Article

Effects of Music on Work-Rate Distribution During a Cycling Time Trial

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Abstract

Previous research work on the ergogenic effects of music has mainly involved constant power tests to exhaustion as dependent variables. Time trials are more externally valid than constant power tests, may be more reliable and allow the distribution of self-selected work-rate to be explored. We examined whether music improved starting, finishing and/or overall power during a 10-km cycling time trial, and whether heart rate and subjective responses to this time trial were altered by music. Sixteen participants performed two 10-km time trials on a Cybex cycle ergometer with, and without, the presence of a form of dance music known as "trance" (tempo = 142 beats x min (-1), volume at ear = 87 dB). Participants also completed the Brunel music rating inventory (BMRI) after each time trial in the music condition. The mean +/- SD time to complete the time trial was 1030 +/- 79 s in the music condition compared to 1052 +/- 77 s without music (95 % CI of difference = 10 to 34 s, p = 0.001). Nevertheless, ratings of perceived exertion were consistently (0.8 units) higher throughout the time trial with music (p < 0.0005). The interaction between distance and condition was significant for cycling speed measured during the time trial (p = 0.007). The largest music-induced increases in cycling speed and heart rate were observed in the first 3 km of the time trial. After completion of the BMRI, participants rated the "tempo" and "rhythm" of the music as more motivating than the "harmony" and "melody" aspects. These results suggest that music improves cycling speed mostly in the first few minutes of a 10-km time trial. In contrast to the findings of previous research, which suggested that music lowers perceived exertion at a constant work-rate, the participants in our time trials selected higher work-rates with music, whilst at the same time perceived these work-rates as being harder than without music.

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... 3 Many studies have investigated consumer listening behavior and sport-event theme songs. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Few, however, have considered the effect of sport-event theme songs listening channels on content sharing. Although some researchers have proposed a connection between listening channels for sport-event theme songs and consumers' attention to event information, they have not systematically explained how the listening channels for sport-event theme songs affect content sharing. ...
... Research on the Influence of Sport-Event Theme Songs Atkinson (2004) found that high-intensity sports generally use fast-paced theme songs, and athletes' performance will be enhanced if the song's tempo exceeds 140 beats per minute. 5 Even in low-intensity sports, athletes are more likely to favor fast or medium-tempo theme songs. ...
... Research on the Influence of Sport-Event Theme Songs Atkinson (2004) found that high-intensity sports generally use fast-paced theme songs, and athletes' performance will be enhanced if the song's tempo exceeds 140 beats per minute. 5 Even in low-intensity sports, athletes are more likely to favor fast or medium-tempo theme songs. Meanwhile, slower theme songs are generally not suitable for exercise or training unless used to moderate the intensity of the exercise or to warm up and relax. ...
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Purpose The sport-event theme songs is a crucial means to evoke consumer enthusiasm and boost the influence of sport event. This research aims to examine the effects of direct and indirect listening channels for sport-event theme songs on consumers’ willingness to share. Methods In this research, three between-subjects experiments were conducted to measure the effect of listening channels for sport-event theme songs on the willingness to share, along with the moderating effects of fans’ fanaticism and sport-event type. All participants in the experiments were social populations from China. Results Study 1 reveals that direct listening is more likely to cause consumers to share cognitive information about sport-event theme songs; indirect listening, meanwhile, makes them more willing to share the emotional value of the songs. Study 2 indicates that fans’ fanaticism moderates the relationship between listening type and shared content. In the case of low fanaticism, indirect listening can increase consumers’ willingness to share sport-event theme songs compared with direct listening. Study 3 reveals that sport-event type moderates the relationship between listening type and shared content. For public welfare sport events, indirect listening is more likely than direct listening to cause consumers to share the emotional value of sport-event theme songs. For commercial events, compared with indirect listening, direct listening is more likely to cause consumers to share cognitive information about sport-event theme songs. Conclusion The results of this research unveiled the effect of listening channels for sport-event theme songs on the willingness to share, as well as the theoretical mechanisms behind them. In addition, this research enriches the research on listening channels in the field of psychology and provides an important basis for improving the effectiveness of sport-event theme songs.
... Coaches and researchers have described a variety of pacing strategies such as the negative, all-out, positive, even, parabolic-shaped (U, J, reverse J), and variable pacing strategies [1]. Previous studies showed that exercise performance and pacing strategies depend on specific factors such as knowledge of the endpoint [6], performance level, competitors [7], and music [8,9]. ...
... Lima-Silva et al. [16] suggested that the manipulation of external cues, such as music, is able to modify RPE during exercise and consequently it may influence the adopted pacing strategy and performance level. Numerous studies have examined the effects of music on RPE and cardiorespiratory variables such as heart rate, arterial pressure, and oxygen uptake [3,8,17]. However, there is a paucity of studies that have examined the effects of music and its relationship with particularly anaerobic metabolism such as blood lactate concentration [9,18]. ...
... Indeed, Elliott et al. [20] reported that music could have a positive effect especially during low-to-moderate intensity exercise (i.e., below the anaerobic threshold). Although numerous studies have examined the effects of music by using low-to-moderate exercise at constant work load and high-intensity exercise [11,21], little is known on the distribution of self-selected work rate during self-paced exercise [8,16]. Listening to music can increase the distance covered during a 15 min self-paced maximal run on a treadmill [10] and improve cycling speed during the first 3 km of a 10 km cycling time trial [8]. ...
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Several studies have investigated the effects of music on both submaximal and maximal exercise performance at a constant work-rate. However, there is a lack of research that has examined the effects of music on the pacing strategy during self-paced exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of preferred music on performance and pacing during a 6 min run test (6-MSPRT) in young male adults. Twenty healthy male participants volunteered for this study. They performed two randomly assigned trials (with or without music) of a 6-MSPRT three days apart. Mean running speed, the adopted pacing strategy, total distance covered (TDC), peak and mean heart rate (HRpeak, HRmean), blood lactate (3 min after the test), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Listening to preferred music during the 6-MSPRT resulted in significant TDC improvement (?10%; p = 0.016; effect size (ES) = 0.80). A significantly faster mean running speed was observed when listening to music compared with no music. The improvement of TDC in the present study is explained by a significant overall increase in speed (main effect for conditions) during the music trial. Music failed to modify pacing patterns as suggested by the similar reversed “J-shaped” profile during the two conditions. Blood-lactate concentrations were significantly reduced by 9% (p = 0.006, ES = 1.09) after the 6-MSPRT with music compared to those in the control condition. No statistically significant differences were found between the test conditions for HRpeak, HRmean, and RPE. Therefore, listening to preferred music can have positive effects on exercise performance during the 6-MSPRT, such as greater TDC, faster running speeds, and reduced blood lactate levels but has no effect on the pacing strategy.
... Predominantly used measures of performance express as power output, strength, heart rate, time to completion, and speed (Terry et al., 2020), although a large fluctuation of measures appears within literature due to how well they suit the study's chosen sport. Common findings indicate improved performance through listening to music, shown through reduced heart rate and time to completion (Atkinson, Wilson & Eubank, 2004), and increased strength or power (Karageorghis, Cheek, Simpson & Bigliassi, 2018), thus illustrating the broad spectrum of potential physiological adaptations through reliable and valid measurements (Hopkins, Schabort & Hawley, 2011;Schneider et al., 2018). The benefits elicited here however, appear to be mediated by the tempo of music chosen within the study, with higher tempo music tending to elicit more positive implications for performance, opposed to slower tempo music (Bhavsar, Abbange & Afroz, 2014;Copeland & Franks, 1991;Karageorghis & Jones, 2014;Terry et al., 2012). ...
... For example, during exercise heart rate has been shown to increase whilst listening to high-tempo music (Ooishi, Mukai, Watanabe, Kawato & Kashino, 2017), and similarly decrease whilst listening to slow-tempo music (Edworthy & Waring, 2006), in comparison to those not listening to music. Furthermore, cycling work rate, measured through power output, has also shown to increase when influenced by fast tempo music 7 (Atkinson et al., 2004). The reasons behind such benefits can be explained through an array of physiological and psychological concepts, with the first involving the connection between the music and the individual (Thaut, 2005). ...
... Such findings have also been replicated within other studies (Atkinson et al., 2004) and could perhaps be attributable to a range of individual characteristics within the participants (Hutchinson & Karageorghis, 2013). Only trained individuals participated within the study, and hence the individually adopted techniques of dissociation (Rejeski, 1985) may have elicited some effect. ...
... Moreover, music intervention could enhance aerobic (Atkinson, Wilson, & Eubank, 2004) and anaerobic capacities (Ballmann, Maynard, Lafoon, Marshall, Williams, & Rogers, 2019;Jarraya et al., 2012) during exercise. The music-related interventions are suggested as a useful tool to alter psychological responses and fatigue-related symptoms in association enhancing exercise performance and recovery status (Bigliassi, 2015;Karageorghis & Priest, 2012ab). ...
... For example, fast tempo music intervention (130 bpm) during exercise can prolong high-intensity cycling exercise duration and acceleration of heart rate (HR) recovery (HRR) (Maddigan, Sullivan, Halperin, Basset, Behm, 2019). Empirical evidence also demonstrated positive benefits of synchronized music intervention while exercise on endurance capacity and exercise motivation (Atkinson et al., 2004;Terry, Karageorghis, Saha, & Auria, 2012). ...
... Krout (2007) reported that music intervention results in psychological relaxation, pleasure mood, and stress relief via limbic system of the brain and it-related neurological responses, consequently change in hormonal responses. Our finding was in agree with previous studies showing positive benefits of music on psychological responses before (Smirmaul, 2017), during (Atkinson et al., 2004;Jones et al., 2017), and after exercise . ...
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Background: Music intervention is considered as an optimal modality to improve exercise motivation, exercise performance, and endurance capacity. The aim of this study is to investigate the acute effects of self-selected music intervention on post-exercise heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and anxiety after a submaximal intensity of cycling exercise. Methods: Fifty-two healthy adults (males: n= 24, age: 20.6 ± 2 yrs; female: n= 28, 21.8 ± 2.1 yrs) were voluntarily participated this study. A counterbalanced design was used to examine submaximal intensity of cycling exercise with non-music or self-selected music trials at least 48 hours apart. Participants first visit the laboratory to determine individual self-selected music and to complete an incremental exercise test until HR response researched to 80% of heart rate reserve (HRreserve). The 80% HRreserve was used to control the exercise intensity during a subsequent 10-minute stationary cycling exercise. At the beginning of experiment, the participants performed a 5-min cycling warm-up exercise with self-pace. Afterwards, the participants rested in a sitting position for 5-min and then performed 10-min cycling exercise with intensity of 80% HRreserve. After the cycling exercise, 5-min HR recovery (HRR) and 10-min HRV was measured in a sitting position for 15-min. A situational anxiety mass scale (STAI-S) was used immediately after the cycling exercise. Music intervention was applied during 15-min post-exercise recovery. Results: The exercise HR and post-exercise HRV showed no significant differences between self-selected music trial and non-music trial in both groups. In self-selected music trial, HRR was significantly faster after the self-selected music trial than that of non-music trial in female. In addition, the STAI-S scores were significantly lower in the self-selected music trial than that of non-music trial in both groups. Conclusion: Self-selected music intervention can improve HRR in healthy female. Consideration to implement a self-selected music intervention after submaximal intensity of stationary cycling exercise to reduce post-exercise anxiety in male and female is warrant. Resumen: Antecedentes: la intervención musical se considera una modalidad óptima para mejorar la motivación del ejercicio, el rendimiento del ejercicio y la capacidad de resistencia. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar los efectos agudos de la intervención musical autoseleccionada sobre la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) posterior al ejercicio, la variabilidad de la FC (VFC) y la ansiedad después de una intensidad submáxima del ejercicio en bicicleta. Métodos: Cincuenta y dos adultos sanos (hombres: n = 24, edad: 20.6 ± 2 años; mujeres: n = 28, 21.8 ± 2.1 años) participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. Se utilizó un diseño equilibrado para examinar la intensidad submáxima del ejercicio de ciclismo con ensayos musicales no musicales o autoseleccionados con al menos 48 horas de diferencia. Los participantes primero visitan el laboratorio para determinar la música individual seleccionada por ellos mismos y completar una prueba de ejercicio incremental hasta que la respuesta de FC investigue al 80% de la reserva de frecuencia cardíaca (HRreserve). El 80% HRreserve se utilizó para controlar la intensidad del ejercicio durante un ejercicio de ciclismo estacionario de 10 minutos. Al comienzo del experimento, los participantes realizaron un ejercicio de calentamiento en bicicleta de 5 minutos con ritmo propio. Posteriormente, los participantes descansaron sentados durante 5 minutos y luego realizaron 10 minutos de ejercicio en bicicleta con una intensidad de reserva de HR del 80%. Después del ejercicio de ciclismo, se midió la recuperación de la FC de 5 minutos (HRR) y la HRV de 10 minutos en una posición sentada durante 15 minutos. Se utilizó una escala de masa de ansiedad situacional (STAI-S) inmediatamente después del ejercicio de ciclismo. La intervención musical se aplicó durante 15 minutos después de la recuperación del ejercicio. Resultados: El HR de ejercicio y el HRV posterior al ejercicio no mostraron diferencias significativas entre el ensayo musical autoseleccionado y el ensayo no musical en ambos grupos. En la prueba musical autoseleccionada, la HRR fue significativamente más rápida después de la prueba musical autoseleccionada que la de la prueba no musical en mujeres. Además, las puntuaciones de STAI-S fueron significativamente más bajas en la prueba musical autoseleccionada que en la prueba no musical en ambos grupos. Conclusión: la intervención musical autoseleccionada puede mejorar la HRR en mujeres sanas. Se justifica la implementación de una intervención musical autoseleccionada después de la intensidad submáxima del ejercicio de ciclismo estacionario para reducir la ansiedad posterior al ejercicio en hombres y mujeres. Palabras Claves: Intervención musical, recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca, variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca, intensidad submáxima, ejercicio en bicicleta
... Coaches and researchers have described a variety of pacing strategies such as the negative, allout, positive, even, parabolic-shaped (U, J, reverse J), and variable pacing strategies [1]. Previous studies showed that exercise performance and pacing strategies depend on specific factors such as knowledge of the endpoint [6], performance level, competitors [7], and music [8,9]. ...
... Lima-Silva et al. [16] suggested that the manipulation of external cues, such as music, is able to modify RPE during exercise and consequently it may influence the adopted pacing strategy and performance level. Numerous studies have examined the effects of music on RPE and cardiorespiratory variables such as heart rate, arterial pressure, and oxygen uptake [3,8,17]. However, there is a paucity of studies that have examined the effects of music and its relationship with particularly anaerobic metabolism such as blood lactate concentration [9,18]. ...
... Indeed, Elliott et al. [20] reported that music could have a positive effect especially during low-to-moderate intensity exercise (i.e., below the anaerobic threshold). Although numerous studies have examined the effects of music by using lowto-moderate exercise at constant work load and high-intensity exercise [11,21], little is known on the distribution of self-selected work rate during self-paced exercise [8,16]. Listening to music can increase the distance covered during a 15 min self-paced maximal run on a treadmill [10] and improve cycling speed during the first 3 km of a 10 km cycling time trial [8]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Several studies have investigated the effects of music on both submaximal and maximal exercise performance at a constant work-rate. However, there is a lack of research that has examined the effects of music on the pacing strategy during self-paced exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of preferred music on performance and pacing during a 6 min run test (6-MSPRT) in young male adults. Twenty healthy male participants volunteered for this study. They performed two randomly assigned trials (with or without music) of a 6-MSPRT three days apart. Mean running speed, the adopted pacing strategy, total distance covered (TDC), peak and mean heart rate (HRpeak, HRmean), blood lactate (3 min after the test), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Listening to preferred music during the 6-MSPRT resulted in significant TDC improvement (Δ10%; p = 0.016; effect size (ES) = 0.80). A significantly faster mean running speed was observed when listening to music compared with no music. The improvement of TDC in the present study is explained by a significant overall increase in speed (main effect for conditions) during the music trial. Music failed to modify pacing patterns as suggested by the similar reversed "J-shaped" profile during the two conditions. Blood-lactate concentrations were significantly reduced by 9% (p = 0.006, ES = 1.09) after the 6-MSPRT with music compared to those in the control condition. No statistically significant differences were found between the test conditions for HRpeak, HRmean, and RPE. Therefore, listening to preferred music can have positive effects on exercise performance during the 6-MSPRT, such as greater TDC, faster running speeds, and reduced blood lactate levels but has no effect on the pacing strategy.
... Scientific research dealing with the effects of music on exercise performance has traditionally focused on examining a variety of physiological and perceptual parameters. These include task time, exercise endurance, lactate levels, maximal oxygen consumption, and the subjective experience of exertion [25][26][27][28][29]. ...
... This finding is consistent with numerous previous studies in a variety of sports and experimental settings, although the magnitude of the improvement is smaller compared to the total task duration. For example, there were time improvements of 22 s in 10 km cycling trials [26] and 10 s in 1.5 mile running trials [25] with musical accompaniment. In the latter case, however, the substantial improvement did not reach statistical significance. ...
Article
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External motivational stimuli have been shown to improve athletic performance. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this improvement remain poorly understood. This randomized crossover study investigated the effects of music and verbal encouragement on measures of muscle excitation and myoelectric manifestations of fatigue in the biceps brachii and brachio-radialis muscles during an endurance task. Fifteen untrained (mean age 29.57 ± 2.77 years) and 13 trained individuals (mean age 32.92 ± 2.90 years) were included. The endurance task, performed to exhaustion, consisted of keeping the dominant arm flexed to 90 degrees while holding a dumbbell loaded to 80% of 1RM with a supine grip in three randomized conditions: standard, with self-selected music, and with verbal encouragement. The untrained subjects showed an increase in task duration of 15.26% (p < 0.003) with music and 15.85% (p < 0.002) with verbal encouragement compared to the condition without external stimuli. There were no significant differences in the myoelectric manifestations of fatigue between the different conditions. Regarding the muscle excitation metrics, although the mean amplitude, peak value, and area under the curve remained unchanged across conditions, a significant reduction in the trend coefficient, indicating motor unit recruitment over time, was observed with both music (biceps brachii: −10.39%, p < 0.001; brachioradialis: −9.40%, p < 0.001) and verbal encouragement (biceps brachii: −7.61%, p < 0.001; brachioradialis: −6.51%, p < 0.001) compared to the standard condition. For the trained participants, no significant differences were observed between conditions in terms of task duration and outcome measures related to muscle excitation and myoelectric manifestations of fatigue, suggesting the possible presence of a ceiling effect on motivation. These results highlight the important role of external motivational stimuli, such as music and verbal encouragement, in improving task performance in untrained subjects, probably through more effective and efficient recruitment of motor units.
... A music-mediated regulation of central command is also indirectly supported by data suggesting that perceived exertion is affected by music [1], with per-ceived exertion mainly being regulated by central command [35,36]. Music may also affect the motor drive to the locomotor muscles-and the muscle afferent feedback-by favoring a change in the locomotor rhythm [37,38]. Variations in the locomotor rhythm may affect f R both via modulations of central command and muscle afferent feedback, although the latter may provide a greater relative contribution to f R at low to moderate intensities [39]. ...
... A music-mediated regulation of central command is also indirectly supported by data suggesting that perceived exertion is affected by music [1], with perceived exertion mainly being regulated by central command [35,36]. Music may also affect the motor drive to the locomotor muscles-and the muscle afferent feedback-by favoring a change in the locomotor rhythm [37,38]. Variations in the locomotor rhythm may affect fR both via modulations of central command and muscle afferent feedback, although the latter may provide a greater relative contribution to fR at low to moderate intensities [39]. ...
Article
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Music is an invaluable tool to improve affective valence during exercise, with the potential contribution of a mechanism called rhythmic entrainment. However, several methodological limitations impair our current understanding of the effect of music on relevant psychophysiological responses to exercise, including breathing variables. This study presents conceptual, methodological, and operational insight favoring the investigation of the effect of music on breathing during exercise. Three tools were developed for the quantification of the presence, degree, and magnitude of music-locomotor, locomotor-breathing, and music-breathing entrainment. The occurrence of entrainment was assessed during 30 min of moderate cycling exercise performed either when listening to music or not, and was complemented by the recording of relevant psychophysiological and mechanical variables. Respiratory frequency and expiratory time were among the physiological variables that were affected to a greater extent by music during exercise, and a significant (p < 0.05) music-breathing entrainment was found in all 12 participants. These findings suggest the importance of evaluating the effect of music on breathing responses to exercise, with potential implications for exercise prescription and adherence, and for the development of wearable devices simultaneously measuring music, locomotor, and breathing signals.
... ψυχική διάθεση, στοιχεία της προσωπικότητας). Έχει παρατηρηθεί από αρκετούς ερευνητές (Atkinson et al., 2004) ότι η μουσική μπορεί να έχει ποικίλες επιδράσεις στους παράγοντες που καθορίζουν την επίδοση των αθλητών σε διάφορα αθλήματα. Στη διεθνή ερευνητική βιβλιογραφία υπάρχει πλήθος μελετών για τις επιδράσεις της μουσικής που επικεντρώνονται σε φυσικές δραστηριότητες, οι οποίες όμως έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί σε ελεγχόμενα εργαστηριακά περιβάλλοντα, όπως για παράδειγμα σε εργομετρικές δοκιμασίες (Bigliassi et al., 2017;Karageorghis & Jones, 2000;Terry et al., 2012). ...
... Ο προσανατολισμός προς το έργο (task orientation) σχετίζεται με την πεποίθηση πως η επιτυχία είναι άμεσα συνδεδεμένη με την προσπάθεια και την αφοσίωση στο στόχο ενώ ο προσανατολισμός προς το εγώ (ego orientation) αφορά την άποψη ότι η επιτυχία καθορίζεται από τον βαθμό που θα αναδειχθεί το άτομο ανάμεσα στα άλλα άτομα (Nicholls, 1984). Η σημαντικότητα της συγκεκριμένης έρευνας έγκειται στο γεγονός ότι η βιβλιογραφία έχει δείξει πως η συνοδεία μουσικής μπορεί να βελτιώσει την απόδοση τόσο σε αερόβια όσο και σε αναερόβια είδη άσκησης, όπως, επί παραδείγματι, είναι η αντισφαίριση (Atkinson et al., 2004). Παρότι απαγορεύεται η αναπαραγωγή μουσικής κατά τη διάρκεια ενός επίσημου αγώνα έχει παρατηρηθεί ότι αρκετοί επαγγελματίες αθλητές (π.χ. ...
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Research findings have supported the notion that music positively affects hitting accuracy of young tennis players. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to examine during a training session the effect of athletes’ music preference on tennis shot accuracy; second, to investigate the relationship between tennis performance on specific tennis shots (Forehand Drive-“FD”, Backhand Drive-“BD”, Forehand Volley-“FV”, Backhand Volley- “BV”, Overhead Smash-“OS”, Serve on Deuce court-“SD”, Serve on Advantage court-“SA”) and self-confidence, anxiety, flow and goal orientation. 11 right-handed tennis players (three boys, eight girls), aged 14-17 years old (M = 13.91, SD = 1.81) voluntarily participated in this study. Initially, the athletes completed the following questionnaires: Brunel Music Rating Inventory–2 (Karageorghis et al., 1999), State-Trait Sport Self-Confidence Inventory for Children (Psychountaki & Zervas, 1998), Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (Smith et al., 2006), Flow State Scale-Short Form (Jackson et al., 2008; Stavrou, 2016) and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire; TEOSQ (Duda & Nicholls, 1992). Afterwards, their performance on the main tennis shots was evaluated under three field conditions. 1st condition: Without music they were fed by the coach ten balls per each shot type, whose performance was measured with an out-of-ten scoring system, according to which the athletes should guide the ball to bounce beyond the service line (no music condition). 2nd condition: Τhe athletes executed in the same order the main shots after having listened to one of their selected favorite songs wherever in the court they wanted to (music before condition). 3rd condition: Participants practiced the same tennis shots in the same order while their favorite songs were playing on court in the order of their preference on speakers (music on court condition). The results indicated statistically significant correlations between sport-confidence, goal orientation, anxiety and flow with some of the main tennis shots (“FD”, “BV”, “OS”, “SA”, “BD”). Statistically significant difference was found between the “no music” and the “music before” condition in “FD”. Moreover, statistically significant was the difference in performance at “FV” between the “no music” and “music on court” condition. The results indicate the importance of athletes’ emotional state and the way it affects their performance on the tennis shots as well as music’s positive effect on the way young tennis athletes perform on court. Those findings may seem valuable in a theoretical and a practical manner for both coaches and athletes. Keywords: music, performance, teenagers, tennis, anxiety, sport confidence, flow, goal orientation
... Athletes of diverse ability levels use MUS before or during exercise to enhance performance, motivation, and enjoyment in their training. Listening to MUS can improve endurance performance (Atkinson et al., 2004), explosive power production (Biagini et al., 2012) and skill-based performance (Alrashid, 2015). MUS may help optimize an athlete's state of arousal for exercise, which can confer performance gains (Karageorghis and Priest, 2012). ...
... Cycling cadence was also unaffected, indicating that the kinematics by which participants achieved these power outputs was unchanged. In one previous study, improvements in 10-km cycling performance with MUS listening during exercise resulted from a faster opening 3 km (Atkinson et al., 2004). The authors suggested that MUS might have higher ergogenic effects at the onset of maximal cycling or in shorter maximal cycling bouts. ...
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Methods to enhance the ergogenic effects of music are of interest to athletes of all abilities. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the ergogenic effects of two commercially available methods of music augmentation: auditory beats and vibrotactile stimulation. Six male and five female cyclists/triathletes cycled for 7 minutes at three different intensities: a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of 11 (“light”), RPE of 15 (“hard”), and a 7-minute time-trial. Before each 7-minute bout of cycling, participants listened to 10 minutes of self-selected music (MUS), or the same music with the addition of either isochronic auditory beats (ABS) or vibrotactile stimulation via SUBPACTM (VIB). MUS, ABS and VIB trials were performed in a randomized order. Power output was measured during cycling and felt arousal and feeling scores were recorded at timepoints throughout the protocol. The results found the augmented MUS interventions did not influence power output with no significant main effect of trial (p = 0.44, η² = 0.09) or trial × cycling intensity interaction (p = 0.11, η² = 0.20). Similarly, both felt arousal and feeling scores were unchanged between the MUS, ABS, and VIB trials (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this pilot study indicated an ineffectiveness of the ABS and VIB to affect subsequent 7-min cycling performance compared to self-selected MUS alone.
... First, music may allow individuals to separate thoughts from feelings. This divergence can change ones perception of unpleasant feelings, narrowing the performers attention, and reducing the sensations of fatigue during exercise (Atkinson, Wilson & Eubank, 2004;Edworthy & Waring, 2006;Yamashita et al., 2006;Murrock & Higgins, 2009). Second, the divergent stimulus (i.e., music) can alter psychomotor arousal (movement or muscular activity associated with mental processes) and therefore can act as either a stimulant or a sedative prior to and during physical activity (Bigliassi et al., in press;Carmichael et al., 2018;Szmedra & Bacharach, 1998;Yamamoto et al., 2003;Schücker et al., 2009). ...
... A possible explanation for the participants increased exercise duration while experiencing a build-up of peripheral metabolites (increased BL), albeit still reporting comparable RPE scores, can be attributed to a number of psychological influences music had on participants. These include distraction from the sensation of fatigue (Atkinson, Wilson & Eubank, 2004;Bigliassi et al., in press;Edworthy & Waring, 2006), greater arousal and positive affect (Bigliassi et al., in press;Carmichael et al., 2018;Yamamoto et al., 2003;Schücker et al., 2009), and better synchronization between music and the motor tasks allowing the activity to be more efficient (Nikol et al., 2018;Rendi, Szabo & Szaba, 2008;Waterhouse, Hudson & Edwards, 2010). Furthermore, models that emphasise the role of the brain in exercise performance and regulation have pointed to the lack of clear peripherally based fatigue reasons to explain why participants reach the point of exercise failure (i.e., inability to continue exercising) since not all muscle fibers are recruited at the point of exhaustion (Kayser, 2003;Noakes, 2000Noakes, , 2012. ...
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Music has been shown to reduce rating of perceived exertion, increase exercise enjoyment and enhance exercise performance, mainly in low-moderate intensity exercises. However, the effects of music are less conclusive with high-intensity activities. The purpose of this with-participant design study was to compare the effects of high tempo music (130 bpm) to a no-music condition during repeated high intensity cycling bouts (80% of peak power output (PPO)) on the following measures: time to exercise end-point, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), breathing frequency, ventilatory kinetics and blood lactate (BL). Under the music condition, participants exercised 10.7% longer ( p = 0.035; Effect size (ES) = 0.28) (increase of 1 min) and had higher HR (4%; p = 0.043; ES = 0.25), breathing frequency (11.6%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.57), and RER (7% at TTF; p = 0.021; ES = 1.1) during exercise, as measured at the exercise end-point. Trivial differences were observed between conditions in RPE and other ventilatory kinetics during exercise. Interestingly, 5 min post-exercise termination, HR recovery was 13.0% faster following the music condition ( p < 0.05) despite that music was not played during this period. These results strengthen the notion that music can alter the association between central motor drive, central cardiovascular command and perceived exertion, and contribute to prolonged exercise durations at higher intensities along with a quicken HR recovery.
... Additionally, many studies have investigated the effect of music on healthy subjects [4,10], patients [2,3,11], and adult athletes [12,13]. other studies have revealed positive effects of music on performance [7,14,15] by lowering feelings of exhaustion [7,16] and assessing effort during exercise [5,6,[17][18][19]. Majid and Mohammad [20] showed that music has a positive effect on the cognitive and mental aspects by improving the physiological aspect and coordination of movement. ...
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Purpose In artistic gymnastics (AG) and trampoline (TR), athletes must be able to combine strength, flexibility, and artistry. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of classical music on balance, emotional state, and perceived effort in precompetitive AG and TR athletes after a 6-week intervention training program. Methods The sample consisted of 36 athletes (20 AG and 16 TR athletes) who were randomly divided into two equal groups: experimental (with music) and control (without music). Balance ability was assessed with the balance Error Scoring System (static balance) and the Y-balance test (dynamic balance). Before and after the intervention, participants completed the RPE-FS questionnaire which included a perceived fatigue scale (PFS) and an emotion scale (ES) to assess perceived fatigue (PF) and emotional state. The total sample followed a 6-week intervention training program, twice per week. TR athletes performed all exercises on a tr, whereas AG athletes performed their exercises on the floor. During the 6 weeks, the athletes completed the questionnaire before and after each training session. Results The results showed a statistically significant improvement in static and dynamic balance in female athletes of both sports (p < 0.05), with the percentage of improvement in AG athletes being comparatively higher than that of TR athletes. There were also significant differences in individual measures of emotional state and perceived fatigue in the examined sample. Conclusions Classical music differentiates the rate of performance improvement in precompetitive young female athletes in these two sports.
... In contrast, tennis demands a considerable amount of focus while playing, and external stimuli like music could significantly affect the performance of tennis players. Listening to music during training can also have various positive effects, as highlighted by the authors in their research, such as improving mood [12,13], reducing stress [14], and enhancing the rhythm of movement performance [15]. Enhancing the rhythm in movement has the potential to have a positive impact on improving movement and shot positioning. ...
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It is known that different types of music used during sports performance has different psycho-physiological effects. In this context, this study aimed to reveal the effect of different types of music on ITN test performance in tennis players. A total of 35 recreational tennis players voluntarily participated in the study. In the research, the ITN test performance of tennis players was measured in three different conditions with 48-hour intervals, these being without music, with motivational music, and with sedative music. The Freidman test was used in the analysis of the data that did not show a normal distribution, and the Repeated Measures ANOVA test was used in the analysis of the data that showed a normal distribution. According to the main findings of the study, it was determined that motivational music increased the ITN test performance of tennis players, while sedative music decreased their ITN test performance (p< .05). Additionally, it was determined that motivational music increased the groundstroke depth scores of tennis players, while sedative music decreased groundstroke depth scores (p< .05). In addition to this, it was determined that volley depth, groundstroke accuracy, and serve scores increased through motivational music (p< .05), whereas sedative music had no effect (p> .05). As a result, it was determined that the ITN test performances of tennis players can be increased through the psycho-physiological effect of motivational music. It can therefore be concluded that the use of motivational music during training and matches (between sets and/or time breaks) of tennis players can increase their shooting performance.
... This result is in line with many previous studies in different sports and experimental settings. For example, there were time improvements of 10 seconds in 1.5 mile runs [24] and 22 s seconds in 10 km cycling trials with musical accompaniment [25]. Similarly, the use of VE resulted in time significant reductions of 1 second in the 200 m freestyle swim [10] and 5 seconds in sprint tests with repeated changes of direction [38]. ...
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External motivational stimuli have been shown to improve athletic performance. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this improvement remain poorly understood. This randomized crossover study investigated the effects of music and verbal encouragement on measures of muscle excitation and myoelectric manifestations of fatigue in the biceps brachii (BB) and brachioradialis (BR) muscles during an endurance task. Fifteen untrained (mean age 29.57 ± 2.77 years) and 13 trained individuals (mean age 32.92 ± 2.90 years) were included. The endurance task, performed to exhaustion, consisted of keeping the dominant arm flexed to 90 degrees while holding a dumbbell loaded to 80% of 1RM with a supine grip in three randomized conditions: standard, with self-selected music, and with verbal encouragement. The untrained subjects showed an increase in task duration of 15.26% (p < 0.003) with music and 15.85% (p < 0.002) with verbal encouragement compared to the condition without external stimuli. There were no significant differences in the myoelectric manifestations of fatigue between the dif-ferent conditions. Regarding the muscle excitation metrics, although the mean amplitude, peak value and area under the curve remained unchanged across conditions, a significant reduction in the trend coefficient, indicating motor unit recruitment over time, was observed with both music (BB: -10.39%, p < 0.001; BR: -9.40%, p < 0.001) and verbal encouragement (BB: -7.61%, p < 0.001; BR: -6.51%, p < 0.001) compared to the standard condition. For the trained participants, no significant differences were observed between conditions in terms of task duration and outcome measures related to muscle excitation and myoelectric manifestations of fatigue, suggesting the possible presence of a ceiling effect on motivation. These results highlight the significant role of external motivational stimuli, such as music and verbal encouragement, in improving task performance in untrained subjects, probably through more ef-fective and efficient recruitment of motor units.
... A study by Hutchinson et al. (2018) and others combined music and exercise, leading to the conclusion that people who listen to music are able to maintain a higher intensity of exercise while still feeling and feeling good compared to those who do not listen to music, and that when music is used during exercise, it can elicit a positive affect in the individual and distract the exerciser or athlete from unpleasant feelings associated with physical strength and fatigue of attention (Hallgren, et al., 2010;Raichlen et al., 2012;Heggelund et al., 2014). These effects include improved individual strength and energy output efficiency, increased endurance, and increased productivity (Atkinson et al., 2004;Hutchinson et al., 2011;Terry et al., 2012;Lee and Kimerly, 2016;Karageorghis et al., 2018b). ...
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Objectives: A randomized controlled experimental design that combines exercise and music intervention was adopted in this study to verify whether this approach could help improve human affect. The differences in the effect of music listening on affective improvement were compared in four different periods: before, during, and after aerobic power cycling exercise and the whole exercise course. Method: A total of 140 subjects aged 19–30 years (average age: 23.6 years) were recruited and randomly divided into four music intervention groups, namely, the pre-exercise, during-exercise, post-exercise, and the whole-course groups. The subjects’ demographic and sociological variables and daily physical activities were collected using questionnaires. Individual factors, such as the subjects’ noise sensitivity, personality traits, and degree of learning burnout, were collected via scale scoring. A laboratory in Zhejiang Normal University was selected as the experimental site. The testing procedure can be summarized as follows. In a quiet environment, the subjects were asked to sit quietly for 5 min after completing a preparation work, and then they were informed to take a pre-test. The four subject groups wore headphones and completed 20 min of aerobic cycling (i.e., 7 min of moderate-intensity cycling [50%*HRR + RHR] + 6 min of low-intensity interval cycling [30%*HRR + RHR] + 7 min of moderate-intensity cycling [50%*HRR + RHR] after returning to a calm state (no less than 20 min) for post-testing. The affect improvement indicators (dependent variables) collected in the field included blood pressure (BP), positive/negative affect, and heart rate variability indicators (RMSSD, SDNN, and LF/HF). Results: 1) Significant differences were found in the participants’ systolic BP (SBP) indices and the effect of improvement of the positive affect during the exercise–music intervention among the four groups at different durations for the same exercise intensity (F = 2.379, p = 0.030, ɳp 2 = 0.058; F = 2.451, p = 0.043, ɳp 2 = 0.091). 2) Music intervention for individuals during exercise contribute more to the reduction of SBP than the other three time periods (F = 3.170, p = 0.047, ɳp 2 = 0.068). Improvement in the participants’ negativity affective score was also better during exercise, and it was significantly different than the other three time periods (F = 5.516, p = 0.006, ɳp 2 = 0.113). No significant differences were found in the improvement effects of the other effective indicators for the four periods. Conclusion: Exercise combined with music intervention has a facilitative effect on human affect improvement, and listening to music during exercise has a better impact on affective improvement than music interventions at the other periods. When people perform physical activities, listening to music during exercise positively affects the progress effect among them.
... physiological effects as well as some physiological effects such as reduced blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate (5)(6)(7). In sport and exercise contexts, it has been reported in the literature that music provides ergogenic effects such as increased work output, psychological effects such as improved emotional responses, psychophysical effects such as reduced perceived exertion, and psychophysiological effects such as improved oxygen consumption (8,9). It has been shown that synchronised music can reduce the energy cost of exercise by increasing neuromuscular metabolic efficiency during exercise, as cited by Terry et al. from Zatorre et al. (10,11). ...
Article
Background: The psychological and physiological effects of music have become an attractive field of sports research in the past decade. Objectives: This study investigated the effect of classical music on two sports skills, agility and free throw shooting, in female basketball players. Methods: The study population consisted of all female basketball players on a team. From those who met the study criteria, 26 participants were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group (without classical music) and an experimental group (with classical music). The research variables were measured using pre-tests and post-tests. Independent t-test was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: The results of the statistical tests showed a significant difference in post-test scores between the experimental and control groups (P < .05). Conclusions: Listening to classical music significantly improved the performance of female basketball players on agility and free throw shoo ting tasks.
... physiological effects as well as some physiological effects such as reduced blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate (5)(6)(7). In sport and exercise contexts, it has been reported in the literature that music provides ergogenic effects such as increased work output, psychological effects such as improved emotional responses, psychophysical effects such as reduced perceived exertion, and psychophysiological effects such as improved oxygen consumption (8,9). It has been shown that synchronised music can reduce the energy cost of exercise by increasing neuromuscular metabolic efficiency during exercise, as cited by Terry et al. from Zatorre et al. (10,11). ...
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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lemon aroma (LA) and music on anaerobic power and balance in athletes following sporting activity. Recognizing the potential influence of sensory stimuli on performance, we sought to contribute valuable insights into optimizing recovery strategies for athletes. Objectives: The primary objective was to assess the effects of LA and music on anaerobic power and balance, employing a comprehensive set of physical fitness factors. Methods: Twelve male amateur athletes were randomly included in our study. These individuals were given LA, music, and with no supplementation (control) for 72 hours, followed by a standardized recovery phase using a Monarch ergometer, and lactic acid levels were measured after the intervention to assess the physiological effect. Balance analysis covering both static and dynamic conditions was performed using a specialized balance machine. Isometric dynamometer measurements and detailed assessments of Sargent's jumping performance were performed to analyze physical fitness factors. Results: Significant differences were observed in balance parameters, with both static balance (SB) and dynamic balance (DB) registering higher values in the control time (P = 0.006; P < 0.001, respectively). Lemon aroma exposure resulted in the highest values for peak power (PP) and relative PP (RPP) (P < 0.001; P < 0.001, respectively). Conversely, in the control time exhibited the lowest values for relative anaerobic power (RAP) and vertical jump (VJ). Conclusions: The findings suggest a positive influence of stimulating aroma (lemon) and music elements on sportive performance. Lemon aroma was associated with enhanced anaerobic power, while the control group exhibited superior balance outcomes. These results underscore the potential benefits of incorporating sensory interventions into athletes' recovery protocols for optimized performance.
... physiological effects as well as some physiological effects such as reduced blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate (5)(6)(7). In sport and exercise contexts, it has been reported in the literature that music provides ergogenic effects such as increased work output, psychological effects such as improved emotional responses, psychophysical effects such as reduced perceived exertion, and psychophysiological effects such as improved oxygen consumption (8,9). It has been shown that synchronised music can reduce the energy cost of exercise by increasing neuromuscular metabolic efficiency during exercise, as cited by Terry et al. from Zatorre et al. (10,11). ...
Article
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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lemon aroma (LA) and music on anaerobic power and balance in athletes following sporting activity. Recognizing the potential influence of sensory stimuli on performance, we sought to contribute valuable insights into optimizing recovery strategies for athletes. Objectives: The primary objective was to assess the effects of LA and music on anaerobic power and balance, employing a comprehensive set of physical fitness factors. Methods: Twelve male amateur athletes were randomly included in our study. These individuals were given LA, music, and with no supplementation (control) for 72 hours, followed by a standardized recovery phase using a Monarch ergometer, and lactic acid levels were measured after the intervention to assess the physiological effect. Balance analysis covering both static and dynamic conditions was performed using a specialized balance machine. Isometric dynamometer measurements and detailed assessments of Sargent's jumping performance were performed to analyze physical fitness factors. Results: Significant differences were observed in balance parameters, with both static balance (SB) and dynamic balance (DB) registering higher values in the control time (P = 0.006; P < 0.001, respectively). Lemon aroma exposure resulted in the highest values for peak power (PP) and relative PP (RPP) (P < 0.001; P < 0.001, respectively). Conversely, in the control time exhibited the lowest values for relative anaerobic power (RAP) and vertical jump (VJ). Conclusions: The findings suggest a positive influence of stimulating aroma (lemon) and music elements on sportive performance. Lemon aroma was associated with enhanced anaerobic power, while the control group exhibited superior balance outcomes. These results underscore the potential benefits of incorporating sensory interventions into athletes' recovery protocols for optimized performance.
... It appears that at high training intensity, physiological features predominate over processing capacity because of their relative strength, whereas at moderate training intensity, both internal (kinesthetic) and external (music) cues can be processed simultaneously and in parallel (Karageorghis, 2009). Atkinson et al. (2004) examined the effect of music on a 10-km endurance run and concluded that the ergogenic effect was significant during the first 3 km, where perceived exertion was relatively low compared with later stages. Tenenbaum et al. (2004) also suggested in their studie that the high intensity of the running task reduced the effect of the accompanying music. ...
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of auditory stimulation with different frequency variations (increasing, decreasing, and constant) on performance, physiological parameters and perceived exertion in the shuttle run test. Twenty-four healthy sports science students participated in this experimental study and performed the shuttle run test under four different conditions: a) standard (as baseline); b) auditory stimulation with increasing frequency; c) auditory stimulation with decreasing frequency; and d) auditory stimulation with constant frequency. The results showed that maximal oxygen consumption in the decreasing-frequency condition was significantly higher than in any other condition and performance in the increasing-frequency condition was higher than that in the constant and standard conditions. The results also showed that in the initial and intermediate phases of the test, heart rate and perceived exertion were lower in both the increasing- and decreasing- frequency conditions than in the constant frequency and standard conditions. The results of the present study suggest that the use of auditory stimulation with decreasing frequency and increasing frequency can improve performance in endurance tasks. Future studies should better understand the different effects of these two types of stimulation and investigate whether they lead to long-term improvements.
... 5 Moreover, listening to music pre-exercise and in-exercise improves physiological responses, such as physical performance and oxygen utilization efficiency, 6,7 as well as strength 8 and endurance enhancement. 9,10 Recognizing the ergogenic effects of music in physical activity, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends music-based exercise programs. 11 However, some studies have reported conflicting results, 12,13 indicating that the impact of music on exercise performance may be negligible or inconclusive. ...
... The observed effect could be practically important in sport settings since seemingly trivial performance improvements for an athlete may be decisive for the event's outcome (Hopkins et al., 1999). The moderate PDI decrease might be explained by the energy economy improvement (Atkinson et al., 2004). However, it is crucial to keep in mind that PDI largely depends on the muscle fibers' type of participants, as a larger percentage of muscle fibers enable higher peak power but a higher fatigue rate (Castaneda-Babarro et al., 2020). ...
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This systematic review summarized the studies that examined the pre-task music effects on performance aspects and quantitatively analyzed their outcomes. A systematic search for controlled studies investigating the acute effects of pre-task music on physical performance, cognitive aspects and associated psycho-physiological responses was performed through Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases up to 17 May 2023, with thirty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data was analyzed using the robust multilevel meta-analysis model of standardized mean difference “SMD” with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and prediction intervals (PI) were reported. Pre-task music induced improvements of completion time (SMD = −0.24; 95% CI = −0.46 to −0.01; PI = −0.82 to 0.35; p = 0.04), relative mean power (RMP) (SMD = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.60; PI = −0.36 to 1.12; p = 0.003) and fatigue (SMD = −0.20; 95% CI = −0.32 to −0.09; PI = −0.36 to −0.05; p = 0.01), moderate effects on relative peak power (RPP) (SMD = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.85; PI = −0.42 to 1.48; p = 0.005), and high effect on feeling scale (FS) (SMD = 2.42; 95% CI = 0.52 to 4.31; PI = −11.43 to 16.26; p = 0.03). Greater benefits were recorded in jumping performance in males than females (p = 0.01), and for active than trained subjects for completion time (p = 0.02), RPP (p = 0.02) and RMP (p = 0.03). Larger benefits were obtained for FS post-warming up than after testing (p = 0.04). Self-selected music induced greater effects than pseudo- and pre-selected for performance decrement index (p = 0.05) and FS (p = 0.02). It could be concluded that pre-task music improved psychological responses and fatigue-related symptoms associated with exercise performance enhancement.
... Karageorghis and Priest [39] showed that motivational effects of listening to music appear to be related to increased individual perceptions of self-esteem and sense of confidence. An increase in exercise intensity of work during the listening to music condition elicits a higher RPE response compared to the no music condition [40]. ...
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Background: It is well-documented that listening to music has the potential to improve physical performance during intense physical exercise. Less information is available on the timing of music application. This study aimed to investigate the effects of listening to preferred music during the warm up of a subsequent test or during the test on performance of repeated sprint sets (RSS) in adult males. Methods: In a randomized cross-over design, 19 healthy males (age, 22.1 ± 1.2 years; body mass, 72.7 ± 9.3 kg; height, 1.79 ± 0.06 m; BMI, 22.6 ± 2.2 kg m−2) performed a test including 2 sets of 5*20-m repeated-sprints under one of three conditions: listening to preferred music during the test; listening to preferred music during the warm-up; or not listening to music. The assessed parameters comprised RSS performance indices, blood lactate, heart rate, the pacing strategy profile, rating of perceived exertion, and a feeling scale. Results: For performance indices during set 1 of the RSS test, we found a significant decrease in total sum sequence, fast time index and fatigue index in the listening to preferred music condition compared to the no music condition (total sum sequence: p = 0.006, d = 0.93; fast time index: p = 0.003, d = 0.67; fatigue index: p < 0.001; d = 1.30) and the listening to preferred music during the warm-up condition (fast time index: p = 0.002; d = 1.15; fatigue index: p = 0.006; d = 0.74). However, there was no significant effect of listening to preferred music on physical performance during set 2 of the RSS test. Compared to the no music condition, blood lactate concentrations were higher in the listening to preferred music during the test condition (p = 0.025; d = 0.92). In addition, listening to preferred music appears not to have an effect on heart rate, the pacing strategy profile, perceived exertion, and affective responses before, during and after the RSS test. Conclusion: Findings from this study revealed that RSS performances were better (FT and FI indices) in the PMDT compared with the PMWU condition. Moreover, in set 1 of the RSS test, better RSS indices were found in the PMDT compared to NM condition.
... Karageorghis and Priest [39] showed that motivational effects of listening to music appear to be related to increased individual perceptions of self-esteem and sense of confidence. An increase in exercise intensity of work during the listening to music condition elicits a higher RPE response compared to the no music condition [40]. ...
Article
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Abstract Background It is well-documented that listening to music has the potential to improve physical performance during intense physical exercise. Less information is available on the timing of music application. This study aimed to investigate the effects of listening to preferred music during the warm up of a subsequent test or during the test on performance of repeated sprint sets (RSS) in adult males. Methods In a randomized cross-over design, 19 healthy males (age, 22.1 ± 1.2 years; body mass, 72.7 ± 9.3 kg; height, 1.79 ± 0.06 m; BMI, 22.6 ± 2.2 kg m−2) performed a test including 2 sets of 5*20-m repeated-sprints under one of three conditions: listening to preferred music during the test; listening to preferred music during the warm-up; or not listening to music. The assessed parameters comprised RSS performance indices, blood lactate, heart rate, the pacing strategy profile, rating of perceived exertion, and a feeling scale. Results For performance indices during set 1 of the RSS test, we found a significant decrease in total sum sequence, fast time index and fatigue index in the listening to preferred music condition compared to the no music condition (total sum sequence: p = 0.006, d = 0.93; fast time index: p = 0.003, d = 0.67; fatigue index: p
... (12)(13)(14) Music, as an attentional distractor, has been of particular interest in recent decades as its use during exercise has become ubiquitous with accelerating technological advances in portable audio devices. The dissociative effects of music elicit psychological benefits by promoting positive affective states, (16) and physiological improvements through prolonging time to fatigue (17) and improving work capacity.(18) Additionally, the unique extraneous noise-cancelling effects of music delivery via high-quality headphones or earbuds, reduces or even eliminates the ventilatory feedback cue of hearing oneself breathe. ...
Article
Purpose: To determine whether listening to music through headphones: a) affects the sensory (breathing intensity; BI) and/or affective (breathing unpleasantness; BU) components of dyspnea during exercise at different intensities and b) impacts exercise performance. Methods: Twenty-two recreationally active individuals (24 ± 3 yr, 10 women) performed two, 5 min constant loads (10% below/above gas exchange threshold-GET) and an 8 km cycling time trial with ambient lab noise or self-selected music in a randomized crossover design. BI, BU, and ventilation (V̇E) were measured at each minute of the constant loads and every 2 km of the time trial. Ratios of BU/V̇E and BI/V̇E were used to examine the gain in dyspnea during the time trial. Results: In the 10% below GET trial, BU was reduced in the first (p = 0.03) and final (p = 0.04) minute. In the 10% above GET trial, BU and BI were reduced with music (p < 0.05). During the time trial with music, BU/V̇E was significantly attenuated by 9-13% (p < 0.05) despite a greater heart rate and self-selected power output (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Music through headphones mitigated the sensation of dyspnea and changed the accretion of dyspnea per unit increase in V̇E leading to a higher self-selected workload during self-paced exercise. The dyspnea-reducing intervention of self-selected music may improve exercise tolerance, performance, and promote adherence to regular aerobic exercise.
... In a study conducted by Atkison, Wilson, and Eubank [27], participants completed a 10 km cycling time trial. The control group listened to no music, while the experimental group listened to upbeat music. ...
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The number of participants in popular races has increased in recent years, with most of them being amateurs. In addition, it has been observed that there is a high percentage of injuries among them, and some of these injuries may be related to a low stride frequency. The aim of this research was to check if a continuous running training program with a musical base improves the stride frequency of popular runners. For this purpose, the effect of a 6 week continuous running training program with the help of a musical track with a constant rhythm that was 10% higher than the preferred stride frequency of the subjects was analyzed and compared to a control group that performed the continuous running training without sound stimuli. Significant increases were found in the evolution of stride frequency in the experimental group between the pre- and post-test (p = 0.002). No significant changes were observed in the stride frequency of the control group. These results show that training with music feedback helps to improve stride frequency in recreational runners. Future research should study the evolution of the improvement obtained in time as it is unknown if the increase in stride rate has been integrated in the runner’s technique, making the improvement obtained permanent. Future research is needed to confirm these results by enlarging the sample and carrying out an exhaustive biomechanical study.
... Background music has well-established effects on behavioral performance in various domains. Listening to music increases the average power exerted by athletes (Atkinson et al., 2004;Chtourou et al., 2012), improves reaction times in driving-related tasks (Beh & Hirst, 1999), influences purchases while shopping (North et al., 1999), and affects the speed of reading (Kallinen, 2002) and drawing (Nittono et al., 2000). The impact of background music on concurrent cognitive tasks is less clear. ...
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"Cocktail party" speech perception is largely studied using either linguistic or nonspeech noise maskers. Few studies have addressed how listeners understand speech during concurrent music. We used popular songs to probe the effects of familiarity and different inherent properties of background music (i.e., isolated vocals, isolated instruments, or unprocessed song) on speech recognition. Participants performed an open-set sentence recognition task in the presence of familiar and unfamiliar music maskers (-5 dB signal-to-noise ratio [SNR]) composed of the full unprocessed song, only the instrumentals, or only the vocals. We found that full songs negatively affected recognition performance more so than isolated vocals and instrumentals. Surprisingly, there was also an interaction with music familiarity; well-known music impaired performance in the homologous full song and instrumental conditions. Our results show strong effects of song component and familiarity on speech recognition ability, highlighting interactions between both physical and psychological characteristics of musical noise on task performance. Familiarity impairs speech perception when background music features the instrumentals with or without the vocals. Our findings have implications for understanding the possible facilitation (or interference) of background music during concurrent linguistic tasks including academic study in attempts to promote learning.
... First, different types of music have different effects on the brain. For example, funk music may make people active, and up-tempo beats make people passionate for working out [22][23][24]. The tone of the music is connected with certain emotions in the music field. ...
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Music can generate a positive effect in runners’ performance and motivation. However, the practical implementation of music intervention during exercise is mostly absent from the literature. Therefore, this paper designs a playback sequence system for joggers by considering music emotion and physiological signals. This playback sequence is implemented by a music selection module that combines artificial intelligence techniques with physiological data and emotional music. In order to make the system operate for a long time, this paper improves the model and selection music module to achieve lower energy consumption. The proposed model obtains fewer FLOPs and parameters by using logarithm scaled Mel-spectrogram as input features. The accuracy, computational complexity, trainable parameters, and inference time are evaluated on the Bi-modal, 4Q emotion, and Soundtrack datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed model is better than that of Sarkar et al. and achieves competitive performance on Bi-modal (84.91%), 4Q emotion (92.04%), and Soundtrack (87.24%) datasets. More specifically, the proposed model reduces the computational complexity and inference time while maintaining the classification accuracy, compared to other models. Moreover, the size of the proposed model for network training is small, which can be applied to mobiles and other devices with limited computing resources. This study designed the overall playback sequence system by considering the relationship between music emotion and physiological situation during exercise. The playback sequence system can be adopted directly during exercise to improve users’ exercise efficiency.
... The mixed findings of music as a performance aid for maximal intensity exercise may be due to the protocol because subjects are often required to exercise to exhaustion (10,15,31). However, in authentic settings, athletes rarely compete to exhaustion, and some researchers have acknowledged this design limitation by studying the effects of music on time-trial performance (1,18). Hagen et al. (18) suggested that a closed-loop session such as a time trial would more closely model the conditions that athletes face in competition. ...
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Run-tracking devices are used by athletes and exercisers to monitor various metrics of human locomotion such as pace and distance. This study sought to determine the effects of pace monitoring on run performance and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Participants were 41 (17 male, 24 female) recreationally fit runners, age 19-40 years (M = 22.4, SD = 4.4), who completed the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) to determine individual attentional focus. They then completed an associative condition (AC) 1-mile time trial and a dissociative condition (DC) 1-mile time trial 24-36 hours apart. Individual, independent t-tests compared completion time means between conditions. The internalizers group (AC) performed significantly faster in the associative condition (M = 496.10, SD = 105.05 seconds) than in the dissociative condition (M = 525.00, SD = 109.67 seconds), t(20) = 5.79, p < .001. The externalizers group (DC) performed significantly faster in the dissociative condition (M = 522.70, SD = 97.37 seconds) than in the associative condition (M = 556.90, SD = 116.62), t(19) = -4.92, p < .001. Results support the value of identifying an individual’s preferred attentional focus to place them in the optimal environment for success. While the study showed no significant difference in RPE scores between conditions, there may be practical implications of similar RPE scores when accompanied by significant changes in performance.
... Music intervention might provide physiological and psychological recovery via respiratory rhythms with music tempo. Music has been documented as an optimal modality to enhance strength performance [4][5][6], swimming [7,8], cycling [9,10], running [11][12][13], circuit exercise [14,15], Wingate anaerobic test [16][17][18][19], and skills acquisitions [20,21]. This evidence demonstrates that music intervention is a useful tool to alter psychological responses and fatigue-related symptoms in association enhancing exercise performance and recovery status. ...
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Music has been reported as a positive intervention for improving psychophysiological conditions and exercise performance. However, the effects of music intervention on golf performance in association with psychophysiological responses have not been well examined in the literature. The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute effects of self-selected music intervention on golf swing and putting performance, heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), and anxiety. Twenty collegiate golfers voluntarily participated in this study (age = 20.2 ± 1.4 years, height = 171.7 ± 8.0 cm, body weight = 69.5 ± 14.6 kg, golf experience = 7.5 ± 2.1 years). A cross-over and within-subject design was used in this study. Participants performed a non-music trial (T1), pre-exercise music trial (T2), and simultaneous music trial (T3) in a randomized order with 48-72 h apart. The participants were attached to a HR monitor to record the HR and HRV during the measurement. The golf swing and putting performance was assessed by using the Golfzon golf simulator system. The state-trait anxiety inventory-state questionnaire (STAI-S) was used to evaluate anxiety state. All measurements were taken during baseline (phase one) and after resting or music intervention (phase two). Repeated measurement of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Cohen's effect size (ES) were used for statistical analyses. The results show no significant differences in golf swing and putting performance (p > 0.05). However, significant decrease in STAI-S score was found in T2 (p = 0.047, ES = 0.32). A significant increase in the standard deviation of normal R-R interval (SDNN), low-frequency power spectrum (LF), standard deviation of along the line-of-identity (SD2) in T2 and T3 were observed (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a single pre-exercise or simultaneous self-selected music intervention contributes minor effects to golf performance in collegiate golfers. The positive benefits of self-selected music intervention on the psychological condition and cardia-related modulation while practicing golf is warranted.
... Music has been associated with improved performance in short-duration physical activities, such as 60-yard sprinting [11], 400-metre running [8], grip strength [12], and the Wingate anaerobic test [13]. Performance improvements in long duration activities have also been shown in activities such as cycling [14]- [16], rowing ergometer [17], treadmill running [18], and treadmill Walking [9]. ...
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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of synchronous music in Gymnastics' motor skill performance among undergraduate female students in physical education college at Basra University. The researcher used experimental design. 20 female students of physical education divided equally into two groups, (10) experimental group with music, (10) control group without music. All participants complete 6 weeks in testing. Data analysis based on T-test shows significant difference at (α = 0.05) in all skills level between experimental and control groups in favor of experimental group. Results of this study contribute to developing the role of synchronous music in improving gymnastic skills performance.
... As stated in a previous study that analysed 109 different studies in 37 countries, motivation should be crucial to achieve the higher stages of the cardiorespiratory fitness test (20 mSRT-original) (Olds et al., 2006). Moreover, it stated that music should be related to volitional effects (Atkinson et al., 2004) and a distraction from monotony (Tenenbaum et al., 2004), and therefore, allows the individual to better perform in the test. ...
Article
The purpose was to examine the feasibility of the 20m shuttle run test with music and to test its concurrent validity with the original 20m shuttle run test. A total of 386 adolescents (14.5±1.6 years old, 48.9% boys) participated in our study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess student’s perception about the 20m shuttle run test with music and the original and to assess perceived exertion. Participants performed randomly the 20m shuttle run test with music and original two weeks apart. Average and maximum heart rate were monitored with heart rate monitors. The 20m shuttle run with music was a feasible test for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents. The concurrent validity showed mean differences of 5.1±14.6 for shuttles, 0.3±0.8 km/h for speed, 0.5±4.1 for stages, and 1.5±4.1 for VO2max (all p<0.001) in favour of the 20m shuttle run with music vs. the original 20m shuttle run test. Mean difference for the rating of perceived exertion was 0.4±2.5 points (p=0.003). No significant difference was found between boys and girls. In conclusion, the 20mSRT-music is feasible and presents a good concurrent validity in adolescents, independently of the sex and it will be an alternative and good approach to assess cardiorespiratory fitness.
... Our daily activities can benefit much by listening to music. Research from music psychology and sports psychology shows that music can regulate moods and emotions [17][18][19], increase productivity, increase the intensity or endurance of exercise [20,21], encourage rhythmic movement, and evoke memories and raise spirits [2]. Motivated by this line of theoretical work, we base our classifier on features informed by psychometric measures reflecting motivational properties of music (Sect. ...
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Music can motivate many daily activities as it can regulate mood, increase productivity and sports performance, and raise spirits. However, we know little about how to recommend songs that are motivational for people given their contexts and activities. As a first step towards dealing with this issue, we adopt a theory-driven approach and operationalize the Brunel Music Rating Inventory (BMRI) to identify motivational qualities of music from the audio signal. When we look at frequently listened songs for 14 common daily activities through the lens of motivational music qualities, we find that they are clustered into three high-level latent activity groups: calm, vibrant, and intense. We show that our BMRI features can accurately classify songs in the three classes, thus enabling tools to select and recommend activity-specific songs from existing music libraries without any input required from user. We present the results of a preliminary user evaluation of our song recommender (called PepMusic) and discuss the implications for recommending songs for daily activities.
... Athletes with different levels of experience use to listen to music to increase motivation during training sessions 3 . Among the beneficial effects of listening to music are the improvement of mood 4 , excitatory control 5,6 and improved physical performance 7 , as music seems to have important effects on psychological responses generated in the central nervous system (CNS) 8 . A possible mechanism of action of music during exercise is related to increased release of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g. ...
... Ha тај начин музика утиче на избор вежби, креира стил кретања tokom вежбања, док њен темпо одређује брзину покрета и кретања (Sharma & Black, 2001). За већину вежбача има пресудну улогу y динамици вежбања (Atkinson, Wilson, & Eubank, 2004). Поред тога, код вежбача музика изазива осећај опуштености и слободе изражавања позитивног емотивног стања. ...
... Athletes with different levels of experience use to listen to music to increase motivation during training sessions 3 . Among the beneficial effects of listening to music are the improvement of mood 4 , excitatory control 5,6 and improved physical performance 7 , as music seems to have important effects on psychological responses generated in the central nervous system (CNS) 8 . A possible mechanism of action of music during exercise is related to increased release of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g. ...
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Music can be considered as an ergogenic aid of psychological nature. Currently, athletes of different training status regularly use music as an ergogenic aid to improve performance in different exercise models in their training sessions. In order to understand the effect of music on psychophysiological responses to physical exercise, a music-oriented search was performed on the Pubmed and Web of Science databases to select relevant articles to this theme, thus enabling to present a critical review to explain the three main suggested ergogenic mechanisms of music: 1) Music and perceptive responses during exercise; 2) Influence of music on exercise in different intensities; 3) Action of music on the central nervous system. One of the reasons to listening to music during training sessions is the strong motivational factor during the practice of physical activity. Studies have pointed out benefits such as an improved mood, excitatory control, reduced subjective perception of effort, increased motivation and improved physical performance. In this sense, although the real mechanisms that lead music to be considered as an ergogenic aid to improve performance remain unknown, music seems to have important effects on psychological responses generated in the central nervous system, thus acting as a stimulating agent for the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as serotonin and endorphin. On the other hand, according to the theory of parallel processing / dissociation, the main mechanism of music to improve physical performance is the increased dissociative thoughts to exercise, thereby reducing perceptual responses processed through the brain that result in increased positive emotional responses to exercise. Key Words: Physical exercise; Central nervous system; Physical training. FRANCO-ALVARENGA PE, BRIEZTKE C, CANESTRI R, PIRES FO. Psychophysiological responses of music on physical performance: a critical review. R. bras. Ci. e Mov 2019;27(2):218-224. RESUMO: A música pode ser considerada como um recurso ergogênico de natureza psicológica. Atualmente, atletas de diferentes níveis de treinamento utilizam a música como um recurso ergogênico em suas sessões de treinamento em diferentes modelos de exercício para melhorar o desempenho. Para entender o efeito da música nas respostas psicofisiológicas no desempenho físico foi realizada uma busca intencional nas bases de dados 'Pubmed' e 'Web of Science' de artigos relevantes ao tema, desse modo, a presente revisão foi conduzida de maneira crítica para explanar os principais mecanismos sugeridos para a ação ergogênica da música em 3 tópicos: 1) Músicas e respostas perceptivas durante o exercício; 2) Influência da música sobre o exercício em diferentes intensidades; 3) Ação da música sobre o sistema nervoso central. Um dos motivos da utilização da música durante as sessões de treinamento é o forte fator motivacional durante a prática da atividade física. Estudos apontam alguns benefícios como a melhora do humor, controle excitatório, redução da percepção subjetiva de esforço, aumento da motivação e melhora do desempenho físico. Nesse sentido, embora os reais mecanismos que levam a música a ser considerada um recurso ergogênico ainda permanecem desconhecidos, a música parece ter importantes efeitos sobre as respostas psicológicas geradas no sistema nervoso central, atuando como um agente estimulante para a liberação de neurotransmissores excitatórios como a serotonina e endorfina. Por outro lado, de acordo com a teoria do processamento paralelo/dissociação, o principal mecanismo da música sobre o desempenho físico é o aumento da dissociação durante o exercício, reduzindo as respostas perceptivas processadas no cérebro, com a resultante do aumento de respostas emocionais positivas ao longo da tarefa. Palavras-chave: Exercício físico; Sistema nervoso central; Treinamento físico. 219 Psychophysiological responses of music on performance R. bras. Ci. e Mov 2019;27(2):218-224.
... It is also important to control for the effects of auditory distraction per se (Bigliassi, Karageorghis, Wright, Orgs, & Nowicky, 2017;Chanda & Levitin, 2010). It has been suggested that during high-intensity exercise, the psychological effects of music are driven by the motivational qualities of the music as opposed to the dissociative effects of music (Atkinson, Wilson, & Eubank, 2004;Hutchinson & Karageorghis, 2013). If this explanation is sound (i.e., that music functions to motivate rather than dissociate during SIT), then SIT performed in the presence of music should elicit greater psychological and physiological benefits than when SIT is performed in the presence of a non-musical auditory distraction. ...
Article
Background While sprint interval training (SIT) is time-efficient and can elicit meaningful health benefits among adults who are insufficiently active, one major drawback is that people can find it to be unpleasant. Consequently, researchers have begun to investigate the use of music to enhance people’s pleasure during SIT. Presently, little is known about the application of music to SIT protocols designed for insufficiently active individuals. Purpose To investigate the psychological (affective valence, arousal, enjoyment), psychophysical (perceived exertion), and physiological (heart rate [HR], power output) effects of researcher-selected motivational music during a low-volume SIT protocol performed by insufficiently active adults. Methods Using a randomized, fully-counterbalanced design, 24 insufficiently active adults (12 women, 12 men; 24.08 ±4.61 years) inexperienced with SIT completed three SIT trials (3 × 20-s “all-out” sprints with 2-min recovery periods) under different conditions: motivational music, podcast control, no-audio control. Results Post-exercise enjoyment was greater in the music condition (M = 89.58 ± 17.33) compared to podcast (M = 83.92 ± 19.49; p = .04, ηp² = 0.18) and no-audio (M = 85.28 ± 17.92; p = .04, ηp² = 0.17) controls. Over the course of the SIT trial, HR responses were elevated in the music condition in comparison to the podcast (p = .02, ηp² = 0.23) and no-audio (p = .03, ηp² = 0.21) controls, and peak power output was higher in the music condition when compared to the podcast (p = .02, ηp² = 0.23) and no-audio (p = .01, ηp² = 0.25) controls. Affective responses over the course of the SIT trial were more positive in the music condition when compared to the no-audio control (p = .03, ηp² = 0.18), and tended to be more positive in the music condition when compared to the podcast control (p = .11, ηp² = 0.11). Moreover, a rebound toward more positive affect was observed post-exercise in all conditions. Conclusions The application of music during SIT has the potential to enhance feelings of pleasure, improve enjoyment, and elevate performance of SIT for adults who are insufficiently active, which may ultimately lead to better adherence to this type of exercise.
... The current data are at odds with those of Chtourou et al. [20] and Eliakim et al. [36] during which participants underwent a Wingate test. After the 5-m multiple shuttle run test, in agreement with Atkinson et al. [39] and Chtourou et al. [20], the RPE scores were higher after WUNM than WUWM in the morning. However, Eliakim et al. [36] and Jarraya et al. [37] were unable to show that the RPE scores were unaffected by listening to music. ...
Article
The present experiment examined the effects of listening to different types of music during warm-up on the diurnal variation of short-term maximal performance (STMP) in soccer players, using a 3×2 mixed design with factors “Condition” (warm-up with self-selected motivational-music (WUMM) vs. warm-up with neutral-music (WUNM) vs. warm-up without-music (WUWM) and “Time of Day” (07h00 vs. 17h00). In a random order, twelve male soccer players performed a 5-m shuttle run test after a 10 min of WUMM, a 10 min of WUNM and a 10 min WUWM at 07h00 and 17h00. The higher distance (HD) and total distance (TD) were measured during the test, and the rated perceived exertion (RPE) and the feelings states (FS) were obtained immediately after the warm-up and the test. The results revealed that HD and TD were higher at 17h00 than 07h00 in all conditions (p<0.01). At 07h00 and 17h00, TD and HD were higher after WUMM and WUNM than WUWM and after WUMM than WUNM (p<0.01). This improvement was greater at 07h00 than 17h00 (e.g., 6.97% vs. 5.26% for TD). Moreover, FS were more positive after WUNM than WUWM only at 07h00, after WUMM than WUWM at the two time-of-day (p<0.01), and after WUMM than WUNM at 17h00 (p<0.01). After the 5-m shuttle run test, FS were more negative and the RPE scores were higher with WUMM than WUWM at 07h00 (p<0.01). The findings suggested that STMP and feelings depend on types of music listened during a warm-up. A warm-up with self-selected motivational-music improves STMP and feelings at 07h00 and 17h00 with greater enhancement in the morning. However, a warm-up with neutral-music improves STMP and feelings only at 07h00.
... The mixed findings of music as a performance aid for maximal intensity exercise may be due to the protocol because participants are often required to exercise to exhaustion (10,15,31). However, in authentic settings, athletes rarely compete to exhaustion, and some researchers have acknowledged this design limitation by studying the effects of music on time-trial performance (1,18). Hagen et al. (18) suggested that a closed-loop session such as a time trial would more closely model the conditions that athletes face in competition. ...
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Clark, JC, Baghurst, T, and Redus, BS. Self-selected motivational music on the performance and perceived exertion of runners. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1656-1661, 2021-Music is used by athletes and exercisers to improve performance outcomes, but it is less known whether its properties can enhance performance at maximal intensity. This study measured subjects' performance time, average heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) on a 1.5-mile running trial when listening to self-selected motivational music vs. no music. Subjects were 17 runners (male = 8, female = 9) who completed 2, 1.5-mile time trials in a repeated-measures randomized crossover design. For the music trial, subjects were asked to select and listen to a motivational song, which was scored by the subject for its motivational quotient using the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2. Subjects improved mean performance time by 10 seconds and increased average heart rate by 4.5 b·min-1 in the motivational music condition, but neither were significantly different (p = 0.09, 0.10). However, the music condition significantly lowered subjects' RPE by 0.5 points (p = 0.02). That motivational music improved performance time, although not significant, is noteworthy considering the significantly lower RPE reported. Therefore, ergogenic qualities of motivational music may elicit a greater performance from experienced runners while simultaneously lowering perception of effort when working at maximal intensity.
... Similarly, the result of this research is supported by Nakamura et al., (2010) who found that total distance covered during constant-load exercise performed at critical power (207 ± 53 W) was not increased compared to the control group, irrespective of listening to preferred or non-preferred music. In contrast, there was a study done by Atkinson et al. (2004), when athletes listened to music, there was an improvement in performance during a 10km cycling time trial compared to no music. ...
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Introduction: There is a strong correlation between muscle weakness and the mobility children with cerebral palsy. For this reason, the focus of the intervention programs has been changed to resistance exercises. The purpose of this study was effect of group resistance exercise with exciting music on spasticity, muscle strength and walking ability for children with cerebral palsy. Methods: This study had a quasi-experimental design with an experimental and control group. The study population consisted of all children with cerebral palsy in Karaj city. Twenty-Seven children with spastic CP (level GMFCS I-III) with age of 8-14 years were selected as sample and were divided randomly into intervention and control group The intervention group followed an 12 weeks (three sessions per week) of resistance exercise program to strengthen the muscles the lower extremity and the control group continued their daily routines. In order to measure the spasticity were used from the Modified Ashworth Scale, muscle strength from 30second lateral Step up and to sit to stand to measure walking speed from the time 10 meter walk test , 1 minute fast walk test were used. Results: The results not showed a significant difference in total mean spasticity after the training period in the intervention group than the control group (P> 0/05). But there was a significant increase in functional muscle strength and walking speed in the intervention group which was significant than the control group (P <0.05). Conclusions: Applying a resistance exercise with exciting music by providing conditions for increased motivation and participation can be an effective way to improve the motor function of children with cerebral palsy of spastic.
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The article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of the use of dance-gymnastic workouts in the educational and training process for cheerleading. The aim of the study is to study the influence of dance and gymnastics workouts on the musical and motor training of athletes in complex coordination sports (on the example of cheerleading). Research methods: study and analysis of scientific, educational-methodical and special literature; pedagogical experiment; expert assessment of the level of musical-motor readiness, testing the ability to rhythmic activity; methods of mathematical statistics, including calculating the t -criterion of the Student. In the course of the study, based on the analysis of competition rules and other normative and educational documentation, it is shown that the main requirements to music motor training in complex coordination sports is the ability of athletes to combine expressive movements in harmony with the theme, character, pace and dynamic tones of music. Two types of exercises have been developed: rhythmic (using rhythmic gymnastics) and aerobic (using basic and dance aerobics). A pedagogical experiment was held, in which 24 students participated, who were part of the team cheerleading of the H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University. They were divided into experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. The effectiveness of the developed workouts was tested by their introduction into the training process of the pilot group. Positive statistically probable influence of dance-gymnastic workouts on the following indicators of musical-motor preparation: harmony of movements with rhythm of music (at p<0,01), harmony of movements with tempo of music (at p<0,005) and walk with a clap of hands in the set rhythm (at p<0.05).
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of listening to preferred music during a warm up or exercise, on performance during a 6-min all-out exercise test (6-MT) in young adult males. Twenty-five healthy males volunteered to participate in this study. Following a within subject design, participants performed three test conditions (MDT: music during the test; MDW: music during the warm-up; WM: without music) in random order. Outcomes included mean running speed over the 6-min test (MRS6), total distance covered (TDC), heart rate responses (HRpeak, HRmean), blood lactate (3-min after the test), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE); additionally, feeling scale scores were recorded. Listening to preferred music during running resulted in significant TDC (∆↑10%, p = 0.006, ES = 0.80) and MRS6 (∆↑14%, p = 0.012, ES = 1.02) improvement during the 6-MT, improvement was also noted for the warm-up with music condition (TDC: ∆↑8%, p = 0.028, ES = 0.63; MRS6: ∆↑8%, p = 0.032, ES = 0.61). A similar reverse "J-shaped" pacing profile was detected during the three conditions. Blood lactate was lower in the MDT condition by 8% (p = 0.01, ES = 1.10), but not the MDW condition, compared to MW. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found between the test sessions for the HR, RPE, and feeling scale scores. In conclusion, listening to music during exercise testing would be more beneficial for optimal TDC and MRS6 performances compared to MDW and WM.
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Purpose: To estimate the influence of global anaerobic fatigue on rhythm performance. Methods: Fifteen young males participated in the experiment. Anaerobic fatigue was induced with 2 consecutive running-based anaerobic sprint tests (RAST). The level of lactate was controlled before the first RAST and 3 minutes after each RAST. The rhythm performance was assessed by using Optojump Next (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). The rhythm test was conducted 3 times, before fatigue and immediately after each RAST. Eight variables of the rhythm test were analyzed: the mean frequency of jumps for the assisted and unassisted phase (XfAP and XfUAP), SD of jump frequency for the assisted and unassisted phase (SDfAP and SDfUAP), and mean absolute error for the assisted and unassisted phases of the test (XERAP and XERUAP, respectively). Results: One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant main effect of anaerobic effort on rhythm variables only in the unassisted phase of the test. Statistically significant differences were observed in XfUAP between the first and third rhythm measurements (F2,28 = 4.98, P < .014, ηp2=26.23%), SD of jump frequency for the unassisted phase (SDfUAP; F2,28 = 3.48, P = .05, ηp2=19.9%), and mean absolute error for the unassisted phase (XERUAP; F2,28 = 3.36, P = .006, ηp2=19.43%). Conclusions: The results show that rhythm of movement may be negatively influenced after intensive anaerobic fatigue. The exact mechanism of this phenomenon is not precisely defined, but both central and peripheral fatigue are suspected to be involved.
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Matching exercise behavior to musical beats has been shown to favorably affect repetitive endurance tasks. In this study, our aim was to explore the role of spontaneous versus instructed entrainment, focusing on self‐paced exercise of healthy, recreational runners. For three 4‐min running tasks, 33 recreational participants were either running in silence or with music; when running with music, either no instructions were given to entrain to the music, or participants were instructed to match their running cadence with the tempo of the music. The results indicated that less entrainment occurred when no instruction to match the exercise with the musical tempo was provided. In addition, similar to the condition without music, lower speeds and shorter step lengths were observed when runners were instructed to match their running behavior to the musical tempo when compared with the condition without such instruction. Our findings demonstrate the impact of instruction on running performance and stress the importance of intention to entrain running behavior to musical beats.
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This chapter takes a theory‐based approach to the exploration of the purpose and application of music in the exercise and physical activity domain. It begins with an outline of key concepts, continues with detail on the evolution of relevant theory—focusing primarily on the present author's 2016 theoretical model detailing the antecedents, moderators, and consequences of music use in exercise and sport. The chapter addresses the mechanisms that underlie the purported effects of music, and provides some theory‐based examples of application. There are three primary ways in which music can be applied to exercise: pre‐task, in‐task, and post‐task. An over‐arching consideration is that music selected to accompany exercise should be congruent with participants’ personal characteristics and meet the needs of the task at hand. It should also be targeted at the desired consequences for a given workout.
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Regular physical activity has multifarious benefits for physical and mental health, and music has been found to exert positive effects on physical activity. Summative literature reviews and conceptual models have hypothesized potential benefits and salient mechanisms associated with music listening in exercise and sport contexts, although no large-scale objective summary of the literature has been conducted. A multilevel meta-analysis of 139 studies was used to quantify the effects of music listening in exercise and sport domains. In total, 598 effect sizes from four categories of potential benefits (i.e., psychological responses, physiological responses, psychophysical responses, and performance outcomes) were calculated based on 3,599 participants. Music was associated with significant beneficial effects on affective valence (g = 0.48, CI [0.39, 0.56]), physical performance (g = 0.31, CI [0.25, 0.36]), perceived exertion (g = 0.22, CI [0.14, 0.30]), and oxygen consumption (g = 0.15, CI [0.02, 0.27]). No significant benefit of music was found for heart rate (g = 0.07, CI [−0.03, 0.16]). Performance effects were moderated by study domain (exercise > sport) and music tempo (fast > slow-to-medium). Overall, results supported the use of music listening across a range of physical activities to promote more positive affective valence, enhance physical performance (i.e., ergogenic effect), reduce perceived exertion, and improve physiological efficiency.
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In the sports and exercise domain, it has been suggested that musical intensity might boost performance. Previous research revealed that pumping up the volume of music might increase running speed, grip strength, and choice reaction time while simultaneously decreasing time to exhaustion and level of perceived exhaustion. However, evidence is still scarce, experimental designs and tested groups vary significantly, and contradicting evidence exists as well. Yet, listening to high-intensity music could be a risky business and exercisers employing such a strategy to improve performance are vulnerable to developing noise-induced hearing problems. Therefore, future research should inquire more profoundly into the inherent boosting qualities of musical intensity and juxtapose experimental results and auditory repercussions in order to uncover possible strategies to combine both in such a way that the exerciser’s health can be safeguarded at all times.
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Music has been shown to reduce rating of perceived exertion, increase exercise enjoyment and enhance exercise performance, mainly in low-moderate intensity exercises. However, the effects of music are less conclusive with high-intensity activities. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high tempo music (130 bpm) to a no-music condition during repeated high intensity cycling bouts (80% of peak power output (PPO)) on the following measures: time to task failure (TTF), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), breathing frequency, ventilatory kinetics and blood lactate (BL). Under the music condition, participants exercised 10.7% longer (p = 0.035; Effect size (ES)= 0.28) (increase of one minute) and had higher HR (4%; p= 0.043; ES= 0.25), breathing frequency (11.6%; p= 0.0006; ES= 0.57), and RER (7% at TTF; p= 0.021; ES=1 .1) during exercise. Trivial differences were observed between conditions in RPE and other ventilatory kinetics during exercise. Interestingly, HR recovery was 13.0% faster following the music condition (p< 0.05). These results strengthen the notion that music can alter the association between central motor drive, central cardiovascular command and perceived exertion, and contribute to prolonged exercise duration at higher intensities along with a quicken HR recovery.
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We examined the effects of listening to headphone music in ten well trained men (25.1 +/- 6 years) during treadmill running. Maximal oxygen consumption, determined by open circuit spirometry, was followed by two submaximal work bouts 72 hours apart. The work bouts consisted of a supine rest, a 15 minute run at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption, and a three minute active recovery period. Participants listened to music during one of the two trials. Hemodynamic variables and perceived exertion were recorded at three minute intervals during each trial. A venous blood sample, obtained prior to and following each trial, was assayed for norepinephrine and plasma lactate. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the no music versus the exercise with music trial for (aggregate data 3,6,9,12,15 minutes): heart rate 152.9 +/- 5.3 to 145.9 +/- 4.7 beats x min(-1); systolic blood pressure, 158.1 +/- 3.7 to 151.7 +/- 3.3 mmHg; rate-pressure product 242.2 +/- 11.5 to 222.1 +/- 11.4; exercise lactate 2.75 +/- 0.15 to 2.13 +/- 0.18 mmol x l(-1); and perceived exertion 14.4 +/- 0.4 to 12.9 +/- 0.4. A 17.5% lower level of norepinephrine (841.5 +/- 314.7 to 694.1 +/- 254.5 pg x ml[-1]) in the exercise and music trial was not statistically significant (p<0.05); however a moderate effect size (ES = 0.52) was calculated and may be of practical significance considering the variability of the sample. Higher values for hemodynamics and lactate in the no music trial is suggestive of a greater metabolic demand; however, oxygen consumption was not different. Perhaps the music allowed individuals to relax reducing muscle tension thereby increasing blood flow and lactate clearance while decreasing lactate production in working muscle. The combined results of this study suggest the introduction of music has a psychobiological impact on the exerciser demonstrated by changes in perceived effort, lactate and norepinephrine.
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