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Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of [6]-gingerol
Abstract
In the present study, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-gingerol, which is the pungent constituent of ginger, were performed. Intraperitoneal administration of [6]-gingerol (25 mg/kg-50 mg/kg) produced an inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced licking time in the late phase. [6]-Gingerol (50 mg/kg-100 mg/kg) also produced an inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenin. These results suggested that [6]-gingerol possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.
... This review includes a total of 16 studies (Tables 1 and 2). Nine studies analyzed the analgesic effect of Z. officinale [19,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], and four [39][40][41][42] and three [43][44][45] studies fo cused on [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol, respectively. To analyze their effects on differen types of pain, studies have been subdivided into three types of pain; mechanical, sponta neous and thermal pain ( Figure 1). ...
... In this section, various types of chemicals, such as acetic acid [19,32,39], formalin [39] and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) [37] were used to induce spontaneous pain in rodents, and writhing or licking response was measured to assess the spontaneous pain [19,32,37,39]. ...
... In this section, various types of chemicals, such as acetic acid [19,32,39], formalin [39] and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) [37] were used to induce spontaneous pain in rodents, and writhing or licking response was measured to assess the spontaneous pain [19,32,37,39]. ...
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) has long been used as an herbal medicine to treat various diseases, and its main sub-components, [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol, were also reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor effects. However, their effects on various types of pain and their underlying mechanisms of action have not been clearly analyzed and understood yet. Thus, in this review, by analyzing 16 studies that used Z. officinale, [6]-gingerol, and [6]-shogaol on mechanical, spontaneous and thermal pain, their effects and mechanisms of action have been analyzed. Pain was induced by either nerve injury or chemical injections in rodents. Nine studies analyzed the analgesic effect of Z. officinale, and four and three studies focused on [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol, respectively. Seven papers have demonstrated the underlying mechanism of action of their analgesic effects. Studies have focused on the spinal cord and one on the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Involvement and change in the function of serotonergic receptors (5-HT1A, B, D, and 5A), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2), histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), voltage-gated sodium channel 1.8 (Nav1.8), substance P (SP), and sciatic nerve’s morphology have been observed.
... Rats pretreated with ginger had nearly normal blood levels after injection with double the therapeutic dose of lornoxicam. This may be related to high gingerol and shogaol content in the ginger extract [71,72,77]. Gingerol has been found to have cardiotonic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects [77], and shogaol acts as an antioxidant [71,72]. ...
... This may be related to high gingerol and shogaol content in the ginger extract [71,72,77]. Gingerol has been found to have cardiotonic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects [77], and shogaol acts as an antioxidant [71,72]. ...
... We found that ginger extract pretreatment improved the sperm count and decreased sperm 10 BioMed Research International abnormalities induced by lornoxicam injection in rats. The regeneration changes exhibited in the testis of rats treated with ginger extract two hours before lornoxicam injection may be attributed to ginger's antioxidant components (gingerol and shogaols) [71,72,77]. IL-6 and TNF-α are proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated macrophages. ...
Lornoxicam is a potent oxicam-class nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. Its impacts on many biological functions are not fully understood. We measured various biomarkers in male albino rats provided an oral aqueous ginger extract before IM administration of therapeutic and 2× the therapeutic doses of lornoxicam. The aqueous ginger plant extract was characterized by mass spectroscopy, and its effects were determined by examining free radical scavenging activity, blood parameters, renal and hepatic function, semen quality, proinflammatory cytokines, antioxidant markers, and histopathology. Rats administered lornoxicam had significantly higher liver and kidney function biomarker values, TNF-α, interleukin-6, and sperm abnormalities than the control rats. The overall erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, prostaglandin, and sperm counts were all considerably lower in the experimental animals. Histological changes were found in the liver, spleen, and testes of rats administered lornoxicam alone. In rats, pretreatment with ginger extract reduced the majority of the negative effects of conventional and high dosages of lornoxicam.
... One of the most well-known spices in the world, ginger has been used for its health benefits since ancient times. Ginger has been recommended for usage in Ayurveda as a analgesic effect (Young et al., 2005) digestive aid, anti-inflammatory agent, circulatory stimulant, diaphoretic, astringent, appetite stimulant, and diuretic Jiang et al. (2006). Ginger is reported to have ...
... Many secondary plant metabolites, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and a variety of others, have hypoglycemic effects in diverse experimental animal models (Grover et al., 2000). Numerous researchers have claimed that chemicals found in ginger, such as 6-gingerol, polyphenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, have pharmacological effects that can lower blood sugar levels (Young et al., 2005) (Table 1). We found that the body weight of diabetic rats had reduced. ...
... It also reduced paw edema in carrageenan-injected animals. 34 The treatment of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol reduced the writhing symptom and improved lowered pain threshold, as measured by the whittle and Randall-Selitto techniques, respectively. However, these effects of 6-Shogaol were more intensive. ...
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has gained recognition for its flavoring uses and its numerous health benefits. Ginger can be used in functional foods and nutraceuticals alone or combined with other herbal plants. This study aims to validate the pharmaceutical potential of the Zingiber officinale variety from the Philippines by examining the chemical composition, acute oral toxicity, anti lipoxygenase, and analgesic activities of its extracts and fractions. 6, 8, 10-Gingerols and 6, 8, 10-Shogaols were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in methanol and hexane extracts. Acute oral toxicity in mice indicated the median lethal dose (LD50) of methanol and hexane extracts of Zingiber officinale, and the 1% IPA-hexane and 50% IPA-hexane fractions obtained by solid phase extraction (SPE) was greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight. The 1% IPA-hexane fraction altered the behavioral pattern of the animals. The anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed by lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assay. The IC50 value for the inhibitory action of crude methanol extract on LOX was 218.00 µg/mL. The crude hexane extract IC50 value was 57.40 µg/mL. SPE fractionation of hexane extracts resulted in higher IC50 values; 72.14 µg/mL for the 1% IPAhexane fraction and 98.65 µg/mL for the 50% IPA-hexane fraction. Through in-vitro suppression of LOX, the hexane crude extracts showed more effective anti-inflammatory properties. The analgesic effect was measured using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. All doses of the methanol and hexane extract inhibited writhing by a percentage ranging from 91-100%. The SPE fractions of the hexane extract have 78-99% inhibition. Both extracts and fractions demonstrated strong analgesic effects in the mice models.
... Of the gingerols, [6]-gingerol is the most abundant bioactive compound with many medicinal properties viz. analgesic (Young et al. 2005), gastroprotective, anti-cancer (Zhu et al. 2017), cardiotonic, antiinflammatory (Xu et al. 2018), anti-oxidant (Almatroodi et al. 2021, anti-pyretic, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-angiogenic (Kim et al. 2005), anti-hyperglycemic (Samad et al. 2017) and anti-platelet aggregation activities (Liao et al. 2012). Molecular docking studies have revealed the effectiveness of [6]-gingerol against cancer (Kumar et al. 2017) and against COVID-19 (Rathinavel et al. 2020 andHaridas et al. 2021), making [6]-gingerol a future drug of choice. ...
Unlabelled:
Ginger is an important spice crop with medicinal values and gingerols are the most abundant pungent polyphenols present in ginger, responsible for most of its pharmacological properties. The present study focuses on the molecular mechanism of gingerol biosynthesis in ginger using transcriptome analysis. Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) was done in leaf and rhizome tissues using high gingerol-producing ginger somaclone B3 as the tester and parent cultivar Maran as the driver and generated high-quality leaf and rhizome Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). The Blast2GO annotations of the ESTs revealed the involvement of leaf ESTs in secondary metabolite production, identifying the peroxisomal KAT2 gene (Leaf EST 9) for the high gingerol production in ginger. Rhizome ESTs mostly coded for DNA metabolic processes and differential genes for high gingerol production were not observed in rhizomes. In the qRT-PCR analysis, somaclone B3 had shown high chalcone synthase (CHS: rate-limiting gene in gingerol biosynthetic pathway) activity (0.54 fold) in the leaves of rhizome sprouts. The presence of a high gingerol gene in leaf ESTs and high expression of CHS in leaves presumed that the site of synthesis of gingerols in ginger is the leaves. A modified pathway for gingerol/polyketide backbone formation has been constructed explaining the involvement of KAT gene isoforms KAT2 and KAT5 in gingerol/flavonoid biosynthesis, specifically the KAT2 gene which is otherwise thought to be involved mainly in β-oxidation. The results of the present investigations have the potential of utilizing KAT/thiolase superfamily enzymes for protein/metabolic pathway engineering in ginger for large-scale production of gingerols.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13562-022-00825-x.
... It has a long history of use in traditional medicine for ailments like migraines, toothaches and colds, as well as for improving blood circulation in the limbs and lowering blood cholesterol [7][8][9]. It is also used for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, gastroprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, cardioprotective, anticancer and immunomodulatory effects [5,7,[10][11][12]. Additional components of ginger, such as acid resins, vitamin C compounds, gingerol, vitamins B3 and B6, volatile oils and biotrace, are crucial for the development of bones [13]. ...
Background
Drug-induced liver damage with clinical symptoms has been related to labetalol in a number of instances. In addition to having a wide range of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities, ginger also includes biotrace that are crucial in the fight against disease and skeletal deformity. In this study, we hypothesized that prenatal supplementation of ginger (200 mg/kg) attenuates skeletal malformation and hepatotoxicity mediated by labetalol during the organogenesis period. The tested dams were divided into four groups: control, ginger (200 mg/kg), labetalol (300 mg/kg) and combined group (labetalol and ginger at the same doses).
Results
The labetalol group showed various skeletal abnormalities represented by mandibular hypoplasia, costal separation and retardation in the ossification. Histological and ultrastructural examination of the fetal liver tissue revealed multiple pathological changes. DNA damage, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and a high percentage of apoptosis were also detected in the fetal hepatocytes from labetalol groups through gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry using PI and annexin V/PI methods, respectively. Administration of ginger after labetalol caused an evident decrease in these skeletal malformations, structural changes, DNA damage, apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest.
Conclusions
It can be concluded that ginger has great potential in attenuating the skeletal malformation, structural changes and cyto-genotoxicity of fetal hepatocytes upon prenatal exposure to labetalol.
... 6-gingerol [5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3 methoxy phenyl) decan-3-one] is the most abundant type of gingerol in the fresh rhizome of ginger among other gingerols, including 4-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol (Semwal et al., 2015). Furthermore, 6-gingerol demonstrates antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties (Kawamoto et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2014;Young et al., 2005;Zahoor et al., 2020). In addition, in vivo and in vitro experiments prove the anticancer potential of 6-gingerol (Chakraborty et al., 2012). ...
... According to Flynn et al. [139] gingerol has considerable analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties through blocking PGE2 production. Young et al. [140] discovered that gingerol has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. For this investigation, female Wistar rats (180-240 g) and male ICR mice (18-22 g) were used. ...
Hyperglycemia is seen in approximately 68 percent of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). In many acute circumstances, such as myocardial infarction, brain, injury and stroke, it is an independent predictor of mortality. Hyperglycemia is induced by a mix of genetic, environmental, and immunologic variables in people with type 1 diabetes. These factors cause pancreatic beta cell death and insulin insufficiency. Insulin resistance and irregular insulin production cause hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients. Hyperglycemia activates a number of complicated interconnected metabolic processes. Hyperglycemia is a major contributor to the onset and progression of diabetes’ secondary complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts, periodontitis, and bone and joint issues. Studies on the health benefits of ginger and its constituent’s impact on hyperglycemia and related disorders have been conducted and gingerol proved to be a potential pharmaceutically active constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) that has been shown to lower blood sugar levels, because it possesses antioxidant properties and it functions as an antioxidant in the complicated biochemical process that causes hyperglycemia to be activated. Gingerol not only helps in treating hyperglycemia but also shows effectivity against diseases related to it, such as cardiopathy, kidney failure, vision impairments, bone and joint problems, and teeth and gum infections. Moreover, fresh ginger has various gingerol analogues, with 6-gingerol being the most abundant. However, it is necessary to investigate the efficacy of its other analogues against hyperglycemia and associated disorders at various concentrations in order to determine the appropriate dose for treating these conditions.
... Curcumin 1 could significantly reduce the neurochemical changes and nerve fibre degeneration [127]. In addition, curcumin 1 (isolated from C. longa) and capsaicin analog [6]-gingerol 14 (isolated from Z. officinale) were reported to possess significant analgesic activities [128,129]. These two plants are commonly used as cooking spices in many parts of the world. ...
The archipelagic country of Indonesia is inhabited by 300 ethnic groups, including the indigenous people of Tengger. Based on the reported list of medicinal plants used by the Tengger community, we have reviewed each of them for their phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Out of a total of 41 medicinal plants used by the Tengerrese people, 33 species were studied for their phytochemical and pharmacological properties. More than 554 phytochemicals with diverse molecular structures belonging to different chemical classes including flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and volatiles were identified from these studied 34 medicinal plants. Many of these medicinal plants and their compounds have been tested for various pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound healing, headache, antimalarial and hypertension. Five popularly used medicinal plants by the healers were Garcinia mangostana, Apium graveolens, Cayratia clematidea, Drymocallis arguta and Elaeocarpus longifolius. Only A. graviolens were previously studied, with the outcomes supporting the pharmacological claims to treat hypertension. Few unexplored medicinal plants are Physalis lagascae, Piper amplum, Rosa tomentosa and Tagetes tenuifolia, and they present great potential for biodiscovery and drug lead identification.
... 6-gingerol [5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3 methoxy phenyl) decan-3-one] is the most abundant type of gingerol in the fresh rhizome of ginger among other gingerols, including 4-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol (Semwal et al., 2015). Furthermore, 6-gingerol demonstrates antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties (Kawamoto et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2014;Young et al., 2005;Zahoor et al., 2020). In addition, in vivo and in vitro experiments prove the anticancer potential of 6-gingerol (Chakraborty et al., 2012). ...
6-Gingerol is the major pharmacologically active component of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome widely used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Various extraction and purification methods have been developed to obtain highly purified 6-gingerol. 6-Gingerol can be extracted using conventional and nonconventional extraction techniques. Hydroalcoholic solutions and liquid CO 2 are the most suitable solvents for the extraction of 6-gingerol, while microwave-assisted extraction is the best extraction method. High-speed counter-current chromatography is the purification technique resulting in the highest purity of 6-gingerol. Despite the various biological properties of 6-gingerol, the low bioavailability of 6-gingerol is the main challenge that limits its application. Novel encapsulation and solubilization techniques, including nano-emulsion, complexation, micelles, and solid dispersion methods, have been introduced to enhance the bioavailability of 6-gingerol, overcoming its limitations. 6-Gingerol showed potential applications as a natural antioxidant, preservative, and flavor enhancer as well as demonstrated a synergistic effect with different ingredients for maintaining the quality and shelf-life of the food products. The current work provides a comprehensive review of the prevailing techniques applied for extraction and purification of 6-gingerol from the rhizome of ginger, current research on the application of 6-gingerol in the food industry, and novel advances for increasing its bioavailability.
... 6-gingerol [5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3 methoxy phenyl) decan-3-one] is the most abundant type of gingerol in the fresh rhizome of ginger among other gingerols, including 4-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol (Semwal et al., 2015). Furthermore, 6-gingerol demonstrates antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties (Kawamoto et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2014;Young et al., 2005;Zahoor et al., 2020). In addition, in vivo and in vitro experiments prove the anticancer potential of 6-gingerol (Chakraborty et al., 2012). ...
6-Gingerol is the major pharmacologically active component of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome widely used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Various extraction and purification methods have been devel-oped to obtain highly purified 6-gingerol. 6-Gingerol can be extracted using conventional and nonconventional extraction techniques. Hydroalcoholic solutions and liquid CO2 are the most suitable solvents for the extraction of 6-gingerol, while microwave-assisted extraction is the best extraction method. High-speed counter-current chro-matography is the purification technique resulting in the highest purity of 6-gingerol. Despite the various biological properties of 6-gingerol, the low bioavailability of 6-gingerol is the main challenge that limits its application. Novel encapsulation and solubilization techniques, including nanoemulsion, complexation, micelles, and solid dispersion methods, have been introduced to enhance the bioavailability of 6-gingerol, overcoming its limitations. 6-Gingerol showed potential applications as a natural antioxidant, preservative, and flavor enhancer as well as demonstrated a synergistic effect with different ingredients for maintaining the quality and shelf-life of the food products. The current work provides a comprehensive review of the prevailing techniques applied for extraction and purification of 6-gingerol from the rhizome of ginger, current research on the application of 6-gingerol in the food industry, and novel advances for increasing its bioavailability.
... Results indicated that similar inhibitory activity was observed against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema that was observed in presence of [6] gingerol at the dose of 100 mg/kg and indomethacin at the dose of 10 mg/kg. Therefore anti-inflammatory potential of [6] gingerol is higher than administered drug [36] . Useful Ayurvedic preparations: Ginger oil is available containing ginger rhizomes as a single ingredient. ...
Analgesics are pain relievers. Analgesics are of two classes: opioids and non-opioids. NSAIDs and paracetamol come under non opioids class and are taken to relieve pain during inflammation by decreasing body's internal temperature. Certain lifelong pain conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, wisdom teeth pain, accidental pain, after surgery pain, back pain, frequent body pain needs dose of analgesics in a required time period. In such conditions person already know about duration of analgesics. Long term usage of allopathic analgesics has several adverse effects. Thus during such long term pain time consumption of medicinal plants and traditional ayurveda based product is more preferable. Present review focuses on few medicinally important plants having anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties such as: Moringa oleifera and Senna auriculata as a chief medicinal source. Other than these Eucalyptus globules, Ricinus communis, Syzygium aromaticum L. Trachyspermum ammi, Zingiber officinale and Vitex negundo, Cinnamomum camphora and Plumbago zeylanica are also reported to have these properties. This review is less based on botanical identity of mentioned medicinal plants and more based on their therapeutic and medicinal analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties to relieve pain.
... All the pain-relieving effects evoked by the treatment can be attributed to the complexity of the bioactive compounds present in the vegetal mixture. An important phenolic component emerged from the phytochemical characterization, in particular, Zingiber officinale extract contained gingerols (3.107%) and 6-shogaol (0.647%), which have been found to be effective in alleviating inflammation, especially in inflammatory bowel diseases (58,59), and in reducing pain evoked by formalin and acetic acid injection in mice (60). In this context, LPS caused an overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β in the prefrontal cortex and spinal cord regions, which was counteracted by the vegetal mixture. ...
Experimental evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key pathological event of many diseases affecting the nervous system. It has been well recognized that these devastating illnesses (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, and chronic pain) are multifactorial, involving many pathogenic mechanisms, reason why pharmacological treatments are unsatisfactory. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a vegetal mixture capable of offering a multiple approach required to manage the multifactoriality of neuroinflammation. A mixture composed of Zingiber officinale (150 mg kg ⁻¹ ), Echinacea purpurea (20 mg kg ⁻¹ ), and Centella asiatica (200 mg kg ⁻¹ ) was tested in a mouse model of systemic neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg kg ⁻¹ ). Repeated treatment with the vegetal mixture was able to completely counteract thermal and mechanical allodynia as reported by the Cold plate and von Frey tests, respectively, and to reduce the motor impairments as demonstrated by the Rota rod test. Moreover, the mixture was capable of neutralizing the memory loss in the Passive avoidance test and reducing depressive-like behavior in the Porsolt test, while no efficacy was shown in decreasing anhedonia as demonstrated by the Sucrose preference test. Finally, LPS stimulation caused a significant increase in the activation of glial cells, of the central complement proteins and of inflammatory cytokines in selected regions of the central nervous system (CNS), which were rebalanced in animals treated with the vegetal mixture. In conclusion, the vegetal mixture tested thwarted the plethora of symptoms evoked by LPS, thus being a potential candidate for future investigations in the context of neuroinflammation.
... Ginger has been used for thousands of years for the treatment of numerous diseases [23] or as an antiemetic [24] . It has analgesic [25] , antitumor [26] , antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory impacts [27] . Ginger has several effective ingredients, including gingerols, shogaols, and some phenolic ketone derivatives [28] . ...
Background:
Multiple sclerosis is the most prevalent neurological disability of young adults. Anti-inflammatory drugs have relative effects on MS. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of Zingiber officinale (ginger) have been proven in some experimental and clinical investigations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ginger extract on preventing myelin degradation in a rat model of MS.
Methods:
Forty nine male Wistar rats were used in this study and divided into four control groups: the normal group, cuprizone-induced group, sham group (CPZ + NaCMC), standard control group (fingolimod + cuprizone), including three experimental groups of CPZ, each receiving three different doses of ginger extract: 150, 300, and 600mg/kg /kg/day.
Results:
Ginger extract of 600 mg/kg prevented CC from demyelination; however, a significant difference was observed in the fingolimod group (p < 0.05). Difference in the CPZ group was quite significant (p < 0.05).
Conclusion:
Treatment with ginger inhibited demyelination and alleviated remyelination of corpus callosum in rats. Therefore, it could serve as a therapeutic agent in the MS.
... Chitrak [[37] Plumbagin, Chitranone, Zeylanone n Musta [38] Volatile oil ...
... The principal pharmacologically active molecule of ginger is 6-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone), and the active section of the molecule is the aliphatic chain moiety bearing a hydroxyl group [10,11]. The 6-gingerol has shown a good response to anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [12][13][14]. 6-Gingerol has been found to have anticancer properties through its effects on a range of biological pathways, including apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cytotoxic action, and angiogenesis suppression [9,15]. As a result of its efficacy and modulation of several targets, as well as its safety for human usage, 6-gingerol and curcumin have the same scientific classification and are reported to have anti-inflammatory with many therapeutic effects; both have attracted attention as a possible therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of various cancer types [16][17][18][19][20][21]. ...
Loading of the anti-cancer drug 6-gingerol on graphene, graphene oxide, and Fe3O4 nanocarriers is investigated using Monte Carlo (MC) adsorption locator simulations in the gases phase. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used in aqueous medium and neutral pH for the adsorption of 6-gingerol. In this study, the 6-gingerol loading ability of graphene oxide is studied as a function of the oxidation extent of graphene oxide (GO), and the effect of functional groups on drug loading properties is investigated. MC adsorption locator energy calculations which were done in a gaseous space, indicate that the 6-gingerol molecule prefers to be adsorbed at the less oxidized sites of the graphene oxide framework. The linear hydrophobic chain of the 6-gingerol molecule prefers to bind to the aromatic region of graphene oxide. In contrast, it has the least affinity for the Fe3O4 nanoparticle surface, which is indicated by the adsorption energies. The MD simulations were carried out in an aqueous medium under neutral pH. To determine the nature of the 6-gingerol attachment and release in the aqueous medium, radial distribution functions (RDF) were obtained from MD simulations. The RDF values suggest that the physical distance of separation depends on the oxidation extent of the graphene oxide. The MD presented in this study will help in fine-tuning nanocarrier synthetic methods for gingerol delivery applications.
... The number of stretching of hind limbs (writhing) representing the abdominal muscles constrictions that occur between 5 and 15 min after acetic acid injection was counted cumulatively. Activity was expressed as percent inhibition of nociception (reduction in episodes of writhing) between control and treated groups [20]. ...
Objective: Etodolac (ETD) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for the acute and chronic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It exhibits poor water solubility so its bioavailability is limited. Long term use of ETD causes serious gastrointestinal disturbance. Lecithin organogels (Los) have generated considerable interest over the years as potential topical drug delivery vehicle. Therefore, the objective of this study was to formulate ETD in lecithin organogels as a transdermal delivery system. Methods: Based on the preliminary studies, pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed using isopropyl myristate (IPM), water and lecithin as a surfactant with different cosurfactants (CoS) and organogel areas were identified and three systems each of 36 formulae were prepared. A number of organogels were selected and loaded with 1% ETD then evaluated for visual inspection, spreadability, pH, rheological and in vitro release studies to select the optimum formulae. The selected formulae were subjected to ex-vivo permeation through excised abdominal rabbit skin and their stability was studied for one year of storage under ambient conditions. The therapeutic efficacy of ETD including analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory effect was monitored. Results: The prepared ETD organogels showed suitable properties for topical application and the selected formulae (F3, F14 & F39) showed enhanced permeation. The In vivo study showed a significant difference in the therapeutic efficacy of formula F14, containing 10% IPM, 40% lecithin/PG in the ratio of (5:1) and 50% water, compared to a market product. Skin irritation test and histopathological studies proved the safety of this formula. Conclusion: So this organogel formula (F14) is considered to be a potential vehicle for a sustained release transdermal delivery system for ETD.
... Systemic administration of 6-GN caused hypothermia by slowing the metabolic rate in rats and led to inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalininduced licking time in mice. These data suggest that 6-GN may potentially have antipyretic and analgesic properties as well as anti-inflammatory activity [45,46]. ...
The world’s population is ageing at an accelerated pace. Ageing is a natural, physiological but highly complex and multifactorial process that all species in the Tree of Life experience over time. Physical and mental disabilities, and age-related diseases, would increase along with the increasing life expectancy. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, native to Southeast Asia. For hundreds of years, ginger has been consumed in various ways by the natives of Asian countries, both as culinary and medicinal herb for the treatment of many diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that ginger can promote healthy ageing, reduce morbidity, and prolong healthy lifespan. Ginger, a well-known natural product, has been demonstrated to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties, as well as an outstanding antiviral activity due to a high concentration of antiviral compounds. In this review, the current evidence on the potential role of ginger and its active compounds in the prevention of ageing is discussed.
... An intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg-50 mg/kg of 6-gingerol (325) into a rat can generate the inhibitory effect of the acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalininduced licking time [74]. Z. zerumbet enhanced the protection of the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer by the effects of maintaining mucus integrity, antioxidant activity and HSP-70 induction [42]. ...
Plant of the genus Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) have primarily distributed in subtropical and tropical Asia, South America and Africa. The species of this genus have been widely used as food and in folk with a long history for treating various diseases. Reports related to the phytochemistry and phytochemistry of Zingiber species are numerous, but articles on the summary of the genus Zingiber remain scarce. This review aims at presenting comprehensive information about the genus Zingiber and providing a reference for the future application by systematically reviewing the literature from 1981 to 2020. Currently, a total of 447 phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this genus, in which volatile oils, diarylheptanoids, gingerols, flavonoids and terpenoids are the major components. Gingerols, which are the main functional components, are the spicy and aromatic ingredients in the Zingiber species. Extracts and single compounds from Zingiber plants have been discovered to possess numerous biological functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, larvicidal, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. This review provides new insights into the ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Zingiber and brings to the forefront key findings on the functional components of this genus in food and pharmaceutical industries.
... Thus, the presence of flavonoid and phenolic compounds might be contributing to anti-inflammatory property. Previous studies reported that various other phytochemicals were also isolated from constituent plants of the TG formulation like ψPS-taraxasterol acetate (Pluchea lanceolata) (Shrivastava et al., 1990), sesquiterpens, diterpens and diterpenic acid from Commiphora myrrha (Su et al., 2011;Jain and Gupta, 2006), withaferin from Withania somniphera (Khare, 2007), and 6 shagol (Levy et al., 2006) and gingerol (Young et al., 2005) from Zingiber officinale exhibited anti-inflammatory activities. Hence, the anti-inflammatory action of TG may be attributed to the presence of these anti-inflammatory plant ingredients. ...
Background: Trayodashang guggulu (TG) is a compound Ayurvedic formulation used in Indian traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions like arthritis and associated pain.
Purpose:Tostudythe analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of trayodashang guggulu.
Methods: Trayodashang guggulu (TG) was standardized as per standard procedures and TLC profile was carried as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and LC-MS analysis was done to identify its bioactive constituents. Trayodashang guggulu was suspended in water and administered orally at 270 and 540 mg/kg dose for evaluating pain and inflammation in rats. Analgesic activity was assessed by Eddy's hot plate, tail immersion and formalin-induced pain models while anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan and formalin-induced inflammation models. Further, the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action is predicted through various in silico methods like molecular docking and dynamics studies using AutodockVina and AMBER, respectively.
Results: TG was found compliant as per pharmacopoeial standards. TG (270 and 540 mg/kg, orally) did not cause significant reduction in pain in centrally acting pain models i.e. Eddy's hot plate and tail immersion tests as like Pentazocin (10 mg/kg). In formalin-induced pain model, TG (270 and 540 mg/kg, orally) significantly decreased both flinching and licking pain responses in early and late phase while indomethacin (10 mg/kg) only affected late phase flinching and licking. Further, TG showed significant time-dependent reduction in formalin and carrageenan-induced inflammation as compared to vehicle control. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg), standard drug also showed significant reduction in pain and inflammation. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 17 phytoconstituents in TG. Further, in silico studies revealed that some of the identified phytochemicals may have inhibitory activity against COX-2 enzyme and the synergistic effects due to multi components may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of TG.
Conclusion: In conclusion, trayodoshang guggulu inhibited the inflammatory pain as well as showed anti-inflammatory activity in rats. The effect may be attributed to the presence of anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents through the inhibition of anti-inflammatory enzymes like COX-2. The study further validates its traditional use in various painful inflammatory conditions.
... Studies in human liver cell lines indicate that (6)-gingerol decreases inflammation and oxidative stress by decreasing mRNA levels of inflammatory factor interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8, and serum amyloid A1 [114]. In vivo models with treatment and topical application of (6)-gingerol to mice exhibited anti-inflammatory activity as well [115,116]. The reduction in inflammatory factors was shown to be an antidepressant effect in an animal model of depression [117,118]. ...
Background:
Chinese herbal medicine is considered relatively safe, inexpensive, and easily accessible. Wen Dan Tang (WDT), a Jing Fang ancient classical Chinese herbal formula with a broad indication profile has been used for several centuries in China to treat various illnesses.
Question:
Are there evidence-based clinical trials that show that WDT has a significant impact on the treatment of various diseases, especially in patients with migraine and tension-type headaches (TTH)?
Methods:
This study is based on an online database search using PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, AcuTrials, Embase, Semantic Scholar, Jstor, internet research, and review of ancient and modern Chinese medical textbooks regarding WDT and its compounds.
Results:
There were no studies on WDT in migraine and TTH; therefore, this work gathers and describes data for every single compound in the formula.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that the bioactive compounds found in WDT composition show potential in treating patients with neurological, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and digestive disorders. Some coherence between WDT in headache reduction and improvements in the quality of life in patients with migraines and TTH could be evaluated, showing positive results of WDT in these patients.
... In the past, in traditional medicine, ginger was used as an ingredient with carminative, expectorant, and astringency properties [138]. The studies conducted so far indicate that the beneficial qualities of ginger rhizomes are due to, among other things, its hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolemic, antiarthritic, antirheumatic, and antioxidant activity [139][140][141][142]. The use of ginger extracts reduced a high level of TC in rabbits who were on a 10-week high-fat diet, proving the antihyperlipidemic properties of ginger [143]. ...
Diabetes is a metabolic disease that affected 9.3% of adults worldwide in 2019. Its co-occurrence is suspected to increase mortality from COVID-19. The treatment of diabetes is mainly based on the long-term use of pharmacological agents, often expensive and causing unpleasant side effects. There is an alarming increase in the number of pharmaceuticals taken in Europe. The aim of this paper is to concisely collect information concerning the few antidiabetic or hypoglycaemic raw plant materials that are present in the consciousness of Europeans and relatively easily accessible to them on the market and sometimes even grown on European plantations. The following raw materials are discussed in this mini-review: Morus alba L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum J.Presl, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., and Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer in terms of scientifically tested antidiabetic activity and the presence of characteristic biologically active compounds and their specific properties, including antioxidant properties. The characteristics of these raw materials are based on in vitro as well as in vivo studies: on animals and in clinical studies. In addition, for each plant, the possibility to use certain morphological elements in the light of EFSA legislation is given.
... However, this essential oil varies according to geographical origins. Akoachere et al. (2002); Young et al. (2005) and Al-Awwadi (2017) revealed that ginger is a potential herb used worldwide for its immense phytotherapeutic properties (antimicrobial, antibiotic and antioxidant effects, an ability to inhibit the formation of inflammatory compounds and direct anti-inflammatory effects). It is also effective against some kind of cancers (Park et al., 2006), controls blood pressure and hypertension (Ajay et al., 2003;Ranilla et al., 2010), stimulates blood circulation, helps in lowering cholesterol and is associated with combating heart problems. ...
Freshly caught Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) samples were obtained from Sabiyel Lake in Aliero Local Government Area of Kebbi State. Oreochromis niloticus samples were descaled, degutted, cut into chunks and rinsed with clean water at Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Forestry and Fisheries, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero. The samples were subjected to different treatments designated as; T1 (oven drying), T2 (Frying), T3 (smoking), T4 (oven-dried + 5% ginger-garlic), T5 (Fried + 5% ginger-garlic), T6 (smoked + 5% ginger-garlic), T7 (oven-dried + 10% ginger-garlic), T8 (Fried + 10% ginger-garlic), T9 (smoked + 10% ginger-garlic), T10 (oven-dried + 15% ginger-garlic), T11 (Fried + 15% ginger-garlic), T12 (smoked + 15% ginger-garlic). The processed samples were taken to Agric. Chemical Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodio University Sokoto, Nigeria, for the determination of proximate and mineral compositions. The treatments were analysed in 2 phases: at week 0 for the first phase of analysis and after 8 weeks of storage in an airtight plastic container at room temperature. The samples were then taken to the laboratory for the second phase of analysis. This study revealed that processing (oven drying, frying and smoking) of Oreochromis niloticus with ginger-garlic gave high nutritive content after 8 weeks of storage and thus might prevent the use of obnoxious substances as a means of preservation and substantially improve consumer’s satisfaction and quality fish protein intake.
... However, this essential oil varies according to geographical origins. Akoachere et al. (2002); Young et al. (2005) and Al-Awwadi (2017) revealed that ginger is a potential herb used worldwide for its immense phytotherapeutic properties (antimicrobial, antibiotic and antioxidant effects, an ability to inhibit the formation of inflammatory compounds and direct anti-inflammatory effects). It is also effective against some kind of cancers (Park et al., 2006), controls blood pressure and hypertension (Ajay et al., 2003;Ranilla et al., 2010), stimulates blood circulation, helps in lowering cholesterol and is associated with combating heart problems. ...
Weed is one of the most important constraints that limit food production. Checking weeds with herbicides could be harmful if safety precautions are not followed by users. This study assessed the use of safety practices and costs associated with herbicide use among farmers in Mokwa Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique were used to select 160 respondents that were interviewed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and costs addition. Results revealed that contact (Paraquat), selective (2,4-Dimethylamine), non-selective systemic (Glyphosates) and mixture of (2-4-Dimethylamine) and (Glyphosate or Paraquat) were used by respondents to control weeds. The rates of herbicide application ranged from 2.0 and 3.8 litres per hectare with a mean rate of 3.1 litres per hectare. The mean index of Safety practices was 0.68, an indication of high use of safety practices. Use of hand gloves, face masks, eye glasses and rain boots was low. Herbicide containers and left over herbicide solutions were not properly disposed by a larger proportion of respondents. Costs of herbicide usage for major crops cultivated by respondents varies from N4,859 to N7,025 per hectare. Implementation of extension programmes on safety measures in usage of herbicides and sensitization on farmers on protective tools usage were recommended.
... Ginger is a very popular spice commonly used in Asian countries, and 6gingerol is a bioactive phenolic compound and primary pharmacological component of ginger (29). It exhibits antioxidant, anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-cancer activities (30)(31)(32)(33). 6-Gingerol has been reported to induce anti-tumor activity against breast (28), colorectal (34), gastric (35), and pancreatic cancers (36). ...
Embryonic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can differentiate into any cancer type. Targeting CSCs with natural compounds is a promising approach as it suppresses cancer recurrence with fewer adverse effects. 6-Gingerol is an active component of ginger, which exhibits well-known anti-cancer activities. This study determined the mechanistic aspects of cell death induction by 6-gingerol. To analyze cellular processes, we used Western blot and real-time qPCR for molecular signaling studies and conducted flow cytometry. Our results suggested an inhibition of CSC marker expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling by 6-gingerol in NCCIT and NTERA-2 cells. 6-Gingerol induced reactive oxygen species generation, the DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in embryonic CSCs. Furthermore, 6-gingerol inhibited iron metabolism and induced PTEN, which both played vital roles in the induction of cell death. The activation of PTEN resulted in the inhibition of PD-L1 expression through PI3K/AKT/p53 signaling. The induction of PTEN also mediated the downregulation of microRNAs miR-20b, miR-21, and miR-130b to result in PD-L1 suppression by 6-gingerol. Hence, 6-gingerol may be a promising candidate to target CSCs by regulating PTEN-mediated PD-L1 expression.
... The late phase is considered to be anti-inflammatory response with inflammatory pain that can be suppressed by anti-inflammatory drugs. 35,36 The highest activity of Pankajakasthuri orthoherb cream/thermagel was recorded on the late phase of formalin test suggests that its activity may be due to peripheral action, when compared with diclofenac gel activity in this respect. Based on the results from the present study, it can be suggested that Pankajakasthuri orthoherb cream/thermagel possess potent analgesic action and this analgesic effect may be attributed to inhibition of prostaglandin release and other mediators involved in this test. ...
... In the traditional medicine, ginger has been used for upper respiratory infection and for improving secretion of gastric acid and digestion, suggesting it may promote immune function and enhance blood circulation in the stomach and intestine. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia J. Presl) is a plant whose bark is used for food and drink due to its characteristic pungent flavor that come mainly from cinnamic aldehyde. Cinnamon has been also used as a folk remedy for infections of particularly the people who are weak in the cold because it is known to have the action to raise body temperature and cause sweating. ...
... Ginger is from the root of Zingiber officinale and is one of the most used spices. In the traditional Chinese medicine, ginger is used to treat inflammation (Rahimlou et al., 2016), and its active ingredients have shown antidiabetic, anti-cancer, anti-pain, and anti-inflammatory properties (Rahimlou, et al., 2016;Young, et al., 2005). Moreover, ginger extract has demonstrated antioxidant activity and can decrease blood sugar, insulin, and blood triglyceride (Rahimlou, et al., 2016). ...
Fatty liver contains a range of clinical symptoms, including the accumulation of fat in the liver parenchyma and it varies from a simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Using natural therapies has always been a great concern for such health-related diseases. Herein, 6-gingerol, as a natural compound, was applied to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver induced in NMRI mice. The assessment included histological studies of the liver along with measurement of biochemical parameters, including insulin, glucose, adiponectin, leptin, HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), VLDL-C (very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), SOD (superoxide dismutase), and catalase. The results demonstrated that treatment with 6-gingerol (800 mg/kg) modified the fatty liver indices by significantly reducing (p
... Ginger is also found in all parts of the world. There are reports that ginger has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immunostimulatory, and analgesic activities [42][43][44]. Ginger is used as food additive and for the treatment and prevention of diseases which include cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, cough, and inflammations due to the presence of a bioactive compound known as gingerol [13,[45][46][47][48]. Ginger is generally considered to be safe [49]. However, the lack of complete understanding of its mechanism of action suggests caution when using it for therapeutic purpose [50]. ...
Medicinal plants are being used all over the world for the prevention, treatment, and management of diseases. Most consumers assume that medicinal plants have no toxic effect because they are plant natural products. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 which originated from Wuhan in China, is a current pandemic that is spreading globally. This disease has led to mortality of humans all over the world. There are reports from research that plants with antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or immunostimulatory activity might help in the treatment and prevention of this disease; and these have led to the increase in intake of medicinal plants with these activities all over the world. However, preclinical and clinical studies have not been carried out on some of these plants to confirm their use in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Furthermore, the actual dose of some of these plant products for the prevention of the disease is unknown. This review discusses the use of medicinal plants including turmeric, garlic, and ginger for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 and their possible toxic effects. In conclusion, medicinal plants should be taken in moderation in other to prevent adverse effects which include inflammation, nausea, vomiting, fever, and mortality.
... Formalin-Induced hind-paw licking Test was performed using the method described by Hunskar and Hole, (1987) and as reported by Young et al. (2005) with some modifications. 25 mice were divided into five groups of five animals each for testing. ...
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum. (Apocynaceae) seeds are known to possess cardioactive glycosides such as thevetin A, thevetin B, nerifolin etc. They are also used locally for general pain relief for which there is no scientific evidence to our knowledge. Arthralgia is regarded generally as pain without inflammation. It is endemic in the society and sufferers continue to imbibe pain relieving drugs in their tons all over the world. Analgesic activity test was carried out using the formalin-induced pain models, at 0.1g, 0.2g and 0.3g/kg doses of n-hexane extracts of Thevetia peruviana seeds (HTp) in Wistar mice. Diclofenac was used as positive control. Acute toxicity test was carried out at doses of 1000, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg weight of test subject. It was observed that HTp at concentrations of 0.1g, 0.2g and 0.3g/kg showed significant analgesic effect at compared to the control. The percentage inhibition observed was 29.60%, 44.80% and 50.72% for the early pain phase and 100% for the late pain phase respectively, indicating HTps NSAID-like property. HTp showed the highest percentage inhibition at 300 mg/kg (50.72 %) and significant; P < 0.005 pain reduction. HTp did not produce any toxicity up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg weight which is very interesting as the seeds are known for their toxicity due to the cardiac glycoside presence. The results of the study suggest that HTp does indeed relieve pain significantly in a dose dependent manner, thus justifying its use in management of arthralgia.
Keywords: Arthralgia, Herbal medicine, Pain,Thevetia peruviana, yellow oleander
... For the assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity, paw thickness was measured before and after the CAR injection with a digital caliper at different times (at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after CAR injection). The paw edema size was calculated by subtracting the initial paw thickness (before CAR injection) from the paw thickness measured at each hour (after CAR injection) using a Banggood Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier caliper, as previously reported [21,22]. ...
In this study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Zingiber officinale roscoe and Allium subhirsutum aqueous extracts were examined in a carrageenan-induced acute inflammation model. Some markers of inflammation such as hematological parameters, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein were measured. Variables reflecting oxidative stress included thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation of protein products (AOPP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione were determined in both inflamed foci and erythrocytes. The in silico molecular docking simulation showed that the main components of Zingiber officinale roscoe and Allium subhirsutum bound to toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) with high affinities. Moreover, histological examinations of paw edema were carried out. Both Zingiber officinale roscoe and Allium subhirsutum ameliorated the induced inflammation and oxidative stress status as outlined by anti-edematous, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our investigation lends pharmacological support to the medical uses of these spices in the management of inflammatory disorders and oxidative damage. The results of the in silico assay satisfactory explain the in vivo effects as compared with indomethacin.
Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea, which induces suffering in young women, is often accompanied by several other symptoms that can disrupt their life. It is one of the most well-known gynecological issues, impairing women's productivity and leading in 34 percent to 50 percent of school and job absences. Ginger is a very well herb which has traditionally been used to relieve inflammatory illnesses' symptoms. Ginger powder has proven to be effective in lowering menstruation discomfort when taken during the first three to four days of the menstruation. Materials and methods: Following the PRISMA methodology, extensive search methods for ginger and pain with or without length of menstruation symptoms together with a trial filter for quasi-experimental studies, randomized or controlled clinical trials were used to explore numerous databases between 2005 and 2022. The search terms were "ginger" primary dysmenorrhea, "dysmenorrhea," "non-pharmacology therapies," and "menstrual pain for selecting articles." Trials testing the efficacy of ginger comparing to placebo, pharmaceutical treatment, or non-pharmacological, complementary therapy in women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea used as an oral treatment were included. Results: There have been 13 clinical trials extracted, which included five studies showing ginger to placebo, three research papers trying to compare ginger to a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), two studies trying to compare ginger to vitamins, two studies comparing ginger to exercise, and one study comparing ginger to pineapple juice. Conclusion: Ginger was found to be more beneficial than placebo, exercise, vitamins, and pineapple juice in reducing pain intensity, as well as being similarly efficacious in decreasing menstrual cramps and length when combined with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAID). Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to perform meta-analysis. The findings of this evaluation approach show that ginger in any form, can help with primary dysmenorrhea.
The use of medicinal plants has gained renewed wide popularity in Africa, Asia, and most parts of the world because of the decreasing efficacy of synthetic drugs. Thus, natural products serve as a potent source of alternative remedy. Tetrapleura tetraptera is a medicinal plant with ancient cultural and traditional significance in West Africa. In addition to the plant being commonly used as a spice in the preparation of traditional spicy food for postpartum care it is also widely used to constitute herbal concoctions and decoctions for treatment of diseases. This review aimed to provide an up-to-date information on the ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activities and phytoconstituents of T. tetraptera. Preclinical studies regarding the plant’s toxicity profile were also reviewed. For this updated review, literature search was done on PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, and Google Scholar databases using the relevant keywords. The review used a total of 106 papers that met the inclusion criteria from January 1989 - February 2022 and summarised the bioactivities that have been reported for the rich phytoconstituents of T. tetraptera studied using various chemical methods. Considering the huge report, the review focused on the antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities of the plant extracts and isolated compounds. Aridan, aridanin and several bioactive compounds of T. tetraptera have shown pharmacological activities though their mechanisms of action are yet to be fully understood. This study also highlighted the influence of plant parts and extraction solvents on its biological activities. It also presented data on the toxicological profile of the plant extracts using different models. From cultural uses to modern pharmacological research the bioactive compounds of T. tetraptera have proved effective in infectious disease management. We hope that this paper provided a robust summary of the biological activities and toxicological profile of T. tetraptera, thus calling for more research into the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic activities of natural products to help combat the growing threat of drug resistance and provide guidelines for their ethnomedicinal uses.
The utilization of the proper and safe analgesics was considered a major concern in pain alleviation especially that associated with surgical procedures. Novel analgesics as Tapentadol hydrochloride (TAP) was involved efficiently instead of the common opioids to overcome the subsequent severe and common adverse effects associated with opioids utilization. Unfortunately, the extensive first pass metabolism limits the oral bioavailability of TAP and predisposes to a diminished duration of action, hence larger frequent doses of TAP will be required. Therefore, the target of this study was to lodge TAP into PEGylated transferosomes to boost its transdermal delivery. The PEGylation contemplated to boost both TAP permeability and bioavailability besides offering extra resilience to the vesicles.
The impact of diverse variables on the characteristics of the vesicles and distinguishing the optimal formula were implemented adopting 2³ factorial experiment via Design Expert® software. The resulted eight formulae were fabricated by thin film hydration technique, additionally they were evaluated based on the findings of entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP) and the optimal one was involved in further assessments.
The optimal formula (F8) exhibited spherical vesicles with EE% of 77.9 ± 3.4 %, PS of 150.5 ± 5.33 nm, PDI of 0.47 ± 0.05, ZP of −40.7 ± 4.6 mV and it also revealed greater deformability index (30.9 ± 6.1 g) relative to traditional transferosomes (12.15 ± 2.49 g).
In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy examination affirmed the superior penetration of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye thorough the rat's skin from F8 relative to the dye solution. The safety of F8 was confirmed by histopathological study. Moreover, dermato-kinetic study disclosed that TAP exhibited higher retention within the rat's skin form F8 relative to TAP dispersion. Furthermore, the in vivo pharmacodynamics activities conducted on male rats confirmed the superiority of F8 over the drug dispersion in alleviation the induced pain by IP injection of acetic acid and by formation of paw incisions.
Collectively, the credibility of F8 as panel for transdermal delivery of TAP with boosted bioavailability and analgesic activity could be ensured on the basis of the obtained findings.
The World Health Organization defines traditional medicine as a variety of health practises, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs that include manual techniques, exercises, spiritual therapies, and medications derived from plants, animals, or minerals that are used singly or in combination to promote health and treat or prevent disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a comprehensive system of healthcare that originated in China about 3000 years ago and entails massage, moxibustion, acupuncture, and herbal medication. TCM has gained popularity in China and across the globe in recent decades. One of the crucial medicinal plants that grow naturally in several nations, including India, China, South East Asia, the West Indies, Mexico, and other regions, is ginger. Since ancient times, this natural gold has been used as a spice and seasoning across the globe. For more than 200 years, Traditional Chinese Medicine has used ginger (Zingiber officinale) as a spice and medicine. Typically, 1-3 feet tall, ginger plants contain various chemical compounds such amaldehyde, gingerol, shogaol, and paradol, among others. It is beneficial to the human body and can treat many different disorders. Ginger has a wide range of pharmacological effects. Still, its neuroprotective and colon cancer-fighting properties have accelerated the development of new, less toxic, and more effective medications for treating these diseases. This review will make it easier to learn about ginger's significant pharmacological activities, which will encourage researchers to continue studying them in the hopes of protecting people from various ailments and possibly serving as a natural gold for the advancement of humanity.
Traditional foods (TFs) inherit a long history and colorful cultures and are closely bound with the dietary patterns of indigenous people. They are either homemade or commercially made and purchased from local food outlets, which provide distinctive textural and sensory properties, nutritional values, and bioactivities. However, the science and wisdom of TFs are not necessarily clearly understood by local people in their historical context. Today's scientific knowledge and technical capabilities provide opportunities for scientists, industries, and consumers to understand the scientific ingenuity behind TFs, which may significantly promote the transition of TFs from homemade to scaled and standardized manufacturing with global availability and acceptance. In addition, the science of TFs may open new vistas for developing modern foods and new lifestyles. This review summarizes and provides insights into the science of TFs, covering food chemistry, food quality, food safety, health function, food processes, and its implications for future food systems.
Pain is an effect that is produced in a conscious state when the stimulus reaches the brain, where stimulation comes from nerve impulses produced by dangerous stimuli. Analgesic medication plays an important role in reducing pain, so the severe effect from long-term pain can be reduced, such as lower mind concentration and nausea. Indonesian anti-neurodegenerative mixed-herb formula consists of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is originated from Central Java, Indonesia and has been used as a traditional medication for reducing neural pain. In this study, the formula was extracted with water and was tested for its analgesic activity in white-strain mice (Mus musculus). The extraction process was conducted with 10 g of dried sample in 250 ml of water, using the reflux method at a temperature of 85°C for 90 minutes. The analgesic test was conducted with five groups: control, positive, paracetamol, and three dosage groups. The test used the acetic-induced Writhing test method, and each mouse was measured its total number of stretching. The result has shown that paracetamol effectively reduced pain after 10 minutes from oral medication for 80.88% effectiveness, while the formula’s extracts needed 25 minutes to reduce the pain with the dosage 3 group gave the biggest effectiveness 21.95%. The ANOVA single factor was conducted with a 0.01 significance level, resulting in a significant difference. Thus, it can be concluded that the Indonesian anti-neurodegenerative mixed-herb water extract has analgesic activity.
Hormonal active compounds affecting health by altering the hormonal system are present in food. The planar yeast antagonist androgen screen (pYAAS) bioassay is a powerful tool to link the bioactivity to individual compounds from complex samples separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Previous methods lacked either detection sensitivity or zone sharpness. To overcome diffusion caused by long bioassay incubation on the normal–phase (NP) plate, zone fixation (fix) was achieved with a new polyisobutyl methacrylate coating, leading to enhanced zone sharpness. The exclusion of false-positive antagonists was integrated in the workflow, which allowed the verification (V) of true antagonists, apart from synergists. With the new multiplex bioassay providing information on 4 activities, 68 different botanicals were screened and hormonal active zones were identified by elution from the bioautogram to orthogonal reversed–phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and high-resolution mass spectrometry including fragmentation, resulting in the 12D hyphenation NP–HPTLCfix–UV/Vis/FLD–pYAVAS–FLD–heart cut–RP–HPLC–DAD–HRMS/MS.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of methanol (70% v/v), ethanol (80% v/v), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 100% v/v) extracts of ginger rhizome (GR), and 6-shogaol on the pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate in C57BL/6 mice.
Methods:
Three extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome prepared by maceration using the respective solvents and 6-shogoal were reconstituted in normal saline with 0.2% DMSO. Thirty C57BL/6 15-week-old mice were divided into 5 groups: Group 1, saline; Group 2, 70% methanol extract; Group 3, 80% ethanol extract; Group 4, 100% DMSO extract; and Group 5, 6-shogaol. The baseline pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate was measured at the age of 15 weeks (15th week), and treatment solutions were administered by intraperitoneal injection from the 16th to 18th week. The stimulated salivary flow rate during treatment weeks was recorded for each group, and its difference with baseline was analysed using paired-sample t test. The change in salivary flow rate between the treatment groups and the control group was analysed using one-way analysis of variance.
Results:
Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 showed a significant increase in salivary flow rate when compared to baseline (P < .05). The increase in salivary flow rate in all 4 treatment groups was significant when compared to the control group (P < .05). Group 4 produced the highest increase in salivary flow rate; however, the differences amongst the treatment groups did not reach statistical significance (P > .05).
Conclusions:
All GR extracts (70% methanol, 80% ethanol, 100% DMSO) and 6-shogaol were equally effective in increasing the pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate in C57BL/6 mice when administered systemically as a sustained dose for 3 weeks.
Ginger is an individual from a plant family that incorporates cardamom and turmeric. The medical
advantages of ginger are for the most part credited to its phenolic compounds, like gingerols and shogaols.
Collected examinations have shown that ginger has various natural exercises, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular defensive, respiratory defensive,
against corpulence, antidiabetic, antinausea, and antiemetic exercises.
Background
The free carboxylic acid group present in the mefenamic acid (MFA) structure plays a potential role in developing various neuromuscular side effects after MFA administration. In this study, the hydroxypropyl promoiety was added to the carboxylic acid group of MFA in an attempt to reduce the neuromuscular side effects of MFA and improve its therapeutic effects.
Methods
Hydroxypropylester of MFA (HPEMA) was synthesized and subjected to various in vivo investigations compared to MFA. The neuromuscular toxicity was conducted following high doses administration in mice and was evaluated at various measuring parameters, such as the percentage of catalepsy, clonic-tonic seizure, and death. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of HPEMA were evaluated in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test and acetic acid-induced writhing test, respectively.
Results
The finding of this study reveal that the percentage of catalepsy, clonic-tonic seizure, and death is significantly lower in mice treated with HPEMA than those treated with equimolar doses of MFA. In addition, treatment with HPEMA caused a comparable anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test and a significantly higher antinociceptive effect in the acetic acid-induced writhing test than the MFA treatment.
Conclusion
This study’s findings suggest that HPEMA is a promising prodrug for MFA.
The conventional dosage forms (tablets, capsules), of ibuprofen has less potential in suppression of pain and inflammation due to their slow dissolution rates and lower bioavailability. Aim of this study was to fabricate fibrous solid dispersion of ibuprofen for improved dissolution rate and quick therapeutic action. Drug loaded microfibers were fabricated using centrifugal melt spinning (CMS) technique from the physical mixture of sucrose, ibuprofen and a hydrophilic polymer, PVP. These fibers were characterized by SEM, PXRD, DSC, and FTIR spectroscopy. The selected formulation was also pressed into tablets by direct compression method followed by its in-vitro and in-vivo characterization. The production yield of fibers was 75 ± 2% with an average diameter 15 ± 5 µm. The drug loading efficiency (DLE) was 85 ± 5%. The tablets dissolved rapidly (<40s). In-vitro dissolution studies have shown >85% of ibuprofen dissolved from tablet within first 2 min which was ∼5 times quicker than drug alone. Dissolution efficiency has improved from 0.63 of ibuprofen to 0.95 of that in fibers with ∼7 times reduction in mean dissolution time. PXRD, andDSC have shown amorphous state of ibuprofen in the formulation and FTIR spectra demonstrated no interaction of drug with excipients . In-vivo anti-inflammatory studies using rabbits revealed a significant (p <0.05) reduction in paw volume (mm) in the groups treated with fibrous formulation. This study concludes that microfibers produced by centrifugal melt spinning has improved dissolution rates and bioavailability of ibuprofen. Incorporation of polymer in the formulations improves the production yield and drug loading efficiency of microfibers.
Qurs Afsanteen Saghir is a polyherbal Unani formulation in the form of tablet. This formulation consists of multiple medicinal plants like Afsanteen (Artemisia absinthium L.), Badam Talkh (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb), Asaroon (Asarum europaeum L.), Anisoon (Pimpinella anisum L.) and Tukhm-e-Karafs (Apium graveolens L.). The clinical adult dose of study drug is 3.5 –7 g per day as mentioned in Unani literature. The present study evaluated the antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Qurs Afsanteen Saghir using different animal models. Antipyretic activity was measured using yeast-induced pyrexia model in rats at 360 and 720 mg/kg bw dose of test drug and paracetamol (70 mg/kg bw p.o.) as standard control. Analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice using test drug at dose 720 and 1440 mg/kg bw and diclofenac sodium (15 mg/kg bw p.o.) as standard control. Eddy’s hot plate test was conducted in rats using test drug at the dose of 360 and 720 mg/kg bw and buprenorphine (0.10 mg/kg s.q.) as standard control. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats with the dose of 360 and 720 mg/kg of test drug and Indomethacin (10 mg/kg p.o.) as standard control. The study drug significantly reduced the temperature and pain at both dose levels in a time-dependent manner as compared to normal control. However, the reduction of inflammation was observed at low dose (360 mg/kg bw) only after 3 hours of carrageenan administration. These findings indicated that tested drug showed potential activity as antipyretic and analgesic; whereas the drug may not be considered quite effective as an anti-inflammatory agents.
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent antitumor agent with a broad spectrum of activity; however, irreversible cardiotoxicity resulting from DOX treatment is a major issue that limits its therapeutic use. Sirtuins (SIRTs) play an essential role in several physiological and pathological processes including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. It has been reported that SIRT1 and SIRT3 can act as a protective molecular against DOX‐induced myocardial injury through targeting numerous signaling pathways. Several natural compounds (NCs), such as resveratrol, sesamin, and berberine, with antioxidative, anti‐inflammation, and antiapoptotic effects were evaluated for their potential to suppress the cardiotoxicity induced by DOX via targeting SIRT1 and SIRT3. Numerous NCs exerted their therapeutic effects on DOX‐mediated cardiac damage via targeting different signaling pathways, including SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK, SIRT1/PGC‐1α, SIRT1/NLRP3, and SIRT3/FoxO. SIRT3 also ameliorates cardiotoxicity by enhancing mitochondrial fusion.
Introduction:The detection of viral ribonucleic acid using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) within nasopharyngeal swabs is essential for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) represents a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms which are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, cytopenia, and risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Hereby, we present a 62-year-old female patient with both MDS and Covid-19, who continued to have a positive nasopharyngeal RT-PCR test for 46 days until she passed away.
Case Report: The patient, who was diagnosed with MDS in August 2020, was complaining of high fever. She had had two doses of Sinovac vaccine. Past medical history was remarkable for chemotherapy which was ended 1 month before. Bone marrow transplantation was planned within a week. Despite the i.v. ertapenem treatment, high fever persisted, and neutropenia occurred. White blood cell count (Wbc) was 0.43 x109/L. Blood and urinary cultures revealed extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test on nasopharyngeal swab was performed, which was revealed to be positive. Antibiotic treatment was initiated. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit. Afterwards, serial nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the patient for 46 days until she passed away, and all were positive for Covid-19.
Discussion: In the medical literature, long-term (longer than 3 weeks) SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positivity has been reported in mild or asymptomatic patients. There are a few number of publications dealing with MDS and Covid-19 in the English medical literature. Qing et al. reported MDS in a 30-year-old man with Covid-19, however, RT-PCR positive period was not mentioned. SARS-CoV-2 clearance period depends on immunity of the patients and Covid-19 infection may have a prolonged course in patients with hematological disorders such as MDS.
References
1. Platzbecker U, Kubasch AS, Hom:er-Bouthiette C, Prebet T. Current challenges and unmet medical needs in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia. 2021;35(8):2182-98.
2. Kim SM, Hwang YJ, Kwak Y. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 detection and reversed RT-PCR results in mild or asymptomatic patients. Infect Dis (Lond). 2021;53(1):31-7.
3. Bhattacharya B, Kumar R, Meena VP, Soneja M, Singh A, Das R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR profile in 298 Indian COVID-19 patients: a retrospective observational study. Pathog Dis. 2021;79(1).
4. Xu W, Piper-Vallillo AJ, Bindal P, Wischhusen J, Patel JM, Costa DB, et al. Time to SARS-CoV-2 clearance among patients with cancer and COVID-19. Cancer Med. 2021;10(5):1545-9.
5. Qing X, Cai J, Rock A. Myelodysplastic syndrome in a 30-year-old man with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a diagnostic challenge. Autops Case Rep. 2021;11:e2021274.
Introduction: Faecal immunochemical test (FIT), faecal occult blood test (FOBT), flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS), Guaiac faecal occult blood test (gFOBT) and total colonoscopy (TC) can be used for colorectal cancer screening. However, Turkey and other European countries have different practices for colorectal screening tests, beginning-stopping ages and screening intervals.
Method: World Cancer Report, which was published by World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency For Research on Cancer in 2020, has been throughly examined (1).
Results: Colorectal cancer screening starting age is 40 in Bulgaria and Austria, whereas it is 50 in Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Scotland, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey, and it is 55 in Netherlands, Poland and Norway, whereas it is 60 in Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and United Kingdom. The stopping age for colorectal cancer screening is 60 in Bulgaria, 69 in Turkey, 80 in Austria and Switzerland. Interval period is 1 year in Bulgaria and Latvia, whereas it is 2 years in most of the European countries. Attendance to the colorectal screening programme is 1% in Hungary and Portugal, 2% in Poland, 8% in Greece and Spain,13% in Sweden, 30% in Turkey, 56% in United Kingdom and 61% in Austria.
Conclusion: WHO reported no definitive colorectal cancer screening interval period for Turkey, however, Turkish Ministry of Health recommends FOBT every 2 years and TC in every 10 years (2). For gFOBT, dietary restrictions are required before testing (1). However, FIT is based on human haemoglobin antibodies, and thus it does not require a special diet before testing. This might explain why FIT is the preferred colorectal cancer screening test in most of the European countries.
Keywords: cancer, colorectal, Europe, screening, Turkey
References:
1- Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW, editors (2020). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: http://publications.iarc.fr/586. Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.
2- Turkish Ministry of Health. Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme National Standards. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/kanser-tarama-standartlari/listesi/kolorektal-kanser-tarama-program%C4%B1-ulusal-standartlar%C4%B1.html
Should Physicians Recommend Vitamins, Minerals and Micronutrients To Patients With Cancer?: An Analysis From The Perspective of ESPEN Guideline
Abstract
Background: The number of cancer patients using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is rapidly increasing in Turkey. However, it is a matter of debate if physicians should prescribe vitamins, minerals and micronutrients to patients with cancer.
Method: A Pubmed search, between the years 1990 and 2021, was performed to identify the prevalence of patients using CAM. Moreover, studies about vitamin C-D-E supplementation were examined according to the recommendations of European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) guideline (1).
Results: Ernst et al. published the first systemic review regarding the prevalence of CAM use in cancer patients, which was 31.4%, in 1998 (2). Horneber et. al reported in 2012 that their meta-analysis included 152 studies from 18 countries with 65.000 cancer patients and the prevalance of CAM usage was 40% (3). The CAM use was the highest in the United States (50%) and the lowest both in Italy and the Netherlands (22%). Turkey had the highest prevalence of CAM use with 48% in Europe (3). ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in cancer published in 2021 pointed out a few studies (1). Wang et al. reported that a total of 14,641 male physicians received 400 IU of vitamin E and 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 10 years. However, vitamin E and C supplementation had no immediate or long-term effects on the risk of total cancer and prostate cancer (4). Bolland et al. stated that vitamin D supplementation did not reduce skeletal or non-skeletal outcomes in individuals by more than 15% (5). Klein et al. revealed that dietary supplementation with vitamin E significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer (6).
Conclusion: Despite the fact that approximately 50% of all cancer patients consume CAM, ESPEN recommends that vitamins and minerals should be supplied in amounts equal to the recommended daily allowance, whereas high-dose micronutrients should be discouraged in the absence of specific deficiencies (1).
Keywords: Alternative, cancer, complementary, medicine, vitamin
References:
1. Muscaritoli M, Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):2898-913.
2. Ernst E, Cassileth BR. The prevalence of complementary/alternative medicine in cancer: a systematic review. Cancer. 1998;83(4):777-82.
3. Horneber M, Bueschel G, Dennert G, Less D, Ritter E, Zwahlen M. How many cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Integr Cancer Ther. 2012;11(3):187-203.
4. Wang L, Sesso HD, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Bubes V, Manson JE, et al. Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians' Health Study II randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(3):915-23.
5. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(4):307-20.
6. Klein EA, Thompson IM, Jr., Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Jama. 2011;306(14):1549-56.
The ginger of Thua Thien Hue ("Hue" for short) is considered by local people as a chemotype that is different from other Vietnamese ginger populations. However, there is no molecular evidence supporting this statement. Thus, our purpose is to find whether or not there is a genetic difference between Hue's ginger and other ginger types by using Retrotransposon Microsatellite Amplification Polymorphisms (REMAP). The results of our two cluster analyses (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA)) proved that they could separate Hue's ginger samples (in Thuy Bieu Ward, Hue City) from other populations. Therefore, according to these genetic analyses, Hue's ginger is markedly different from other ginger types. From our results, future studies could be conducted with more Vietnamese ginger DNA samples to provide stronger evidence about the unique genomic features of Hue's ginger.
Ginger is one of the most frequently used ingredients in Chinese folk medicine and cooking. Ginger rhizome is used in treating/relieving appetite loss and motion sickness in western world. 6-Gingerol has been used as a marker substance of ginger. An HPLC analytical procedure of 6-gingerol was described. The correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999. The described HPLC procedure in this report has been validated and can be used to check 6-gingerol stability. It is also suitable for the preformulation study of ginger. The stabilities of ginger solution at different pHs were studied. The 6-gingerol contents in different preparations were evaluated.
Exposure of sensitized guinea pig tracheal rings or human bronchial strips to specific antigen in vitro resulted in a rapidly developing, prolonged contraction that was resistant to washing. Treatment of the tissue with diphenhydramine, a histamine H1 antagonist, before antigen delayed the onset and decreased the amplitude of the initial phase of the contraction but did not reduce the duration. Diphenhydramine treatment after development of the contraction did not relax the airway tissue. Antigen-induced histamine release from guinea pig trachea and from human bronchus was complete within the initial 15% of the duration of the contraction. Treatment of sensitized airway tissue with FPL 55712, a SRS-A antagonist, before antigen selectively inhibited the prolonged phase of the response. FPL 55712 administration after the development of antigen-induced contraction resulted in relaxation. These data suggest that both histamine and SRS-A are involved in the response of sensitized guinea pig and human airway tissue to antigen, with histamine mediating the early phase of the contraction and SRS-A primarily mediating the protracted phase.
A method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats and cats is described. The procedure involves subcutaneous injection of dilute formalin into the forepaw, after which the animal's responses are rated according to objective behavioral criteria. The formalin test is a statistically valid technique which has two advantages over other pain tests: (1) little or no restraint is necessary, permitting unhindered observation of the complete range of behavioral responses; and (2) the pain stimulus is continuous rather than transient, thus bearing greater resemblance to most clinical pain. The analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter are evaluated using this test.
The formalin test for nociception, which is predominantly used with rats and mice, involves moderate, continuous pain generated by injured tissue. In this way it differs from most traditional tests of nociception which rely upon brief stimuli of threshold intensity. In this article we describe the main features of the formalin test, including the characteristics of the stimulus and how changes in nociceptive behaviour may be measured and interpreted. The response to formalin shows an early and a late phase. The early phase seems to be caused predominantly by C-fibre activation due to the peripheral stimulus, while the late phase appears to be dependent on the combination of an inflammatory reaction in the peripheral tissue and functional changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These functional changes seem to be initiated by the C-fibre barrage during the early phase. In mice, the behavioural response in the late phase depends on the ambient temperature. We argue that the peripheral tissue temperature as well as other factors influencing the peripheral inflammation may affect the response, possibly confounding the results obtained with the test. Furthermore, we discuss the methods of recording the response and the value of observing more than one aspect of behaviour. Scoring of several behavioural variables provides a means of assessing motor or sensorimotor function as possible causes for changes in behaviour. In conclusion, the formalin test is a valuable addition to the battery of methods available to study nociception.
The rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Alpinia officinarum contain potent inhibitors against prostaglandin biosynthesizing enzyme (PG synthetase). Gingerols and diarylhepatanoids were identified as active compounds. Their possible mechanism of action which was deduced from the structures of active compounds indicated that the inhibitors would also be active against arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme of leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis. This was verified by testing their inhibitory effects on 5-lipoxygenase prepared from RBL-1 cells. A diarylheptanoid with catechol group was the most active compound against 5-lipoxygenase, while yakuchinone A was the most active against PG synthetase.
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes PMN) are suggested mediators of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. We have previously shown that activated PMN producing oxygen free radicals (OFR) in the coronary circulation are cardiodepressive. OFR may induce lipid peroxidation and production of eicosanoids. We have investigated the influence of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors on the effects of activated, OFR producing PMN in the Langedorff rat heart model. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was measured by a balloon in the left ventricle. Human PMN and drugs were given into the aortic cannula for 10 min and the hearts were observed for 30 min thereafter. After infusion for 5 min OFR production in the cellular infusate was measured at the level of the aortic cannula by a chemiluminescence (CL) technique. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated PMN (n = 8), produced a CL response of 27649 +/- 11048 counts (mean +/- S.E.M.), and reduced coronary flow (CF) to 53 +/- 6% (mean +/- S.E.M.) and LVDP to 38 +/- 9% of baseline values at the end of the observation period. Ibuprofen (n = 6), a cyclooxygenase (CO) inhibitor, neither influenced the CL response (31915 +/- 7563) of activated PMN, nor the reduction of CF and LVDP at this time. Although both BW 755C (n = 7), a dual inhibitor of CO and lipoxygenase (LO) (CF:90 +/- 4%, LVDP:99 +/- 6%) and diethylcarbamazine (DCM) (n = 8), a LO inhibitor (CF:88 +/- 11%, LVDP:87 +/- 4%), significantly inhibited the cardiodepressive effects of activated PMN. BW 755C alone abolished the CL response (431 +/- 158 counts), whereas DCM had no effect on CL (30105 +/- 1698 counts).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effect of different formalin concentrations on the nociceptive response in the formalin test was examined in mice. Subcutaneous formalin injection induces 2 distinct periods of high licking activity: an early phase lasting the first 5 min, and a late phase lasting 20-30 min after the injection. Formalin concentrations of 0.02-0.2% induced only the early phase, while concentrations of 1% or more induced both the early phase and the late phase. The ability of the test to show the antinociceptive effect of morphine and acetylsalicylic acid was similar for high and low formalin concentrations. For both these analgesics, a lower dose was needed to induce antinociception in the late phase than in the early phase using the same formalin concentration. Indomethacin had no effect in the early phase. In the late phase indomethacin induced antinociception when 1% formalin was used, while no significant effect was observed using 5% formalin. Clear histological changes in the paw were demonstrated after formalin concentrations that induced both phases. Lower formalin concentrations induced only very small changes. Using a low formalin concentration (0.2%), repeated testing using the same paw could be performed at intervals of 1 week without any significant change in the response. It was concluded that the formalin concentration should be kept as low as possible to minimize the suffering of the animal. Formalin concentrations of 0.05-0.2% are recommended for studying the early phase. Formalin concentrations of 1% or higher have to be used when studying the nociceptive response in the late phase.
A modified formalin test in mice was investigated. The pain response curve induced by 0.5% formalin was biphasic, having 2 peaks, from 0 to 5 min (first phase) and from 15 to 20 min (second phase). A low concentration of formalin was used, allowing the effects of weak analgesics to be detected. Centrally acting drugs such as narcotics inhibited both phases equally. Peripherally acting drugs such as aspirin, oxyphenbutazone, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone only inhibited the second phase. Aminopyrine and mefenamic acid which acted on both central and peripheral sites inhibited both phases, but the second phase was inhibited by lower doses. Thus, this method enables one to easily distinguish the site of action of analgesics. Furthermore, pain response in the first phase was inhibited by capsaicin-treated desensitization and Des-Arg9-(Leu8)-bradykinin (bradykinin inhibitor). The second phase was inhibited by compound 48/80 pretreatment, indomethacin and bradykinin inhibitor. Therefore, it is suggested that substance P and bradykinin participate in the manifestation of the first phase response, and histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin and bradykinin are involved in the second phase. These results indicate that the first and second phase responses induced by formalin have distinct characteristic properties, and it is a very useful method for examining pain, nociception and its modulation by pharmacological or other means.
An ethanolic extract of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale was investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial and hypoglycaemic activities. In rats, the extract reduced carrageenan-induced paw swelling and yeast-induced fever but was ineffective in suppressing the writhing induced by intraperitoneal acetic acid. The extract produced blood glucose lowering in rabbits. The growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was significantly inhibited. A dose-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin release effect was observed using rat peritoneal leucocytes.
The formalin test in mice is a valid and reliable model of nociception and is sensitive for various classes of analgesic drugs. The noxious stimulus is an injection of dilute formalin (1% in saline) under the skin of the dorsal surface of the right hindpaw. The response is the amount of time the animals spend licking the injected paw. Two distinct periods of high licking activity can be identified, an early phase lasting the first 5 min and a late phase lasting from 20 to 30 min after the injection of formalin. In order to elucidate the involvement of inflammatory processes in the two phases, we tested different classes of drugs in the two phases independently. Morphine, codeine, nefopam, and orphenadrine, as examples of centrally acting analgesics, were antinociceptive in both phases. In contrast, the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and naproxen and the steroids dexamethasone and hydrocortisone inhibited only the late phase, while acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and paracetamol were antinociceptive in both phases. The results demonstrate that the two phases in the formalin test may have different nociceptive mechanisms. It is suggested that the early phase is due to a direct effect on nociceptors and that prostaglandins do not play an important role during this phase. The late phase seems to be an inflammatory response with inflammatory pain that can be inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs. ASA and paracetamol seem to have actions independent of their inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and they also have effects on non-inflammatory pain.
The complex pattern of events which occur during neutrophil phagocytosis is reviewed in the light of recent technical advances which afford high time resolution. Within 10 seconds of surface stimulation there is a change in membrane potential, the influx of sodium and calcium increases, membrane-bound calcium mobilizes and membrane fluidity changes. Twenty to 60 seconds later degranulation and oxidative metabolism begin. The processes regulating these events are as yet unknown. The role of cyclic AMP as the second messenger in the secretory sequence is not clearly defined. Elevations of free calcium mobilized from intra-cellular depots seems to provide an important signal. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes also participate in the process of degranulation and secretion. During these events inflammatory mediators are generated and released from the stimulated neutrophils. It is hoped that further studies with new techniques will make it possible to decipher the 'secretory code' of the neutrophil. Dr.J. Fairweather Murray, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes exposed to phagocytic stimuli undergo a series of cellular reactions designed to eliminate foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The responses of human granulocytes to the stimuli of phagocytosis are initiated at the cell surface and proceed in the following sequence: a. ligand binding to surface receptors; b. membrane hyperpolarization; c. O2- generation by a surface oxidase and 1O2 metabolism; d. generation of thromboxanes and prostaglandins; e. lysosomal enzyme secretion. These events, known as 'stimulus-secretion coupling', result in the secretion of toxic substances which, though intended to end up in the phagocytic vacuole, may escape to the extracellular space where they initiate inflammation.
General pharmacological studies were performed on (6)-gingerol and (6)-shogaol which are the pungent constituents of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Intravenous (i.v.) administration of (6)-gingerol (at 1.75-3.5 mg/kg) or (6)-shogaol (at 1.75-3.5 mg/kg) and oral administration of them (at 70-140 mg/kg) produced an inhibition of spontaneous motor activity, an antipyretic and analgesic effects, prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, and these effects of (6)-shogaol were mostly more intensive than that of (6)-gingerol. (6)-Shogaol showed an intense antitussive effect in comparison with dihydrocodeine phosphate. In the electro-encephalogram of cortex, the low amplitude fast wave pattern was observed for 5 min after i.v. administration of (6)-shogaol, and then changed to the drowsy pattern, which was restored after 60 min. In the gastro-intestinal system, (6)-shogaol intensively inhibited the traverse of charcoal meal through the intestine in contrast with (6)-gingerol after i.v. administration of 3.5 mg/kg, but (6)-shogaol facilitated such an intestinal function after oral administration of 35 mg/kg. Both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol suppressed gastric contraction in situ, and the suppression by the former was more intensive than that by the latter. In the cardiovascular system, both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol produced depressor response at lower doses on the blood pressure. At high doses, both drugs produced three phase pattern.
Extracts from Bupleurum fruticescens were examined for oral and topical anti-inflammatory activities. The BuOH extract proved to be active against carrageenan and tetradecanoylphorbol acetate acute edemas and allowed the isolation of three saponins identified by spectroscopic techniques as 3 beta-O-(O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->6)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)lup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic acid (fruticesaponin A), 3 beta-O-(O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl) lup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (fruticesaponin B), and 3 beta-O-(O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->6)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-lup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (fruticesaponin C). These compounds were studied against carrageenan, tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, arachidonic acid and ethyl phenylpropiolate acute edemas. Fruticesaponin B, a bidesmosidic saponin with an unbranched saccharide moiety was the most active in all the tests applied.
The root of Biebersteinia multifida DC (Geraniaceae), a native plant of Iran, has been used topically for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders as a folk medicine. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the root extract were studied using carrageenan induced edema and formalin tests. A similar activity was seen between Biebersteinia multifida root extract (10 mg/kg; i.p.) and indomethacin (4 mg/kg; i.p.) in carrageenan test. The results of formalin test showed the analgesic activity of the root extract (50 mg/kg; i.p.) was comparable with morphine (10 mg/kg; i.p.) at the first phase of formalin test. Furthermore, the probable ulcerogenic activity of the root extract was also studied. The extract did not show any ulcerogenic effect at anti-inflammatory doses (10 mg/kg; p.o.).
Gingerols, the active components of ginger (the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, Roscoe), represent a potential new class of platelet activation inhibitors. In this study, we examined the ability of a series of synthetic gingerols and related phenylalkanol analogues (G1-G7) to inhibit human platelet activation, compared to aspirin, by measuring their effects on arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet serotonin release and aggregation in vitro. The IC(50) for inhibition of AA-induced (at EC(50)=0.75 mM) serotonin release by aspirin was 23.4+/-3.6 microM. Gingerols and related analogues (G1-G7) inhibited the AA-induced platelet release reaction in a similar dose range as aspirin, with IC(50) values between 45.3 and 82.6 microM. G1-G7 were also effective inhibitors of AA-induced human platelet aggregation. Maximum inhibitory (IC(max)) values of 10.5+/-3.9 and 10.4+/-3.2 microM for G3 and G4, respectively, were approximately 2-fold greater than aspirin (IC(max)=6.0+/-1.0 microM). The remaining gingerols and related analogues maximally inhibited AA-induced platelet aggregation at approximately 20-25 microM. The mechanism underlying inhibition of the AA-induced platelet release reaction and aggregation by G1-G7 may be via an effect on cyclooxygenase (COX) activity in platelets because representative gingerols and related analogues (G3-G6) potently inhibited COX activity in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. These results provide a basis for the design of more potent synthetic gingerol analogues, with similar potencies to aspirin, as platelet activation inhibitors with potential value in cardiovascular disease.
Why patients use alternative medicine? Results of a national study
- Austin
Austin, J.A., 1998. Why patients use alternative medicine? Results of a
national study. The Journal of the American Medical Association 279,
1548-1553.