No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Domestic Violence Between Same-Gender Partners
Abstract
Empirical literature about same-gender domestic violence was relatively nonexistent until the past 20 years, and conducting research with this population about a sensitive topic remains a daunting endeavor. Existing studies reveal similarities between opposite-and same-gender domestic violence in prevalence, types of abuse, and various dynamics, as well as dispel myths and establish a theoretical basis on which to conduct future research. Differences are evident in areas such as help-seeking behaviors and correlates, thus demanding unique assessment and intervention strategies. This article presents further explanation of the latest research, recommendations for future studies, and effective as well as problematic methodological practices about same-gender domestic violence.
... In the 1970s, in parallel with the growth of second-wave feminism and women's rights movements, a spotlight was shone on IPV as a complex and problematic social issue (McClennen, 2005;Russell, 2015). Within their theoretical framework, partner violence was primarily considered as a phenomenon perpetrated by men against women in heterosexual couples, the aim of which was to exert power and control over victims. ...
... Conversely, the stereotype that assumes that males are the sole perpetrators of violence limits the perception of the man as a victim, reducing gay victims' likelihood of recognizing themselves as victims and asking for help (Potoczniak et al., 2003;Duke and Davidson, 2009;Calton et al., 2015). Moreover, gender role stereotypes have produced myths about mutual violence (Hanson, 1996;Potoczniak et al., 2003;McClennen, 2005;Duke and Davidson, 2009). This view is related to the conception of women (straight or lesbian) and gay men as incapable of perpetrating violence due to their feminine traits, which has resulted in the belief that violence between lesbian and gay partners only occurs on an equal basis, i.e., involving both partners, as a result of arguments and conflicts (Duke and Davidson, 2009). ...
... Both these conditions are potentially stigmatizing. Victims of SSIPV might find themselves 'doubly closeted' as members of a sexual minority and subject to partner violence (Renzetti, 1989;McClennen, 2005). Furthermore, they might fear being 'doubly stigmatized' or being re-traumatized by service providers through denial of help, lack of recognition, or openly homophobic behavior (Renzetti, 1996;Simpson and Helfrich, 2005). ...
Background: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in same-sex couples is poorly explored as a
phenomenon compared to its heterosexual counterpart. In 2015, only about 3% out of all IPV studies focused on same-sex couples. As a consequence, it is often hard to find services and interventions focused on Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence (SSIPV), especially ones that keep in mind specific factors related to sexual minority status; despite some overlapping areas with heterosexual IPV, service providers dealing with SSIPV should be aware of the existence of specific needs.
Objective: The objective of the present work is to provide a narrative review of literature on the state of SSIPV interventions and services on an international level, with a specific focus on the help-seeking process and help-providers’ experiences.
Method: A bibliographic search was conducted on EBSCO (Family Studies Abstracts, Gender Studies Database, Mental Measurements Yearbook, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Social Sciences Abstracts, Sociology Source Ultimate, Violence & Abuse Abstracts).
Results: The literature review highlights a lack of attention on the development and dissemination of intervention and coping strategies oriented towards LGB people, who turn to informal ways of obtaining support (e. g. acquaintances, friends, family members, community members) or give up in their search for support entirely.
Existing services targeting IPV and their respective providers, despite possessing useful features for dealing with the phenomenon in the general population (empathetic listening, concentration on couple dynamics, protection services) rarely have the necessary tools for dealing with the more sensitive and specific situations of SSIPV cases, such as the consequences of minority stress, relationships with original families, violence dynamics typical of same-sex couples or barriers for access to services.
In their scarcity, existing SSIPV services also tend to only focus on aspects related to identity development and on the impact of minority stress.
Due to a heteronormative view of violence, SSIPV victims tend to struggle when trying to access services, partly because of fears that involve: services not being able to address their needs, services being exclusively for heterosexual couples, the possibility of being doubly stigmatized due to homonegative attitudes. Conclusions: Coherently with the dominant heteronormative view of intimate partner violence, both knowledge about SSIPV and its related interventions are limited as of today. Users and providers alike require more focused services, better training and education on these themes. Therefore, additional services geared towards homosexual victims of IPV appear necessary.
... Traditional IPV research has used feminist frameworks and social constructs of gender inequality to explain IPV as a crime that is frequently perpetrated by men against women (Dobash & Dobash, 1979;Hoyle, 2007;Johnson & Dawson, 2011;McClennen, 2005;Ristock, 2002). However, as a result of the emphasis on the domination of men over women, these approaches cannot adequately describe abuse between same-sex partners (McClennen, 2005). ...
... Traditional IPV research has used feminist frameworks and social constructs of gender inequality to explain IPV as a crime that is frequently perpetrated by men against women (Dobash & Dobash, 1979;Hoyle, 2007;Johnson & Dawson, 2011;McClennen, 2005;Ristock, 2002). However, as a result of the emphasis on the domination of men over women, these approaches cannot adequately describe abuse between same-sex partners (McClennen, 2005). For example, it is argued that the concept of patriarchy alone cannot explain instances of abuse that occur between women (Hoyle, 2007). ...
... In the United States, Het-IPV literature has indicated prevalence rates ranging from 7% to 33% (McClennen, 2005;Turell, 2000;Walters et al., 2013). In comparison, SS-IPV literature has reported a vast difference in prevalence, with victimization rates ranging from 15% to 75% (Burke et al., 2002; National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs [NCAVP], 2016;Waldner-Haugrud et al., 1997;Walters et al., 2013). ...
During the past 50 years, there has been an increase in research and programming initiatives focusing on the issue of heterosexual intimate partner violence (Het-IPV). In comparison, less attention has been paid to same-sex intimate partner violence (SS-IPV). Furthermore, of the existing research, the majority focuses on SS-IPV incidents in the United States which, due to social and legal differences, cannot yield an accurate picture of SS-IPV in Canada. This descriptive study sought to understand the prevalence, characteristics, and types of SS-IPV and Het-IPV within a Canadian context, with an emphasis on understanding the differences and similarities of incidents reported to police services. It explores the influences of heteronormativity and hegemonic masculinity on SS-IPV reporting and recognition. To assess this, data from Statistics Canada’s 2007–2011 Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Surveys were utilized. Participation in this survey is mandatory for all police services and, therefore, the sample used contains over 99% of incidents of IPV reported in Canada during the 4-year period ( N = 346,565). The results indicate that 4% of incidents of intimate partner violence reported to the UCR involved people engaged in same-sex relationships. It demonstrates that SS-IPV incidents are similar to Het-IPV incidents in reported prevalence, and the findings also show that there are differences in the types of violations reported and several incident characteristics, including levels of victim injury, and the population density of the offense location. These findings can provide a foundation for future research and raise further questions about how SS-IPV is responded to by the criminal justice system after it has been reported to police services.
... This idea implicated serious issues because not only did it created obstacles in providing services for homosexual victims but it also contributed to increasing the tendency to minimize IPV severity (McClennen, 2005). Such an assumption could neglect the study of other types of violence apart from the physical one, such as psychological abuse . ...
... The outcomes were severe, and included physical injury, social isolation, property destruction and loss, and disruption to work, education, and career development (Buford et al., 2007;Chard et al., 2012;Barrett, 2015). Moreover, victims often reported that the abuse was not mutual and was instead suffered, and the consequences of it made them feel trapped, hopeless, and isolated (Ferraro and Johnson, 2000;McClennen, 2005). There were also similarities with regard to the reasons for remaining with the abusive partner. ...
... Merrill and Wolfe (2000) discussed "recognition failure" as the failure to recognize intimate violent behaviors and, therefore, to seek or offer help such because of widespread ignorance regarding SSIPV. Several authors support public and specialized education believing that it would reduce the incidence of this phenomenon, by promoting earlier help-seeking and strengthening informal and formal support systems for victims (McClennen, 2005;Borne et al., 2007). Merrill and Wolfe (2000) recommended similar suggestions, considering that SSIPV assessment and treatment should include the following aspects: ...
Over the past few decades, the causes of and intervention for intimate partner violence (IPV) have been approached and studied. This paper presents a narrative review on IPV occurring in same sex couples, that is, same sex IPV (SSIPV). Despite the myth that IPV is exclusively an issue in heterosexual relationships, many studies have revealed the existence of IPV among lesbian and gay couples, and its incidence is comparable to (Turell, 2000) or higher than that among heterosexual couples (Messinger, 2011; Kelley et al., 2012). While similarities between heterosexual and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) IPV were found, unique features and dynamics were present in LGB IPV. Such features are mainly related to identification and treatment of SSIPV in the community and to the need of taking into consideration the role of sexual minority stressors. Our findings show there is a lack of studies that address LGB individuals involved in IPV; this is mostly due to the silence that has historically existed around violence in the LGB community, a silence built on fears and myths that have obstructed a public discussion on the phenomenon. We identified the main themes discussed in the published studies that we have reviewed here. The reviews lead us to the conclusion that it is essential to create a place where this subject can be freely discussed and approached, both by LGB and heterosexual people.
... The severity of the consequences of this relational configuration on direct victims (the partner who suffers violence, and children, if there are any) required a series of surveys on the level of knowledge of the phenomenon, of preventive interventions, of taking charge of abuser and victim, of legal protection in defense of individuals involved. Some researchers argue that the cyclical pattern of violence supported by Walkers (1979) is still useful for understanding the development and maintenance of violent dynamics (McClennen, Summers, & Vaughn, 2002;Richards, Noret, & Rivers, 2003;McClennen, 2005). According to this model, which supposes the possibility to distinguish the role of the victim and the role of the author/authoress of violence, the cycle is divided in three stages: the first -called the phase of growth and anxiety-is one where there is a predominance of one of the two components of the couple who acts through emotional abuse and evident hostility against the rules and expectations that actually are broken. ...
... As consequence, LG subjects are obligated to live in the invisibility and silence. For this reason, the research sector, relatively new, on violence in same-sex intimate relationships is often examined, as well as in international level, in master Thesis and dissertations that often are not readily available to the public (McClennen, 2005;Rohrbaugh, 2006). From the silence escape only the members of the association Rainbow Families that since 2005 represents in Italy those who have realized their project about parenting, or who aim to create family based not on biology or on the law but on the responsibility, daily mutual commitment, so as on the respect and love (www.famigliearcobaleno.org). ...
... Social isolation and the threat of "outing" are extremely powerful factors. Therefore, revealing both the personal sexual orientation and the sexual violence is equivalent to a double -double closet-coming out that it often provokes further isolation and psycho-physical vulnerability (McClennen, 2005). ...
Violence in same sex relationships is characterized by systematic path of dominance and control, even often stigmatized by abusive and powerful behaviors; especially, in the homosexual relationships some risk factors, as the lack of balance between the couple and the threat of public outing, play fundamental role. The relevance to identify both risk and protective factors, suggested by variable dispositions in intimate partner violence (dependence's style, violation), situational dispositions (social support homo-negativity) and factors connected to the quality and managing ability of intimate dynamics (communication, conflict, sexuality). Some findings collected by an investigation conducted by a group of Sicilian participants (Italy) show their tendency to not have specific role, in absence of outing, in the dynamics of intimate partner conflicts. Rather, they tend to value positive aspects of the relationships, minimizing the danger of aggressive behaviors. Findings highlight the need to contrast deeply the phenomenon integrating interventions with specific actions. Especially, these actions should be addressed to social, educational, informational and political dimension, in order to fight the strong sexual discrimination in Italian area.
... Contudo, a violência trata-se de um fenômeno que não se encontra inerente ao gênero ou à orientação sexual (Dias, 2016). Apesar de se assistir a um crescente reconhecimento científico relativamente à existência de violência nos relacionamentos íntimos entre parceiros do mesmo sexo, é patente a necessidade de se desenvolverem pesquisas que abordem esta problemática (Burke et al., 2002;Kimmes et al., 2019;McClennen, 2005), tornando-se imprescindível trabalhar-se questões como a formação dos profissionais que trabalham com a população LGBT+, propiciando, assim, o desenvolvimento e a implementação de programas de prevenção e intervenção adequados, tanto às vítimas quanto aos agressores LGBT+ (Badenes-Ribera et al., 2015;McClennen, 2005;Nunan, 2004;Roberts, 2005), afigurando-se necessário, também, o desenvolvimento de programas de formação e campanhas direcionadas à própria comunidade LGBT+, de modo a aumentar o seu conhecimento sobre esta problemática (Badenes-Ribera et al., 2015), e por forma a desconstruir os mitos (Dias, 2016) e as barreiras ainda existentes entre a população LGBT+ e a sociedade no geral. Constata-se, contudo, e para uma melhor abordagem do fenômeno, a necessidade de maior receptividade aos estudos por parte da população visada e das instituições que prestam auxílio à mesma. ...
... Contudo, a violência trata-se de um fenômeno que não se encontra inerente ao gênero ou à orientação sexual (Dias, 2016). Apesar de se assistir a um crescente reconhecimento científico relativamente à existência de violência nos relacionamentos íntimos entre parceiros do mesmo sexo, é patente a necessidade de se desenvolverem pesquisas que abordem esta problemática (Burke et al., 2002;Kimmes et al., 2019;McClennen, 2005), tornando-se imprescindível trabalhar-se questões como a formação dos profissionais que trabalham com a população LGBT+, propiciando, assim, o desenvolvimento e a implementação de programas de prevenção e intervenção adequados, tanto às vítimas quanto aos agressores LGBT+ (Badenes-Ribera et al., 2015;McClennen, 2005;Nunan, 2004;Roberts, 2005), afigurando-se necessário, também, o desenvolvimento de programas de formação e campanhas direcionadas à própria comunidade LGBT+, de modo a aumentar o seu conhecimento sobre esta problemática (Badenes-Ribera et al., 2015), e por forma a desconstruir os mitos (Dias, 2016) e as barreiras ainda existentes entre a população LGBT+ e a sociedade no geral. Constata-se, contudo, e para uma melhor abordagem do fenômeno, a necessidade de maior receptividade aos estudos por parte da população visada e das instituições que prestam auxílio à mesma. ...
Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo estudar a prevalência da violência na intimidade nos relacionamentos homossexuais, gays e lésbicos. A amostra foi constituída por 48 participantes de nacionalidade portuguesa, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 55 anos (M=26.50; DP=8.011), sendo que 72.9% (n=35) se identificam como lésbicas (sexo feminino) e 27.1% (n=13) se identificam como gay (sexo masculino). As tipologias de violência identificadas com maior prevalência pelas vítimas foram a violência psicológica, seguindo-se a violência física, a violência socioeconômica e a violência sexual. No contexto de perpetração de abuso, as tipologias de violência identificadas com maior prevalência foram a violência psicológica, seguindo-se a violência física e, por fim, com a mesma prevalência, a violência sexual e a violência socioeconômica. Afigura-se necessário um maior investimento na produção de conhecimento científico nesta área.
... This isolation may increase in the case of same-sex couples, given that the abuser isolates the victim, who can also be isolated or have less social support because of being part of a stigmatized minority group. Thus, reporting the abuse will involve a double revelation: about one's sexual-affective orientation and about being the victim of abuse by a same-sex intimate partner (McClennen, 2005). Therefore, violence in same-sex couples has been referred to as the double closet (McClennen, 2005). ...
... Thus, reporting the abuse will involve a double revelation: about one's sexual-affective orientation and about being the victim of abuse by a same-sex intimate partner (McClennen, 2005). Therefore, violence in same-sex couples has been referred to as the double closet (McClennen, 2005). ...
In recent decades, the study of psychological abuse in same-sex couples has increased, but the perpetration of psychological abuse and the influential psychosocial factors have been studied less. However, some previous studies have shown the importance of the insecure attachment style and outness as relevant psychosocial factors in the perpetration of psychological abuse. The aim of this research is to study the influence of the insecure attachment style on psychological abuse perpetration in same-sex couples, and the moderating role of the level of outness as antecedent variables of the perpetration of psychological abuse. An online survey was conducted with respondents from Spanish-speaking countries with 305 lesbian, gay men, and bisexual or pansexual adults. Results confirm that overall outness moderates the relationship between the insecure attachment style and the perpetration of psychological abuse. Specifically, taking into account the three subscales of outness (to family, to the world, and to religion), outness to the world moderates the relationship between the insecure attachment style and the perpetration of psychological abuse. The subscales of outness to family and to religion did not show significant results. The results obtained contribute to elucidating some of the relevant antecedent psychosocial factors in the perpetration of psychological abuse in same-sex couples. Practical implications and recommendations for future studies are included.
... In line with the heteronormative stereotypic notion of women's incapability of violence, FSSIPV-inclusive research to date has tended to fall into one or both of the following categories: (1) reports of the estimated national prevalence of FSSIPV; and/or (2) heterosexual groups' and individuals' gender role stereotypes about women's samegender relationships, and the possibility of violence in those relationships (e.g., McClennen, 2005;Messinger, 2011). Compared to attention given to issues collectively faced by the LGBTQ population, the relatively large dedication of federal, state, and private funding for research related to violence against women and domestic violence since the original signing of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) has been almost 4 exclusively used for developing services for presumed heterosexual, cis-gender, female survivors of abuse perpetrated by male intimate partners with similarly presumed heterosexual and cis-gender characteristics (Ristock, 2001). ...
... (1) to estimate and report the extent of IPV among the U.S. lesbian, gay, and bisexual population (no distinctions were made regarding transgender individuals), and (2) to reiterate findings from previous inquiries exploring the prevalence of IPV among this population (McLaughlin & Rozee, 2001;Morrow & Hawxhurst, 1989;Renzetti, 1992Renzetti, , 1998Ristock, 2001Ristock, , e.g., 2002Robson, 1990). A subset of researchers examining intimate partner violence over the past few decades have worked to specifically understand both the prevalence and causes of female same-sex IPV (Eaton et al., 2008;6 Glass et al., 2008;Hassouneh & Glass, 2008;Little & Terrance, 2010;McClennen, 2005;Ristock, 2003Ristock, , 2011e.g., C. Smith, 2011); however much of our understanding of the contexts of and mechanisms underlying FSSIPV is rooted in heterosexist conceptualizations related to men's masculinity and their socially sanctioned dominance and aggression (Davis & Glass, 2011). Normative heterosexual relationships have historically been characterized by the male member of the relationship being the "partner in control" (Johnson, 1995(Johnson, , 2006. ...
In response to a dearth of empirical literature concerning the mechanisms underlying female same-sex intimate partner violence (FSSIPV) perpetration, the purpose of this research is to inform intimate partner violence intervention and prevention strategies specific to sexual minority women. In particular, this research aims to inform a working intersectional model predicting FSSIPV perpetration, and to evaluate the face validity and construct coverage of existing survey measures related to gender, minority stress, and violence. Fourteen lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer women recruited from the greater Portland, Oregon area participated in a series of in-depth, semi- structured, open-ended one-on-one and focus group interviews. Participant recruitment involved a combination of purposive and convenience sampling methods aided by the involvement of multiple community partners working in violence and education related fields. Interview and focus group questions addressed participants' experiences with gender role stress and minority stress. Grounded theory analysis of participants' narrative responses informed the coverage and relevance of constructs in a working intersectional model predicting women's use of violence in their same-gender intimate relationships. In particular, findings indicate that sexual minority women's experiences of gender role stress and minority stress, particularly in combination, were especially influential on their identities. Sexual minority women's experiences with minority stressors were not confined to minority stressors specific to their gender identities and sexual orientations, but intersected with minority stressors related to race and class as well. These findings support an intersectional and contextually-minded approach to IPV intervention and prevention strategies.
... Alexander's victimization was unintelligible since his partner and he were not regarded as a couple and when his partner bit him in front of their friend it could therefore not be read as IPV. This is therefore an example of how queer victims of IPV can be positioned as 'double closeted', both regarding their queer identity but also their status as victims of violence (McClennen, 2005) and this can serve as an additional barrier for help-seeking. In her work on the shame of gay pride in early AIDS activism, Deborah B. Gould (2009, pp. ...
Purpose
The journey from shame to pride has been described as a founding and essential part of the modern LGBTQ movement. However, the tendency to treat shame as something that belongs to the past has been criticized by a number of queer theorists. The struggle to secure equal rights through normalization has also meant that certain topics that risk demonizing and stigmatizing LGBTQ people further have been neglected. Intimate partner violence (IPV) in queer relationships is one such topic. This paper explores a new perspective on queer shame through the topic of IPV in lesbian and queer relationships.
Methods
Drawing on qualitative interviews with 25 people who have experienced violence in intimate lesbian/queer relationships in Sweden, this paper unpacks the concept of shame in empirical data to examine how shame operates on different levels when it comes to victimization and how it affects the help-seeking processes of such victim-survivors.
Results
Many of the interviewees expressed that they continued to feel ashamed about their denial of violence or their own reactions to the abuse even years after the relationship had ended. An additional layer of shame and secrecy affected the violence and help-seeking processes for the interviewees’ who lacked support from their social networks or who were not open about being in a queer relationship. The interviewees’ accounts also contained strategies to resist and manage shame.
Conclusions
The theoretical and empirical contributions of this paper sheds new light on how shame, victimization and queerness are entangled in the case of IPV.
... LGBTQA+ victim-survivors appear to experience similar coercive and controlling behaviours from abusive partners and/or family members when compared to cisgender and heterosexual women (Hill et al., 2020;McClennen, 2005). However, the findings of this study also mirror previous research (see, Guadalupe-Diaz & Yglesias 2013) in supporting the contention that LGBTQA+ victim-survivors seek help for DFV in differing ways -specifically, the participants in our study were less likely to report their experiences of coercive control to the police. ...
Purpose
There is an expanding body of research interrogating lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, asexual and other gender and sexuality diverse (LGBTQA+) persons’ experiences of domestic and family violence (DFV). However, few studies have considered LGBTQA+ persons’ specific experiences of ‘coercive control’ and none have considered legal help-seeking behaviours and decisions within this context. This article addresses this gap, through an examination of LGBTQA+ Australians’ experiences of legal help-seeking behaviours when experiencing coercive control from an intimate partner and/or family member.
Method
The article draws on the qualitative responses of a sample of 137 LGBTQA+ victim-survivors who participated in a survey on Australians’ experiences of coercive control. The analysis considers the reasons why some participants did not report abuse to the police, and the impact of police reporting for those who did.
Results
The study found that many of the concerns about the impact of reporting held by those who did not report to the police, were actualized in the experiences of those who did. Further, the study found that LGBTQA+ persons experience similar barriers to help-seeking compared to heterosexual and cisgender women, in addition to barriers that speak specifically to LGBTQA+ communities.
Conclusion
The findings of this study highlight the shortcomings of the law’s response to domestic and family violence and the need for intersectional responses to coercive control in Australia and beyond. The emerging findings presented in this article reinforce the importance and further need for research that specifically examines LGBTQA+ experiences of coercive control.
... Los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación muestran que un alto porcentaje de los hombres encuestados había experimentado alguna conducta de violencia en su relación de pareja (83.8% había recibido alguna conducta violenta y 74.3% había ejercido alguna), y que la frecuencia de conductas violentas en la pareja fue más alta que la que se ha reportado en parejas de hombres en otros países (McClennen, 2005;Pantalone et al., 2014;Pantalone et al., 2012;Pimentel, Cheng y Kelly, 2015;Tran et al., 2014). A pesar de que poco más de 80% de los participantes había recibido alguna conducta violenta de parte de su pareja, solo 29.5% consideró que había sido víctima, y aunque casi 75% de los hom-bres entrevistados había ejercido alguna conducta violenta hacia su pareja, únicamente 22% pensaba que su pareja había sido víctima de violencia en su relación. ...
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo central comparar los factores psicosociales en hombres homosexuales (HH) con y sin violencia de pareja (VP) en una muestra de pacientes de una clínica de atención del VIH en la Ciudad de México. Los resultados revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos tanto por sus características individuales como por variables propias de la comunidad gay que parecen evidenciar la asociación entre el rechazo y violencia social hacia minorías sexuales incluyendo la VP en esta población. Los hallazgos sugieren que el fenómeno de la VP entre HH con VIH requiere el desarrollo de intervenciones específicas para individuos, familias y comunidades.
... In the mid-2000s, domestic violence also became termed 'intimate partner violence' as a way to differentiate between other types of family violence and violence which occurs during intimate relationships. This term is inclusive of all forms of relationships regardless of marital status, age, and gender (McClennen, 2005). However, this term still does not fully acknowledge the gendered nature of men's violence against women. ...
Through the use of 28 in-depth interviews with victims, activists, and criminal justice staff, this research details the emotional, physical, and social impact of image based sexual abuse (IBSA) on women’s everyday lives, and identifies some of the key policing and legislative issues which prevent women from achieving justice within the criminal justice system. In doing so, this study is the first and one of the largest pieces of research to examine IBSA through the use of in-depth interviews with victims in the UK. Therefore, it is able to significantly contribute to our understanding of victims’ experiences. By taking a radical feminist and victimological approach, this research also highlights the gendered nature of IBSA, including the motivations behind perpetration, the normalisation of sexual violence against women in online environments, and the link between IBSA and domestic abuse. Importantly, by examining IBSA as part of a victimisation process rather than as an event, this research identifies IBSA as being interlinked with coercion, control, blackmail, harassment, and verbal and physical abuse. Thus, the research places IBSA on Kelly’s (1988) continuum of violence. The research also identifies continued problematic responses within policing and legislation, demonstrating a failure of the state to account for gendered violence and the silencing of women’s experiences. The findings raise fundamental concerns; they call for greater recognition of IBSA as a serious form of sexual violence against women, and for a radical overhaul of criminal justice responses in order to aid women in their pursuit of justice.
... Johnson (2017) in his discussion on the evolution of his control-based typology of IPV, admits the work of Renzetti (1992) and others (Holtzworth-Munrose &Stuart, 1994;Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 1999) on same-gender IPVA led to questions on patriarchal motivations for IPV, as there were other motives for control in these relationships. Alternative theoretical frameworks have grounded IPVA victimization and perpetration in psycho-social accounts of minority stress (McClennen, 2005;Messinger, 2014;Kimmes et al., 2019). Literature on psycho-social accounts asserts that societal intolerance of homosexuality creates a context in which individuals are unable to adapt to their own sexual identity. ...
Purpose
Despite the misconception that intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) is exclusive to heterosexual relationships, studies have shown that IPVA also occurs in same gender relationships. Adopting Johnsons’ typology (1995, 2006), the study explores narratives of IPVA, and its appropriateness as an explanatory framework in a conservative and restrictive environment.
Method
Using narrative inquiry, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine (9) cisgender adults on their experiences of IPVA in same-gender relationships in Trinidad and Tobago. To analyse participants’ narratives thematic narrative analysis was used.
Results
Participants had varied and nuanced experiences of IPVA in their relationships. Three types of stories emerged through our analysis: (1) narratives of control and violence, (2) narratives of resistance to control and violence, (3) narratives of conflict and violence. While narratives demonstrated themes in Johnson’s typology, variations of these themes were found. Narratives of coercive control varied in frequency and severity, the use of emotional violence and the presence of LGB + specific risk markers. Narratives of conflict and violence highlighted unidirectional and bidirectional forms of violence that were often related to the restrictive and conservative environments in which individuals exist.
Conclusion
The results of this study provide a groundwork for the examination of IPVA within the LGB + community. The findings can help further our understanding of the complexities of IPVA in same-gender relationships in the Caribbean context and lay the groundwork for future research.
... Specific additional harms include threats (or acts) to publicly disclose the nature of their romantic relationships (Carvalho et al., 2011), sexuality, and/or to "out" them (Ard & Makadon, 2011;Brown & Herman, 2015;Carvalho et al., 2011). These tactics draw further attention to the powerful and harmful impact of traditional masculine ideals, as seen in rates of IPV in same sex, bisexual, or trans relationships that are comparable to, or higher than, those in heterosexual relationships (Allen-Collinson, 2009;Burke & Follingstad, 1999;Carvalho et al., 2011;Greenwood et al., 2002;McClennen, 2005;Messinger, 2011;Walters et al., 2013;West, 2012). ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a health problem affecting people of all genders and other social locations. While IPV victimization of cis-gendered women has been widely researched, how men conceptualized or experience IPV victimization, and the variations in their experiences of IPV, has not been thoroughly examined. In this critical review of men’s experiences of IPV, an extensive search of peer reviewed literature was conducted using multiple database (Cochrane database, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycgINFO, and Google Scholar) as well as the gray literature. We critically reviewed examining the conceptual foundations of IPV victimization among men. The influence or gender roles and societal expectation on men’s experiences and perceptions of IPV victimization and their help-seeking behavior are explored. Current knowledge about types, tactics, and patterns of IPV against men and the health and social consequences of IPV are addresses. Additionally, the conceptual and empirical limitations of current research are discussed, including the tendency to compare only the prevalence rates of discrete incidents of abuse among women versus men; the use of IPV measures not designed to capture men’s conceptualizations of IPV; and the lack of attention given to sex and gender identity of both the victim and perpetrator. Future research priorities that address these limitations and seek to strengthen and deepen knowledge about IPV among men are identified.
... The fact that domestic violence also occur between same-sex couples/partners (Elliot, 1996;McClennen, 2005;Renzetti & Miley, 2014) as well as between transgender and bisexuals (Ard & Makadon, 2011) confirm the conclusion of this paper that domestic violence is gender-neutral and men are not always the perpetrators. ...
Domestic violence is a bidirectional global human factor. It is actually gender-neutral, albeit in Nigeria and beyond, women are erroneously considered by most as "the victims" of domestic violence, and men as "the perpetrators". Using the doctrinal methodology, this paper explores the often ignored fact that men are also the victims of domestic violence perpetrated by women. It argues that even in a patriarchal society like Nigeria where women are considered as the "weaker sex" and men, "the head", men still suffer domestic violence perpetrated by women. It offers possible patterns and reasons for domestic violence against men, and why violated men are usually silent, ignored or unbelieved. Lastly, it makes suggestions for tackling the menace. The paper is an alternative insight to the often ignored perspective of domestic violence, especially in Nigeria. There is no known primary data on this subject, hence, this paper rests basically on secondary data.
... Pagliaro, Paolini y Pacilli (2019) achacan la poca cantidad de investigación acerca de la IPV en parejas MsM a la creencia social de que los casos de IPV son menos comunes y menos graves en la comunidad LGTB. Sin embargo, los datos que tenemos nos indican que estas creencias carecen de fundamento: los estadísticos de frecuencia nos indican que el número de parejas cuyos integrantes son MsM que están sufriendo IPV iguala (Alexander, 2008;Edwards et al., 2015;Greenwood et al., 2002;McClennen, 2005;McClennen, Summers y Vaughan, 2002;Porter y Williams, 2011;Seelau, Seelau y Poorman, 2003) o supera (Blosnich y Bossarte, 2009;Goldberg y Meyer, 2013;Hamel, 2013;Harland, Peek-Asa y Saftlas, 2018;Messinger, 2011;Reuter, Sharp, y Temple, 2015;Snedecor, Muzzey y Ott, 2018;Tjaden y Thoennes, 2000;Walters, Chen y Breiding, 2013) las cifras de incidencia entre las parejas cisheteronormativas y las consecuencias sobre la salud de las víctimas son igual de negativas o incluso peores. Los MsM que han sufrido IPV son más propensos a padecer problemas de salud (Buller, Devries, Howard y Bacchus, 2014) infecciones de transmisión sexual (Black et al., 2011;Walters et al., 2013), abuso de sustancias y trastornos mentales (Stephenson y Finneran, 2016). ...
Objetivo: Este artículo resume los resultados de la literatura científica obtenidos acerca de las recomendaciones existentes para intervenir en hombres perpetradores de violencia íntima de pareja (IPV) que tienen relaciones sentimentales con otros hombres (MsM).
Método: Revisión sistemática. Cuatro bases de datos, apoyadas por la búsqueda manual en tres revistas científicas y en las referencias de otras revisiones sistemáticas sobre IPV en parejas MsM.
Resultados: De los 17.835 resultados obtenidos, 139 fueron seleccionados por ser relevantes. Sin embargo, solo 14 cumplieron todos los criterios de inclusión y fueron aceptados en el análisis. El tipo de contribución y las recomendaciones ofrecidas en cada artículo fueron resumidas y explicadas.
Conclusiones: Los datos mostraron una falta de resultados empíricos sobre los efectos de las intervenciones dirigidas a personas MsM que han cometido agresiones contra sus parejas. Además, no hay un acuerdo en la literatura científica sobre qué metodología se debe utilizar, por lo que existe una extensa variedad de propuestas sobre cómo debe enfocarse la intervención.
... This recognition may be due to reticence among the LGBTQ community (as suggested by Donavan and Hester [2015] and Irwin [2008]). However, it may also be due to methodological challenges, such as small sample sizes, reluctance among young people to define themselves as gay, lesbian or bisexual and fear of homophobic reactions if consenting to participate in research (McClennen, 2005). However, studies measuring IPV prevalence show that sexual minority youths experienced equal or higher risk for physical dating violence victimization compared with youths who identify themselves as heterosexual (cf. ...
Studies on youth intimate partner violence (IPV) issues have been increasingly published during the last few years. However, research on IPV in same-sex relationships among youths is limited. The aim of this article is to expand this knowledge base by exploring the voices of four youth exposed to IPV in same-sex relationships, investigating the similarities to violence in heterosexual relationships and shedding light on the complicating factor of sexuality. The Listening Guide analysis used in this article reveals that, although the dynamics of YIPV are similar to heterosexual relationships, participants experience responses from their immediate social network that reflect heteronormativity and homophobia, and result in participants’ feeling like a burden. Furthermore, the findings of the analysis show that dominant social discourses on men’s violence against women may become barriers to help-seeking. Thus, professionals need to gain knowledge of the unique challenges experienced by sexual minority youths exposed to IPV to prevent the issue and support those that experience it. Moreover, qualitative researchers need to further develop an understanding of the lives of youths exposed to IPV in same-sex relationships.
... All of these aspects constitute heavy barriers to services for users, who may end up feeling doubly closeted by the experience of both IPV and their sexual orientation (McClennen, 2005). ...
Introduction: Media representation of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) can influence public opinion and understanding of the phenomena, and guide health policies. The current review has the aim to explore and discuss international, scientific literature focused on the portrayal of IPV in written forms of news media.
Method: Searching through EBSCO and PubMed, 2435 studies were found and 41 were included in the current review.
Results: Bias in the portrayal of IPV was found within the studies included. While IPV-related news were mainly focused on male-perpetrated violence within heterosexual couples, little attention was paid to Same Sex Intimate Partner Violence (SSIPV). Newsworthy stories dominate IPV reporting within news media and a sensationalistic style was often employed. Furthermore, contextual information was often limited and the adoption of a thematic frame was rare, while news media were found to commonly employ an episodic frame. Official sources and family, friends and neighbours were the most quoted sources in news articles, while IPV experts were rarely drawn on for information. Regarding media representation of perpetrators, mainly regarding male abusers, news articles reported several reasons behind the violence with the consequence to justify and exonerate them from their responsibilities. Female perpetrators were found to be depicted, in some cases, as “mad” or “bad” people. Finally, victim blaming content emerged within many of the articles included.
Conclusion: Bias in the media representation of IPV emerged in the current review, which needs to be addressed to positively influence public opinion and to promote an adequate understanding of the phenomena.
... Participants suggested that judgments relating to further harm were impacted by the presence of children, either at the time, or forming a part of the relationship (sub code: a). However, not every instance of DA will feature children, and this is particularly the case in some same-sex relationships where responses to DA are equally under-researched and poorly represented within DA interventions (McClennen, 2005). Figure 1 highlights that the majority of participants agreed or strongly agreed that a higher DASH risk assessment would be a significant indicator to support a DVPN/O intervention. ...
Purpose
The use of emergency barring orders (EBO) in the form of domestic violence protection notices and orders (DVPN-O) in reported domestic abuse (DA) cases is a relatively new development in the UK; the effectiveness of these orders has been challenged. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing their issue.
Design/methodology/approach
Freedom of information (FOI) requests were used alongside a survey tool. Practitioners ( n = 76; mainly police practitioners) were asked about approaches to EBO application, risk and training around DA.
Findings
The findings indicate that applications are impacted largely by domestic abuse stalking harassment risk grading, typically resulting in high-risk cases receiving the most attention. Criticisms suggesting that DVPN-Os are of limited use receive some support from this study; however, as their use is restricted to these higher-risk cases, the full effect of the orders may be limited. The most important factors in decision-making are the level of physical violence, repeated victimization and the victims support for a DVPN-O. Police intelligence and the presence of children also have an effect on risk ratings. Less importance was given to lower risk–graded cases, wider intelligence from family members and information from social networks. Findings also indicate that police training is largely limited to “on-the-job” experience, e-learning and e-mail bulletins.
Practical implications
Respondents proposed that training could be enhanced through victim stories, cross-discipline approaches and wider knowledge beyond isolated specialisms. A number of recommendations are made in line with: structuring professional judgment, using victim accounts in police training and movement toward an evidence-led approach.
Originality/value
This research demonstrates a clear link to the way in which risk and the use of EBO are used by police officers. This research also highlights the desire to see and hear from victims in police training. The value of this research is shown in both the combined approach of FOI requests and a survey and assessing a currently under-researched area of DA response.
... Janice Ristock also argues that it can be difficult for LGBTQ people to use their social networks to seek help from IPV out of fear that the violence may be seen as sign that their sexual or gender identity is unhealthy (Ristock, 2005: 10). Joan C. McClennen (2005) suggests that the silence sexual minorities are met with in the case of IPV causes individuals to be ʻdouble closetedentombed in their same-gender identity and in their personal pain of abuse.ʼ (150) In order to understand the different and changing conditions that inform the help-seeking of lesbian and queer victim-survivors, it is useful to turn to Kimberly Crenshaw's (1991) influential work ʻMapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of colorʼ. ...
... Asimismo, la mayoría de los estudios previos fueron realizados usando cuestionarios estructurados, útiles para obtener datos de prevalencia del fenómeno, pero que en ocasiones pueden dificultar la comprensión del significado preciso que tiene la violencia experimentada para las personas (Longares et al., 2018b). Dada la necesidad señalada en estudios previos de estudiar la violencia en parejas intragénero mediante metodologías cualitativas (Bornstein, Fawcett, Sullivan, Senturia & Shiu-Thornton, 2006;McClennen, 2005), más concretamente el abuso psicológico (Barrientos et al., 2016), y de analizar los posibles factores psicosociales influyentes sobre el fenómeno (Potoczniak, Mourot, Crosbie-Burnett & Potoczniak, 2003), este trabajo pretendió contribuir a mejorar el conocimiento sobre el tipo de estrategias de abuso psicológico experimentadas en relaciones de pareja intragénero, sobre algunos de los factores que pueden influir en la perpetración de esa violencia y sobre las dificultades para identificar tal abuso. Para ello se utilizó el análisis temático de entrevistas a personas autoidentificadas como víctimas de dicha violencia. ...
Although research on psychological abuse in same-gender couples has increased in recent decades, mainly in Englishspeaking countries, it is still scarce in Spanish-speaking countries. The aim of this study was to examine experiences of victimization and perpetration of psychological abuse in same-gender relationships, possible explanations for this abuse, and the difficulties experienced by the victims in identifying it. Twelve semi-structured interviews were carried out with lesbian, gay, and bisexual people living in Spain who had experienced psychological abuse in samegender couples. Through the thematic analysis of the interviews, some psychological abuse strategies were identified: isolation from friends, isolation in the home, control over personal life, emotional abuse, imposing one's ideas, and threatening to out one's partner. Participants provided some explanations for psychological abuse: influence of internalized lesbophobia, biphobia, and gayphobia, seeing the partner as a possession, and a prior experience of violence. The invisibility of same-gender violence and the heteronormative view of gender roles in the couple are pointed out as difficulties for identifying abuse. This study expands scientific knowledge about the psychological abuse strategies experienced in same-gender couples in the Spanish context and singles out some factors that influence the phenomenon and lead to difficulties in identifying abuse.
... When studying violence, thinking in terms of structural intersectionality means asking questions about how different social categories are affected by (different forms of) violence, and how different social categories might be involved in doing violence. The structural intersectionality question is about how other inequality regimes intersect with the gender regime, creating incentives and opportunities for violence, and about differentiating which persons socially located at the intersections of these inequality regimes are most at risk from violence. 2 Research has shown that who is affected by violence and who is performing 3 violence is strongly linked to social positioning on inequality dimensions such as gender, race/ethnicity, class, ability, and sexuality (McLennen 2005;Armstrong, Strid, and Walby 2007;Armstrong, Walby, and Strid 2009;Hearn et al. 2016). The direction observed when multiple inequalities are considered is that violence occurs from the relatively privileged or dominant to the subordinated or relatively disadvantaged. ...
... Qualitative studies and small surveys confirm that these barriers often produce a "double closet" for LGBTQ+ people, that is, feeling the need to keep secret not only their sexual orientation or intimate relationships but also the abuse and trauma they are experiencing (McClennen, 2005;St Pierre & Senn, 2010). This double closet has numerous consequences for men's mental health. ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a critical public health problem. However, there is limited research conducted on and about men who are survivors. This project extends previous research by examining the post-traumatic impact of diverse forms of IPV (sexual, physical, emotional, control, and stalking) on the internalized and externalized mental health of gay, bisexual, and straight men. Using data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (2011; N = 18,957), we find that all men are equally likely to report emotional victimization and controlling tactics (with between 50% and 70% doing so), while bisexual men are significantly more likely to report physical and sexual violence and gay men are significantly more likely to report intimate stalking. Due to these experiences, gay men are significantly more likely to report missing school or work, but bisexual men are significantly more likely to rate their current overall mental health as poor. Around 10% of all men, regardless of sexual orientation, report post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology and 30% of all men report difficulty sleeping. This research suggests that sexual orientation is a critical area of focus in the study of violence and mental health for men and that we can no longer ignore the voices and needs of men survivors: Invisibility is not invincibility.
... Accompanying female victim/male perpetrator stereotypes in SHA literature is a heterosexual bias. Literature on same-sex SHA is relatively scarce compared to heterosexual SHA, even though prevalence rates are similar across sexualities (McClennen, 2005;Messinger, 2011). In addition, sexual minority status has been found to convey risk of additional harm, but frameworks to understand and recognise same-sex abuse are still relatively new and untested (Carvalho et al., 2011;Donovan & Hester, 2010). ...
Coach-athlete sexual relationships (CASR) and sexual harassment and abuse (SHA) in sport can profoundly impact athletes’ welfare and performance. Yet, it is often ignored due to sensitivity, secrecy, and lack of knowledge. There is no previous research on SHA in sport in Sweden, and legal, consensual, same-sex CASR is under-researched. The overall purpose of this doctoral thesis is to examine CASR in competitive sport in Sweden. More specifically: a) athletes’ experiences of CASR; b) prevalence of SHA in coach-athlete relationships; c) conceptual and theoretical issues to broaden the under-standing of CASR and SHA, will be examined.
Survey methodology is employed in Article I to explore the prevalence of SHA, coach-athlete relationship factors, and association between relationship factors and SHA. A random sample of current and former male and female Swedish athletes (n=477) aged 25 participated. Article II outlines critical issues of CASR, and theories and conceptualisations of romantic love, sexual consent, and female athlete sexual agency is further developed in the thesis research summary. Drawing on interviews with five female elite athletes aged 23-30, experiences of CASR are analysed in-depth using discourse analyses in Article III and narrative case study design in Article IV.
Results show that athletes’ experiences of CASR are positively and negatively di-verse but potentially problematic because boundary ambiguity, secrecy, and isolation are common. Social and ethical dilemmas may also occur because CASR intersect con-trasting discourses regarding elite sport, coach–athlete relationships, and romantic love. Moreover, CASR integrate professional and private contexts in which equality and power deviate. The research illustrates empirically and theoretically how female elite athletes exercise agency and recognise consensual, mutually desired CASR where ro-mantic love is priority. However, sexual consent can be ambivalent rather than a mutu-ally exclusive yes/no dualism. Socially, consent is a process of negotiation informed by contextual factors, sexual agency, and social structure. In addition, 5.5% prevalence of SHA perpetrated by male coaches is reported, distributed throughout the sampled ath-letes’ gender, age, sport performance levels, and individual/team sports in the sample.
In conclusion, this thesis expands knowledge of athletes’ experiences of love, sexual consent, and abuse in CASR. Previous evidence of SHA in sport is confirmed to include sport in Sweden. Implications for sport and sport sciences are offered.
... Otros autores como Poorman, Seelau, E.P. y Seelau, S.M. (2003) indican que la violencia perpetrada por los hom bres hacia las mujeres ha sido cataloga -da como más importante y grave que otros tipos de violencia. Dicha afirmación se sustenta en postulados del feminismo que otorgan al patriarcado las causas de la violencia masculina hacia las mujeres en las relaciones íntimas (McClennen, 2005). ...
The recognition of same-sex relationships has increased, but same-sex intimate partner violence has been less studied. Historically, this problem had been studied in heterosexual relationships, women being victims and men main aggressors. This heteronormative approach to intimate partner violence (IPV) often neglects same-sex relationships (Finneran, Chard, Sineath, Sullivan, & Stephenson, 2012; Russell, 2015). For this study, IPV is defined as every act causing psychological, physical or sexual damage, within the context of intimate relationships (Harvey et al., 2007) perceived as such. To our knowledge, there are no studies about IPV in same-sex relationships in Chile. Data about this topic is scarce in the Latin American context (Ferreira et al., 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to provide contextualized knowledge about IPV in same-sex relationships to face this psychosocial problem. The aim of this study was to describe IPV in same-sex relationships in gay men and lesbian women and its sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, results are compared to detect possible differences between groups. LGBT populations are considered a difficult-to-reach or hidden population (Paz-Bailey et al., 2013). For this reason, a snowball sampling procedure was used. The sample consists of 467 participants who identify themselves as gay men (57.4%) or lesbian women (42.6%), aging from 18 to 67 years (M = 27.9; SD = 7.9). The sample was recruited in four Chilean cities (Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Santiago, and Concepción). A specially designed questionnaire was administered to collect data for this study. Results were obtained through descriptive and comparative analyses with a Chi-square Test. Analyses indicate that 80 subjects (17.2%) had experienced some form of IPV (psychological, physical, or sexual); 87.7% of them reported psychological violence; and about half of them (47.5%) physical violence. Likewise, 19.3% respondents reported that there had been an IPV perpetrator. For group analysis, 20.1% of lesbian women and 19.3% of gay men reported some IPV experience. Statistically significant differences between gay men and lesbian women respondents were detected for psychology violence perpetrated [x²(1) = 6.37, p = .01, w = .64]. Gay men reported a higher percentage perpetrating psychological violence in their relationship (87.5%), as compared to the group of lesbian women (65.8%). Also, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV experiences and educational levels [x²(3) = 10.53, p = .01, w = .51]. Subjects with higher educational levels report less IPV frequency. Finally, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV victims and IPV perpetrators. This study represents the first approach to describe and characterize IPV in gay men and lesbian women, thus creating a baseline for making comparisons with future findings on LGBT issues in Chile and Latin America. Results support evidence concerning greater prevalence of psychological violence in both gay men and lesbian women, as compared to other types of violence such as physical and sexual (Barrett & St. Pierre, 2013; Finneran y Stephenson, 2013; Hellemans et al., 2015; Messinger, 2011). In addition, this resultis similar to those of previous studies on general population (Russell, 2015). An important result is IPV mutuality in the sample, namely, IPV occurs in two directions: persons experiencing partner violence concurrently perpetrate violence against their partners. Findings support the view that, in general, violence in same-sex relationships takes place gradually from relation al dynamics marked by violence (Barrientos, Rodríguez-Caballería, Escartín & Longares, in press). In this context, although data from this study are exploratory-descriptive, they make up a good approach to the problem since they include gay men and lesbian women from different Chilean areas of varied sociodemographic characteristics. If similar findings are reported in other studies, they could help direct psychosocial interventions, public policies, and future research. In any case, results must be carefully considered since they are non-representative samples and, in theory, not comparable with each other. Limitations and implications for future IPV research in same-sex relationships are discussed.
... Otros autores como Poorman, Seelau, E.P. y Seelau, S.M. (2003) indican que la violencia perpetrada por los hom bres hacia las mujeres ha sido cataloga -da como más importante y grave que otros tipos de violencia. Dicha afirmación se sustenta en postulados del feminismo que otorgan al patriarcado las causas de la violencia masculina hacia las mujeres en las relaciones íntimas (McClennen, 2005). ...
... Otros autores como Poorman, Seelau, E.P. y Seelau, S.M. (2003) indican que la violencia perpetrada por los hom bres hacia las mujeres ha sido cataloga -da como más importante y grave que otros tipos de violencia. Dicha afirmación se sustenta en postulados del feminismo que otorgan al patriarcado las causas de la violencia masculina hacia las mujeres en las relaciones íntimas (McClennen, 2005). ...
... Same-sex and heterosexual couples may share a number of risk markers, but there may also be differences between these populations in terms of risk markers for IPV, which may be explained, in part, by the differences in the nature of gender socialization experienced by men and women (McClennen, 2005). That is, beyond the ostensible similarities between risk markers for IPV among same-sex couples and heterosexual couples, it is also important to consider that individuals in same-sex relationships may contend with additional risk markers. ...
Research on intimate partner violence (IPV) has largely focused on heterosexual relationships, but, in recent years, researchers have expanded their focus to include same-sex relationships. Using meta-analytic techniques, this study was conducted to examine the relative strength of various risk markers for men and women being perpetrators and victims of physical IPV in same-sex relationships. Articles were identified through research search engines and screened to identify articles fitting the inclusion criteria, a process that resulted in 24 studies and 114 effect sizes for the meta-analysis. The strongest risk marker among those with at least two effect sizes for both male and female perpetration was psychological abuse perpetration. The strongest risk marker among those with at least two effect sizes for IPV victimization was also perpetration of psychological abuse for males and psychological abuse victimization for females. Among same-sex-specific risk markers, internalized homophobia and fusion were the strongest predictors for being perpetrators of IPV for men and women, respectively. HIV status and internalized homophobia were the strongest risk markers for IPV victimization for men and women, respectively. Of 10 comparisons between men and women in risk markers for IPV perpetration and victimization, only 1 significant difference was found. The results suggest that
although same-sex and heterosexual relationships may share a number of risk markers for IPV, there are risk markers for physical IPV unique to same-sex relationships. Further research and increased specificity in measurement are needed to better study and understand the influence of same-sex-specific risk markers for IPV.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) (2021) defines intimate partner violence (IPV)
as behaviour by an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, sexual, social, and mental health harm, including violence, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours. IPV may be more prevalent in male same-sex relationships than in heterosexual relationships (Rollè et al, 2018), with prevalence studies estimating that 34-45% of men in same-sex relationships ever experience IPV (Bacchus et al, 2017; Duncan et al, 2018; Miltz et al, 2019; Stults et al, 2015). Men who experience IPV from same-sex partners have increased risks of mental ill health, substance misuse and transmission of sexually transmitted infections (Bacchus et al, 2017; Miltz et al, 2019; Stults et al, 2015; Duncan et al, 2018; Stults et al, 2019). Identifying and providing accessible support to men who experience abuse from same intimate partners is therefore important in minimising biopsychosocial harm. Some evidence indicates social discourses of masculinity and gay stereotypes prevents men from acknowledging the abuse they experience from partners, or from accessing services (Ristock and Timbang, 2005; Baker et al, 2013). Where men access services, their experience are often not recognised as IPV (Rohrbaugh, 2006) and some experience discrimination (Rollè et al, 2018). There is some evidence that examines IPV among gay and bisexual men (GBM), but these studies are predominantly undertaken from a heteronormative perspective. Such positionality limits the possibility of the evidence base understanding
same-sex IPV from the perspective of the person’s lived experiences, silencing these voices within the policy and practice context. This limits the effectiveness of policy and practice to provide fully adapted, effective and inclusive support for this high-risk population. This study will address this substantive evidence gap through providing a socio-culturally situated exploration of the lived experiences of men who are subject to same-sex IPV within Scotland. The aim was to understand how men who self-identify as having been subject to IPV within a same-sex relationship dynamic conceptualise and understand their experiences. The objectives were:
1. To identify the relationship factors that influences men’s experiences of being
subject to IPV within a same-sex dynamic.
2. To identify and describe the types and forms of IPV that men have been subject to
within consensually influenced same-sex relationships.
3. To identify and describe the biopsychosocial impact of IPV on men who have
been subject to within a same-sex relationship.
4. To identify the perceptions and experiences that influenced men’s disclosure and
engagement with health, social care and law enforcement services following their
same-sex IPV subjection.
An executive summary and full report are available.
https://rosaleenobrienresearch.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/ipv-research-executive-summary-2022.pdf
Background:
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been a concern among men who have sex with men (MSM), but less attention has been paid to the factors associated with this population in China.
Aims:
We investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with IPV victimhood among MSM in Guangzhou, China.
Methods:
MSM were recruited from May to November 2017, and data were collected using an anonymous electronic questionnaire. Chi-squared tests and non-conditional logistic regressions were used to explore the factors associated with IPV victimhood.
Results:
A total of 129 in 976 (13.22%) MSM reported experiencing IPV victimhood. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that individuals who had condomless anal intercourse (CAI, aOR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.00-2.17) or had sex with a female partner (aOR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.15-2.83) in the past six months were at a higher risk of IPV victimhood. Participants who had ever experienced child sexual abuse (CSA) were more likely to experience IPV (aOR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.32-2.94). Individuals who used rush poppers before sex had a higher risk of IPV (aOR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.21-2.63). In addition, ever having sex with a female sex partner (aOR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.04-2.60), ever having used rush poppers before sex (aOR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.22-2.64) in the past six months, and ever having experienced CSA (aOR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.35-3.01) were associated with experiencing more types of IPV.
Conclusions:
IPV victimhood was relatively common among MSM in Guangzhou, particularly among those who had CAI, experienced CSA, had sex with a female partner, used rush poppers before sex, and those with less education.
Intimate partner aggression (IPA) is high among gay, bisexual, queer, and other sexual minority men (SMM), and is strongly linked to minority stress. These links might be further magnified or buffered by communication between partners (i.e., negative and positive communication, respectively). The present study investigated associations of minority stress and IPA, and the moderating role of positive/negative communication, among male couples (N = 932 individuals, 466 couples). Partners completed measures of communication skills, minority stress, and IPA, which were analyzed using moderated actor‐partner interdependence models. Results suggested that microaggressions increase one's own (i.e., an actor effect) and one's partner's (i.e., a partner effect) verbal IPA victimization, verbal IPA perpetration, and physical IPA victimization. Positive communication moderated the association between microaggressions and verbal IPA victimization, suggesting that high levels of positive communication may buffer the microaggression‐verbal IPA link. Thus, minority stress' detrimental impacts on relationship functioning among male same‐sex couples may be reduced by the presence of positive communication (e.g., effective conflict resolution). We discuss structural and clinical innovations to prevent IPA among male couples, with particular emphasis on the absence of positive communication as an aggravating factor.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects millions of people in the United States each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010 ; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000 ) with devastating consequences. Prevention efforts aimed at IPV are urgently needed. This chapter will delineate critical definitions, theories of IPV etiology, and IPV prevalence. Examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention interventions aimed at IPV will be provided. Suggestions for future directions of IPV prevention efforts are provided.
One of the most promising applications of cryogenic therapy is its ability to transform a wide range of materials. In this study, Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) was subjected to both deep and shallow cryogenic treatment. In addition to the anti-aging treatment, a deep cryogenic treatment was administered to the patient. Tensile tests were used to examine how cryogenic treatment affected the mechanical characteristics and ductility of Ti6Al4 alloy. According to this studies, cryogenic treatment expands flexibility of Ti6Al4V alloy. After 24 and 36 h, the deep cryo-treated samples had Uniform Plastic Deformation Region (UPDR) that were 5.3% and 8.3% greater than the untreated ones. However, after 36 h of cryogenic treatment, the yield strength of the material decreased by 2%. When subjected to a 36-hour period of severe cryogenic treatment, the alloy's phase ratio decreased from 8.1% to 5.6%, resulting in structural changes within the material. The unstable a phase gave rise to both stable and unstable phases. Experiments have shown that cryogenic treatment raises the flexibility and durability of Ti6AI4V alloy while also controlling the microstructure and lowering residual stress when performed at room temperature.
Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence (SSIPV) among lesbian women has been underestimated until few decades ago. While the association between romantic attachment and SSIPV has been widely demonstrated, mechanisms that mediate this association and the complex relationships between romantic attachment, SSIPV, and SSIPV-specific risk factors have not been adequately investigated to date. The current study assessed the influence of romantic attachment on SSIPV perpetration among lesbian women, exploring the mediating role of internalized homonegativity within this association. Three hundred and twenty-five Italian lesbian women with a mean age of 30 years were recruited and completed the following self-report measures: the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), the Measure of Internalized Sexual Stigma, and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form. The results showed a positive association between attachment anxiety, and general and psychological SSIPV perpetration. Similarly, attachment avoidance was positively related with general, psychological, and physical SSIPV perpetration. The association between romantic attachment, and general and psychological SSIPV was partially mediated by internalized homonegativity. These findings have theoretical implications and provide valuable information to implement services and interventions tailored for SSIPV, to date scarce and not effective.
The topic of intimate partner violence (IPV) in lesbian and queer relationships continues to be under-researched in Sweden. This lack of knowledge and recognition can have severe consequences for the help-seeking of those who are not recognized as victims of IPV. This thesis aims to fill this knowledge gap by examining the help-seeking processes of lesbian and queer victim-survivors of IPV in Sweden. By drawing on qualitative interviews with 25 people who have experienced violence in intimate lesbian and/or queer relationships, the thesis examines how the interviewees made sense of the experiences of IPV, where they sought help and how they perceived the support they received. These findings contribute to our understanding of the challenges that recognition of IPV in queer and lesbian relationships entails. Many of the interviewees struggled to identify themselves as victims of IPV, as their experiences did not fit with the public stories of violence, which frame IPV as a heterosexual phenomenon and tend to emphasize physical violence. To understand the struggle for recognition, the thesis draws on the theoretical concept of slow violence from environmental studies, which calls attention to invisible and processual forms of violence that manifest over time. The help-seeking patterns of the interviewees were characterized by subtle, iterative and aborted attempts to gain support and included different informal and formal actors. The findings suggest that the help-seeking processes of victim-survivors often mirror the violence experienced, meaning that they are repeated and processual. Many interviewees initially sought support for other reasons than IPV. This indirect help-seeking suggests that help-providers need to be able to recognize potential victims. Failed help-seeking encounters caused by institutionalized heteronormative values were often characterized by inadvertent misrecognition. This included ignoring or minimizing signs of abuse, leading to failed or lack of interventions. To understand the specific conditions for help-seeking in the Swedish context, ideals around progress, family-making and community support are discussed. This includes specifically the social and legal vulnerability which shape both violence and help-seeking in lesbian and queer families. Finally, the ideal of the singular LGBTQ community as a ready resource for support is challenged.
Past research has determined that individuals with a history of maltreatment victimization during adolescence (i.e., neglect, emotional, physical, or sexual abuse prior to the age of 18) are more likely to perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV) against their partners later on in the life-course. The vast majority of this understanding, however, focuses on male perpetration against female victims, relies on clinical or offender data that is not widely generalizable, and does not specifically focus on sexual IPV. As such, there is little known about the impact of adolescent maltreatment victimization on later sexual IPV perpetration among women or how this might vary according to gender. In order to bridge these gaps in the literature, the current study examined how maltreatment victimization during adolescence influenced later sexual IPV perpetration, both in general and then separately according to gender, using nationally representative data from the public sample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Multivariate results indicated that adolescent maltreatment victimization increased one's risk of perpetrating sexual IPV during adulthood, however this relationship was stronger for women than it was for men. The importance of these findings for future policy and research GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL IPV PERPETRATION 2 are discussed, particularly with regard to further gender-specific empirical study of sexual IPV perpetration and the development of gender-specific treatment initiatives aimed at reducing this type of offending. Keywords sexual intimate partner violence, cycle of violence, childhood maltreatment, gender differences in offending Acknowledgements
It is understood that corruption can change the incentives to engage in political violence. However, the scope for corruption to change attitudes toward the permissibility of violence has received less attention. Drawing on Moral Foundations Theory, we argue that experiences of corruption in the social environment are likely to shape individual attitudes toward violent behavior. Using Afrobarometer data, we document a statistically significant and sizable relationship between an individual's experience of paying bribes and their attitudes to political, interpersonal, and domestic violence. These relationships are evident, and not significantly different, for men and women and are robust to the inclusion of variables capturing the local incidence of corruption, local norms regarding violence, and a proxy for the local incidence of violence with the community. Corruption is associated with permissive attitudes to violence even after controlling for the perceived legitimacy of the police and courts.
La violencia en parejas del mismo sexo es un fenómeno que hasta hace poco no había llamado la atención en la comunidad científica, especialmente en regiones como Latinoamérica, tal vez factores como el heterocentrismo, estigmas sociales y una poca visibilidad contribuyen a las pocas investigaciones sobre esta problemática. Por lo anterior, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo explorar y describir la presencia de violencia cometida y sufrida en parejas del mismo sexo. Participaron veintinueve personas: 14 mujeres que señalaron ser lesbianas y 15 hombres que indicaron ser gais, quienes contestaron el Inventario de violencia en el noviazgo adolescente (VADRI). Los resultados mostraron que ambos sexos tienden a ser víctimas y perpetradores de violencia dentro de sus relaciones, lo que concuerda con hallazgos obtenidos en otras investigaciones realizadas con parejas heterosexuales, resultado que podría indicar que las dinámicas de violencia no difieren entre parejas homosexuales y heterosexuales, puesto que ambas parecen tener una naturaleza bidireccional. En la violencia manifestada a través del control se halló que ambos sexos son víctimas y perpetradores, a través de medios tecnológicos y redes sociales, lo que concuerda con hallazgos obtenidos en investigaciones realizadas en parejas heterosexuales donde se remarca su alta frecuencia y posible normalización.
This chapter examines the empirical literature concerning family preservation. Although many chapters include information relevant to family preservation, this chapter focuses on family problems not explicitly discussed elsewhere in the book. Thus, we discuss marital conflict in terms of not only how couple members are affected, but also how family life impacts the health and well-being of the children. We do not address specific problems, such as chemical dependency, juvenile delinquency, and eating disorders, even though these problems affect family preservation, and we discuss family violence strictly in terms of domestic or spousal abuse, rather than child abuse, sibling abuse, or elder abuse, even though these problems, obviously, affect family preservation. This chapter includes a discussion of assessment methods and intervention methods related to intimate partner violence.
While men’s sexual violence against women is unarguably a social and public health issue, both nationally representative data and smaller studies tell us that rates for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer+ (LGBTQ+) individuals are equally or significantly higher. Despite this, there remains little structural support for LGBTQ + survivors. This article highlights the voices of 38 queer and trans people of color (QTPOC)-identified U.S. Southerners who have experienced sexual violence and came together across three focus groups to detail their interactions with advocates and other professionals and explore posttraumatic needs. Nearly all survivors reported that the level of awareness regarding sexual violence in their communities was limited, with most reporting that they did not successfully access mainstream services, due to concerns about homophobia, transphobia, and racism. To address sexual violence in LGBTQ + communities, survivors pointed to the importance of friendship and community networks “outside the system,” knowledge sharing about LGBTQ+-specific violence tactics (e.g., threats of outing a partner), and holding batterers accountable for their behavior within LGBTQ + circles. Findings highlight the need to move beyond “culturally competent” health care by proactively engaging LGBTQ + communities in education, networking, resource sharing, and anti-violence outreach.
Societal definitions of intimate partner violence (IPV) are highly gendered and heteronormative, resulting in dissonance regarding cases of same-sex IPV. This study explored perceptions of IPV when the context of the case is inconsistent with societal norms regarding sex and sexuality. Mock jurors read a vignette describing a case of alleged IPV in which the sex and sexual orientation of the defendant were manipulated. Participants (N = 415) rendered a verdict and provided ratings of the defendant, victim, and case. Results suggest participants were more confident in a guilty verdict when the defendant was male, compared to female. Further, male defendants were perceived as more morally responsible, but only when the victim was female. Perceptions regarding the crime suggest violence perpetrated by a man against a woman is viewed more adversely than any other condition. Data are discussed in terms of implications for legal decision makers and public policy.
Physical and emotional violence is prevalent in couple and family relationships (Office for National Statistics UK in Chapter 4—Intimate personal violence and partner abuse, 2014). There are many well-established books on how to assess for the risk of future violence in families, and on how to intervene therapeutically to help family members stop the violence, including the book by one of the present authors (Hamel and Nicholls in Family interventions in domestic violence: a handbook of gender-inclusive theory and treatment. Springer, New York 2006; Hamel in Gender-inclusive treatment of intimate partner abuse: a comprehensive approach. Springer, New York, NY 2005; Cooper and Vetere in Domestic violence and family safety: a systemic approach to working with violence in families. Whurr Publishers, London, UK 2005). However, less is written on how to help couples and families once the violence has stopped.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) continues to represent a critical public health issue that affects individuals across the globe, irrespective of race, gender, religion, socioeconomic status, or sexual orientation. As a result, individual and community-based advocacy efforts are desperately needed to combat the negative repercussions of IPV. This article outlines the development of the See the Triumph Survivor Advocacy Training Program, a community-based advocacy intervention program for survivors of IPV.
This chapter discusses characteristics of intimate partner violence (IPV) in same-sex couples, similarities and differences with heterosexual IPV, predictors and causes of same-sex violence, types of same-sex violence, reasons for staying in same-sex abusive relationships, and treatment implications. The strongest predictor of aggressing against a same-sex partner is having been abused as a child. Other correlates with same-sex violence perpetration include alcohol and substance abuse, excessive dependency, and borderlines traits. Gay and lesbians report staying in abusive relationships for reasons such as fear, love, economics, hope for change, and low self-esteem. Although trauma bonding research has not been conducted on gays and lesbians, the ingredients are certainly present in these relationships for its occurrence. In treating same-sex intimacy violence, counselors must consider societal context factors such as isolation, fear of alienation from the gay and lesbian community, and homophobia along with PTSD symptoms, insecure attachment, depression, and anger.
Intimate partner violence is a preventable and costly public health challenge that affects more than one in three women and one in four men in the United States. Survivors of these forms of violence can experience frank physical injury and mental and physical health consequences including STDs, gastrointestinal disorders, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and suicide. LGBT individuals in same-sex relationships, particularly transgender individuals, experience IPV at rates greater than their heterosexual counterparts; however, despite the higher prevalence of IPV within the LGBT community, same-sex IPV and transgender is far less likely to be addressed adequately by healthcare providers, policy makers, educators, and social services. This chapter defines intimate partner violence, explores the sociopolitical and methodological issues around this complex and sensitive topic, outlines challenges unique to vulnerable LGBT communities, and provides clinicians a comprehensive guide to recognize and address this public health challenge within the doctor-patient relationship. A list of national regional resources is also included for reference.
This chapter provides an introduction to the research on intimate partner violence in LGBT relationships. The background of research in this area is provided along with an exploration of common methodological issues and limitations. The available research evidence on the prevalence of intimate partner violence for LGBT subgroups is summarized along with an outline of the contexts and considerations of intimate partner violence unique to LGBT communities. Finally, a discussion of responses to LGBT intimate partner violence, including help-seeking behaviors and the social services available for LGBT survivors is offered.
In comparison to a large body of literature about battered heterosexual women and a growing body about battered lesbians, this is one of the first published studies that investigates the experiences of battered gay and bisexual men. Results indicated that these men suffered patterns, forms, and frequencies of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse similar to what has been documented by research on battered heterosexual and lesbian women. Likewise, the most commonly reported reasons for staying--namely, hope for change and love for partner--appear to be universal to the experience of being battered. Unlike battered heterosexual women, respondents in this study were not likely to report that being financially trapped was a major reason why they had remained. HIV-status, however, appears to significantly influence their decision to remain. Moreover, lack of knowledge about domestic violence and the lack of availability of appropriate resources play a significant role in same-gender domestic violence victims' decisions to remain. Like battered lesbians, battered gay men infrequently sought assistance from battered women's services and perceived these services as not helpful. By contrast, individual counselors and agencies who provided individual counselors were rated as quite helpful.
This paper examines the challenges presented to current gender-based domestic violence theory by the existence of same-sex domestic violence. Charging the dominant theory is heterosexist and ignores the experience of battered lesbians and gay men, Island and Letellier (1991) have argued that domestic violence is not a gender issue and advocate a psychological framework that emphasizes batterer treatment. Examining the theoretical conflicts, this paper attempts to domenstrate that sociopolitcal and psychological theories can be successfully integrated into a social-psychological model. Such a model, developed by Zemsky (1990) and Gilbert, Poorman, and Simmons (1990), is explored and critiqued as an excellent beginning. By integrating psychological principles and sociological concepts, this theory explores the many dimensions of power and explains the phenomenon of domestic violence as it occurs in all relationship configurations. Suggestions for further theoretical considerations and research are made.
Objective: The Lesbian Partner Abuse Scale-Revised (LE-PAS-R) was designed and construct validated to assess power imbalance between lesbian couples resulting in partner abuse. Method: The 135-item Lesbian Partner Abuse Scale (LE-PAS) was content validated. Implementing a nationwide survey using convenience sampling, an assessment packet containing the LE-PAS, two established scales (the Index of Self-Esteem and the General Contentment Scale), and demographic information was completed by 45 abused and 33 nonabused lesbians. Results: A series of factor analyses resulted in six factors (communication and social skills, substance abuse, intergenerational transmission of violence, fakes illness, internalized homophobia, and status differentials) accounting for 77.3% of all item variance. The 25-item LE-PAS-R shows evidence of strong reliability (r = .94), credible concurrent validity (p < .01), and the ability to differentiate between abused and nonabused lesbians (p < .01). Conclusions: Further validation of the LE-PAS-R will provide evidence of its ability to assist clinicians in identifying lesbian relationships in which power imbalance may result in partner abuse.
Studies over the last two decades have greatly advanced knowledge about gay and lesbian aging. These studies have also discovered the challenges involved in studying older gay and lesbian populations. The study described in this article adds to this knowledge by examining the caregiving experiences of this “hidden” population. It describes the research process used in the study, and advocates for the use of qualitative methods to empower study respondents and uncover their unique experiences. It also presents the challenges faced, strategies employed, and lessons learned from the study.
This paper addresses the poverty of services available to lesbian victims of partner abuse, despite the need for such services. Drawing on data from a survey of 1,505 help providers (to which 566 responded), the paper focuses on the services that the help providers themselves claim to offer. The data reveal a serious disparity in help providers' rhetoric and offical policies and the reality of the services available. The paper concludes with suggestions for improving services to battered lesbians.
The purpose of this research is to present empirical evidence regarding the dynamics, help-seeking behaviors, and correlates of gay men's partner abuse. Implementing a nationwide survey using convenience sampling, data were gathered using a 12-page questionnaire. Data from 63 self-identified victims (aged 26-50 yrs) were compared with studies conducted by C. Renzetti (1992) and G. S. Merrill and V. A. Wolfe (2000). Partner abuse between gay men occurs in many forms, complies with the cycle of abuse, and often is severe over a long period of time. Help-seeking behaviors are limited and mostly remain with informal sources. The correlates of dependency, jealousy, power imbalance, and substance abuse are modest predictors of severity of abuse. Empirical evidence confirms the need for intervention directed toward this social problem, and groundwork is laid for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Based on a nationwide study of violence in lesbian relationships, this comprehensive, accessible volume derives from a common theme expressed by the subjects: the sense of having been betrayed, first by their lovers, and subsequently by a lesbian community which tends to deny the problem when victims seek help. Renzetti skillfully addresses several central issues: consequences for victims, batterers and the community as a whole; and what we can learn about domestic violence in general by studying violence in lesbian relationships. The research offers a fresh look at domestic violence by examining the phenomenon of women as perpetrators of intimate violence against women, at the same time making a clear distinction between battering and self defense. Students and professionals in victimology, gender studies, sociology, psychology, criminology, social work, clinical psychology, counseling, and family studies will not want to miss this brilliant work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Identifying and treating battered lesbians
- J Morrow
Morrow, J. (1994, April). Identifying and treating battered lesbians. San Francisco Medicine, 17, 20-21.
The evolution of social policy in gay/lesbian/bisexual domestic violence A professional's guide to understanding gay and lesbian domestic violence: Understanding practice interventions
- R Smith
- O Dale
Smith, R., & Dale, O. (1999). The evolution of social policy in gay/lesbian/bisexual domestic violence. In J. C. McClennen & J. Gunther (Eds.), A professional's guide to understanding gay and lesbian domestic violence: Understanding practice interventions (pp. 257-276).