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Perception of drug addiction among Turkish university students: Causes, cures, and attitudes
Abstract
In this paper, university students' beliefs about different causes of drug addiction and cures for it were investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) with Causes of Drug Abuse Scale (CADAS) revealed four components: problems and coping, sensation seeking, social environment, and disposition. PCA with Cures for Drug Abuse Scale (CUDAS) produced four components: help seeking and avoidance, self-change, social activity, and change. Separate MANOVAs were performed and significant gender differences were found between two of CADAS' and three of CUDAS' components. Analysis on attitude scale revealed gender and drug main effects and an interaction effect. Men had more positive attitudes toward "drug" vignette. The most negative attitudes were found toward "heroin" vignette and the most positive attitudes were found toward the "cannabis" vignette. Results indicated that those who has known a drug user had more positive attitudes.
... A positive attitude towards psychoactive substances is a predictor of earlier alcohol and drug initiation and an increased risk of subsequent psychoactive substance abuse and dependence [33,34]. Approval for psychoactive substance use is also an important predictor of current alcohol, marijuana and other drugs use among adolescents [31,[35][36][37][38][39]. The relationship between substance use and attitude towards its use can be bilateral. ...
... Pozytywna postawa wobec substancji psychoaktywnych jest predyktorem wcześniejszej inicjacji alkoholowej i narkotykowej oraz zwiększonego ryzyka późniejszego nadużywania substancji psychoaktywnych i uzależnienia [33,34]. Aprobata wobec używania substancji stanowi też istotny predyktor aktualnego spożywania alkoholu, marihuany i innych substancji psychoaktywnych wśród młodzieży [31,[35][36][37][38][39]. Związek między używaniem substancji a postawą wobec ich używania może być obustronny. ...
... Psychologiczne korelaty postaw wobec alkoholu, takie jak normy rówieśnicze, spostrzegany po-their peers do not approve of substance use are less likely to use drugs [46,47]. Çirakoğlu and Işin [37] found that men had more positive attitudes towards drugs than women. In addition, age may be a risk factor for higher drug use, since older high-school students usually declare a more liberal attitude towards illicit drugs [30]. ...
Authors' contribution/Wkład pracy autorów: Study design/Koncepcja badania: A.M. Rogowska; Data collection/Zebranie danych: A.M. Rogowska; Statistical analysis/Analiza statystyczna: A.M. Rogowska; Data interpretation/Interpretacja danych: A.M. Rogowska, Z. Kardasz, B. Zmaczyńska-Witek; Acceptance of final manuscript version/Akceptacja ostatecznej wersji pracy: A.M. Rogowska, Z. Kardasz, B. Zmaczyńska-Witek; Literature search/Przygotowanie literatury: A.M. Rogowska, Z. Kardasz, B. Zmaczyńska-Witek No ghostwriting and guest authorship declared./Nie występują zjawiska ghostwriting i guest authorship. Abstract Introduction: The aim of the study was to examine the frequency and amount of alcohol consumption in relation to students' attitude to alcohol drinking. Material and methods: A sample of 908 second year technical university students (30% of women) of 19 to 36 years of age (M = 21.23; SD = 1.26) participated in this cross-sectional survey using the PBS questionnaire "Students 2004". Results: The results indicated that female students drank significantly less alcohol, and they also had more negative attitudes towards alcohol than male. As expected, those students who drank regularly and excessively declared a significantly lower level of disapproval of behaviours associated with risky drinking, and also they perceived this behaviour as lower risk compared to students who drank occasionally and moderately. According to the assumptions , alcohol drinking was correlated positively
... Older individuals were found to be more likely than younger individuals to describe addiction (heroin in this study) as stemming from sociocultural factors, unstable family life and poor family and parenting role models (Furnham & Thomson, 1996). Females were more likely than males to support a psychological (Cirakoglu & Isin, 2005) or disease model of addiction (Garlitz, 2007). Therapists with a history of dependence also were more likely to support a disease and moral model of dependence (Moyers & Miller, 1993), while those with a conservative ideology (Furnham & Thomson, 1996;Patchell, 2005) or higher support for religious beliefs (Stylianou, 2004) were more likely to perceived drug use as immoral. ...
... A review of current addiction attitude instruments, however, reveals several issues hampering this effort. First, many extant instruments focus on selected theoretical models of addiction to the exclusion of others (Cirakoglu & Isin, 2005;Moyers & Miller, 1993;Schaler, 1995), which raises questions regarding content validity. For example, Cirakoglu and Isin's (2005) Causes of Drug Abuse Scale failed to include items consistent with biological models of addiction, and Moyers and Miller's (1993) Understanding Alcoholism Scale did not consider psychological models of addiction. ...
... First, many extant instruments focus on selected theoretical models of addiction to the exclusion of others (Cirakoglu & Isin, 2005;Moyers & Miller, 1993;Schaler, 1995), which raises questions regarding content validity. For example, Cirakoglu and Isin's (2005) Causes of Drug Abuse Scale failed to include items consistent with biological models of addiction, and Moyers and Miller's (1993) Understanding Alcoholism Scale did not consider psychological models of addiction. Garlitz's (2007) study compared college student attitudes toward addiction based solely on the disease and moral models of addiction, and Schaler's (1995) Addiction Belief Scale compared adherence only to the disease and personal choice models of addiction. ...
... Education is another field in which the attitude towards addicts is concerned. In such studies sometimes educators (e.g., Broadus et al., 2010) and sometimes students from different class levels (e.g., Mousavi et al., 2014;Shrestha, 2010;Martin et al., 2007;Tansel, 2006;Tekten, 2006;Çırakoğlu and Işın, 2005;Altintas et al., 2004;Türkşen and Atakan, 2003;Tot et al., 2002;Lindström and Svenson, 1998;Herken et al., 1997) were investigated. Broadus et al. (2010) discovered in their study that educators viewed substance abuse as a coping mechanism rather than a moral failure; but they had contradictory beliefs about regarding it as a disease. ...
... Correspondingly, Shresta emphasized based upon the result of his study that peer group influence was one of the factors for using drugs and having positive attitudes towards drug use. The studies carried out in Turkey (e.g., Tansel, 2006;Tekten, 2006;Çırakoğlu and Işın, 2005;Altintas et al., 2004;Tot et al., 2002;Herken et al., 1997) also had clues about the factors influencing attitudes towards drug use or addiction. In these studies it was indicated that students' gender, field of study, parents' educational background, being in drug friendly environments, using/or not using drugs were the factors affecting their attitudes towards drugs and drug use. ...
... Furthermore, it was determined in the study that the students' gender, faculty that they attended, students class level, their parents educational backgrounds, students' smoking and drinking habits were the factors influencing the students' attitudes towards addicts. There are findings of the studies suggesting gender as one of the important factors affecting attitudes towards drugs and drug addicts (e.g., Martin et al., 2007;Tekten, 2006;Çırakoğlu and Işın, 2005;Herken et al., 1997). Mousavi et al. (2014) counted gender, family, friends and individual characteristics as the factors related with drug use. ...
Substance addiction has become one of the important issues in the world. The studies concerning substance use reveal the extent of the problem. According to the results of such studies, the number of the people using illicit drugs has increased profoundly in recent years. In this study, it was tried to find out how common substance use among Turkish university students. Moreover, it was aimed to determine the students’ attitudes towards addicts. In order to measure the students’ attitudes towards addicts, the revised version of “Attitude Scale towards Individuals with Drug Abuse Problems” developed by Tansel (2006) was used. Totally 572 university students responded the survey.The results showed that nicotine and alcohol were the substances most frequently used by the students. Besides, it was seen that university students’ attitudes towards addicts were reasonably negative. What is more, it was determined in the study that, the students’ gender, faculty that they attended, students class level, their parents educational backgrounds, students’ smoking and drinking habits were the factors influencing the students’ attitudes towards addicts.
Key words: Substance use, drug, addiction, university students, attitude.
... Older individuals were found to be more likely than younger individuals to describe addiction (heroin in this study) as stemming from sociocultural factors, unstable family life and poor family and parenting role models (Furnham & Thomson, 1996). Females were more likely than males to support a psychological (Cirakoglu & Isin, 2005) or disease model of addiction (Garlitz, 2007). Therapists with a history of dependence also were more likely to support a disease and moral model of dependence (Moyers & Miller, 1993), while those with a conservative ideology (Furnham & Thomson, 1996;Patchell, 2005) or higher support for religious beliefs (Stylianou, 2004) were more likely to perceived drug use as immoral. ...
... A review of current addiction attitude instruments, however, reveals several issues hampering this effort. First, many extant instruments focus on selected theoretical models of addiction to the exclusion of others (Cirakoglu & Isin, 2005;Moyers & Miller, 1993;Schaler, 1995), which raises questions regarding content validity. For example, Cirakoglu and Isin's (2005) Causes of Drug Abuse Scale failed to include items consistent with biological models of addiction, and Moyers and Miller's (1993) Understanding Alcoholism Scale did not consider psychological models of addiction. ...
... First, many extant instruments focus on selected theoretical models of addiction to the exclusion of others (Cirakoglu & Isin, 2005;Moyers & Miller, 1993;Schaler, 1995), which raises questions regarding content validity. For example, Cirakoglu and Isin's (2005) Causes of Drug Abuse Scale failed to include items consistent with biological models of addiction, and Moyers and Miller's (1993) Understanding Alcoholism Scale did not consider psychological models of addiction. Garlitz's (2007) study compared college student attitudes toward addiction based solely on the disease and moral models of addiction, and Schaler's (1995) Addiction Belief Scale compared adherence only to the disease and personal choice models of addiction. ...
Using a series of three studies, this project developed an addiction attitudes instrument for use in the general population and completed a preliminary analysis of the moderators of addiction attitudes. The final 54-item instrument has five subscales representing five models of addiction theory: Moral Model, Nature Model, Psychological Model, Sociological Model, and Disease Model. These models differ in beliefs about abuse and addiction aetiology, rationale for behaviour and prognosis for change. Development of the instrument included an inductive, ground-up approach using focus group participants from metropolitan areas in a western US state, and a deductive, top-down approach with experts in the fields of survey development, attitudes and addiction providing input in generating the survey item pool. University students and a sample of state residents tested the draft instrument. Analysis of the moderators of attitudes about addiction suggested that gender, age, education, religious beliefs and addiction treatment history are important predictors of attitudes.
... For these reasons, students are more prone to drug use at risk for addiction, which is related to four aspects: problems and coping, sensationalism, social environment, and disposition. Students of different grades have more freedom, can integrate into groups, make new friends, expose themselves to different academic pressures, and can share a new lifestyle (Cirakoglu and Isin 2005;Osman et al. 2016). Related to this is experimentation with drug use, which results in the fact that students are considered a vulnerable group due to the high prevalence of drug use. ...
... Related to this is experimentation with drug use, which results in the fact that students are considered a vulnerable group due to the high prevalence of drug use. Adolescents are more prone to drug use due to problems and coping, sensation seeking, social environment, and disposition (Cirakoglu and Isin 2005). Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use can be observed especially in older university students, but high school and primary school students are no exception, while tobacco and alcohol use come before other drug use (Bellis et al. 2007;Sutlu et al. 2021). ...
Drug use among students is a major problem not only in terms of the present but also the future, as significant health, social, and economic consequences can be expected in the lives of young people, who are also considered to be the future drivers of the national economy. For this reason, increased attention should be paid to students of all ages and levels of education. There is a wide range of socioeconomic determinants affecting patterns of drug use, with the family, school culture, and community playing an important role. Effective prevention programs should focus on influencing factors from the individual to the societal level, including social, parental, and school support, public policies, and standards. However, in order to achieve successful prevention for students, it is necessary to know the most important socioeconomic determinants, which are provided in the presented chapter. The chapter also considers ways to address the drug problem in this vulnerable population.
... [1] Such a substance has a range of psychological effects such as alterations in the person's mood, thought, perception and behaviour by influencing their central nervous system. [2] Generally speaking, drug use either illegal or prescription does not normally lead to a state of addiction. There is a fine line between regular drug use and addiction. ...
... General incorrect perceptions about drug use were another interest of the present study. This might due to the poor knowledge regarding the risk of drug use, [2] which reflects the necessity of awareness of complications of drug usage between youth people in school and universities in particular. Young people were shown more vulnerable to drugs especially when accompanied by feelings of boredom and emptiness. ...
Objectives
We aimed to evaluate the current pattern, causes and attitude towards drug use amongst Syrian prisoners who were incarcerated due to their using drugs.
Methods
This is a descriptive cross‐sectional survey‐based study that was conducted over a period of six months. Prisoners were recruited from two main civil prisons in Syria. The data collected in this study were through the use of a self‐administered survey. The prisoners were met in a separate room away from their dormitories and they were asked to fill out the survey after obtaining their verbal consent.
Keyfindings
A total of 50 participants were recruited (response rate = 66.7%). Most of the prisoners (n = 29, 58.0%) started to use drugs at a friend's home, and the most commonly used drug was Hashish (weed and cannabis) (n = 22, 44.0%). Two‐thirds of the participants (n = 34, 68.0%) said that they returned to drugs after quitting. The most common reason was using drugs for euphoria (n = 12, 24.0%). Regarding prisoners’ beliefs about different causes of drug use, curiosity was found to be the most common cause of drug use (n = 19, 38.0%). Surprisingly, prisoners incorrectly believed that they can take drugs and they can stop them whenever they want (n = 34, 68.0%) and that drug use does not lead to addiction (n = 30, 60.0%).
Conclusions
The findings of this study indicate the need to devote more attention to family and peer influences on an individual's behaviour by policymakers, in developing preventive strategies. As well as, the need to raise the awareness of individuals in the society about drug use, subsequently, changes their incorrect perceptions towards drugs through several strategies including educational programmes as well as workshops whether in school, universities or social media.
... 14 Bir araştırmada madde kullanımının cinayet ve suç gibi diğer sosyal problemlere göre daha az problematik algılandığı görülmüştür. 15 Bir başka araştırmada ise, bir madde kullanıcısı tanıyanların tanımayanlara göre daha olumlu tutumlarının olduğu bulunmuştur 16 Ailelerin, öğretmenlerin ve sosyal yapının içerisindeki diğer bireylerin madde kullanımı ile ilgili tutumların şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynadığı belirtilmektedir. 17 KKTC'de son yıllarında yapılan yaygınlık çalış-maları yasa dışı madde kullanımının giderek artmakta olduğunu ve başlangıç yaşının ilkokul düzeyine kadar indiğini göstermektedir. ...
... Araştırmalar, bir madde kullanıcısı tanıyanların tanımayanlara göre daha olumlu tutumlarının olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. 16,24 Lise öğrencileri ile yapılan bir araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, çalışmaya katılan ve madde deneyen öğrencilerin genellikle maddeye yönelik daha kabullenici ve onaylayan tutum gösterdikleri bulunmuştur. 50 Çalışmamızda KKTC genelinde madde kullanımının büyük ölçüde artmış olduğu bulunmuştur. ...
... Similarly, contact with drug users (who were friends, coworkers, etc.) was negatively associated with stigmatization toward users (Palamar, Kiang, & Halkitis, 2012). In another study of attitudes toward drug users, participants who indicated knowing a drug user reported more positive attitudes toward addiction (Cirakoglu & Isin, 2005). Given the personal nature of addiction and the number of Americans who know or have known someone who has suffered from addiction, the amount of contact one has with individuals suffering from addiction may influence perceptions of and attitudes toward addiction. ...
... However, research examining attitudes toward drug usage in Turkey found that men reported more positive attitudes toward a drug user depicted in a vignette (Cirakoglu & Isin, 2005). These results suggest men had more positive attitudes towards drugs, not necessarily toward individuals suffering from addiction. ...
Background: Drug addiction represents a serious problem in the United States. In recent years, concern over increasing rates of addiction and overdose, largely fueled by the opioid epidemic, has revived public discourse regarding attitudes toward and perceptions of addiction. However, few empirical studies have investigated laypersons' attitudes about addiction in the past 10 years.
Method: The current research explores attitudes towards and perceptions of addiction among two samples of U.S. adults (n = 1128). Participants read a short news story about an individual suffering from addiction, then answered a series of questions about their perceptions of that specific individual and their attitudes toward addiction more broadly.
Results: Intergroup contact with an individual suffering from addiction as well as age, gender, and political ideology emerged as significant predictors of both perceptions of a target individual and more broad attitudes toward addiction. Participants who were older, identified as a woman, had more liberal ideology and indicated having a close family member or friend who has suffered from addiction reported significantly less negative target character evaluations. Intergroup contact, older age, and liberal ideology significantly predicted more endorsement of the belief that addiction is a disease and significantly less endorsement of the belief that addiction is a moral failing.
Conclusions: Implications for public policy, educational programing, and intervention development are discussed.
... Bu çalışmada araştırma örneklemi üniversite öğrencilerinden ve öğrenci olmayan katılımcılardan oluşmuştur. Ülkemizde yapılan benzer algı çalışmalarında üniversite öğrencilerinin belirli sosyal ve psikiyatrik olgular konusunda Batılı akranlarıyla benzer düşüncelere sahip oldukları ve farklılıkların görece daha az olduğu görülmektedir (Çırakoğlu, Kökdemir ve Demirutku, 2003;Çırakoğlu ve Işın, 2005). Ancak bu çalışmalarda üniversite öğrencilerinin algılarına odaklanılmış ve farklı statüdeki bireylerin algılarıyla karşılaştırılmalar yapılmamıştır. ...
... Araştırmalarda kullanılan algı ölçekleri Temel Bileşenler Analizi (TBA) gibi faktör analitik yöntemlerle analiz edilerek algı boyutları belirlenmektedir. Bu metodoloji farklı sosyal ya da psikiyatrik olgularla ilgili algıların araştırılması amacıyla çok sayıda araştırmada kullanılmıştır [örn., depresyon (Çırakoğlu, Kökdemir ve Demirutku, 2003;Furnham ve Kuyken, 1991) ve madde bağımlılığı (Çırakoğlu ve Işın, 2005)]. Bu araştırmada da araştırmacılar tarafından katılımcıların H1N1'in farklı yönleriyle ilişkili algılarını ve tutumlarını belirlemek için maddeler yazılmıştır. ...
This study aims to determine swine influenza (H1N1) related perceptions and their relationship with anxiety and avoidance behaviors during the 2009 HI NI pandemic with a Turkish sample. In the study H1N1 related perceptions and attitudes were examined under four main variables: (1) nature of the disease, (2) possible causes, (3) control methods, (4) attitudes toward the vaccine. The sample of the study was made up of university students and non-students (N = 697). The findings revealed that Hi NI related perceptions were influenced by the gender and working status of the participants. Women participants perceived the illness as more contagious compared to men. The level of anxiety and the frequency of avoidance were found to be higher in women than men. The student group displayed higher faith beliefs concerning the causes of the disease, and their unavoidability scores were higher. As for attitudes toward the vaccine, it was found that the mean scores on both positive and negative attitude components were significantly higher in men than women and in the student group than the non-student group. The public avoidance, avoidance of personal contact and mean avoidance scores of the non-student group were significantly higher than the student group. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that avoidance behaviors were predicted by gender, status, dangerousness, faith, personal control and anxiety level. The findings were discussed within the context of the existing literature.
... Lo contrario ha sucedido en Estados Unidos (Newcombe, 2004). Según estos estudios, algunas variables que parecen asociarse con las opiniones respecto de las drogas ilícitas son: género, edad, experiencias personales, y contexto social (Newcombe, 2004, Cirakoglu e Isim, 2005). Así, estudios enfocados [30] OPINIONES CIUDADANAS ANTE LAS POLÍTICAS ANTIDROGAS EN SEIS CIUDADES DE AMÉRICA LATINA Miguel García Sánchez Andrés Mauricio Ortiz Riomalo análisis político nº 80, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2014: págs. ...
... Así, estudios enfocados [30] OPINIONES CIUDADANAS ANTE LAS POLÍTICAS ANTIDROGAS EN SEIS CIUDADES DE AMÉRICA LATINA Miguel García Sánchez Andrés Mauricio Ortiz Riomalo análisis político nº 80, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2014: págs. 27 -52 en estudiantes de colegio demostraron que los hombres y los jóvenes de mayor edad expresan actitudes más liberales hacia las drogas (Brook, Feigin, Sherer y Geva, 2001; Cirakoglu e Isim, 2005). Por otro lado, algunos estudios han demostrado que las actitudes progresistas en materia de drogas las profesan personas con visiones liberales sobre política y quienes han consumido sustancias ilícitas previamente (Hawkins, Catalano y Miller, 1992, Furnham y Thomson, 1996). ...
The aim of the paper is to explore opinions and attitudes of citizens in six Latin American cities from drugs- consumption and production-and drug policies. This paper asks how liberals are the opinions of citizens about drugs and drug policy, if any difference to this issue among the various Latin American cities, and what is the relationship between socio-demographic and contextual factors with ideological these opinions and attitudes. The data indicate that these opinions are based on their ideological position, how liberal are moral attitudes, characteristics of the social environment with respect to the levels of drug use and unsafe levels of their neighborhoods.
... Bu çalışmada araştırma örneklemi üniversite öğrencilerinden ve öğrenci olmayan katılımcılardan oluşmuştur. Ülkemizde yapılan benzer algı çalışmalarında üniversite öğrencilerinin belirli sosyal ve psikiyatrik olgular konusunda Batılı akranlarıyla benzer düşüncelere sahip oldukları ve farklılıkların görece daha az olduğu görülmektedir (Çırakoğlu, Kökdemir ve Demirutku, 2003;Çırakoğlu ve Işın, 2005). Ancak bu çalışmalarda üniversite öğrencilerinin algılarına odaklanılmış ve farklı statüdeki bireylerin algılarıyla karşılaştırılmalar yapılmamıştır. ...
... Araştırmalarda kullanılan algı ölçekleri Temel Bileşenler Analizi (TBA) gibi faktör analitik yöntemlerle analiz edilerek algı boyutları belirlenmektedir. Bu metodoloji farklı sosyal ya da psikiyatrik olgularla ilgili algıların araştırılması amacıyla çok sayıda araştırmada kullanılmıştır [örn., depresyon (Çırakoğlu, Kökdemir ve Demirutku, 2003;Furnham ve Kuyken, 1991) ve madde bağımlılığı (Çırakoğlu ve Işın, 2005)]. Bu araştırmada da araştırmacılar tarafından katılımcıların H1N1'in farklı yönleriyle ilişkili algılarını ve tutumlarını belirlemek için maddeler yazılmıştır. ...
... Bu çalışmalardan bazıları suça yatkınlık (Furnham ve Henderson, 1983), alkolizm (Furnham ve Lowick, 1984), şizofreni (Furnham ve Rees, 1988), depresyon (Furnham ve Kuyken, 1991), tecavüz (Harbridge ve Furnham, 1991), intihar (Knight, Furnham ve Lester, 2000) ve ırkçılık (Sommers ve Norton, 2006) gibi değişik olguların nedenlerine ilişkin çalışmalardır. Öte yandan, anoreksia nevrosa (Furnham ve Hume-Wright, 1992), eşcinsellik (Furnham ve Taylor, 1990), eroin bağımlılığı (Furnham ve Thomson, 1996), depresyon (Çırakoğlu, Kökdemir ve Demirutku, 2003) ve madde bağımlılığı (Çırakoğlu ve Işın, 2005) gibi olguların hem nedenlerine hem de tedavilerine ilişkin olarak sokaktaki insan kuramı çalışmaları yapılmıştır. ...
... On the one hand, some of these studies are related to causes of certain perceptions such as the tendency towards committing crime (Furnham & Henderson, 1983), alcoholism (Furnham & Lowick, 1984), schizophrenia (Furnham & Rees, 1988), depression (Furnham & Kuyken, 1991), rape (Harbridge & Furnham, 1991), suicide (Knight, Furnham & Lester, 2000) and racism (Sommers & Norton, 2006). On the other hand, some of them are related to both causes of certain perceptions and their treatments such as anorexia nervosa (Furnham & Hume-Wright, 1992), homosexuality (Furnham & Taylor, 1990), heroin addiction (Furnham & Thomson, 1996), depression (Çırakoğlu, Kökdemir & Demirutku, 2003) and drug addiction (Çırakoğlu & Işın, 2005). ...
... Az életkori hatásokról már korábban szóltunk. A nem szintén befolyással lehet a kockázatészlelésre, hiszen például a káros szenvedélyek a férfi ak és a serdülõ fi úk számára sokkal pozitívabb jelentést hordoznak, amennyiben az a nemi sztereotípiákhoz kulturális szempontból igazodik (Çirakoglu-Ism 2005). A szociodemográfi ai tényezõkön (pl.: kor, nem) túl a kockázatészlelés pszichológiai befolyásoló tényezõinek elemzése is segíthet megérteni a jelenséget. ...
... Ez a jelenség a magatartás és attitûd szoros kapcsolatából is adódik, hiszen a fi úk körében az alkoholfogyasztás is lényegesen gyakoribb. A nemi sztereotípiák is azt igazolják, hogy az alkoholfogyasztás kulturális mintákhoz igen erõsen kötött (Çirakoglu-Ism 2005). A dohányzásból adódó egészségproblémákkal a lányok szintén kevésbé számolnak. ...
A deeper understanding of factors infl uencing risk perception may help in the prevention of health risk behaviors and other health hazards. Therefore, the main goal of the present study is to map adolescents' risk perception, namely, estimates of smoking and alcohol related illnesses and accidents have been placed into the focus of our analysis. The survey was going on among high school students in Szeged (N = 560, aged between 14-19 years of age). The self- administered questionnaire contained items on sociodemographics, risk perception, health risk behaviors, and certain psychological variables. Gender is a factor increasing the probability of risk perception only in terms of alcohol related illnesses, that is, boys evaluate themselves as being at higher risk for these illnesses. Smokers, alcohol users and those who are engaged in reckless transportation, evaluate themselves as being at higher risk for substance related illnesses and accidents as compared to those who do not report such behaviors. Those who tend to use a seat belt, however, estimate an equal amount of risk for the appearance of an accident as compared to those who do not tend to use it. Among the psychological variables, hostility elevates, whereas satisfaction with life and future-orientation decreased the levels of risk perception. Thus, in prevention programs, personality development is crucial.
... The relationship between gender and procrastination has been partly attributed to personality differences between females and males in several studies ( Our results also indicated that females had more positive attitudes toward substance use than males. Cirakoghlu and Isin (2005) concluded that male medical students had more positive attitudes toward substance use than females. The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (2003) reported that male students were more prone to substance use than female students. ...
Background and Aim:
University students are important members of society. They help form the future though their academic and professional achievements; thus, recognition of the factors that can affect the success of these students is essential. Several prevalent psycho-social factors have been recognized which can significantly affect the academic and professional outcomes of these students. Substance use disorder and procrastination are prevalent among university students and can significantly decrease their academic performance. The present study investigated the relationship between attitudes toward substance use and procrastination among medical students.
Method:
A total of 157 medical students were enrolled in the study. The participants completed the Drug Attitude Scale and a General Health Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS.
Results:
Procrastination was prevalent among medical students and the prevalence was higher among females than males. Moreover, there was a significantly positive relationship between procrastination and attitude toward substance use. This relationship was significantly higher among male participants.
Conclusions:
Procrastination and attitude toward substance use were significantly related among the medical students in this study.
Keywords: university student; attitude; procrastination; substance use disorder; youth
... The vulnerability of this population group is evidenced by a considerable prevalence of dependence to alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs [4]. All these facts are the result of a new stage of life focused more on their personality, as they are curious and want to fit into the team, experience sensation and build their own social identity [5,6]. ...
The main objective of the research was to examine the associations between problematic alcohol use, tobacco use and cannabis use among Czech and Slovak university students during the early COVID-19 pandemic. The research sample consisted of 1422 participants from the Czech Republic (CZ) and 1677 from the Slovak Republic (SK). The analyses included university students who drank alcohol in the past year (CZ: 1323 (93%); SK: 1526 (91%)). Regarding the analysed measures, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and its subscales, the Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-SBQ) and the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) were selected to identify substance-related behaviour. Age, gender and residence were included in the analyses as socio-demographic variables. Correlation and regression analyses were used to achieve the main objective of the research. The main results revealed that the use of tobacco and cannabis were positively associated with alcohol use disorders among Czech and Slovak university students. Additionally, males were more likely to report alcohol use disorders. In the Czech Republic, it was found that students living in dormitories were characterized by a lower AUDIT score. The opposite situation was found in the Slovak Republic. Czech and Slovak policy-makers are encouraged to develop alcohol use prevention programs for university students in line with these findings.
... This is a phase of transition from restricted parents' life to a self-directed one (Osman et al. 2016). Previous findings revealed that university students are more prone to drug use and substance addiction related to four components: problems and coping, sensation seeking, social environment, and disposition (Cirakoglu and Isin 2005). Students experience more freedom, integrate into new friends' groups, expose to different academic pressures, and may share new living style (Osman et al. 2016). ...
Background: The Lebanese economic crisis, financial crisis and USD shortage were conducive to an increased drug addiction especially for students who feel that their future in Lebanon is not safe, as well as the psychological fragility of the Lebanese people, and the more permissive sociocultural context. Our study aimed to assess the addiction levels and profiles of university students in Lebanon, and thus to evaluate the rapid rising in dependence regarding smoking, alcohol and illegal drug use during this crisis.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out between February and September 2020. A total of 467 participants (315 females, 152 males; Mage = 23.48 ± 6.03) were recruited through convenience sampling through several universities in Lebanon’s governorates. Participants received the online link to the survey.
Results: Students were divided into three clusters as follows: Cluster 1, which corresponds to students with moderate addictions; cluster 2, which corresponds to students with high addictions and cluster 3, which corresponds to students with low addictions. When comparing cluster 1 to cluster 3, the results of the multinomial regression showed that older age (aOR=1.08) and having a high monthly income compared to no income (aOR=2.78) were significantly associated with higher odds of being in cluster 1 compared to cluster 3.
When comparing cluster 2 to cluster 3, the results of the multinomial regression showed that female gender (aOR=0.19) was significantly associated with lower odds of being in cluster 2 compared to cluster 3, whereas having a dead (aOR=16.38) or divorced parent (aOR=6.54) and having a low (aOR=3.93) or intermediate income compared to zero income (aOR=4.71) were significantly associated with higher odds of being in cluster 2 compared to cluster 3.
Conclusion: The results of our study revealed a considerable prevalence of addiction to alcohol, illicit drugs and specially to smoking, among Lebanese university students. These findings emphasize the need to implement firm policies and rules in an attempt to minimize the tendency of the young population to engage in such addictions.
... Frightening people will cause them to move away from the solution of the problem. Therefore, preventive information should be transferred in a way that supports avoiding substances or receiving treatment (Cirakoglu and İsin, 2005). ...
... Bağımlılık sürecini etkileyen çok önemli bir dinamik olarak toplumun bağımlı bireylere yönelik tutumlarını ele alan ölçek çalışmalarının daha çok öğrenci grupları ile sağlık çalışanlarını (14)(15)(16)(17)(18) sunulmuştur. BYMT ölçeğinin verisi girilirken, "Tamamen katılıyorum", "Biraz katılıyorum", "Kararsızım", "Katılmıyorum", "Hiç katılmıyorum" etiketleri aşağıdaki şekilde kodlanmaktadır: "Tamamen katılıyorum" = 1 "Biraz katılıyorum" = 2 "Kararsızım" = 3 "Katılmıyorum" = 4 "Hiç katılmıyorum" = 5 ...
... The unavailability or lacking abuse drug used medical drugs instead of abuse drug.Research also indicated that certain variables increase the risk of drug abuse. Younger people are more prone to drug abuse [10]. The most recent data report that an estimated 20.4 million people are currently using illicit drugs. ...
... The advantages of positive immediate contact effects are not limited to direct contact with an outgroup member, but also can generalize to other situations (Pettigrew et al., 2011). Studies in the field of substance abuse and dependency have reported that contact with individuals who use drugs or are dependent upon substances is associated with more positive attitudes, not only toward the individuals themselves, but also toward addiction as a phenomenon (Cirakoglu & Isin, 2005;Lytle et al., 2020). On the other hand, negative contact (Graf & Paolini, 2017) could lead to more negative attitudes if people have been personally affected or witnessed the harm experienced by someone close to them. ...
Public attitudes toward gambling have important implications for people’s engagement in the activity and receptivity to regulatory reforms. Such views are likely, however, to be influenced by variations in market conditions, perceptions of regulations and personal exposure to gambling. This article examines whether differences in gambling attitudes are related to differences in the perceived social, cognitive, and physical accessibility of gambling in four countries (Australia, Israel, Croatia and Canada). These countries were selected because they cover a range of gambling regulations, from established liberalized markets (Australia, Canada), to a recently liberalized market (Croatia) to a relatively restricted market (Israel). University student respondents (n = 1787, aged 18–30) were surveyed in these four countries to control for educational differences. Within- gender analyses controlled for differences in gender profile across countries. More positive attitudes were associated with greater social accessibility and more stringent regulations. Australian and Canadian respondents reported more positive attitudes toward gambling and regulations. Israeli respondents reported less positive attitudes and exposure to problem gambling. Croatian respondents reported more positive attitudes, but considered gambling to be poorly regulated and overly available. Overall, attitudes were related to perceptions of regulation as well as the duration of exposure to liberalized markets.
... Çırakoğlu'nun belirlediği algı ve tutum sorularının önemli bir kısmı kullanılmış ve sorular mevcut COVID-19 salgınına uygun olacak şekilde ifadelendirilmiştir. Söz konusu yöntemin farklı sosyal ya da psikiyatrik olgularla ilgili algıların araştırılması amacıyla çeşitli araştırmalarda kullanıldığı görülmektedir (örn., depresyon [Çırakoğlu, Kökdemir ve Demirutku, 2003;Furnham ve Kuyken, 1991]; madde bağımlılığı [Çırakoğlu ve Işın, 2005]; suça ilişkin motivasyon [Taysi, 2007]). Bu çalışmada da araştırmacıların gözlemlerinden ve medyadaki bilgilerden yola çıkarak; Çırakoğlu'nun (2011) algılar ve tutumlar ölçeğine çeşitli sorular eklenmiştir (Akan vd., 2010; Çırakoğlu, 2011). ...
This study aimed to investigate the predictor roles of identity, anxiety, and perceived social trust on preferences for political leaders, as well as various attitudes, and opinions about coronavirus in a Turkish sample in the context of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic crisis. For this purpose, a quantitative study with a sample of 283 participants (181 women, 102 men, M.age = 33.71, SD = 11.05). The findings revealed that a majority of the participants preferred task-oriented leadership style more than the charismatic and relationship-oriented leadership styles if there were an election. Regression analyses were further conducted using the backward elimination method to test the predictability of the research variables for each leadership style. The results revealed that participants’ sense of macro-control positively and self-confidence negatively predicted charismatic leadership style; perceived contagiousness and state anxiety positively predicted task-oriented leadership style; perception of conspiracy and beliefs related to the pandemic positively predicted relationship-oriented leadership style. The research findings were discussed in line with the relevant literature with implications for understanding the dynamics of leadership preferences during crisis.
... Bağımlılık sürecini etkileyen çok önemli bir dinamik olarak toplumun bağımlı bireylere yönelik tutumlarını ele alan ölçek çalışmalarının daha çok öğrenci grupları ile sağlık çalışanlarını (14)(15)(16)(17)(18) sunulmuştur. BYMT ölçeğinin verisi girilirken, "Tamamen katılıyorum", "Biraz katılıyorum", "Kararsızım", "Katılmıyorum", "Hiç katılmıyorum" etiketleri aşağıdaki şekilde kodlanmaktadır: "Tamamen katılıyorum" = 1 "Biraz katılıyorum" = 2 "Kararsızım" = 3 "Katılmıyorum" = 4 "Hiç katılmıyorum" = 5 ...
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, bağımlılığın oluşmasında ve tedavi edilmesinde önemli rollere sahip olan toplumun, bağımlılık yapıcı madde kullanan bireylere yönelik tutum ve davranışlarını tespit edebilmek için bir ölçek geliştirmektir.
Yöntem: Araştırmanın birinci aşama örneklemini, Manisa il merkezinde bulunan seçkisiz olarak belirlenen sekiz mahallede ulaşılan 396 kişi oluşturdu. Çalışmanın ikinci aşaması olan test tekrar test aşamasının örneklemini ise Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi ve Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi’nin 66 lisans öğrencisi oluşturdu. Veri toplama aracı olarak Demografik Bilgi Formu ve Bağımlılık Yapıcı Madde Kullanan Bireylere Yönelik Tutum ve Davranışlara İlişkin Soru Formu (BYMT) uygulandı
Bulgular: Ölçek tek faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olmakla birlikte Normed Fit Index (NFI) uyum indeksi .91 ve Comparative Fit Index (CFI) uyum indeksi .93 olarak tespit edildi. Ölçeğin Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) değeri .92 ve Cronbach Alpha katsayısı .923 olup kuvvetli güvenilirliğe sahip olduğu belirlendi.
Sonuç: Bağımlılık Yapıcı Madde Kullanan Bireylere Yönelik Tutum ve Davranışlar Ölçeği madde bağımlılığına yönelik toplumun tutumlarının tespit edilmesini sağlamada geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
... Experimentation may be followed by more frequent drug use that may progress to more serious abuse problems. [43] The entire group of drug dependent subjects in the present study was current smokers. The same result was reported by previous Egyptian studies. ...
Drug dependence is considered a major contributor to both medical morbidity and mortality all over the world. It also represents an important health problem that has a great impact on the person's life both socially and economically. It was suggested that there is a substantial genetic contribution to drug dependence vulnerability. Cannabinoid receptors are known to be activated by natural as well as synthetic cannabinoids. Several evidences suggested that improved information about Cannabinoid receptor genes and their human variants might add to the understanding of vulnerabilities to drug dependence. The current study aimed at investigating the possible association between the cannabinoid receptor gene and drug dependence. The study was conducted on 150 drug dependent individuals. The diagnosis of drug dependence was based on the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (DSM-IV) and urine screening tests. These individuals were using either Cannabis or Tramadol solely or in combination. All drug dependent individuals were males and all were current smokers. The duration of drug abuse ranged from 1 to 9 years. All participants were screened for a nucleotide polymorphism in cannabinoid receptor 2 gene (CB2) by PCR amplification and HapII Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis. The study has proved a significant association between occurrence of polymorphism in the Cannabinoid Receptor 2 gene and drug dependence, where 83.3% of drug dependents showed the polymorphism compared to 15% of the control group. A significant association was also detected between the presence of this polymorphism and family history of drug dependence and.The results of the present study confirmed the possible role of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 gene in drug dependence vulnerability.
... Other research found no significant differences between genders (cf. Kazantzis et al., 2009;Schnittker, 2000) or even less stigma attribution by men, perhaps because men feel less vulnerable regarding PWDAs than women (Çirakoglu & Is≤ in, 2005). ...
Objective:
Stigmatizing attitudes toward people with a drug addiction have detrimental effects on the lives of these people. However, the factors that influence stigma toward people with a drug addiction have not yet been thoroughly investigated, compared with the stigma of other mental illnesses. Based on attribution theory, our experiment examined to what extent individual and contextual characteristics of people with a drug addiction influence stigmatizing attitudes toward people with a drug addiction. Moreover, we explored whether respondent characteristics indicative of familiarity with addiction decrease stigma toward people with a drug addiction.
Method:
We conducted a full factorial survey of 2,857 respondents from a German online access panel who were from all walks of life. We experimentally varied vignettes (29-design) that featured a fictional person with an addiction. Stigmatizing beliefs, such as blame or fear, were assessed using the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-9).
Results:
Different attributes of people with a drug addiction and of the characteristics of their addiction modulated stigma in ways that are mostly consistent with attribution theory and related research. For example, female gender and younger age of people with a drug addiction diminished several stigmatizing attitudes; greater duration of addiction and social influence to use drugs increased them. Furthermore, characteristics of respondents modulated stigma: women, younger respondents, and those with higher education expressed less-stigmatizing responses than others.
Conclusions:
The stigmatization of people with a drug addiction is influenced by several factors, including characteristics of the stigmatized person, the addiction, and the person holding stigmatizing attitudes. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these effects is needed to develop evidence-based antistigma measures.
... In study by Macdonald,wells & wild (1999), four factors of access to drugs, friends and colleagues pressures,dangerous job have significant relationship with addiction (Macdonald et al., 1999). Also, Cirakoglu OC, Isin G. (2005) found that there was a correlation between sensation seeking and drugs trend. Study performed in Iran showed that people with sensation seeking are ready to have a high addiction (Zargar, Najarian & Naemi, 2008). ...
This research studied on the relationship between the type D personality and source control and predicting its addiction vulnerability. Its aim is to achieve a specific type personality and source control which can predict the addiction vulnerability. This study is descriptive and is done by correlation method to predict and investigate the relationship between the variables. Its statistical population included all active duty forces serving in a service unit. 50 persons were selected randomly. Data was collected by 3 questionnaires of identifying people who are at risk of addiction, type D personality and Rotter’s locus of control.The first questionnaire designed by Anisi (1392) includes 4 subscales of depression and helplessness, positive attitude to drugs, anxiety and fear and high sensation seeking. Type D personality questionnaire was designed by Denowelt in 1998 to measure the characteristics associated with type D personality. The third questionnaire was provided to assess the individual’s generalized expectations of internal control and external reinforcement. This study’s results showed that (i) there is a significant relationship between depression and sensation seeking and negative sentiment and also between positive attitude to drugs and sensation seeking; (ii) there is a negative relationship between the positive attitude to drugs and internal locus of control and also between anxiety and fear and sensation seeking and internal locus of control; and also (iii) there is a positive and significant relationship between addiction vulnerability and type D personality. Also, according to the regression analysis, addiction vulnerability of person can be predicted by type D personality. There is an inverse relationship between the locus of control and addiction vulnerability. Given to the relationship between the personality types and also external locus of control with addiction vulnerability, people can be foster to the internal locus of control by necessary training on necessary skills of people and also probability of the increase of people’s addiction vulnerability can be increased by developing a healthy personality type.
DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4S1p83
... "Sokaktaki insan kuramı" çalışmaları, sokaktaki insanların, dünyadaki olaylara ve süreçlere yönelik bilimsel olmayan açıklamalarını anlamak amacıyla yapılmaktadır (Furnham, 1988 (Furnham ve Henderson, 1983), alkolizm (Furnham ve Lowick, 1984), şizofreni (Furnham ve Rees, 1988), depresyon (Furnham ve Kuyken, 1991), tecavüz (Harbridge ve Furnham, 1991), intihar (Knight, Furnham ve Lester, 2000) ve ırkçılık (Sommers ve Norton, 2006) gibi çeşitli algıların nedenlerine ilişkin çalışmalardır. Öte yandan, anoreksia nevrosa (Furnham ve Hume-Wright, 1992), homoseksüellik (Furnham ve Taylor, 1990), eroin bağımlılığı (Furnham ve Thomson, 1996), depresyon (Çırakoğlu, Kökdemir ve Demirutku, 2003) ve madde bağımlılığı (Çırakoğlu ve Işın, 2005) gibi algıların hem nedenlerine hem de tedavilerine ilişkin olarak sokaktaki insan kuramı çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Sosyal ilişkileri ifade eden Toplumsallık bileşeni toplam 5 maddeden oluşmaktadır. ...
Bu çalışmanın ilk amacı Türk üniversite öğrencilerinin terörist kavramını nasıl tanımladıklarını araştırmaktır ve bu tanımların, amaca göre terörizm türlerine (dinsel terörizm, etnik terörizm ve ideolojik terörizm) bağlı olarak farklılık gösterip göstermediğini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda, terörizm ve terörist kavramlarının, ulus devletlerce nasıl tanımlandığının ve uluslararası sistemde nasıl karşılık bulduğunun araştırıldığı görülmüştür. Terörizm riski algısının ne boyutlarda olduğunun ve söz konusu risk algısı ile ortaya çıkan terörist özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi, çalışmanın ikinci amacıdır. Son olarak, bu çalışmada, terörist olarak nitelendirilen kişilere ne gibi yaptırımların uygulanmasının önerildiği araştırılmaktadır ve söz konusu yaptırım önerileri ile terörist özellikleri ve risk algısı arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmektedir. Ayrıca, terörizmin sona erdirilmesinde hangi kurum ya da kuruluşlara güvenildiği de araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla, katılımcılara, Terörist Özellikleri Anketi (TÖA), Terörizm Riski Algısı Anketi (TRA), Teröriste Ne Yapılmalı Anketi (TNYA) ve Terörizmi Kim Önler Anketi (TKÖA) uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılardan toplanan verilerin çözümlenmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkan farklı bileşenler incelenmiş ve bu bileşenler arasındaki ilişkiler belirlenmiştir. Bulgulara göre, terörist kavramı, katılımcılar tarafından olumsuz kişilik, olumlu kişilik, dengesizlik ve katılık özellikleri ile tanımlanmaktadır ve amaca göre terörizm türleri, terörist kavramının tanımlanmasında etkili bir rol oynamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra terörist özellikleri, farklı risk algıları ve farklı yaptırım önerileri arasında ilişkilerin olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, terörizmin sona erdirilmesi konusunda katılımcıların en çok Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri’ne güvendikleri görülmüştür.
The main purpose of this study is to examine how Turkish university students define the concept of terrorist and to see whether these definitions are differentiated according to types of terrorism (religious terrorism, ethnic terrorism and ideological terrorism). It is seen in previous studies that how the concepts of terrorism and terrorist is defined by nation-states and international system. Determining the risk perception of terrorism and the relation between the perception of risk and characteristics of a terrorist is another purpose of this study. Finally, in this study, the suggestions of sanctions for individuals who are defined as terrorists are studied and the relations among these suggestions of sanctions, characteristics of terrorist and risk perception of terrorism are investigated. With these purposes in mind, participants were given Characteristics of Terrorist Questionnaire, Risk Perception of Terrorism Questionnaire, Manners of Treating the Terrorist Questionnaire and Who Prevents Terrorism Questionnaire. Different components which were acquired after the statistical analyses were examined and relations among those components were determined. Results showed that terrorist is defined with the characteristics of negative personality, positive personality, imbalance and dogmatism, and the types of terrorism have an effective role on the definition of terrorist. Besides, the relations among the characteristics of terrorist, different risk perceptions of terrorism and different suggestions of sanctions were found. Additionally, results showed that the participants are mostly trust Turkish Armed Forces about war against terrorism.
... The online-administered Student Perception Questionnaire (SPQ) consisted of 26 items and was designed with a mixture of close-ended and open-ended questions. The SPQ was mostly self-developed although two scales used in this questionnaire: (a) Causes of Drug Misuse Scale (CADAS) and (b) Cures for Drug Misuse Scale were adapted from Cirakoglu and Isin (21). The questionnaire begins with basic demographic items to obtain basic background information such as gender, age, ethnicity, religion, and educational status. ...
In recent years, there have been increasing accounts of illegal substance abuse among university students and professional groups in Malaysia. This study looks at university students' perceptions about this phenomenon. Students from Malaysian universities were asked for their impressions about drug availability and abuse, as well as factors contributing to drug abuse and relapse. The questionnaire also inquired into their knowledge and views regarding government versus private rehabilitation centers, as well as their exposure to, and views about, school-based drug-prevention education. Participants were 460 university students from five Malaysian states: Penang, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Sabah, and Sarawak. Results showed gender differences in perceptions of relapse prevention strategies, as well as factors leading to drug abuse and relapse. Students also believed that drug education would be more effective if initiated between the ages of 11 and 12 years, which is slightly older than the common age of first exposure, and provided suggestions for improving existing programs. Implications of student perceptions for the improvement of current interventions and educational programs are discussed.
... Similarly, opium resin is usually used by those who are severely addicted and this increases the possibility of return to narcotics addiction. Okan states that attitude of individuals differs according to the substance abused and most negative attitudes are seen in heroin abusers (Okan 2005). On the whole , according to the results of the present study, it can be stated that easy access to drugs, presence of addict friends, inability to refuse offers of drugs are the most effective factors responsible for narcotics addiction from the viewpoint of the wives of the addicts. ...
Drug addiction is one of the social problems that not only creates psychological and social problems for the addict, but also creates problems for their families. Considering the socio-economical and psychological problems that follow addiction in a society, identification of effective factors responsible for addiction, especially from the wives of addicts viewpoint who are the closest members to the affected in comparison to others in the family is very important. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a special questionnaire and included 261 spouses of addicts referring to the detoxification centers of Yazd city who were selected randomly. The results showed that from the wives of addicts viewpoint, easy access to drugs was the most important factor responsible for addiction (Mean score of 4.42 +/-0.83 from a total score of 5). The other important factors were addicted friends and inability of the person to refuse when invited to use drugs by acquaintances (Mean scores of 4.41 +/0.84 and 4.35+/- 0.92, respectively). Control of surrounding factors and an increase in self esteem are two important factors that can help effectively control addiction in the young population. After addiction, though environmental and surrounding factors play a role in preventing return to addiction, their role is reduced. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
... Furthermore, since adolescence is a time for experiencing, making personal decisions and forming personal identity, teenagers and young people are very vulnerable and at risk of addiction and other dangerous behavior (15). Also the lack of a negative attitude towards drugs and belittling its harmful consequences which is referred to as positive attitude toward drugs is considered a contributing factor to addiction (16). ...
Background:
Drug addiction is considered as a problem of the new century which has destructive consequences for both family and society. This ominous phenomenon resulted from many factors. Present research aimed at recognition of inter-personal factors related to addiction and were conducted through a questionnaire to identify the youths at risk of addiction.
Objectives:
Present research aimed at recognition of inter-personal factors related to addiction and were conducted through a questionnaire to identify the youths at risk of addiction.
Materials and methods:
The design of the present research is correlational analytic. The population consists of all young addicted or non-addicted people between the ages 18 to 35 and the sample consists of 82 addicted and 223 non-addicted young people in Tehran who were selected randomly and simply. The initial form included 120 questions which were administered on the sample in three stages. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistic and factor analysis.
Results:
In this questionnaire four factors of depression and miserableness, having a positive attitude to drug, stress and anxiety and finally seeking high levels of excitement were respectively the strongest factors in predicting the risk of drug-abuse and addiction. The validity of the questionnaire which consists of 75 questions in the final form was calculated through internal consistency. Cronbach alpha of the whole questionnaire was 0.97, which that of the factor of depression and miserableness was 0.96, the factor of a positive attitude to drug was 0.93, the factor of stress and anxiety was 0.90 and the factor of high excitement-seeking was 0.80.
Conclusions:
The evaluation of the questionnaire for identifying the individuals in the risk of addiction showed that the questionnaire benefits from appropriate validity and reliability. Therefore, it can be used in preventive fields and research. Moreover, by illuminating interpersonal factors that are effective in drug abuse, proper strategies can be used to prevent drug addiction.
... Algumas diferenças podem ser verificadas nas atitudes do consumo de substâncias entre os sexos 13 : mulheres relatam mais frequentemente o uso legal ou ilegal de drogas como mecanismo de enfrentamento para lidar com problemas 38 , enquanto os homens exibem atitudes mais positivas em relação ao uso de drogas ilícitas 39 . No entanto, com essa convergência verificada no uso de drogas entre os universitários, de ambos os sexos, esse fenômeno deve ser mais bem compreendido e os programas de prevenção devem considerar esse fato, uma vez que essa mudança de atitude das mulheres buscando equiparar-se aos homens pode acarretar maiores danos ao organismo delas 40,41 . ...
Objetivo: Comparar o uso de drogas entre os universitários e a população geral brasileira,
assim como com os universitários norte-americanos, identificando possíveis diferenças de
uso pela interferência da cultura. Métodos: Para comparar o uso de drogas na vida entre as populações de interesse, foram utilizados os dados públicos de levantamentos estatísticos brasileiros realizados com universitários e a população geral, assim como levantamento estatístico norte-americano, por meio da comparação de intervalos de confiança (IC 95%). Resultados: O uso de drogas na vida é mais frequente entre os estudantes norte-americanos, que relatam usar mais tabaco, tranquilizantes, maconha, ecstasy, alucinógenos, cocaína, crack e heroína que os universitários brasileiros. Em contrapartida, os universitários brasileiros relatam usar quase duas vezes mais inalantes do que os universitários norte-americanos. Esse padrão se repete ao se analisarem as diferenças intragênero. A isso se soma que os universitários brasileiros parecem envolver-se com mais frequência no uso de bebidas alcoólicas, maconha, tranquilizantes, inalantes, alucinógenos e anfetamínicos que seus pares da população geral brasileira. Conclusões: Conhecer as particularidades do uso de drogas entre os universitários é de suma importância para a detecção precoce desse consumo. Investimentos nesse segmento
e diferenças de sexo devem ser contempladas nas políticas preventivas, assim como
na elaboração de estratégias para a redução e o controle desse consumo, como programas de triagem e intervenção breve, uma vez que possuem a melhor relação custo-benefício.
... Cirakoglu and Isin state that attitude of individuals differs according to the substance abused and most negative attitudes are seen in heroin abusers. 10 According to the results of the present study, it can be stated that easy access to drugs, presence of addict friends, and inability to refuse offer of drugs are the most effective factors responsible for narcotics addiction. As the maximum mean score from a total score of 5 was 4.42 ± 0.83, it can be concluded that other factors can also be responsible for addiction. ...
Addiction has a long history in Iran and it is one of the social problems that create psychological and social conflicts for addicts and their families. Addiction just like other social deviations affects young who are the most valuable assets of a nation. Recognition of socio-economic factors responsible for addiction can help planning and management of programs to fight against addiction.
This cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire on 261 spouses of addicts referring to the detoxification centers of Yazd, Iran who were selected randomly. Their perspectives regarding factors thought to be effective in addiction were examined. Statistical tests included chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Economic problems, divorce, marital problems, lack of familial supervision, unemployment, psychological and physical problems had a statistically significant relationship with the income of the family (P < 0.05), such that with an increase in income of the family these factors played a lesser significant role in addiction.
Control of surrounding factors and increase in self-esteem are two important factors that can help effectively control addiction in the young population. After addiction, though environmental and surrounding factors play a role in preventing return to addiction, their role is reduced.
... For example, drug addiction was rated higher than 6 other mental disorders on dimensions of dangerousness to others, being difficult to talk to, and unpredictability [14]. Although there is some research available examining attitudes and attributions towards people who use varying classes of drugs16171819, none have been conducted in a low and middle income country (LMIC). While studies conducted in high income countries generally found that the use of " harder " drugs such as cocaine was rated more negatively than " softer " drugs such as alcohol or cannabis, it is unclear whether these findings are relevant or can be extrapolated to a LMIC such as South Africa where the profile of drug use is very different and where problematic drinking is one of the single greatest threats to public health [20]. ...
Little research has examined attitudes towards people who use substances in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Therefore, the present study examined the attributions made by the general South African population about people who use substances and whether these attributions differ by the type of substance being used, the gender of the person using the substance, or the characteristics of the person making the attribution.
A convenience sample of 868 members of the general public was obtained through street-intercept methods. One of 8 vignettes portraying alcohol, cannabis, methamphetamine or heroin, with either a male or female as the protagonist was presented to each respondent. Respondents' attitudes towards the specific cases were investigated.
Respondents held equally negative views of the presented substances, with the exception of the cannabis vignette which was considered significantly less "dangerous" than the alcohol vignette. Respondents were more likely to offer "help" to women who use alcohol, but more likely to suggest "coercion into treatment" for men. Individuals who scored higher on the ASSIST were more likely to hold negative attitudes towards substance users and black African respondents were more likely to offer help to individuals who use substances.
The stigma associated with substance use in South Africa is high and not necessarily dependent on the drug of choice. However, a range of factors, including gender of the substance user, and ethnicity of the rater, may impact on stigma. Interventions designed to strengthen mental health literacy and gender-focused anti-stigma campaigns may have the potential to increase treatment seeking behaviour.
... Literatürde farklı sosyal kavramları ve psikolojik bozuklukları konu alan çok sayıda sokaktaki insan kuramı çalışması bulunmaktadır. Depresyon (2,3), madde bağımlılığı (4,5), eşcinsellik (6, 7) şizofreni (8), alkolizm (9), suçluluk (10), tecavüz gibi saldırgan davranışlar, (11) ve terör (1) hakkında yapılan çalışmalar oldukça geniş olan "sokaktaki insan kuramı" literatürüne örnek olarak gösterilebilir. ...
The present study aimed to investigate how Turkish university students perceive symptoms of depression and how they react to depression in terms of helping behaviors with a qualitative methodology. The study also aims to explore university students beliefs about possible causes and cures of depression. The sample of the study consisted of 113 women (60.4 %) and 74 men (39.6 %) with a mean age of 21.7 ± 2.8. A short study depicting a hypothetical severe depression case was adapted from a real case for the purpose of the study and questions were developed targeting this case. Results revealed that suicidal ideas, hopelessness, unhappiness and feelings of guilt were the most visible symptoms in deciding someone with depression needs help. Most frequently stated possible causes of depression were living conditions, adaptation difficulties, interpersonal relationships, social environment, negative attributions to self and personality, problems with family, loss, trauma physiological or psychological disorder, addiction and negative attributions to past experiences. Although, participants perceived social support, self-help, professional help, social activity and hobbies, changing living environment, avoidance, somatic regulation and self-medication as ways of overcoming depression in general, they have strong preferences toward verbal interventions and professional help specifically. While 64.3 percent of participant rated the severity of the depression as severe 32.4 percent of the participants rated it as moderate. [TAF Prev Med Bull. 2008; 7(2): 119-126]
The impact of drug addiction on the academic performance of high school students from the Braulio Hidalgo Loor Educational Unit, Rio Venda-Chone site, is presented, a situation that occurs due to poor performance in the subjects, showing little interest because of their studies, and consequently low grades, which has generated learning problems, in this sense it is an investigation contextualized with reality, and that is added to what is happening in Ecuador. A quantitative study was carried out, and the use of scientific research methods such as inductive-deductive, analytical, and synthetic, for which interviews and surveys of parents, teachers and students were used, the sample being generalized. The result was that poor academic performance is because many young people consume narcotic substances, neglecting their studies and showing little interest in schoolwork, which has led to the concern of parents and teachers.
Background: The opioid epidemic is a public health crisis. Among initiatives surrounding treatment and prevention, opioid use disorder (OUD) stigma has emerged as a subject for intervention. Objectives: This study examines overall results and demographic differences of three subscales of a public stigma survey instrument: general attitudes, social distance, and treatment availability and effectiveness. Methods: A statewide sample of Pennsylvanian adults (N = 1033) completed an online survey about the opioid epidemic. Weighted percentage level of agreement was reported for each item. To determine significant differences in responding across demographic groups (gender, race, and urban/rural status), multiple one-way ANOVAs were analyzed. Significant differences in the level of agreement and disagreement (p < .05) were reported. Results: The majority of respondents agreed that the opioid epidemic is a problem and that anyone can become addicted to opioids; however, many Pennsylvanians still disagree that OUD is a medical disorder and continue to endorse social distance beliefs of people with OUD. Most participants agreed that there are effective treatments available, and that recovery was possible; however, a large portion of participants were unsure whether specific treatments are effective. Subscale mean differences were significant for gender and age. Conclusions/Importance: Findings highlight that stigmatized attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs about individuals who use opioids are still prevalent and that uncertainty remains about the effectiveness of OUD treatment. OUD interventions should use targeted messaging in order to impact the ongoing opioid crisis.
Background: Student groups are prone to drug abuse. The prevalence of drugs in the past year among high school students in Surabaya, Indonesia occupies the highest provincial capital (9.4%). The purpose of this study analyzed the relationship between knowledge about drugs, attitudes about peer education, gender, class, and students' intention to participate in peer education programs in HEY (Health Educator for Youth) activities.
Design and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with student participants (12-18 years) in six high schools in Surabaya, Indonesia (n=167). This study used an online survey to assess knowledge of drugs and students' attitudes about HEY peer education activities.
Results: More than half of the students have insufficient knowledge about drugs and have negative attitudes about peer education in HEY activities. This study also showed that students' intention to participate in peer education was not influenced by the level of knowledge, student attitudes, and gender. The results of statistical tests showed that there was a relationship between class and student participation in peer education activities. This showed that the student's factor regarding participation in peer education was a class category where the lower class is more motivated to participate.
Conclusion: Most students have less knowledge about drugs and a negative attitude about peer education. However, the intention to participate in peer education activities is more thus it is necessary to improve the quality of peer educators through activities that are performed regularly by various relevant stakeholders.
Buku ini dapat menjadi referensi dan panduan bagi para pendidik, praktisi dan masyarakat umum untuk mengenal berbagai permasalahan remaja dan bagaimana konsep edutainment HEY menjadi solusi melalui aktivitas yang dikemas secara menyenangkan dan mudah dipraktikkan bagi siapa saja. Buku referensi ini dibagi menjadi tiga bab, bab pertama menjadi dasar pemikiran penulisan buku ini sebagai solusi kebutuhan remaja, bab kedua berisi berbagai informasi yang dibutuhkan remaja, dan bab ketiga berisi kegiatan edutainment melalui aktivitas games yang sesuai dengan tujuan buku ini yaitu mewujudkan remaja sehat fisik, mental, dan sosial.
Issue addressed
Adolescence is a transition period between childhood and adulthood during which an individual is more likely to engage in drug use. Peer education is one strategy suggested to discourage adolescents from engaging in negative lifestyle behaviours including drug use. This qualitative research was conducted to understand the perspectives of student peer educators to provide counseling to their peers around drug use.
Methods
Data were gathered at 10 senior high schools in five regions of Surabaya through semi‐structured interviews (student peer educators: n=20; teachers: n=13) and focus group discussions (3 FGDs with student peer educators: n=25). The data were analysed through thematic analysis following procedures of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing.
Results
The peer educators showed readiness (actual or potential) to provide counseling based on the external factor (confidence of ongoing support) and internal factors (motivate healthy lifestyle choices, ready with an open ear, self‐development, and share knowledge and experience).
Conclusions
The readiness to provide counseling emphasises the preparedness of the students to help their peers and appeared underpinned by their self development and personal experiences. A capacity building program to enable student peer educators to enhance their skills to motivate healthy lifestyle choices would be of benefit.
So what?
The confidence in ongoing support factor recognises the essential role of stakeholders to visibly advocate for the reactivation of the peer educator program for high school students as a clear sign of support.
Turkey hosts the largest Syrian refugee population in the world. As an attempt to understand antecedents of residents attitudes towards Syrian refugees, the present study aimed to investigate the relationships between contact experience, perception of threat, and the attitudes. Specifically, we hypothesized that perception of threat would mediate the relationship between contact experience and the attitudes. Frequency of different contact types, threats associated with economic, cultural, and criminal risks, and attitudes towards male or female targets based on preferred social distance were subjected to analyses in an adult sample of 170 women and 183 men. Results revealed a full mediation effect both for female and male Syrian refugee targets. We discussed the findings referring the observed nature of contact as mostly being casual, threat level being high, and attitudes being relatively negative within a specific media-effects framework.
ABSTRAK Akhir-akhir ini di berbagai pusat rehabilitasi penyalahguna narkoba muncul metode rehabilitasi berbasis agama Islam atau terapi Islami. Pondok Pesantren (Ponpes) Inabah XIX Surabaya merupakan salah satu tempat rehabilitasi narkoba yang menggunakan terapi islami berupa pelaksanaan dzikir, dan penyalahguna narkoba yang direhabilitasi di tempat ini sebagian besar tidak mengalami kompulsi selama proses rehabilitasi, sehingga adiksi bisa menurun dan penyalahguna narkoba bisa keluar dari program rehabilitasi minimal dalam waktu 3 bulan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan penurunan adiksi pada penyalahguna narkoba yang melakukan dzikir. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analitik observasional jenis time series. Populasi penelitian adalah semua penyalahguna narkoba di Ponpes Inabah XIX Surabaya yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Jumlah seluruh sampel sebanyak 9 orang. Variabel independen penelitian adalah dzikir, dan variabel dependen adalah kadar endorfin, persepsi dan status adiksi. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner dan pemeriksaan laboratorium. Data kemudian dianalisis menggunakan paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, dan uji Spearman's rho dengan taraf signifikansi ≤ 0.05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada peningkatan signifikan pada kadar endorfin (p=0.034), dan penurunan adiksi (p=0.046), tetapi tidak terjadi penurunan pada persepsi responden (p=0.317). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara persepsi dengan kadar endorfin pada hari ke-40 (p=0.003). Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dzikir dapat menurunkan adiksi, dan meningkatkan kadar endorphin. Penelitian lebih lanjut diharapkan menggunakan desain eksperimental, menambah jumlah responden, indikator pengukuran laboratorium, frekuensi observasi dan memberikan pemaknaan pada dzikir yang dilakukan. Kata kunci : adiksi narkoba, penyalahguna narkoba, dzikir. PENDAHULUAN Penyalahgunaan narkoba dan adiksi sudah menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang paling penting pada beberapa tahun terakhir (Çirakoğlu O.C., Işin G. 2005), dan penyalahgunaan narkoba di Indonesia semakin memprihatinkan. Menurut Kepala Pelaksana Harian (Kalakhar) BNN, setiap hari, 40 orang meninggal dunia di negeri ini akibat over dosis narkoba.
Cannabis is the most widely abused illicit drug among young adults. Saliva and sweat have been proposed as alternatives to blood and/or urine to document drug abuse. The aim of the work was to identify cases of cannabis abuse and its combination with other illicit drugs in young adult male patients (18-35 years) who were admitted to Abbassia Hospital for Mental Health and to apply and evaluate simple non-invasive methods to detect cannabis and other illicit drugs in urine, saliva and sweat. Methods: 50 male drug abusers were chosen (according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria)from The Addiction Department of Abassia Hospital for Mental Health seeking for treatment during a period of six months duration (from January 2014 to the end of July 2014). In addition, 25 male healthy volunteers of the same age were included as control group. Informed consent was taken from the hospital management, patients and from the control group before participation in the study. All patients (50) were interviewed to obtain data related to substance abuse. Urine, saliva and sweat samples were collected from volunteers control group and from each patient at time of admission and prior to receiving any treatment. The three samples of each patient were subdivided into two parts; the first was tested for cannabis by Instrumental Thin Layer chromatography (ITLC). The second sample was tested for cannabis and other illicit drugs of abuse by Immunoassay by using One Step Multi-Drug Screen Card. Results:50%of patients was in the age groups of (25-30 years), 94% were urban, moderately educated (42%), skilled workers (48%), 92% started with cannabis as a first drug of abuse. All of them were multi-drug abusers; the most common abused drug with cannabis was tramadol (74%). The results of ITLC; the urine samples were the best detector for cannabis (86%) followed by sweat (70%) then saliva (44%). The results of Immunoassay tramadol showed the highest rate of positivity in saliva (36%) and sweat (16%). Conclusions: Urine samples were the best for detection of cannabis by ITLC followed by the sweat samples. Saliva is an alternative to urine to document the presence of cannabis exposure only for recent use. The kits used in this study were useful in detection of tramadol in urine, saliva and sweat although they are specific for urine only. Afify et al. 2 Egypt J.
Background: Despite a considerable level of standardization, the practice of opiate addiction treatment remains heterogeneous and is not compliant with evidence-based guidelines. On the other hand, patients often complain about unmet needs with respect to the personalization of treatment and clarity of information about treatment strategies. Also, special conditions may raise specific difficulties, such as those arising in the case of dual diagnosis patients or poly-abusers. Aims. To clarify the characteristics of the unmet needs of heroin addicts (whether treatment-related or support-related). Methods: We examined the features of anonymous web consultation requests through a medical site, including all the details posted in questioners' replies to the expert's response. We grouped cases into three possible categories of requests for information: a) autonomous psychopathological symptoms b) addiction treatment issues c) abuse of non-opiate substances. Results: Most of the requests made are due to a lack of insight, which is a core cognitive symptom of addiction itself, independent psychopathology coming second. The underlying therapeutic substrate is consistent with this situation, since agonist dosages of methadone are, on average, far from being effective, in line with national data. Before any personalization or psychosocial strategy is considered, the discomfort of addicts before treatment entrance and throughout the course of treatment is likely to be no more than a symptom of active addiction, because of patients' persistent cravings and lack of insight, which do not allow them to reason from a heroin-free perspective. Conclusions: As long as therapeutic instruments are not employed according to their standards of effectiveness, such medical needs are bound to remain unmet.
Summary Objective: that of making clear the level of neuroscientific knowledge and the cultural prejudices that call for targeted psychoeducational interventions in treat- ing heroin dependence. Methods: after a time-interval of 10 years, and within the same socio-cultural environment, standardized methods have been used to map out the attitudes of groups of drug-addicted subjects undergoing treatment at local addiction treatment units ("SerT") or in Therapeutic Communities (n=60), of young people at risk (n=30) and of subjects drawn from the general popula- tion (n=20). Results: our results show a poor, little-changed level of scientific knowledge and of the frequency of misconceptions about heroin-addiction in the recent past (1995-2005), along with a significant deterioration in the general population. The areas that most clearly reveal a need for psychoeducational interventions prove to be those linked with knowledge about the disease, with the attitudes of drug-addicts towards the onset of their addiction, with knowledge about the available therapeutic resources, with risks to health associated with drug-taking and with the choice of the most appropriate person to be in charge of therapeutic programs. Conclusions: nowadays, more than ever before, there is a need in Italy for an intensive psychoeducational program to be planned, to cover all the environments involved (social and health care structures, schools, therapeutic communities, and so on), and for this program to be clear and pre- cisely targeted in its contents. Practical implications: major effort should be addressed towards the improvement of patients' insight and professionals' cultural attitudes, which appear to be stay in spite of rational awareness of therapeutic results or the understanding of scientific knowledge.
Amaç: İlaç/tıbbi ürünlerin (İTÜ) pazarlaması ve tüketilmesi sürecinde her geçen gün yeni bir takım
gelişmeler yaşanmaktadır. Tüketicilerin bu konuya yaklaşımlarının bilinmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu
araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerinin İTÜ’lerin pazardaki kullanımına yönelik tutumlarının incelenmesi
amaçlandı.
Yöntem: Araştırmanın verileri, araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden, toplam 205 üniversite öğrencisine
uygulanan anketle elde edildi. Ankette İTÜ satışına yönelik tutumlarının ve bu ürünleri kullanmalarına
yönelik bazı alışkanlıklarının ayrıntıları sorgulandı.
Bulgular: Öğrencilerin reçetesiz İTÜ alırken reklamlardan etkilenme oranının % 11.4 olduğu saptandı.
Öğrencilerin çoğunluğunun TV’de (% 70.4) ve TV-dışı kitle iletişim araçlarında (% 64.7) İTÜ reklamlarının
yapılmasına karşı olduğu tespit edildi. Öğrencilerin eczaneden aldıkları hizmetten memnun kaldıkları (%73)
ve bu bakımdan en çok ve en az memnuniyet duymuş oldukları hizmetin her ikisinde de “ilaç
bilgilendirmesi” (sırasıyla %36.0 ve %19.5), olduğu saptandı. Çoğunluğu eczacılık fakültesinden olmak
üzere öğrencilerin %59.4’unun zincir eczane oluşumlarına karşı olduğu saptandı.
Sonuçlar: Üniversite öğrencilerinin İTÜ tüketimi ile ilgili eczane odaklı hizmetin sürdürülmesinden yana
oldukları ve İTÜ reklamlarının yapılmasına pek de sıcak yaklaşmadıkları dikkati çekmektedir. Benzeri
araştırmaların toplumun diğer kesimleri için de yapılması ve İTÜ’lerin tüketiciye sunum sürecinde yeni
düzenlemelere gidilirken bu tespitlerin göz önünde bulundurulması yararlı olacaktır.
Anahtar sözcükler: Üniversite öğrencileri, İlaç/tıbbi ürün satışı, İlaç/tıbbi ürün reklamı, Zincir eczane
Objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common peripheral entrapment neuropathy, caused by the
entrapment of the median nerve. Ultrasonography (USG) has been used as a cost-effective and comfortable
technique in the examination of the carpal tunnel and the median nerve in the last decade.
Material and Methods: Thirty-five wrists of 21 patients with the signs, symptoms and electromyelography
(EMG) confirmed diagnosis of CTS and 40 wrists of healthy adults were evaluated by ultrasonography
(USG), performed with a 7.5-12 MHz transducer.
Results: All of the 35 wrists of 21 patients with CTS diagnosed by EMG and 40 wrists of 20 healthy adults
were diagnosed accurately.
Conclusion: USG may be performed as a first step test in the diagnosis of suspected CTS.
Keywords: Carpal tunnel syndrome, EMG, High resolution USG
Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is considered to be equivalent to coronary artery disease(CHD). Both impaired fasting glucose(IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. We aimed to compare the mortality during hospitalization between IFG and diabetes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: The patients under 65 years of age, who had been diagnosed as ACS; were evaluated for mortality during the first 7 days. The patients were divided into three groups as the first group diabetic, the second group non-diabetic patients, the patients with IFG. Results: A total of 375 patients were enrolled. The mortality rate was found to be 6.7% in patients with diabetes, 2.6% in patients without diabetes, 7.0% in patients with an IFG. The mortality rate of the patients with IFG and the patients with diabetes were approximately the same and this rate was significantly higher than in those with normal blood glucose during the acute phase of ACS. Conclusion: The IFG affects mortality as much as diabetes. Fasting plasma glucose is beneficial, in determining the cardiovascular risks and in the modification of the therapy to reduce the risk of CHD.
Bu çalışmanın öncelikli amacı Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencilerinin terörist kavramını nasıl tanımladıklarını araştırmak ve bu tanımların, amaca ya da terörizm türlerine (dinsel terörizm, etnik terörizm ve ideolojik terörizm) bağlı olarak farklılık gösterip göstermediğine bakmaktır. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda, terörizm ve terörist kavramlarının, ulus devletlerce nasıl tanımlandığının ve uluslararası sistemde nasıl karşılık bulduğunun araştırıldığı görülmektedir. Terörizm riski algısının boyutları ve söz konusu risk algısı ile ortaya çıkan terörist özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi, çalışmanın ikinci temel amacını oluşturmaktadır. Son olarak, bu çalışmada, terörist olarak nitelendirilen kişiler için uygun görülen yaptırım önerileri ve bu yaptırım önerileriyle terörist özellikleri ve risk algısı arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla, katılımcılara, Terörist Özellikleri Anketi (TÖA), Terörizm Riski Algısı Anketi (TRA) ve Teröriste Ne Yapılmalı Anketi (TNYA) uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılardan toplanan verilerin çözümlenmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan farklı bileşenler incelenmiş ve bu bileşenler arasındaki ilişkiler belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, terörist kavramının, katılımcılar tarafından olumsuz kişilik, olumlu kişilik, dengesizlik ve katılık özellikleri ile tanımlandığını ve amaca göre terörizm türlerinin, terörist kavramının tanımlanmasında etkili bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Ek olarak, terörist özellikleri, farklı risk algıları ve farklı yaptırım önerileri arasında bazı ilişkiler bulunmuştur.
The main purpose of this study is to examine how Turkish university students define the concept of terrorist and to see whether these definitions are differentiated according to types of terrorism (religious terrorism, ethnic terrorism and ideological terrorism). Previous studies investigated how the concepts of terrorism and terrorist are defi ned by nation-states and the international system.. Determining the risk perception of terrorism and the relation between the perception of risk and characteristics of a terrorist is another purpose of this study. Finally, in this study, the suggestions of sanctions for individuals who are defi ned as terrorists are studied and the relations among these suggestions of sanctions, characteristics of a terrorist and risk perception of terrorism are investigated. With these purposes in mind, participants were given Characteristics of Terrorist Questionnaire, Risk Perception of Terrorism Questionnaire, and Manners of Treating the Terrorist Questionnaire. Different components emerged after the statistical analyses were examined and relations among those components were determined. Results showed that the concept of terrorist is defi ned with the characteristics of negative personality, positive personality, imbalance and dogmatism, and the types of terrorism have an effective role on the definition of terrorist. Besides, the relations among the characteristics of terrorist, different risk perceptions of terrorism and different suggestions of sanctions were found.
Objective: A new set of developments take place every day in the process of marketing-utilization of drugs/medical products (DMP). It must be known how the consumers approach to them. It was aimed to investigate the observation of students’ attitudes regarding utilization of DMP.Methods: Data were obtained with a questionnaire applied to 205 university students. The details of their attitudes toward the sale of DMP and some of their habits related to the utilization of these products were questioned.Results: The influence ratio of students from advertisements while buying nonprescribed DMP was 11.4%. Most of them were against DMP advertisments aired on TVs and non-TV mass media (70.4% and 64.7% respectively). Their average satisfaction degree of service from the pharmacy was 73% and both the most and least satisfying service was “drug information” (36.0% and 19.5% respectively). Students (especially pharmacy students) were against “pharmacy chains” (59.4%).Conclusion: University students support the continuing of a pharmacy-focused service concerning the consumption of DMP, but disapprove the advertising. Similar researches should also be done for other groups in the society. It would be useful if all these observations were considered in the process of a new organization of the DMP service to consumers.
The main goal of the present study was to assess adolescents' risk perception, namely, their estimates of the likelihood of smoking and alcohol-related illnesses and accidents.
The survey was conducted among high school students in Szeged (N = 560, aged between 14-19 years; mean: 16.7; S.D.: 1.4 years). The self-administered questionnaire contained items on sociodemographics, risk perception, health risk behaviors, and certain psychosocial variables.
Being a male was associated with risk perception only in terms of alcohol-related illnesses. Smokers, alcohol users, and those who engaged in reckless transportation, evaluated themselves as being at higher risk for substance related illnesses and accidents compared to those who did not report such behaviors. Those who tended to use a seat belt, however, estimated the same amount of risk for an accident as did those who tended not to use them. Social attitudes tended to positively, whereas personal attitudes tended to negatively influence perceptions of health risks. The role of social comparison and self-efficacy, however, depends on the nature of behavior.
Besides behavioral influences, psychosocial variables also play a role in adolescents' risk perception.
This paper reports a study on university students' attributions for the causes of and cures for depression conducted in a Turkish sample. Results revealed six components for causes, which were trauma, job-related problems, loss, disposition, intimacy, and isolation. Seven components were found for cures, which were hobby, sensation seeking, avoidance, professional help, religious practices, esteem, and spiritual activities. Men rated religious practices as more useful than women did. No other differences pertaining to gender or previous contact were found. Results are discussed together with the limitations of the study.
The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. This approach requires the identification of risk factors for drug abuse, identification of methods by which risk factors have been effectively addressed, and application of these methods to appropriate high-risk and general population samples in controlled studies. The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice.
To estimate the lifetime prevalence of drug and alcohol use and its sociodemographic determinants and to investigate opinions towards drug use in Spain, we examined a representative nation-wide sample of 2495 adult Spaniards, males and females, aged 18 y or older, selected by a multistaged random strategy during 1989. Information was obtained by at-home interviews using a structured closed questionnaire. Participants were asked for their lifetime prevalence of use of cannabis, sedatives and sleeping pills, alcohol, amphetamines, inhalants, cocaine and heroin, as well as for their sociodemographic characteristics and their opinions towards drug use. Alcohol had the highest lifetime prevalence of consumption (55.7%), followed by cannabis (12.3%), sedatives and sleeping pills (12.0%), amphetamines (4.3%), cocaine (3.0%), inhalants (0.8%) and heroin (0.6%). Being male, young, separated or divorced, and unemployed were the main determinants of alcohol and drug use. A higher use of illicit drugs was also observed in the higher socio-economic groups. Regular use of any drug was considered a risky health habit by more than 80% of the sample. We conclude that the consumption of drugs and alcohol is a rather extended habit in Spain. Drug users tend to share some common sociodemographic characteristics (being male, young, separated or divorced, and unemployed) which may help target intervention programs.
Sensation seeking and aggressiveness were hypothesized to contribute to the developmental basis of reckless behavior in adolescence. This hypothesis was investigated in two studies, one on high school students and the other on college students. Sensation seeking was found to be related to every type of reckless behavior, including five types of automobile driving, sex without contraception, sex with someone known only casually, number of sexual partners, alcohol and drug use, vandalism, and theft. Aggressiveness was related to several of the driving variables, as well as to vandalism and theft. For every type of reckless behavior, frequencies of reckless behavior were as high or higher for the college students than for the high school students. Findings are discussed in relation to socialization in the culture of the American middle-class.
Gender differences in perception of risk associated with use of alcohol and other drugs were assessed among a sample of 1,244 undergraduates at a major Pacific Northwest university. Reexamination of data from a self-administered questionnaire revealed that females were more likely than males to perceive greater risk with use of alcohol and other drugs. In particular, female perceptions of risk were significantly different from males (P < .001) for most levels of alcohol use and for perception of risk for occasional use of psychedelics, heroin, and diet pills. Our findings suggest the need for continued gender-specific research (and health education) in substance abuse prevention.
This study examined the structure and determinants of lay people's implicit theories of heroin addiction. A questionnaire was derived from interviews with lay people about their beliefs and theories of heroin addiction and academic literature on the subject. One hundred and forty-four subjects completed the questionnaire, in which they rated 105 statements about the causes, correlates and cures of heroin addiction. The three parts of the questionnaire were individually factor analyzed and a clear, interpretable factor structure emerged for each. The factors seemed similar to explicit academic theories, but the exception was beliefs about cure, which did not show overall support for the most clinically used models. When the three factor analyses were combined into a single 'higher-order' factor analysis four factors emerged, labelled moralistic, psychosocial, sociocultural and drug treatment, which reflect more or less coherent views on the nature of heroin addiction. Subjects' political beliefs was the greatest (demographic and attitudinal) determinant of lay beliefs in these factors, with experience of addiction, addicts, drugs and age also highly correlated. Vote was the main determinant and best predictor of the four 'higher-order' structured lay theories: right-wing voters emphasizing moralistic and individualistic theory and left-wing voters supporting the psychological and societal ideas. Implications for policy and interventions to addicts of these lay theories are considered.
A number of differences exist between men and women in use patterns and risk factors for substance abuse. In recent years these differences have received increased attention; however, gender-related attitudes toward substance abuse need additional study. This study examines gender-related differences in beliefs about the causes of the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs; the power of various substances of abuse; the prevalence of substance use; and the effectiveness of various interventions. Women were more likely to attribute causality to biological or environmental factors, to perceive drugs as more powerful, to perceive a higher incidence of substance abuse, and to believe prevention and treatment were more effective. Therefore, prevention, assessment, and treatment programs should be designed differently for women than for men.
To estimate the lifetime prevalence of drug and alcohol use and its sociodemographic determinants and to investigate opinions towards drug use in Spain, we examined a representative nation-wide sample of 2495 adult Spaniards, males and females, aged 18 y or older, selected by a multistaged random strategy during 1989. Information was obtained by at-home interviews using a structured closed questionnaire. Participants were asked for their lifetime prevalence of use of cannabis, sedatives and sleeping pills, alcohol, amphetamines, inhalants, cocaine and heroin, as well as for their sociodemographic characteristics and their opinions towards drug use. Alcohol had the highest lifetime prevalence of consumption (55.7%), followed by cannabis (12.3%), sedatives and sleeping pills (12.0%), amphetamines (4.3%), cocaine (3.0%), inhalants (0.8%) and heroin (0.6%). Being male, young, separated or divorced, and unemployed were the main determinants of alcohol and drug use. A higher use of illicit drugs was also observed in the higher socio-economic groups. Regular use of any drug was considered a risky health habit by more than 80% of the sample. We conclude that the consumption of drugs and alcohol is a rather extended habit in Spain. Drug users tend to share some common sociodemographic characteristics (being male, young, separated or divorced, and unemployed) which may help target intervention programs.
Given the multitude of negative outcomes associated with substance abuse and other risk-taking behaviors, the current study sought to investigate sensation seeking, anxiety sensitivity, and self-reinforcement as they relate to participation in high-risk behaviors with 155 undergraduate students. The measures were the Reckless Behavior Questionnaire, Sensation Seeking Scale, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Heiby Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire, and a sample of items from the treatment factor of the Substance Abuse Attitude Survey. Significant multivariate effects were attributable to sensation seeking and anxiety sensitivity. Sensation seeking and anxiety sensitivity were significant predictors of substance abuse. The model significantly predicted risky sexual behavior with a positive relationship between sensation seeking and risky sexual behavior. High anxiety-sensitivity scores were associated with a greater reported incidence of high-risk sexual practices. Participants highest in sensation seeking were most likely to engage in reckless driving, with male incidence being greater than for females. An unexpected finding was that anxiety sensitivity negatively correlated with substance abuse.
One hundred and fifteen high school pupils from Holon (a city in the center of Israel) participated in a study about the prevalence, knowledge and attitudes of these pupils towards drugs and other addictions (cigarettes and alcohol). Their mean age was 16.13 (+/-1.59) years; 43.9% were boys and 56.1% were girls. A total of 1.6% of the pupils regularly used illicit drugs, and an additional 11.3% were offered drugs. A total of 24% of the pupils smoked regularly (at least during the past year), and 42% consumed alcoholic beverages regularly. Their knowledge concerning illicit drugs was found to be inadequate; they correctly answered only 50% of the total study questions. A more liberal attitude towards illicit drugs was found with increasing age. Pupils who consumed illicit drugs received a higher scoring for their knowledge concerning the characteristics of various illicit drugs, as well as to having a more liberal attitude. The self image of the pupils who had experience with illicit drugs was lower (in two separate tests) in comparison to their peers. As a result of our study, our recommendation is to include the subject of illicit drugs, their dangers and prevention of their use in the official school curriculum from elementary school and during all subsequent school years.
We present data on the lifetime prevalence of substance use, abuse and dependence in adolescents obtained through structured psychiatric interviews and self-report questionnaires. Most notably, we evaluate symptom profiles based on DSM-IV abuse and dependence criteria for tobacco, alcohol and marijuana, including a gender comparison. Participants are 3,072 adolescents (12-18 years) drawn from three community-based family samples in Colorado. Age trends suggest that substance use is a developmental phenomenon, which increases almost linearly from early to late adolescence. Substance use disorders are less common than experimentation in adolescence, but approximately 1 in 4 adolescents in the oldest cohorts meets criteria for abuse for at least one substance, and 1 in 5 meets criteria for substance dependence. By age 18 nearly 1 in 3 adolescents report daily smoking and 8.6% meet criteria for tobacco dependence. Although alcohol is the most commonly abused substance (10%), a slightly larger proportion of adolescents meet criteria for dependence on marijuana (4.3%) than alcohol (3.5%). Gender differences in prevalence of use more often show greater use in males than females. Males more frequently meet criteria for dependence on alcohol and marijuana in late adolescence, while females are more often nicotine dependent. A comparison of abuse and dependence symptom profiles shows some interesting variability across substances, and suggests that manifestations of a subset of symptoms are gender specific.
Cooperative contact and attitudes toward mental illness. Unpublished master's thesis, Middle East Technical University Lay theories of causes of and cures for depression in a Turkish university sample
- Ç ˘lu
- O C ˘lu
- O C Kö
- D Demirutku
Ç ırakog ˘lu, O. C., (1999). Cooperative contact and attitudes toward mental illness. Unpublished master's thesis, Middle East Technical University. Ç ırakog ˘lu, O. C., Kö, D., & Demirutku, K. (2003). Lay theories of causes of and cures for depression in a Turkish university sample. Social Behavior and Personality, 31 (8), 795 – 806.
Cooperative contact and attitudes toward mental illness. Unpublished master's thesis
- O C Ç Irakoglu
Ç ırakoglu, O. C., (1999). Cooperative contact and attitudes toward mental illness. Unpublished master's thesis,
Middle East Technical University.