Oligosaccharides, which are one of the main components in its structure, show efficiency in cell-cell interaction and adhesion, cell migration, blood coagulation, immune response, and wound healing, and these activities are some of their many known functions. [23][24][25] LB contains many bioactive vitamins (Vitamin A, B 1 , B 2 , C), carotenoids (zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, cryptoxanthin), cerebroside, β-sitosterol, proline, scoleptin, and betaine, which are known to have strong antioxidant effects. It has been reported that LB shows anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antipyretic, antidiabetic, antisenyl, immunomodulatory, and antiaging effects due to this rich content. ...
Background: Lycium barbarum (LB) is a plant species that is well known in Chinese traditional medicine and is also considered a nutrient, belonging to the Solanaceae family, also called goji berry or wolfberry. Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the protective efficacy of LB, in kidney damage caused by acute pancreatitis (AP). Materials and Methods: In the study, we used 36 female Wistar albino rats (12 in each group) which were divided into three groups: Control, cerulein (100 μg/kg b. wt. intraperitonally) and Cerulein + LB (6 mg/ml/day gastric gavage) group. Serum lipase, Interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 levels were measured. Superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity assays and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein levels were measured in kidney tissue samples. In addition, histopathological analysis was performed in kidney tissue samples. Results: According to the findings, in the AP model created with Cerulein, administration of LB plant extract decreased oxidative stress and damage caused by AP in the kidney tissue and partially suppressed the inflammatory reactions in the tissue. Conclusion: According to the findings, in the AP model created with Cerulein, administration of LB extract decreased oxidative stress and in kidney damage caused by AP.
... 1 These components are known to confer a variety of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects, vision enhancement, liver support and blood sugar regulation. 2,3 Traditionally, to manage the high moisture content of fresh Goji berries, which is approximately 83% on a wet basis, drying has been a critical step to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life. 4 Over the years, various drying techniques such as sun drying, shade drying and mechanical heat drying have been employed, each with its own set of challenges related to weather dependency, energy consumption and potential nutrient degradation. ...
BACKGROUND
Goji berries, renowned for their nutritional benefits, are traditionally dried to extend shelf life and preserve quality. However, conventional drying methods often result in uneven drying, color loss and reduced rehydration capacity. This study investigates an innovative hybrid strategy combining ultrasonic–ethyl oleate (US+AEEO) pretreatment with heat pump drying (HPD) to enhance the drying process of Goji berries.
RESULTS
Fresh Goji berries underwent US+AEEO pretreatment, which significantly disrupted the waxy layer, enhancing drying efficiency and water infiltration during rehydration. Compared to freeze drying (FD), HPD combined with US+AEEO pretreatment resulted in higher retention of total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in the Goji soaking soup. Specifically, the HPD‐US+AEEO samples exhibited the highest TPC and TFC levels, significantly outperforming FD samples. Additionally, the DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays demonstrated higher scavenging activities in HPD‐US+AEEO samples. The rehydration kinetics revealed that HPD samples had a superior rehydration rate and final moisture content compared to FD samples. Low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging analyses confirmed enhanced water distribution and higher mobility in HPD‐US+AEEO samples. Scanning electron microscopy indicated a more porous structure in US+AEEO‐treated samples, facilitating better water absorption and functional component retention.
CONCLUSION
The combination of US+AEEO pretreatment with HPD significantly improves the drying process of Goji berries, enhancing nutrient retention, color preservation and rehydration properties. This innovative drying method offers a promising solution for producing high‐quality dried Goji berries, benefiting both the food industry and health‐conscious consumers. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
... The 21,000 plant species used as medicines worldwide are recorded by the World Health Organization (WHO) [7]. The capacity to reduce glucose levels has been found in more than 400 medicinal plants [8].Different civilizations throughout the world have employed herbal plants for treating diabetes for a number of years [9]. ...
This book series invites all the Specialists, Professors, Doctors, Scientists, Academicians, Healthcare professionals, Nurses, Students, Researchers, Business Delegates, and Industrialists across the globe to publish their insights and convey recent developments in the field of Nursing, Pharmaceutical Research and Innovations in Pharma Industry. Book series on Pharmacy and Nursing covers research work in a set of clinical sciences and medicine.
... DM can be generally classified into two categories: type 1, also known as juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, with a hereditary basis requiring insulin treatment; and type 2 (T2DM), also termed adult-onset or diabetes mellitus not requiring insulin, influenced by dietary habits or the use of medications for oral administration aimed at reducing blood glucose levels [2]. DM poses a significant global community health challenge, affecting millions and leading to serious complications such as, for example hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia [3,4]. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) atlas for 2021, the global prevalence of diabetes stands at 537 million people, with three out of four adults living in low-or middle-income countries [5]. ...
Background
Morocco faces a substantial public health challenge due to diabetes mellitus, affecting 12.4% of adults in 2023. The Moroccan population makes extensive use of phytotherapy and traditional medicine to address the difficulties this chronic condition poses. The aim of this study is to document the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine for managing type 2 diabetes in the provinces of the Casablanca-Settat region.
Methods
The study employed a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection. A study was conducted between August 1st and September 30th, 2023, and 244 individuals diagnosed with diabetes were invited to take part in the research, all of whom used at least one medicinal plant to manage type 2 diabetes, by visiting primary healthcare facilities in Morocco. The analysis included the use of Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) to scrutinize the data.
Results
A total of 47 plant species belonging to 25 families were documented. Notably, the Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae families were frequently mentioned in the context of treating type 2 diabetes in Morocco. Prominent among the cited plant species were Sesamum indicum L., Lepidium sativum L., followed by Foeniculum vulgare Mill., and Rosmarinus officinalis L. Seeds emerged as the plant part most commonly mentioned, with infusion being the prevailing preparation method and oral consumption being the most frequently depicted method of administration.
Conclusion
This research underscores the practicality of incorporating traditional medicine into the healthcare framework of the Casablanca-Settat region. The findings not only offer valuable documentation but also have a vital function in safeguarding knowledge regarding the utilization of medicinal plants in this locality. Moreover, they provide opportunities to delve deeper into the phytochemical and pharmacological potential of these plants.
... Moreover, this may be augmented by the consumption of specific foods with postulated cardiovascular protective benefits. One such example is the wolfberry (Lycium barbarum), a wellknown food consumed historically in Asia that contains a variety of bioactive constituents (including carotenoids, phenolics, vitamin C precursor and prebiotic polysaccharides) that may modulate CVD risk (11)(12)(13). ...
Background
Long-term wolfberry intake as part of a healthy dietary pattern was recognized to have beneficial vascular outcomes. Characterization of the plasma lipidome may further provide comprehensive insights into pathways underlying these cardiovascular protective effects.
Objective
We analyzed the plasma lipidome of subjects who adhered to a healthy dietary pattern either with or without wolfberry and investigated the associations between the plasma lipidomic profile and cardiovascular health-related indicators.
Methods
In this 16-week, parallel design, randomized controlled trial, middle-aged and older adults (n = 41) were provided dietary counseling and assigned to either consume or not consume 15 g of wolfberry daily. At baseline and post-intervention, plasma lipidomics was assayed, and its relationships with classical CVD risk factors, vascular health, oxidant burden, carotenoids status, body composition, and anthropometry were examined.
Results
From the plasma lipidome, 427 lipid species from 26 sub-classes were quantified. In the wolfberry and control groups, significant changes were prominent for 27 and 42 lipid species, respectively (P < 0.05 with > 0.2-fold change). Fold changes for seven lipid species were also markedly different between the two groups. Examining the relationships between the plasma lipidome and CVD-related risk factors, total cholesterol revealed a marked positive correlation with 13 ceramide species, while HDL-cholesterol which was notably increased with wolfberry consumption showed a positive correlation with 10 phosphatidylcholine species. Oxidant burden, as represented by plasma 8-isoprostanes, was also inversely associated with lipidomic triglycerides and ether-triglycerides (41 species) and directly associated with hexosylceramides (eight species) and sphingomyelins (six species). There were no differential associations with CVD risk detected between groups.
Conclusion
Characteristic alterations to the plasma lipidome were observed with healthy dietary pattern adherence and wolfberry consumption. An examination of these fluctuations suggests potential biochemical mechanisms that may mediate the antioxidant and cardiovascular protective effects of healthy dietary pattern adherence and wolfberry intake. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT0353584.
... Due to its outstanding taste profile, Lycium barbarum has dominated nearly 90% of all commercially available wolfberries (Jarouche et al. 2019). Also, modern pharmacological studies have confirmed the health benefits of wolfberry (Luo et al. 2004;Yu et al. 2005;Zhang et al. 2014Zhang et al. , 2016Tang et al. 2015). This is mainly attributed to the fact that Lycium barbarum fruits are rich in active components such as polysaccharides (LBP), carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamin C, betaine, alkaloid, and so on (Morrone et al. 2015;Gao et al. 2017;Sangiovanni et al. 2017). ...
Main conclusion
The combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome provided molecular insight into the dynamics of multiple active ingredients biosynthesis and accumulation across different cultivars of Lycium barbarum.
Abstract
Lycium barbarum L. has a high concentration of active ingredients and is well known in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for its therapeutic properties. However, there are many Lycium barbarum cultivars, and the content of active components varies, resulting in inconsistent quality between Lycium barbarum cultivars. At present, few research has been conducted to reveal the difference in active ingredient content among different cultivars of Lycium barbarum at the molecular level. Therefore, the transcriptome of 'Ningqi No.1' and 'Qixin No.1' during the three development stages (G, T, and M) was constructed in this study. A total of 797,570,278 clean reads were obtained. Between the two types of wolfberries, a total of 469, 2394, and 1531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in the ‘G1 vs. G10,’ ‘T1 vs. T10,’ and ‘M1 vs. M10,’ respectively, and were annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthology identifiers. Using these transcriptome data, most DEGs related to the metabolism of the active ingredients in 'Ningqi No.1' and 'Qixin No.1' were identified. Moreover, a widely targeted metabolome analysis of the metabolites of 'Ningqi 1' and 'Qixin 1' fruits at the maturity stage revealed 1,135 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in ‘M1 vs. M10,’ and many DEMs were associated with active ingredients such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and so on. We further quantified the flavonoid, lignin, and carotenoid contents of the two Lycium barbarum cultivars during the three developmental stages. The present outcome provided molecular insight into the dynamics of multiple active ingredients biosynthesis and accumulation across different cultivars of Lycium barbarum, which would provide the basic data for the formation of Lycium barbarum fruit quality and the breeding of outstanding strains.
... Lycium chinense is a member of the Solanaceae family and a famous Chinese herbal medicine with various benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects [93], immune regulatory effects [94], anticancer effects [95], blood sugar and lipid lowering effects [96], and antiaging effects [97]. Its fruit, goji berries, contains abundant endogenous molecules, such as polysaccharides, organic acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which are key to its biological effects [98][99]. ...
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a specific autoimmune disease related to genetic and autoimmune factors. Recent studies have found that the intestinal flora is one of the important environmental factors in the development of T1D. The gut microbiota is the largest microbiota in the human body and has a significant impact on material and energy metabolism. Related studies have found that the intestinal floras of T1D patients are unbalanced. Compared with normal patients, the abundance of beneficial bacteria is reduced, and various pathogenic bacteria are significantly increased, affecting the occurrence and development of diabetes. Medicinal and food homologous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a multicomponent, multitarget, and biphasic regulatory effect. Its chemical composition can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, improve the diversity of the intestinal flora, reduce blood sugar, and achieve the purpose of preventing and treating T1D by regulating the intestinal flora and its metabolites. Therefore, based on a review of T1D, intestinal flora, and TCM derived from medicine and food, this review describes the relationship between T1D and the intestinal flora, as well as the research progress of TCM interventions for T1D through regulation of the intestinal flora. Medicine and food homologous TCM has certain advantages in treating diabetes and regulating the intestinal flora. It can be seen that there is still great research space and broad development prospects for the treatment of diabetes by regulating the intestinal flora with drug and food homologous TCM.
... Increased plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level is the primary risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis (50,51). Totum-070 combines five plant extracts involved in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis: artichoke leaves (52-55), olive leaves (56)(57)(58)(59), chrysanthellum (20), goji berries (60,61) and black pepper (62,63). Its chemical characterization revealed a high polyphenol content (>15% dry weight, Table 1). ...
Introduction
Totum-070 is a combination of five plant extracts enriched in polyphenols to target hypercholesterolemia, one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Totum-070 on cholesterol levels in an animal model of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.
Methods
C57BL/6JOlaHsd male mice were fed a Western diet and received Totum-070, or not, by daily gavage (1g/kg and 3g/kg body weight) for 6 weeks.
Results
The Western diet induced obesity, fat accumulation, hepatic steatosis and increased plasma cholesterol compared with the control group. All these metabolic perturbations were alleviated by Totum-070 supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. Lipid excretion in feces was higher in mice supplemented with Totum-070, suggesting inhibition of intestinal lipid absorption. Totum-070 also increased the fecal concentration of short chain fatty acids, demonstrating a direct effect on intestinal microbiota.
Discussion
The characterization of fecal microbiota by 16S amplicon sequencing showed that Totum-070 supplementation modulated the dysbiosis associated with metabolic disorders. Specifically, Totum-070 increased the relative abundance of Muribaculum (a beneficial bacterium) and reduced that of Lactococcus (a genus positively correlated with increased plasma cholesterol level). Together, these findings indicate that the cholesterol-lowering effect of Totum-070 bioactive molecules could be mediated through multiple actions on the intestine and gut microbiota.
... Os frutos de Gojy berry têm potencial terapêutico no controle da dislipidemia e consequente prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares. Estudos experimentais com animais verificaram, de forma segura, a eficácia desse fruto no controle e prevenção de doenças relacionadas a disfunção no perfil lipídico (Luo et al., 2004;Ming et al. (2009;Chernukha et al., 2020;Vidović et al., 2022 ) . Dentre as frutas exóticas do tipoberry, a goji berry têm recebidomais atenção em vários países tanto por sua utilização na indústria alimentícia quanto pelo ponto de vista médico e farmacêutico (Vidović et al., 2022 ) ...
Introdução: A dislipidemia é considerada um dos fatores de risco mais importantes para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Como resultado, tratamentos efetivos com fármacos foram desenvolvidos para combatê-la, porém, apresentam alto custo e efeitos colaterais. Considerando este fato, tem-se recorrido a tratamentos utilizando alimentos funcionais conhecidos científica e popularmente por possuírem efeito hipolipemiante, dentre eles os antioxidantes. Os frutos Goji Berry ((GB) Lycium barbarum), reconhecidamente potentes antioxidantes, vêm sendo estudados, quanto ao seu potencial hipolipemiante. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento com Goji Berry liofilizado na dislipidemia induzida por triton WR 1339 em camundongos. Materiais e Métodos: Foram realizados dois tratamentos que se distinguiram apenas no período de duração, 2 e 15 dias. Em cada tratamento os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo 1 (controle SHAM); Grupo 2, (controle Triton 400 mg/kg. i.p) , Grupo 3 (GB 50mg/kg, p.o) e Grupo 4 (GB 100mg/kg, p.o) Resultados: Os resultados mostraram uma redução significativa nos níveis séricos de colesterol total (CT), Tiglicerídeos e LDL no tratamento agudo, 2 dias. Por outro lado, após tratamento de 15 dias, os níveis plasmáticos de Triglicerídeos e LDL estavam aumentados e CT com discreta diminuição. Em ambos os tratamentos os níveis séricos de HDL foram reduzidos, por provável viés do modelo Conclusão: Os dados obtidos permitem concluir o fruto de Goji Berry tem potencial hipolipêmico, sendo necessários mais estudos para determinação da melhor e mais segura forma de ingerir esses alimentos de forma a se beneficiar de suas propriedades funcionais.
... Diabetes mellitus is a multi-factorial, non-communicable, chronic disease that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors (Kaul & Ali, 2016;Sun et al., 2014). It can be characterized by abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and lipoproteins, which not only increases blood sugar, but also leads to many complications and comorbidities, including hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia (Luo et al., 2004;Sepici et al., 2004). The 10th edition IDF Diabetes Atlas estimates that the global prevalence of diabetes in 2021 was over 10%, and this will increase to ~46% by 2045 (Sun et al., 2022). ...
We aimed to evaluate the effect of spirulina sauce on glycemic indices, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, and anthropometric measurement in type 2 diabetic patients. Forty patients were randomly assigned to receive 20 g/day spirulina sauce (containing 2 g of spirulina) or placebo for 2 months. Anthropometric and biochemical indices were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. Fasting blood glucose (mean difference (MD): −15.3 mg/dL, 95% confidence (CI): −44.2 to 13.60, p = .26), HbA1c (MD: 0.13%, 95% CI: −0.83 to 0.57, p = .75), insulin (MD: −1.46 μIU/mL, 95% CI: −4.0 to 1.09, p = .28), and HOMA‐IR (MD: −0.35, 95% CI: −2.0 to 1.32, p = .68) did not change significantly between groups. QUICKI increased significantly (MD: 0.025, 95% CI: 0.006 to 0.045, p = .03). Among the lipid profile, triglyceride (TG) (MD: −68.6 mg/dL, 95% CI: −107.21 to −29.98, p < .001), total cholesterol (MD: −29.55 mg/dL, 95% CI: −55.28 to −3.81, p = .02), and LDL (MD: −17.7 mg/dL, 95% CI: −33.24 to −2.15, p = .01) were significantly decreased in the spirulina group compared to the control; whereas, the change in HDL was non‐significant. No significant change was observed in body composition and anthropometric measurements, except waist circumference, which was reduced (MD: −2.65 cm, 95% CI: −3.91 to −1.38, p = .001). Hunger index significantly decreased and fullness increased marginally significantly. Although malondialdehyde was significantly reduced, no change was observed in total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Spirulina sauce was not effective for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes; however, could be useful for controlling appetite and ameliorating lipid profile.
... 61 (1) 2023 body. They also function as vital hypolipidemic agents (Luo et al., 2004). The Crepis rueppellii belongs to the Asteraceae family. ...
Paracetamol (PCM) overdose/abuse because of self-medication is a common occurrence amongst people living in low/middle income countries. The present study was designed to investigate the hypolipidemic of Crepis rueppellii (CR) and Rhamnus staddo (RS) aqueous extracts in acetaminophen (paracetamol)-treated guinea pigs. Forty four male guinea pigs (350-650g) were randomly assigned into eleven groups of four guinea pigs each. Group I served as the control group. Groups II received 2g PCM/kg body weight (BW) alone, Groups III received 2g PCM/kg BW and 100 mg silymarin /kg BW, groups IV received 100 mg CR leave extract /kg BW alone while group V received 200 mg CR leave extract / kg BW alone. In-group VI, were administered with 2g PCM/kg BW and 100 mg CR leave extract /kg BW. Meanwhile, group VII were administered with 2g PCM /kg BW and 200 mg CR leave extract /kg BW. Groups VIII received 100 mg RS extract /kg BW alone while group IΧ received 200 mg RS extract alone /kg BW. In group Χ, guinea pigs were treated with 2 g PCM /kg BW and 100 mg RS extract /kg BW. Meanwhile, guinea pigs in group ΧI were treated with 2g PCM /kg BW and 200 mg RS extract /kg BW. The treatment lasted for seven days after which sera were harvested and assayed for serum lipid indices using standard methods. The obtained results showed that, the aqueous extract of C. rueppellii and R. staddo significant (P<0.05) reduced levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and glucose in the animal model. However, it was unable to produce significant effect on HDL concentration compare between PCM alone. Data from our study suggest that aqueous leave extracts of CR and RS possesses probable hypolipidemic effects.
... LBP improved the antioxidant capacity of spotted sea bass to some extent, as shown in the present study. As is well known, polysaccharides, including LBP, themselves have antioxidant capacity [78], and therefore we speculate that the improvement effect of polysaccharide in fish antioxidant capacity can be related to the feed preservation. Polysaccharides supplemented in diets can be seen as an antioxidant and therefore can slow down the oxidation of fish oil. ...
This experiment explored the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus. Blank and experimental control diets with 100 and 150 g/kg lipid were designed, respectively, and three dosages of LBP (0.75, 1.00, 1.25 g/kg) were supplemented in the experimental control diet. A total 375 of spotted sea bass (19.33 ± 0.15) g were divided into 5 groups, and were given experimental diets for 56 days, respectively. Results showed fish were induced to lipid metabolism disorders with dietary 150 g/kg lipid intake, which manifested in reduced feeding, oxidative stress, elevated serum lipid, and more severe hepatic damage. Dietary LBP improved the lipid metabolism disorders of fish, as indicated by significant enhancements in weight gain, digestion, superoxide dismutase activity, and decreases in malonaldehyde content, and activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Accordingly, an improvement in the hepatic morphological and expression of lipid metabolism related genes, including FAS, PPAR-α, CPT1 and ATGL, was observed. Nevertheless, no significant variation in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol was observed. Overall, dietary LBP can improve the growth, digestion, antioxidant capacity, and liver health of spotted sea bass, thereby improving the lipid metabolism disorders induced by 150 g/kg dietary lipid intake.
... L. barbarum includes polysaccharides, carotenoids, flavonoids, betaine, cerebroside, beta-sitosterol, p-coumaric acid, vitamins and other phytochemicals. Among them, L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) have various physiological effects, such as antioxidant effects (107), anti-diabetes (108) and cardiovascular benefits (109). The effect of L. barbarum on the cardiometabolic risk factors was investigated in a meta-analysis (106), combining seven randomized controlled trials with a total of 548 participants. ...
The nutraceutical approach to moderate hypercholesterolaemia is an interesting option in the context of appropriate conditions associated with low cardiovascular risk, and red yeast rice (RYR) extract is one of the most utilized products in this field. Monacolin k, its main active component, reduces serum LDL-C levels via inhibition of β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, similarly to statins. In 2011, EFSA approved the claim regarding monacolin k from RYR extract and maintenance of normal cholesterol levels. However, in 2018, EFSA issued a warning about potential adverse effects of this nutraceutical and, in 2022, the European Commission published a Regulation with several limitations of its use. Therefore, current research and development efforts are aiming at assessing efficacy and safety of other known and novel nutraceutical products which may benefit patients with moderate hypercholesterolaemia. These active agents range from phytosterols, probiotics and berberine to bergamot, cabbage and artichoke extracts and soy protein. Moreover, plant extracts from traditional medicine, for example from African countries, are also a subject of study in this direction. The full clinical exploitation of many of them, however, still requires robust clinical evidence, which should be the objective of future research.
... In diabetes, there is an overproduction of free radicals that cause tissue destruction, these radicals attack the cell membrane through peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids 41 . Lipid peroxidation damages the membrane and disruption in function. ...
Objective:
Arabic gum Acacia (AG) is rich in fiber which improves lipid metabolism besides its antioxidant effect. Folium mori (FM) is a widely used herb due to its immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity. In the current study, we explore the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, as well as antioxidant activities of AG and FM in Streptozotocin (STZ), induced diabetic rats.
Materials and methods:
STZ diabetic rats were orally administrated with metformin and/or a combination of AG and FM for 4 weeks. Glycemic levels, Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also evaluated. Gene expression and profile as well as immunohistopathological were also evaluated.
Results:
The results elicited no toxicological profile of both AG and FM. Plasma glucose level was decreased starting from 1st week to 4th week; besides, there was an improvement in glycated hemoglobin, insulin, and fructosamine. Liver and kidney damage markers were decreased in both AG and FM-treated rats. A significant increase in the antioxidant defense system and a decrease in oxidative stress markers were also observed. Gene expression analysis in brain tissues revealed a significant decrease in Interleukin beta 1 (IL-β1), Caspase 3 (Cas-3), and Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β).
Conclusions:
Oral treatment of metformin with AG and FM in STZ-injected rats could ameliorate protective pathways and can be one of the promising oral anti-diabetic herbal agents.
... The meta-analysis by Guo et al. (2017), examining the effect of L. barbarum (goji berries) on cardio-metabolic risk factors, concluded that L. barbarum significantly reduces total cholesterol and total triglyceride concentrations in the elderly population [31]. Interestingly, Goji composition exerts a low carbohydrate profile (only 20%) which may account for its role in reducing circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol while increasing HDL concentration [32,33]. Olive leaves extracts (Olea europaea L.) are known for preventing inflammatory chronic diseases due to the high content of various antioxidant molecules, such as oleuropein, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. ...
TOTUM-070 is a patented polyphenol-rich blend of five different plant extracts showing separately a latent effect on lipid metabolism and potential synergistic properties. In this study, we investigated the health benefit of such a formula. Using a preclinical model of high fat diet, TOTUM-070 (3 g/kg of body weight) limited the HFD-induced hyperlipemia with a reduction in triglyceride (−32% after 6 weeks; −20.3% after 12 weeks) and non-HDL cholesterol levels (−21% after 6 weeks; −38.4% after 12 weeks). To further investigate such a benefit and its underlying mechanisms in humans, we designed an ex vivo clinical approach to collect the circulating bioactives resulting from TOTUM-070 ingestion and to determine their biological activities on human hepatocytes. Human serum was obtained from healthy subjects before and after intake of TOTUM-070 (4995 mg). The presence of circulating metabolites was assessed by UPLC-MS/MS. Serum containing metabolites was further incubated with hepatocytes cultured in a lipotoxic environment (palmitate, 250 µM). RNA sequencing analyses show that lipid metabolism was one of the most impacted processes. Using histologic, proteomic, and enzymatic assays, the effects of human TOTUM-070 bioactives on hepatocyte metabolism were characterized by (1) the inhibition of lipid storage, including both (2) triglycerides (−41%, p < 0.001) and (3) cholesterol (−50%, p < 0.001) intracellular content, (4) a reduced de novo cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase activity −44%, p < 0.001), and (5) a lowered fatty acid synthase protein level (p < 0.001). Altogether, these data support the beneficial impact of TOTUM-070 on lipid metabolism and provide new biochemical insights in human mechanisms occurring in liver cells.
... It might be possible that these active compounds would be interfering in different pathways involve with lipids. Many plants contain high polysaccharides also showed a good cholesterol-lowering activity because the polysaccharides can prevent the absorption of ingested cholesterol or elevate cholesterol clearance from the circulation [27,28]. Khalili et al. (2006) reported that red dragon fruit is high with crude fiber. ...
Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is becoming popular among Malaysian's communities and has been planted commercially in Malaysia. The fruit contains high nutritional value and can promote health. However, there is a little information regarding the lipid lowering effect of red dragon fruit extract on Sprague-Dawley rats. The anti-hypercholesterolemic activity of H. polyrhizus fruit extract was investigated using poloxamer 407 (P-407) and high cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Moreover, antioxidant properties using tests involving, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) were assessed. Standard testing protocols reveals the presence of phytochemicals such as polysaccharide, flavonoid, and phenolic compounds. The effect of the extract on the lipid profile was assessed by measuring total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol HDL-C and coronary risk index (CRI) in the serum of the rats. Treatment with H. polyrhizus fruit extract did not significantly lower the lipid profile of the rats in P-407-induced models. However, H. polyrhizus fruit extract significantly reduced the serum TC and LDL-C levels in the high cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesteremic rat model. The fruit extracts show antioxidant activity. The phenolic, flavonoid, and polysaccharide contents of H. polyrhizus fruit extract were 6.22 ± 0.46 mg GAE/g, 0.28±0.02 mg QE/g, and 25.4±3.2 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, H. polyrhizus fruit extract exhibited considerable anti-hypercholesterolemic and antioxidant activity. However, further studies are needed to confirm the contribution of phenolic and flavonoid groups to the anti-hypercholesterolemic activity.
... Medicinal plants have played an important role in the abatement of toxic substances in the human body. They also function as vital hypolipidemic agents (Luo et al., 2004). The Crepis rueppellii belongs to the Asteraceae family. ...
... Fruits such as goji, camu-camu, maqui berry, açaí berry, pomegranate, and mangosteen are considered super fruits due to their exceptionally high anthocyanin, flavonoid, carotenoid, vitamin C, and fatty acid contents (Chang et al. 2019). Consumption of such fruits has been demonstrated to lower blood glucose levels (Luo et al. 2004) and increase HDL levels (Nascimento et al. 2013) in diabetic and obese participants. Similarly, seeds such as chia, flaxseeds, and quinoa contain high levels of polyphenolic compounds, phytosterols, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids. ...
Despite the almost universal acceptance of the phrase “you are what you eat,” investment in understanding diet-based nutrition to address human health has been dwarfed compared to that for medicine-based interventions. Moreover, traditional breeding has focused on yield to the detriment of nutritional quality, meaning that although caloric content has remained high, the incidence of nutritional deficiencies and accompanying diseases (so-called hidden hunger) has risen dramatically. We review how genome sequencing coupled with metabolomics can facilitate the screening of genebank collections in the search for superior alleles related to the nutritional quality of crops. We argue that the first examples are very promising, suggesting that this approach could benefit broader ranges of crops and compounds with known relevance for human health. We argue that this represents an approach complementary to metabolic engineering by transgenesis or gene editing that could be used to reverse some of the losses incurred through a recent focus on breeding for yield, although we caution that ensuring such approaches are not (re)introducing antinutrients is also necessary. Furthermore, deploying effective postharvest processing technologies to increase the density of nutrients in the food matrix and improve palatability remains an attractive alternative.
Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 14 is March 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
... Furthermore, these compounds were expected to be the reason for the strong antioxidant and (-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Fr. 5 and Fr. 6 based on the in vitro assay (Figures 2 and 3). In addition, several of these compounds have been reported as antioxidant and antidiabetic agents (Aldakinah et al. 2017;Allahghadri et al. 2010;Luo et al. 2004;Peng et al. 2012). ...
Ethnomedicinal bioprospecting of Rhizophora apiculata leaves through in silico and in vitro approaches as antioxidant, a-glucosidase inhibitor and anticancer. Biodiversitas 23: 6437-6447. Investigating marine natural products for biopharmaceutical development leads to a massive study of mangrove metabolites. Rhizophora apiculata is utilized as a traditional medicine by the local community in Indonesia. However, only a few studies reported the lead compounds. The aim of this study was to discover the biological properties of R. apiculata metabolites from the leaves as an antioxidant, -glucosidase inhibitor, and anticancer agent through in vitro and in silico approaches. The leaves of R. apiculata were extracted and then fractionated using the silica-OCC method. All fractions were screened for antioxidant, -glucosidase inhibitors, and cytotoxicity assays. Then the bioactive compounds in prospective fractions were identified using LC-HRMS. The selected compounds with ppm error <10 were applied for in silico analysis. The result of biological properties screening indicated Fr. 5 and Fr. 6 as the most potent sources of antioxidants, -glucosidase inhibitors, and cytotoxic compounds. In total, 19 compounds were selected from two prospective fractions. The drug-likeness and bioavailability prediction results indicated that all selected compounds act as drug-like molecules. In addition, 17 were predicted to have antioxidant activity, and 15 compounds had antidiabetic activity. Moreover, 15 compounds had a more negative affinity binding than cytarabine. Molecular docking analysis showed that the mechanism of cytotoxicity against P388 Murine Leukaemia Cells was through the interaction of apigenin with protein tyrosine kinase (c-Kit) with a stronger inhibitory activity than the control drug (Cytarabine) and had the same binding site as the control (Cytarabine).
... Phytochemicals present are flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, minerals, vitamins, polysaccharides (LBP), phenolic compounds, and dicaffeoylspermine/spermidines (Byambasuren et al., 2019;Ye and Jiang, 2020). It shows anti-aging, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities (Luo et al., 2004;Chang and So, 2008;As anic a et al. 2016;Mocan et al., 2017;Skenderidis et al., 2017). ...
Cancer with a mortality rate bordering on cardiac diseases is a multifaceted health issue that medical science is facing today. Despite various therapies available, its management is still a burning issue due to the side effects of most of the drugs used in its treatment. Plant products have always been favorable in health care management due to their effectiveness, ease of availability, and safety. The present review makes an effort to summarize the research advancements in the anti-cancer domain of Solanaceae family. Research carried out during the last ten years (2011À2020) has been briefed after reading about 320 articles published in different data sources like Google scholar, Wiley online library, Web of Science, Semantic Scholar, Scopus, and Pub Med. Altogether 213 article data have been cited, and comprehensive information of 18 utmost potential anti-cancerous plants of the family has complied. About 63 anti-cancerous compounds have been isolated from these eighteen plants. A total of 32 plant-specific anti-cancerous compounds have been tabulated along with their chemical structure and study design. The mechanism of action of specific compounds that might provoke the researcher's watchfulness for further detailed studies is also proposed. This review will come up with the perception of the role of Solanaceae family in cancer research and point out the lacuna in the ongoing knowledge and will contribute to hereafter research.
... LBP is well studied for its pharmacological effects on anti-aging Tang and He, 2013), cytoprotection (Wu et al., 2006;Yu et al., 2006;Li, 2007;Niu et al., 2008;Cheng and Kong, 2011), immunomodulation (Gan et al., 2004;Cui et al., 2012), and neuromodulation Chen et al., 2014;Hu et al., 2018). LBP is also able to combat the effects of fatigue (Zhao et al., 2015), hyperglycemia (Zhu et al., 2013), hyperlipidemia (Luo et al., 2004), and other induced toxicities (Xin et al., 2011;Xiao et al., 2012). ...
In recent years, the pharmacological benefits of herbal extracts have been revisited for their potential neuroprotective effects in glaucoma. The polysaccharides extracted from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L., or Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, exert their anti-aging effect through reducing oxidative stress, modulating the immune response, enhancing neuronal responses, and promoting cytoprotection. The therapeutic efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in preserving retinal ganglion cells and their functions was demonstrated in a range of experimental models of optic neuropathies. These include the acute and chronic ocular hypertension models, the partial optic nerve transection model, and the ischemic-reperfusion injuries model. Based on these findings, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides appear to be a good candidate to be developed as a neuroprotective agent for treating multifactorial diseases. This review aims to present a comprehensive review on the latest preclinical evidence on the pre- and post-treatment benefits of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection. The possible mechanisms of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides mediating retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection will also be described. Moreover, the potential research gaps in the effective translation of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides treatment into clinical glaucoma management will be discussed.
Goji berries (Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense), also known as wolfberries, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. These nutrient-dense berries, rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds like polysaccharides, carotenoids, and phenolics, exhibit numerous health benefits. Renowned for their antioxidant properties, goji berries contribute to anti-aging, improved vision, immune enhancement, and potential protection against hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. They are widely consumed as dried fruits, teas, juices, and functional ingredients in diverse food products, enhancing their sensory and nutritional profiles. In addition to their culinary applications, goji berries hold promise in pharmaceutical and skincare industries. Incorporating goji extracts in milk, meat, bakery, and confectionery products enhances their antioxidant capacity and sensory attributes. Future prospects focus on advancing agricultural methods, expanding global acceptance, and substantiating health claims through clinical research. Goji berries, celebrated as a superfood, continue to gain prominence as functional ingredients for health and wellness. KEYWORDS: Goji berries, antioxidants, health benefits, bioactive compounds, polysaccharides,carotenoids.
Diabetes, a metabolic disease stemming from impaired or defective insulin secretion, ranks among the most severe chronic illnesses globally. While several approved drugs exist for its treatment, they often come with multiple side effects. Therefore, there is a pressing need for safe and effective anti-diabetic medications. Traditional Chinese medicine has recognized Lycium barbarum (LB, goji berry) plant, commonly known as "wolfberry fruit" in China, for over 2,000 years. Natural compounds derived from LB show promise in reducing diabetes levels. Although research on the impact of LB on diabetes is still limited, our review aims to explore the potential of LB in reducing the risk of diabetes and examine the underlying mechanisms involved. LB can modulate diabetes through various pathways, such as inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, promoting β-cell proliferation, stimulating insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion, improving insulin resistance and glucose tolerance, and enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, LB improves gut flora and immunomodulation, further aiding diabetes management. These findings highlight the potential clinical utility of LB in managing diabetes and its complications within the framework of evidence-based modern medicine.
The goji berry (Lycium spp.) belongs to the Solanaceae family. The genus Lycium comprises 87 recognized species and is distributed in arid and semi-arid regions in temperate to subtropical zones around the world. Wolfberry has been consumed as food and medicine for more than 4000 years, and the cultivation of L. barbarum has been recorded for more than 600 years in the northwestern part of China, especially Ningxia province which is also the authentic region of Chinese medicine, Lycii fructus. Both the fresh and dried fruits and leaves of the goji berry have multipurpose use. Also, they are closely related to human health phenolic substances which are particularly effective on the color, flavor, and durability of fruits and vegetables, depending on the antioxidant properties of anticarcinogen the antimutagenic and maintenance show antimicrobial activity. In Chinese folk medicine, wolfberry extracts have been used to treat and prevent various liver, eye, kidney, and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and treat cancer due to their rich phytochemical composition and medical properties. This berry fruit also helps to improve mood swings and creates an optimistic feeling in people who eat it. So, goji berries may have a positive effect on decreasing depression and anxiety-like behaviors. This study aims to demonstrate the benefits of goji fruits on human health.
Keywords: Lycium spp., human health, bioactive compounds, folk medicine
Цель обзора – обобщение и анализ экспериментальных данных о фармакологических свойствах дерезы обыкновенной – Lycium barbarum L., которые могут найти применение в гериатрической практике в терапии возрастных заболеваний. Анализ публикаций свидетельствует о том, что плоды этого растения или отдельные их компоненты (полисахариды и др.) способны увеличивать продолжительность жизни лабораторных животных, оказывать антиоксидантное, нейропротекторное, противовоспалительное действие. Экспериментально установленные эффекты представляют интерес для терапии таких возрастных синдромов, как болезни Альцгеймера и Паркинсона, остеоартрит, возрастная макулярная дегенерация, старческая катаракта и др. В связи с этим, констатируется, что плоды этого растения должны более широко использоваться в гериатрической практике в целях терапии и профилактики ряда возрастных заболеваний.
The aim of the review is to summarize and analyze the experimental data on the pharmacological properties of Lycium barbarum L., which can be used in geriatric practice in the therapy of age-related diseases. Analysis of publications indicates that the fruits of this plant or their individual components (polysaccharides, etc.) are able to increase the life span of laboratory animals, have antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory effects. Experimentally established effects are of interest for the therapy of such age-related syndromes as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, osteoarthritis, age-related macular degeneration, senile cataract, etc. The effects of these effects are of interest for the treatment of such age-related syndromes as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this connection, it is stated that the fruits of this plant should be more widely used in geriatric practice for therapy and prevention of a number of age-related diseases.
With a high content of antioxidants, vitamins, amino acids, essential minerals and essential fatty acids, goji (Lycium barbarum L.) contributes to general well-being, supports the immune system, being considered a superfood. Goji berries have a long history of medicinal use, they are considered to have an important antidiabetic, anti-aging and anticancer effect, repair epidermal lesions, provide benefits to the cardiovascular system and contribute to effective cholesterol control. Micropropagation techniques are used as biotechnological tools that allow the production of a large number of plants from small fragments taken from a mother plant in a relatively short period of time. An applicable and efficient protocol for sterilization, initiation, multiplication, rooting and acclimatization in goji was developed. The results obtained in this study highlight the usefulness of tissue cultures in obtaining a high-quality planting material and the use of healthy biological material produced in vitro for large-scale propagation in ex vitro conditions.
The research includes the current calendar efficiently extracts some
organic solvents (ethanol , Ethyl acetate and hexane) and secondary
metabolites crude ( alkaloids , phenols and terpenes) of Citrullus
colocynthis L. , Rubus sanctus Shreb and Lycium barbarum L. on some of
the biological aspects of Musca domestica under laboratory conditions at
30±1°C and relative humidity of 65±5% .
The extract ethanol plants tested was the Supreme influential in the
destruction of roles immature insect , ahead of R.sanctus in the ratio Almaah
for the destruction of eggs amounted to 90.00 %, and the highest
concentration of 20 mg/ml , compared with control which amounted 22.79%
followed by leaf L.barbarum then C . colocynthis , amounting to 67.45 % ,
72.31 % Respectively Moreover, the extracts of organic solvents three
recorded the proportion of perdition mentioned Baltrkizalaaly , either with
Aktherhsasah of larval stages other for all the st respect to larval stages was 1
extracts was the highest rates of destruction of larval stages of the three using
the R.sanctus and the highest concentration of 20 mg /ml , where the
percentage loss 90.00 % of all larval stages and organic solvents all while
were similar murder rate achieved by extracts ethylacetate for plant
amounted to 90.00 nd and 2
st C.colocynthis and L.barbarum for phases 1
for C.colocynthis and rd mg/ml while the % ( 56.31 , 85.56 ) for 3
L.barbarum respectively , in the hexane extract, 90.00 %, 81.00 %, 77.84 % ,
and for Atoaralamzkorh respectively for C.colocynthis while the 51.20 %,
65.55 %, 90.00 % for the L.barbarum for same extract and concentrate the
same . The average rates of perdition cumulative roles is of 100 %
concentration of 20 mg/ml of plants tested all and organic solvents all
Compared with the control which is limited to the ( 8-16) % . Rose for growth
roles immature than 10 days in the control treatment to ( 16.00 , 16.67 , 26.67
) a day to extractalcohol for R.sanctus and L.barbarum and C.colocynthis ,
respectively, in the concentration 10 mg/ml while the total (26.00 ,
ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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127
22.67,11.67) day to extract ethylacetate plant R.sanctus and C.colocynthis and
L.barbarum, respectively , in either extract hexane amounted to 12.67 day for
plant C.colocynthis and L.barbarum while the 13.00 to R.sanctus and with the
same emphasis mentioned . confined weights virgins of plants tested in the
extract ethanol between ( 0.20 - 0.22) g in the control treatment while the
value of 0.13g of R.sanctus and L.barbarum in concentration 10 mg/ml while
the 0.14g of C.colocynthis while the value of the extract ethylacetate (0.14,
0.13, 0.12) g of R.sanctus and C.colocynthis and L.barbarum respectively at
the same concentration mentioned above. either in the extract of hexane was (
0.14 , 0.12 , 0.11) g of the plants mentioned in a row . reached the productivity
of female 21.00 to extract alcohol for R.sanctus in focus 10 mg/ml while the
total ( 65.00 , 61.33) eggs/female plant L.barbarum and C.colocynthis
respectively Compared with control which ranged between ( 220.33-250.00 )
eggs/female either in extract ethylacetate was ( 65.83 , 53.13,29.33 ) egg /
Female of R.sanctus and C.colocynthis and L.barbarum respectively while the
as for the effect of extracts of total (69.33, 68.00,51.67 ) egg / Female hexane
secondary metabolites raw plants tested has achieved extract phenolic
compounds raw C.colocynthis highest rate of destruction of the eggs was
85.44 % in the concentration 20 mg/ml followed by Abstract mentioned plant
L.barbarum by loss of 76.44 % and finally the R.sanctus by the destruction of
the amount of 63.94%in the same concentration aforementioned
As for the effect of extracts of vehicles above in the
destruction of larval stages of the three has the effect was clear where
achieved the highest rates of murder of Atwar larval result of exposure to
extract phenolic plants all in concentration 20 mg/ml as well as with extracts
of rd Terpenes and alkaloid concentration mentioned above except Maabdah 3
resistance to extract each of the a forementioned C.colocynthis and
L.barbarum where the loss ratios were developed for the mentioned 85.56 %
and 69.53 %, respectively . The average rates of perdition cumulative roles is
of 100 % of the plants all and compounds secondary all and concentration 20
mg/ml compared with the control which is limited to the ( 18-12)% amounted
to a period of growth between ( 15.67,16 , 0.0) a day to extract alkaloid of
R.sanctus and L.barbarum and C.colocynthis respectively concentration 10
mg/ml compared with control of 10 days . while the(19.33, 16.67, 15.33)day
of the extract Terpenes for plant L.barbarum and C.colocynthis and R.sanctus
in a row and the same concentration either in extract phenolic stood at (0.26,
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128
18.33,17)day of C.colocynthis and L.barbarum and R.sanctus respectively.
Decreased weights virgins than 0.20 g in the control treatment to ( 0.12 , 0.011
, 0.10) g of extract alkaloid of R.sanctus and C.colocynthis and L.barbarum
respectively in focus 10 mg/ml while the value of (0.11, 0.14,0.15) g of
Lbarbarum and R.sanctus , and C.colocynthis respectively in terpenes axtract .
either in the phenolic extract of (0.10, 0.12 ,0.14,) g C.colocynthis and
L.barbarum and R.sanctus in a row and the concentration of the above
mentioned. The average productivity in the alkaloid extract ( 52.33 , 50.24,0.0
) egg / Female of R.sanctus and C.colocynthis and L.barbarum respectively in
focus 10 mg/mL Compared with the control which is limited to the ( 224-223
) egg/female while the productivity ( 48.33,41.67 , 11.67 ) egg /Female for
Terpiens extract L.barbarum and R.sanctus and C.colocynthis respectively.
for what amounted to the phenolic extract (55.00,48.33, 29.67) egg/female
respectively and with the same focus mentioned above.
According to the spectral studies (IR spectra and UV. Spectra ) contain plants
tested on several phenoliccompounds.
Muntingia calabura (MC) is a valuable medicinal plant with many bioactive compounds that can be used to treat inflammation, ulcers and headaches. The current study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf (MLE) and root (MRE) extracts of M. calabura, as well as the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). MCAgNPs are synthesized by using the aqueous leaf extract of M. calabura and AgNO3 solution. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the H2O2 free radical scavenging and reducing power assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was performed using human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization technique, while antidiabetic activity was performed using α-amylase inhibition assay. MCAgNPs showed significant antioxidant activity by H2O2 inhibition (83.66%) and reducing power assay (0.178); anti-inflammatory activity (87.54%); and antidiabetic activity (78.16%) when compared with MCMLE and MCMRE. Furthermore, using the well diffusion technique, MCAgNPs showed more efficient antibacterial activity compared to MCMLE and MCMRE.
Polysaccharides with multiple biological activities are usually considered as one of the major bioactive compounds in Chinese medicines (CMs). At present, the development of drugs and functional foods related to polysaccharides has attracted a great deal of attention due to their great potential effects and diverse action mechanisms. However, quality control of polysaccharides is the bottleneck and challenge due to their complexity and chemical diversity. Actually, the bioactivities of polysaccharides are closely related to their molecular structures. In order to ensure their safety and efficacy, the development of novel approaches based on the molecular structures for the improvement of quality control of polysaccharides is significantly important. Therefore, in this article, the relationship between biological activities and chemical structures, as well as the action mechanisms of polysaccharides from CMs were summarized first. Furthermore, saccharide mapping, a novel strategy for quality control of bioactive polysaccharides from CMs, was introduced and the application and perspectives were also discussed.
A Lycium barbarum popularmente conhecida como goji berry, é um fruto com potente atividade antioxidante devido à presença de flavonóides, porém, sabe-se que diversos fatores podem alterar a quantidade destes compostos em alimentos. Tendo em vista esses aspectos, esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as propriedades antioxidantes in vitro, teor de vitamina C e de compostos fenólicos totais presentes em diferentes formas de apresentação deste fruto desidratado, sendo elas: fruto inteiro a granel, em sachê, em pote e em forma de farinha. Foram determinados os teores de fenólicos totais (reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu), vitamina C (2,4 dinitrofenilhidrazina) e atividade antioxidante total (DPPH e sistema β- caroteno/ácido linoleico), de quatro amostras de goji berry comercializadas no Brasil, e seus resultados foram expressos em base seca. O produto em sachê apresentou o maior teor de fenólicos totais (37,2mg EAGg-1) e menor valor para vitamina C (58,1mg/g). Resultado inverso foi observado com a farinha que apresentou o menor teor de fenólicos totais (13,5mg EAGg-1) e maior teor de vitamina C (102,29mg100g-1). A farinha de goji berry apresentou a maior atividade antioxidante total (AAT) pelo método DPPH (66,0% SRL; p<0,05). Já pelo método de sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoléico, o produto à granel apresentou a maior AAT (87,2% I) comparado aos demais produtos (p<0,05). Os resultados demonstram que o fruto Goji Berry comercializado na forma de farinhas em sachês, apresentou um alto teor de vitamina C e atividade antioxidante in vitro, assim, sua ingestão pode contribuir para aumentar o teor de antioxidantes na dieta e, consequentemente, auxiliar a defesa contra os radicais livres. Palavras-chave: Solanaceae. Compostos Fenólicos. Ácido Ascórbico. Goji Berry. Lycium barbarum L.
The plant coriander, family umbelliferae, has applications in both the culinary and traditional medical fields. It has a wide variety of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, vitamins, and many phytosterols. These phytoconstituents are responsible for the pharmacological activities of coriander, which include anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and analgesic actions. The following online resources were utilised to conduct an electronic search of the available literature: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. Studies in traditional breeding techniques resulted in the production of new species over time. In this light, it is of the utmost need to carry out fundamental research on contemporary breeding programmes to ascertain coriander's quantity and quality performance. Through the use of genome sequencing technology and various molecular markers, researchers were able to examine the genetic diversity and population structure of the coriander plant. As a result of these studies, coriander breeding made some significant strides forward. The objective of this manuscript is to provide attention on the significant role that advances in biotechnology play in the breeding of coriander and to further evaluate and discuss the effectiveness of C. sativum in the treatment of several diseases. In addition to this, the manuscript includes a discussion of the phytoconstituents that may be found in coriander seed and that have been collected from all over the world. In light of this information, the application of biotechnological methods has the potential to improve coriander breeding.
The cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants with conventional and organic farming techniques in order to protect biodiversity due to depleted natural resources is becoming increasingly common. The expensiveness of organic farming techniques necessitates more careful selection of the plants to be grown. Evaluation of the bioactivity and phytochemical contents of these plants is important for the pharmaceutical and food industry. In this study, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholesterolemic and antiobesity activities of the extracts obtained from the fruit, root and leaves of Lycium barbarum grown with organic farming techniques using infusion and decoction techniques were evaluated in vitro. The phytochemical contents of the extracts were investigated by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. In the study in which five different antioxidant activity methods were used, L. barbarum root decoction showed a strong antioxidant effect in almost all methods. While none of the extracts exerted an inhibitory effect on the α-glucosidase enzyme, the leaf infusion of the plant at 2 mg/ml concentration caused strong inhibitions especially on pancreatic lipase (62.16±3.33%) and pancreatic cholesterol esterase (93.98±0.54%) enzymes compared to the reference compounds. L. barbarum leaf infusion was standardized by RP-HPLC technique on the basis of chlorogenic acid (1.339±0.056 g/100 g dry extract) and quercetin-3-O-glucoside (1.801±0.042 g/100 g dry extract) as markers. The findings displayed that leaf infusions of L. barbarum grown with organic farming techniques could be the source of natural product development studies for hypercholesterolemia and obesity control, and the extract could be standardized using chlorogenic acid and quercetin-3-O-glucoside as markers.
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption can induce intestinal barrier dysfunction and disrupt glucose metabolism. Our previous studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides obtained from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. (LBPs) could suppress acute experimental diabetes as well as colitis in mice. In the present study, the modulating effects of a purified fraction of LBPs, named LBPs-4, on glucose homeostasis and intestinal barrier function in mice fed with a HFD were investigated. Our results indicated that the oral administration of LBP-4 (200 mg per kg per day) improved hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and islet β-cell hyperplasia in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, LBPs-4 intervention enhanced the intestinal barrier integrity by increasing the expression levels of zonula occludens 1 and claudin-1 and the number of goblet cells in the colon. LBPs-4 also modulated the composition of gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundances of butyrate producer Allobaculum and acetate producer Romboutsia. The results of fecal transplantation experiments, transferring of microbiota from LBPs-4-fed donor mice to HFD-fed recipient mice, validated the cause-effect relationship between LBPs-4-evoked changes in the gut microbiota and improvement of glucose homeostasis and intestinal barrier function. Collectively, these findings suggested that LBPs-4 might be developed as promising prebiotics to improve glucose metabolism and gut health.
Gut microbes and microbial metabolites derived from polysaccharides mediate beneficial effects related to polysaccharides consumption. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is the main bioactive components in L. barbarum fruits and possesses considerable health-promoting effects. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether LBP supplementation influenced host metabolic responses and gut microbiota in healthy mice, and to identify bacterial taxa associated with the observed beneficial effects. Our results indicated that mice supplied with LBP at 200 mg/kg BW showed lower serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and liver TG levels. LBP supplementation strengthened the antioxidant capacity of liver, supported the growth of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus, and stimulated short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. Serum metabolomic analysis revealed that fatty acid degradation pathways were enriched, and RT-PCR further confirmed that LBP up-regulated the expression of liver genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. The Spearman's correlation analysis indicated that some serum and liver lipid profiles and hepatic SOD activity were associated with Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Ruminococcus, Allobaculum and AF12. Collectively, these findings provide new evidence for the potential preventive effect of LBP consumption on hyperlipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
More than 400 traditional plant treatments for diabetes mellitus have been recorded, but only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. Traditional treatments have mostly disappeared in occidental societies, but some are prescribed by practitioners of alternative medicine or taken by patients as supplements to conventional therapy. However, plant remedies are the mainstay of treatment in underdeveloped regions. A hypoglycemic action from some treatments has been confirmed in animal models and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, and various hypoglycemic compounds have been identified. A botanical substitute for insulin seems unlikely, but traditional treatments may provide valuable clues for the development of new oral hypoglycemic agents and simple dietary adjuncts.
Procedures are described for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions and divalent cations. A mixture of low and very low density lipoproteins can be prepared without ultracentrifugation by precipitation with heparin and either MnCl(2) alone or MgCl(2) plus sucrose. In both cases the precipitation is reversible, selective, and complete. The highly concentrated isolated lipoproteins are free of other plasma proteins as judged by immunological and electrophoretic methods. The low density and very low density lipoproteins can then be separated from each other by ultracentrifugation. The advantage of the method is that large amounts of lipoproteins can be prepared with only a single preparative ultracentrifugation. Polyanions other than heparin may also be used; when the precipitation of the low and very low density lipoproteins is achieved with dextran sulfate and MnCl(2), or sodium phosphotungstate and MgCl(2), the high density lipoproteins can subsequently be precipitated by increasing the concentrations of the reagents. These lipoproteins, containing small amounts of protein contaminants, are further purified by ultracentrifugation at d 1.22. With a single preparative ultracentrifugation, immunologically pure high density lipoproteins can be isolated from large volumes of serum.
Hyperlipidemia is an associated complication of diabetes mellitus. Many spices and herbs are known to be hypoglycaemic. Cuminum cyminum belonging to the family Apiaceae is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia, diarrhoea and jaundice. The present work was done to study the role of C. cyminum supplementation on the plasma and tissue lipids in alloxan diabetic rats. Oral administration of 0.25 g kg(-1) body weight of C. cyminum for 6 weeks to diabetic rats resulted in significant reduction in blood glucose and an increase in total haemoglobin and glycosylated haemoglobin. It also prevented a decrease in body weight. C. cyminum treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in plasma and tissue cholesterol, phospholipids, free fatty acids and triglycerides. Histological observations demonstrated significant fatty changes and inflammatory cell infiltrates in diabetic rat pancreas. But supplementation with C. cyminum to diabetic rats significantly reduced the fatty changes and inflammatory cell infiltrates. Moreover, C. cyminum supplementation was found to be more effective than glibenclamide in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
More than 400 plants with suspected glucose-lowering potential are known. In most cases, the evidence for this action is based purely on animal experiments or traditional use. This, however, provides only limited information about its clinical usefullness. Therefore this paper reviews direct evidence from clinical trials. A systematic literature search identified 22 such papers. The majority reported positive effects. However, much of the data are of poor methodological quality. Only five randomised controlled trials were found, and even these do not convincingly demonstrate the usefulness of the remedies in question. It is concluded that the use of hypoglycemic plant remedies is not supported by results from rigorous clinical trials and requires further investigation.
The influence of dietary fiber on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in animals and on lipid metabolism in man is reviewed. Pectin, guar gum, and lignin lower serum and liver cholesterol in cholesterol-fed rats. Agar increases liver cholesterol in rats. Bran has no effect on serum lipid levels in rats or monkeys. Vegetarians have long been known to exhibit cholesterol levels lower than those of comparable populations who subsist on a mixed diet. Pectin and guar gum lower cholesterol levels in man whereas cellulose and bran have no effect. Rabbits fed a semipurified diet containing saturated fat become atherosclerotic, but addition of the same fat to laboratory ration has no effect; it has been shown that the residue in laboratory ration is the cause of the difference. Semipurified diets containing cellulose are more atherogenic than those containing wheat straw or alfalfa. The semipurified diets also cause aortic sudanophilia or atherosclerosis in baboons and vervet monkeys. One possible mechanism of hypolipemic action of fiber involves the binding of bile acids, which would result in reduced absorption of cholesterol, resulting in lower levels of serum cholesterol.
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) results from an imbalance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that the earliest detectable abnormality in NIDDM is an impairment in the body's ability to respond to insulin. Because the pancreas is able to appropriately augment its secretion of insulin to offset the insulin resistance, glucose tolerance remains normal. With time, however, the beta-cell fails to maintain its high rate of insulin secretion and the relative insulinopenia (i.e., relative to the degree of insulin resistance) leads to the development of impaired glucose tolerance and eventually overt diabetes mellitus. The cause of pancreatic "exhaustion" remains unknown but may be related to the effect of glucose toxicity in a genetically predisposed beta-cell. Information concerning the loss of first-phase insulin secretion, altered pulsatility of insulin release, and enhanced proinsulin-insulin secretory ratio is discussed as it pertains to altered beta-cell function in NIDDM. Insulin resistance in NIDDM involves both hepatic and peripheral, muscle, tissues. In the postabsorptive state hepatic glucose output is normal or increased, despite the presence of fasting hyperinsulinemia, whereas the efficiency of tissue glucose uptake is reduced. In response to both endogenously secreted or exogenously administered insulin, hepatic glucose production fails to suppress normally and muscle glucose uptake is diminished. The accelerated rate of hepatic glucose output is due entirely to augmented gluconeogenesis. In muscle many cellular defects in insulin action have been described including impaired insulin-receptor tyrosine kinase activity, diminished glucose transport, and reduced glycogen synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. The abnormalities account for disturbances in the two major intracellular pathways of glucose disposal, glycogen synthesis, and glucose oxidation. In the earliest stages of NIDDM, the major defect involves the inability of insulin to promote glucose uptake and storage as glycogen. Other potential mechanisms that have been put forward to explain the insulin resistance, include increased lipid oxidation, altered skeletal muscle capillary density/fiber type/blood flow, impaired insulin transport across the vascular endothelium, increased amylin, calcitonin gene-related peptide levels, and glucose toxicity.
We have modified an ultramicro method for determining glucose with glucose oxidase—peroxidase—odianisidine. Capillary blood is diluted in isotonic NaF (17.6-17.8 g/ liter), the cells are removed, and glucose is determined after a 20-min incubation with enzyme-containing reagent. Increasing the enzyme concentration fourfold nullifies interference from ascorbic acid and hemolysis, while greatly decreasing interference from bilirubinemia. If necessary, bilirubin is removed completely by coprecipitation with protein. Interference from uric acid is minimized by incorporating it into the standards. Several other suspected interferences proved inconsequential. Isotonic NaF does not inhibit the enzymes used, and preserves glucose in blood for at least 2 h. Avoiding protein precipitation and shortening the incubating time significantly lessens analytical time without affecting precision.
An enzymatic method is described for determination of total serum cholesterol by use of a single aqueous reagent. The method requires no prior treatment of sample and the calibration curve is linear to 600 mg/dl. Cholesterol esters are hydrolized to free cholesterol by cholesterol ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13). The free cholesterol produced is oxidized by cholesterol oxidase to cholest 4 en 3 one with the simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide, which oxidatively couples with 4 aminoantipyrine and phenol in the presence of peroxidase to yield a chromogen with maximum absorption at 500 nm. The method is reproducible, and the results correlate well with those obtained by automated Liebermann Burchard procedures and the method of Abell et al. The present method affords better specificity than those previously reported and has excellent precision.
This paper describes a laboratory trial of a glucose analyser (Beckman Instruments Ltd.), an instrument specifically designed to measure serum or plasma glucose.
In this direct colorimetric procedure, serum triglycerides are hydrolyzed by lipase, and the released glycerol is assayed in a reaction catalyzed by glycerol kinase and L-alpha-glycerol-phosphate oxidase in a system that generates hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is monitored in the presence of horseradish peroxidase with 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone as the chromogenic system. The high absorbance of this chromogen system at 510 nm affords useful results with a sample/reagent volume ratio as low as 1:150, and a blank sample measurement is not needed. A single, stable working reagent is used; the reaction is complete in 15 min at room temperature. The standard curve is linear for triglyceride concentrations as great as 13.6 mmol/L. Average analytical recovery of triglycerides in human sera is 100.1%, and within-run and between-run precision studies showed CVs of less than or equal to 1.6 and less than or equal to 3.0%, respectively. The method is suitable for automation.
A relatively simple but sensitive and reliable method of quantitating the oxygen-radical absorbing capacity (ORAC) of antioxidants in serum using a few microliter is described. In this assay system, beta-phycoerythrin (beta-PE) is used as an indicator protein, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as a peroxyl radical generator, and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox, a water-soluble vitamin E analogue) as a control standard. Results are expressed as ORAC units, where 1 ORAC unit equals the net protection produced by 1 microM Trolox. The uniqueness of this assay is that total antioxidant capacity of a sample is estimated by taking the oxidation reaction to completion. At this point all of the nonprotein antioxidants (which include alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, beta-carotene, uric acid, and bilirubin) and most of the albumin in the sample are oxidized by the peroxyl radical. Results are quantified by measuring the protection produced by antioxidants. This solves many problems associated with kinetics or lag-time measurements. A linear correlation of ORAC value with concentration of serum. Trolox, vitamin C, uric acid, and bovine albumin is demonstrated. The coefficient of variation within a run is found to be about 2% and from run to run about 5%. Trolox, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, beta-carotene, uric acid, and bilirubin completely protect beta-PE from oxidation, while bovine albumin protects beta-PE only partially. On a molar basis, the relative peroxyl radical absorbance capacity of Trolox, alpha-tocopherol acid succinate, uric acid, bilirubin, and vitamin C is 1:1:0.92:0.84:0.52. Bovine albumin per unit weight has a lower peroxyl absorbing capacity than these antioxidants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effects of Psacalium decompositum, Psacalium peltatum and Acourtia thurberi (Asteraceae) on blood glucose levels were investigated in fasting mice and temporally hyperglycemic rabbits. The root decoction of P. decompositum reduced the blood glucose of normal mice from 49.1 +/- 3.8 to 35.7 +/- 2.0 mg/dl after intraperitoneal administration (P < or = 0.005) and significantly lowered the hyperglycemic peak (17.1%) in rabbits with temporal hyperglycemia. P. peltatum and A. thurberi decoctions also diminished fasting glycemia in mice and hyperglycemia in rabbits, but the effects were minor. A preliminary phytochemical study using thin layer chromatography showed that water decoctions of the three roots contained alkaloids and sugars. P. decompositum and P. peltatum showed the presence of maturine. However, other furoeremophylanes, such as cacalol and cacalone were only present in P. decompositum. A. thurberi root water decoction showed the presence of the benzoquinone perezone, and its derivative pipitzol.
The ethanolic extract of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) was studied in albino rabbits for its effects on experimentally induced hyperlipidaemia. After inducing hyperlipidaemia in 12 rabbits a dose of 500 mg/kg of the extract was administered orally daily for a period of 60 days in 6 rabbits (experimental group); the rest of the rabbits were observed as controls. When compared with the control of rabbits the levels of lipoprotein lipids were significantly lower in the experimental group after 60 days; total cholesterol 573 +/- 61 vs. 209 +/- 27 mg/dl, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 493 +/- 57 vs. 131 +/- 25 mg/dl, and triglycerides 108 +/- 14 vs. 67 +/- 9 mg/dl P < 0.001). High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were not significantly different (59 +/- 7 vs. 65 +/- 4 mg/dl, P = n.s.). Total cholesterol:HDL ratio and LDL:HDL ratio were significantly lower in the experimental group. The Myristica fragrans extract showed platelet anti-aggregatory ability. There were significantly lower levels of total cholesterol in heart (3.7 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.5 mg/100 g) and liver (11.9 +/- 1 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.4 mg/100 g). The toxicity studies showed absence of any adverse effects on various haematological and biochemical parameters.
The hypoglycemic effect of water-soluble polysaccharide(FA) from fruiting bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae Quel. was investigated on genetically diabetic mice (KK-Ay) from 10 to 14 weeks of age. Male mice were divided into 3 groups, the control group and FA-fed group having free access to the control diet or FA diet (30 g of FA/kg of diet). The food-restricted group had restricted access to the control diet at the level of the diet consumed by the FA-fed group. Compared with the control group, FA supplementation had a significant effect in lowering plasma glucose, insulin, urinary glucose, and food intake. FA administration also increased the tolerance to intraperitoneal glucose loading and the hepatic glycogen content. In the food-restricted group, the reduced food intake slightly lowered the plasma and urinary glucose levels, but did not improve hyperinsulinemia and glucose tolerance. This study shows that FA had a hypoglycemic effect on KK-Ay mice, and the reduced food consumption was not a major factor which contributed to the hypoglycemic action of FA.
This article reviews compounds of botanical origin which are capable of lowering plasma levels of glucose and cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as compounds inhibiting atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Hypoglycemic natural products comprise flavonoids, xanthones, triterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, alkyldisulfides, aminobutyric acid derivatives, guanidine, polysaccharides and peptides. Hypotensive compounds include flavonoids, diterpenes, alkaloids, glycosides, polysaccharides and proteins. Among natural products with hypocholesterolemic activity are beta-carotene, lycopene, cycloartenol, beta-sitosterol, sitostanol, saponin, soybean protein, indoles, dietary fiber, propionate, mevinolin (beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor) and polysaccharides. Heparins, flavonoids, tocotrienols, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), garlic compounds and fungal proteases exert antithrombotic action. Statins and garlic compounds also possess antiatherosclerotic activity.
A glycoconjugate with pronounced immunoactivity, designated as LbGp2, was isolated from the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. and purified to homogeneity by gel-filtration. Its carbohydrate content is up to 90.71% composed of Ara, Gal and amino acids. The molecular weight is 68.2 kDa as determined by size exclusive chromatography (SEC). The complete structure of the repeat unit of the glycan of LbGp2 was elucidated based on glycosidic linkage analysis, total acid hydrolysis, partial acid hydrolysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. According to the experiments, the glycan possesses a backbone consisting of (1-->6)-beta-galactosyl residues, about fifty percent of which are substituted at C-3 by galactosyl or arabinosyl groups and the major nonreducing end being made of Ara (1 -->.
Thirty-five plant species were selected from the published literature as traditionally used by the Indigenous Peoples of the boreal forest in Canada for three or more symptoms of diabetes or its complications. Antioxidant activities in methanolic extracts support the contribution of these traditional medicines in a lifestyle historically low in the incidence of diabetes. In a DPPH assay of free radical scavenging activity 89% of the methanol extracts had activity significantly greater than common modern dietary components, 14% were statistically equal to ascorbic acid and 23% had activities similar to green tea and a Trolox positive control. Superoxides produced with an NBT/xanthine oxidase assay found scavenging was significantly higher in 29% of the species as compared with the modern dietary components and Trolox. The methanol extracts of Rhus hirta, Quercus alba and Cornus stolonifera performed similarly to green tea's in this assay. Assessment of peroxyl radical scavenging using a DCF/AAPH assay showed 60% of the plant extracts statistically similar to Trolox while R. hirta and Solidago canadensis extracts were greater than green tea, ascorbic acid and Trolox. The majority of the species (63 and 97%, respectively) had scavenging activities similar to ascorbic acid in the superoxide and peroxyl radical scavenging assays.
Lycium barbarum L. (Solanaceae) is a Chinese medicinal plant whose fruits (Fructus Lycii) are used by Chinese physicians for treatment of infertility. However, the active ingredients and the mechanism of action underlying Lycium's fertility-facilitating effects remain unknown. Here we report that Fructus Lycii polysaccharides (FLPS) inhibit time- and hyperthermia-induced structural damage in murine seminiferous epithelium, in vitro. Moreover, we found that FLPS delayed apoptosis in this system, both at normothermic and hyperthermic culture conditions. Oxidative stress was reported to be a major cause of structural degradation and apoptosis in hyperthermic testes, and thus the protective effect of FLPS could implicate an antioxidant mechanism of action. To test this hypothesis we assayed the effect of FLPS on ultraviolet light-induced lipid peroxidation, and cytochrome c reduction by free radicals. We found that FLPS is a potent inhibitor of both of these reactions. Together, these results demonstrate the protective effect of FLPS on time- and hyperthermia-induced testicular degeneration in vitro, indicate the potential mechanism of action for this protective effect, and provide a scientific basis for the traditional use of this plant.
The hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extract obtained from seeds of E. jambolana was investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Hypoglycaemic activity was assessed by reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) at 90min and also fall in peak blood glucose during glucose tolerance test (GTT) in sub-diabetic and mild diabetic (MD) rabbits, but in severe diabetic (SD) rabbits by reduction in FBG at 90min. Ethanolic extract (100mg/kg body weight) when given orally to sub-diabetic (AR) for 1 day, MD for 7 days and SD for 15 days showed significant fall in FBG at 90min (12% AR, 18.9% MD and 29% SD) and also produced 16.9% fall in peak blood glucose in AR and 21% in MD rabbits during GTT. When administered daily for 15 days to MD and SD rabbits, significant fall in FBG (41.3% MD, 31.6% SD) and glycosylated haemoglobin (GHb) levels (23.3% MD, 26.6% SD) were observed, while serum insulin level showed significant increase (32.8% MD, 26.9% SD). Liver and muscle glycogen content also increased. The ethanolic extract of seeds also exhibited significant hypolipidemic effect as evident from fall in total serum cholesterol (TC)/high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) ratio, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and decreased activity of HMG-CoA reductase. The histopathological studies of liver, pancreas and aorta in alcoholic extract treated diabetic groups revealed almost normal appearance.
Cancer prevention and treatment using traditional Chinese medicines have attracted increasing interest. This study characterizes antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer, comprising 112 species from 50 plant families. The improved ABTS(*+) method was used to systematically assess the total antioxidant capacity (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC) of the medicinal extracts. The TEAC values and total phenolic content for methanolic extracts of herbs ranged from 46.7 to 17,323 micromol Trolox equivalent/100 g dry weight (DW), and from 0.22 to 50.3 g of gallic acid equivalent/100 g DW, respectively. A positive, significant linear relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (all R(2) values>/=0.95) showed that phenolic compounds were the dominant antioxidant components in the tested medicinal herbs. Major types of phenolic compounds from most of the tested herbs were preliminarily identified and analyzed, and mainly included phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, lignans, quinones, stilbenes, and curcuminoids. These medicinal herbs exhibited far stronger antioxidant activity and contained significantly higher levels of phenolics than common vegetables and fruits. Traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer might be potential sources of potent natural antioxidants and beneficial chemopreventive agents.
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