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Anti-inflammatory effects of jojoba liquid wax in experimental models
Abstract
Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link 1822) Schneider 1907] is an arid perennial shrub grown in several American and African countries. Jojoba seeds, which are rich in liquid wax, were used in folk medicine for diverse ailments. In the current study, the potential anti-inflammatory activity of jojoba liquid wax (JLW) was evaluated in a number of experimental models. Results showed that JLW caused reduction of carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema in addition to diminishing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level in the inflammatory exudates. In a test for anti-inflammatory potential utilizing the chick's embryo chroioallantoic membrane (CAM), JLW also caused significant lowering of granulation tissue formation. Topical application of JLW reduced ear oedema induced by croton oil in rats. In the same animal model, JLW also reduced neutrophil infiltration, as indicated by decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In addition, JLW ameliorated histopathological changes affected by croton oil application. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in air pouch in rats, JLW reduced nitric oxide (NO) level and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of JLW in combating inflammation in several experimental models. Further investigations are needed to identify the active constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory property of JLW.
... Traditionally, jojoba wax (as crushed seeds) was used by native Americans of Baja California for skincare, e.g., for treatment of cuts, sores, bruises, and burns, including sun and windburn, or hair lubrication (Dary, 2008). In modern research, jojoba wax has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and wound-healing bioactivities (Habashy et al., 2005;El Sherif et al., 2023). Additionally, it has also been shown that jojoba wax may form an efficient barrier that protects the skin surface, retaining moisture in the skin, as determined by transepidermal water loss evaluation (Stamatas et al., 2008). ...
... These results are aligned with two previous evaluations depicting an anti-inflammatory action of jojoba; Abdel-Mageed et al. (2014) have shown that jojoba leaf extract flavonoids can attenuate lipoxygenase activity, a key enzyme in arachidonic acid metabolism present upstream to synthesis of inflammatory mediators (Abdel-Mageed et al., 2014). In addition, a thorough in-vivo study by Habashy et al. (2005) showed that carrageenininduced paw edema is also reduced by jojoba wax, which correlates with a significant reduction in prostaglandin E2 levels. In addition, the authors also showed a reduction of~30% in TNFα in the air pouch model (Habashy et al., 2005). ...
... In addition, a thorough in-vivo study by Habashy et al. (2005) showed that carrageenininduced paw edema is also reduced by jojoba wax, which correlates with a significant reduction in prostaglandin E2 levels. In addition, the authors also showed a reduction of~30% in TNFα in the air pouch model (Habashy et al., 2005). Here, we elaborate and present a reduction of additional pro-inflammatory markers, IL-6 and IL-8, following stimulation with LPS. ...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant global health concern, prompting the need for effective treatment strategies. This in-depth review critically assesses the landscape of HCV treatment, drawing parallels between traditional interferon/ribavirin therapy historically pivotal in HCV management and herbal approaches rooted in traditional and complementary medicine. Advancements in therapeutic development and enhanced clinical outcomes axis on a comprehensive understanding of the diverse HCV genome, its natural variations, pathogenesis, and the impact of dietary, social, environmental, and economic factors. A thorough analysis was conducted through reputable sources such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, books, and dissertations. This review primarily focuses on the intricate nature of HCV genomes and explores the potential of botanical drugs in both preventing and treating HCV infections.
... Traditionally, jojoba wax (as crushed seeds) was used by native Americans of Baja California for skincare, e.g., for treatment of cuts, sores, bruises, and burns, including sun and windburn, or hair lubrication (Dary, 2008). In modern research, jojoba wax has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and wound-healing bioactivities (Habashy et al., 2005;El Sherif et al., 2023). Additionally, it has also been shown that jojoba wax may form an efficient barrier that protects the skin surface, retaining moisture in the skin, as determined by transepidermal water loss evaluation (Stamatas et al., 2008). ...
... These results are aligned with two previous evaluations depicting an anti-inflammatory action of jojoba; Abdel-Mageed et al. (2014) have shown that jojoba leaf extract flavonoids can attenuate lipoxygenase activity, a key enzyme in arachidonic acid metabolism present upstream to synthesis of inflammatory mediators (Abdel-Mageed et al., 2014). In addition, a thorough in-vivo study by Habashy et al. (2005) showed that carrageenininduced paw edema is also reduced by jojoba wax, which correlates with a significant reduction in prostaglandin E2 levels. In addition, the authors also showed a reduction of~30% in TNFα in the air pouch model (Habashy et al., 2005). ...
... In addition, a thorough in-vivo study by Habashy et al. (2005) showed that carrageenininduced paw edema is also reduced by jojoba wax, which correlates with a significant reduction in prostaglandin E2 levels. In addition, the authors also showed a reduction of~30% in TNFα in the air pouch model (Habashy et al., 2005). Here, we elaborate and present a reduction of additional pro-inflammatory markers, IL-6 and IL-8, following stimulation with LPS. ...
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis L.) wax was previously reported to increase cutaneous wound healing, ameliorate acne and psoriasis manifestations, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. However, its potential cosmetic properties have not been fully investigated. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of jojoba wax and its impact on the synthesis of extracellular components following topical application. The fatty acid and fatty alcohol profiles of two industrial and two lab-scale cold-press jojoba waxes were analyzed along with total tocopherol and phytosterol content. The dermo-cosmetic effect of all jojoba wax preparations was evaluated ex-vivo, using the human skin organ culture model, which emulates key features of intact tissue. The ability of jojoba wax to reduce secreted levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and the safety of the applications in the ex-vivo model were evaluated. In addition, the impact on the synthesis of pro-collagen and hyaluronic acid levels upon treatment was investigated. The results demonstrate that topically applied jojoba wax can reduce LPS-induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα by approx. 30% compared to untreated skin. This effect was enhanced when treatment was combined with low non-toxic levels of Triton X-100, and its efficacy was similar to the anti-inflammatory activity of dexamethasone used as a positive control. In addition, mRNA and protein levels of collagen III and synthesis of hyaluronic acid were markedly increased upon topical application of jojoba. Moreover, the enhanced content of extracellular matrix (ECM) components correlated with the enhanced expression of TGFβ1. Collectively, our results further demonstrate that jojoba can reduce local skin inflammation, and this effect may be increased by emulsifier which increases its bioavailability. In addition, the finding that topical application of jojoba wax enhances the synthesis of pro-collagen and hyaluronic acid and may be beneficial in the treatment of age-related manifestations.
... It was also demonstrated that hydrogenated jojoba oil has a faster penetration rate and good occlusive properties. Thus, it is recommended to use jojoba oil alone or with other natural oils to maintain the natural appearance of the skin and the safety of that derivative as an emollient in the cosmetic formulation [7,10]. ...
... Habashy et al. conducted a study in 2005 that demonstrated this reduction of edema and prostaglandin E2 content in rats, further supporting this potential of jojoba. The anti-inflammatory effect of jojoba oil involved the blockage of both cyclooxygenase II and lipoxygenase enzymes [7,26]. This work is confirmed by a controlled clinical trial evaluating the short-term effectiveness of jojoba liquid wax as local treatment of Napkin rash. ...
... Methotrexate-loaded jojoba oil-based microemulsion was proved to be clinically safe and effective in treating psoriasis vulgaris due to its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory effects [6]. Another jojoba oil-based microemulsion loading the synthetic retinoid tazarotene revealed a better therapeutic effect in psoriatic patients than the marketed product with no irritation and a double increase in tazarotene skin deposition [7]. ...
Jojoba is a widely used medicinal plant that is cultivated worldwide. Its seeds and oil have a long history of use in folklore to treat various ailments, such as skin and scalp disorders, superficial wounds, sore throat, obesity, and cancer; for improvement of liver functions, enhancement of immunity, and promotion of hair growth. Extensive studies on Jojoba oil showed a wide range of pharmacological applications, including antioxidant, anti-acne and antipsoriasis, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperglycemia activities. In addition, Jojoba oil is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in cosmetics for topical, transdermal, and parenteral preparations. Jojoba oil also holds value in the industry as an anti-rodent, insecticides, lubricant, surfactant, and a source for the production of bioenergy. Jojoba oil is considered among the top-ranked oils due to its wax, which constitutes about 98% (mainly wax esters, few free fatty acids, alcohols, and hydrocarbons). In addition, sterols and vitamins with few triglyceride esters, flavonoids, phenolic and cyanogenic compounds are also present. The present review represents an updated literature survey about the chemical composition of jojoba oil, its physical properties, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical and industrial applications, and toxicity.
... The traditional medicinal applications of JJBO are mainly limited to skin care, involving skin barrier repairing [6], and wound healing [5]. Dermatological research shows that JJBO can reduce inflammation for the treatment of acne and psoriasis [7]. Moreover, JJBO shows high safety without significant toxicity and side effects [8]. ...
... LPS-induced ALI was selected in this study, which is the representative of biological ALI [7,25]. Rats were fixed with hands. ...
... JJBO is a light-yellow oil and is mainly composed of linear long-chain esters. It has many medicinal applications such as anti-inflammation [7], wound healing, skin disorder healing [6], and antioxidant [33]. However, the potential of JJBO as a highly anti-inflammatory natural plant oil is unlikely to be fully realized due to its disadvantage of low solubility and poor dispensability. ...
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid) is a dioecious plant in desert and semi-desert areas, e.g., the Ismailia Desert in Egypt. Jojoba oil (JJBO) is a natural slight yellow oil with the functions of skin barrier repairing and wound healing, which is dermally applied as a traditional medication or cosmetic in the Middle East. The objective of this study was to prepare JJBO dry nanoemulsion powders (JNDs) and investigate their anti-acute lung injury effects. JJBO nanoemulsions (JNEs) were prepared and then lyophilized to JNDs and the properties and simulated lung deposition were measured. Rat acute lung injury (ALI) models were established after intratracheal (i.t.) administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). JNDs and dexamethasone (DXM) solutions were also i.t. administered to the rats. The pathological states of lung tissues were checked. Inflammatory and oxidative factors in the lung tissues were determined using ELISA methods. NF-κB p65 and caspase-3 were measured with a Western blotting method and an immunohistochemical method, respectively. JNDs had an appropriate mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 4.17 µm and a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 39.11%. JNDs showed higher anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced ALI than DXM with a decrease in total protein content and down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and NF-κB p65. JNDs also showed higher anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effect on H2O2-induced ALI than DXM with elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increasing of superoxide dismutase (SOD), decrease in of lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), and inhibition of caspase-3 expression. Moreover, i.t. JNDs attenuated bleeding and infiltrations of the inflammatory cells in the two ALI models. JNDs are a promising natural oil-contained inhalable medication for the treatment of LPS- or H2O2-induced ALI.
... Furthermore, the animal groups treated with line 5 jojoba and line 10 jojoba presented a significant decrease in IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NFκB when linked to control jojoba. An earlier study showed that jojoba oil reduced carrageenin-induced rat paw edema, croton-oil-induced ear oedema, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced air pouch inflammation, signifying the potent anti-inflammatory efficacy of jojoba [18]. Due to the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there is an increased need for new antimicrobial agents. ...
... The differences in the cultivation and genetic makeup of the plants and the bacterial strains used could all contribute to this variance. Further, [3,18,19,23,44] used the presence or absence of inhibition zones to qualitatively evaluate the antimicrobial activity of several jojoba leaves' extracts against the used bacteria. The results demonstrated differences between the antibacterial activity of the three jojoba leaf extract lines against the tested microbial species. ...
Simmondsia chinensis is a dioecious, long-lived perennial shrub. Its leaves contain several antioxidant flavonoids that have numerous pharmacological effects. Various strategies have been explored to propagate jojoba with enhanced pharmacological values. This research evaluates the bio-stimulatory impacts of He-Ne laser seed irradiation on seed germination, plantlet growth, and alteration of the composition and bioactivities of phytochemicals in jojoba plants. Jojoba seeds were irradiated for 5, 10, and 15 min before in vitro germination. Germination, growth, and multiplication parameters were recorded during germination, multiple-shoot induction, and rooting stages. The wound healing and antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts from plant lines obtained from the non-irradiated (control) and 10 min irradiated seeds were compared by excision wound model in Wistar male rats and zone of inhibition assay. Our study revealed that laser irradiation increased seed germination, with the highest percentage observed in seeds irradiated for 10 min. Plant lines from the 10 min irradiated seeds produced more explants with higher explant heights and numbers of leaves, more roots, and higher photosynthetic pigment contents than those of control and other laser testings. By comparing plant extracts from the control and 10 min treatments, we observed that extracts from the 10 min treatment exhibited higher percentages of wound contraction and shorter epithelialization periods. In addition, these extracts also resulted in higher levels of angiogenesis elements (VEGF, TGF-β1, and HIF-1α) and reduced the inflammation regulators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NFκB) in the experimental rats. In concordance, extracts from the 10 min treatment also explained raised antibacterial activities towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Our findings show that pre-sowing seed treatment with a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) could be a good technique for stimulating S. chinensis plant growth and increasing the impact compound levels and biological activities.
... In addition, many studies reported new pharmacological activities and possible medical uses of jojoba oil and extracts. Screening of jojoba oil revealed its significant anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-acne, and anti-psoriasis activities, while screening of jojoba extracts revealed their anti-obesity, anorexic (appetite reduction), and antimicrobial activities (Abu-Salem & Ibrahim, 2014;Boozer & Herron, 2006;Habashy et al., 2005;Makpoul et al., 2017;Mosovich, 1985;Ranzato et al., 2011). The physical and chemical properties of jojoba oil potentiate its use especially in hair and skincare products as in the formulation of creams, lotions, soaps, and lipsticks. ...
... The efficacy of jojoba liquid wax in relieving inflammation was proved in many experimental models. This is evidenced by decreased paw edema, prostaglandin E2 content in exudates, chick's embryo membrane granulation tissue formation, ear edema, myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide generation, and tumor necrosis factor formation as well as refinement of inflammatory histopathological changes (Habashy et al., 2005). The tocopherol content of jojoba wax plays an important role in skin protection against lipid cell membrane oxidation, which can lead to inflammation and apoptosis (Blaak & Staib, 2022). ...
Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneider (Jojoba) is a valuable shrub that can bear harsh conditions and is cultivated in many countries globally. Its prominence originates from the unique oil that constitutes more than 50% of the seeds. The great economic value of jojoba oil is highlighted in many fields, especially the cosmetic industry. The remaining meal, which is rich in proteins, constitutes a good source for cattle feeding. However, the presence of antinutritional principles in the meal limited its use and encouraged the researchers to find different ways for its detoxification. The detoxification ways of jojoba meal included physical, biological, and chemical treatments. The phytochemical composition of the oil was deeply studied, but for the remaining plant, only few studies have reported its chemical composition. Jojoba oil composed of wax esters (97%), fatty acids, fatty alcohols, sterols, and small percentage of vitamin E. Jojoba possesses a long traditional history. It has been used in folklore for treatment of cold, dysuria, and obesity. Many recent studies reported its medicinal and pharmacological properties like antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti‐acne, anti‐psoriasis, wound healing, and hepatoprotective activities. Many of these biological activities have been attributed to the presence of several phytochemicals such as simmondsin and phenolic compounds. In this review, the authors will highlight the previous phytochemical studies, medicinal applications of jojoba oil and different plant parts, and the various ways of meal detoxification.
... Jojoba seed oil is widely used in pharmaceutics and cosmetic formulation due to its unique structural characteristics and beneficial health and immunity enhancement effects [18]. It has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties [19,20] and hypocholesteremic effects [18][19][20], which, mainly due to their nutritional and therapeutic values, may result in better productive performance of broiler chickens. ...
... Jojoba seed oil is widely used in pharmaceutics and cosmetic formulation due to its unique structural characteristics and beneficial health and immunity enhancement effects [18]. It has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties [19,20] and hypocholesteremic effects [18][19][20], which, mainly due to their nutritional and therapeutic values, may result in better productive performance of broiler chickens. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary addition of jojoba seed oil on productive performance, physicochemical attributes and carcass quality of broiler meat under tropical weather conditions. A total of 384 one-day-old Ross-308 were subdivided into four dietary treatments of jojoba seed oil: 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of control diet. Each treatment group included twelve replicates with eight birds each. The results showed that dietary supplementation of jojoba seed oil linearly increased (p < 0.01) feed intake, body weight gain and improved (p < 0.01) feed conversion ratio. Interestingly, diets supplemented with jojoba seed oil linearly (p < 0.05) improved the percentage of dressing and reduced abdominal fat percentage compared to the control group. Dietary supplementation of jojoba seed oil showed no effects (p ≥ 0.05) on the weight of internal organs, including liver, heart, gizzard, spleen and pancreas of broiler chickens. Increasing jojoba seed oil levels in the diet decreased (p < 0.001) percentages of cook and drip losses of breast and leg (drumstick and thigh) muscles of broilers. It was concluded that jojoba seed oil used as a feed additive up to 150 mg/kg improves growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens in tropical weather conditions.
... This finding confirmed the effect of the placebo-treated group in diminishing the inflammation and suggested the role of jojoba oil in reducing the inflammation. The result is in agreement with Habashy et al., who demonstrated the efficiency of jojoba in lowering inflammation in various examination models [47]. On the other hand, it was noted that % of inflammation reached in the Brucine orally treated group (64.7 ± 4.8%) and placebo-treated group (58.2 ± 4.6%) was significantly higher when compared with treated GP I (47.7 ± 4.8%) and treated GP II (34.2 ± 3.8%) (p < 0.05). ...
... This finding confirmed the effect of the placebotreated group in diminishing the inflammation and suggested the role of jojoba oil in reducing the inflammation. The result is in agreement with Habashy et al., who demonstrated the efficiency of jojoba in lowering inflammation in various examination models [47]. On the other hand, it was noted that % of inflammation reached in the Brucine orally treated group (64.7 ± 4.8%) and placebo-treated group (58.2 ± 4.6%) was significantly higher when compared with treated GP I (47.7 ± 4.8%) and treated GP II (34.2 ± 3.8%) (p < 0.05). ...
One of the recent advancements in research is the application of natural products in developing newly effective formulations that have few drawbacks and that boost therapeutic effects. The goal of the current exploration is to investigate the effect of jojoba oil in augmenting the anti-inflammatory effect of Brucine natural alkaloid. This is first development of a formulation that applies Brucine and jojoba oil int a PEGylated liposomal emulgel proposed for topical application. Initially, various PEGylated Brucine liposomal formulations were fabricated using a thin-film hydration method. (22) Factorial design was assembled using two factors (egg Phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol concentrations) and three responses (particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release). The optimized formula was incorporated within jojoba oil emulgel. The PEGylated liposomal emulgel was inspected for its characteristics, in vitro, ex vivo and anti-inflammatory behaviors. Liposomal emulgel showed a pH of 6.63, a spreadability of 48.8 mm and a viscosity of 9310 cP. As much as 40.57% of Brucine was released after 6 h, and drug permeability exhibited a flux of 0.47 µg/cm2·h. Lastly, % of inflammation was lowered to 47.7, which was significant effect compared to other formulations. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory influence of jojoba oil and Brucine was confirmed, supporting their integration into liposomal emulgel as a potential nanocarrier.
... Importantly, jojoba oil has been shown to have certain pharmaceutical applications 12 . Similar fatty alcohols derived from very long-chain aliphatic alcohols have been reported to inhibit the production of pro-in ammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages, indicating potential anti-in ammatory effects of long-chain fatty alcohols 13 . ...
To ensure the sustainability of Jojoba oil production, research and development must prioritize the adoption of environmentally friendly extraction processes. Firstly, optimal conditions for extracting Jojoba oil were predicted marking a significant step towards realizing its economic potential. Molar ratio, temperature and catalysts concentration were taken into consideration to achieve optimal production. Secondly, interactions of cis-13-docosenol (C13D), a key component of Jojoba oil, with innate immune cells were analysed. By meticulously examining the interactions between C13D and critical elements of the innate immune system, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC), we aim to uncover the immunomodulatory properties of this compound. In experiments with THP-1 cells and DC, low doses of C13D were found to elevate pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β to levels comparable to those induced by LPS. Furthermore, modulation of T cell stimulation by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) previously treated with C13D resulted in increased T cell proliferation, likely due to the enhanced activation of surface markers. This detailed exploration into the effects of C13D on innate immune cells not only deepens our understanding of Jojoba oil's therapeutic potential but also establishes a foundation for future advancements in immunology and biotechnology.
... Traditionally, the wax was utilized by Native Americans for skin-and hair-related applications, e.g., for treating cuts, sores, bruises and burns, including sunburns and windburns (Dary, 2008). Our and others' recent findings validate its ethnobotanical usages as a supreme skin care product, exhibiting anti-inflammatory (Habashy et al., 2005) and antioxidant properties (Abdel-Wahhab et al., 2016;Abou-Zeid et al., 2021), as a psoriasis (Nasr et al., 2017) and acne (Linder, 2008;Meier et al., 2012) treatment, its wound healing (Ranzato et al., 2011) and antiaging activities , and its significant anti-herpes bioactivity (Tietel et al., 2021b). It has also been mentioned that Native Americans used the liquid internally to treat cancer and kidney disorders (Dary, 2008). ...
Jojoba wax is gaining popularity among cosmetics consumers for its skin wound healing and rejuvenation bioactivities, attributed to collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis. However, information regarding wax phytochemical composition and quality parameters, as well as effect of cultivation practices, and fertilization in particular, on wax quality is limited. The aim of the current work was to study the effect of nitrogen (N) availability to jojoba plants on wax phytochemical composition and beneficial skin-related contents. For this, wax quality from a six-year fertilization experiment with five N application levels was evaluated. The chemical parameters included antioxidant activity, free fatty acid, total tocopherol, total phytosterol and oxidative stability, as well as fatty acid and fatty alcohol profile. Our results reveal that the majority of wax quality traits were affected by N fertilization level, either positively or negatively. Interestingly, while fatty acids were unaffected, fatty alcohol composition was significantly altered by N level. Additionally, fruit load also largely affected wax quality, and, due to jojoba’s biennial alternate bearing cycles, harvest year significantly affected all measured parameters. Results shed light on the effects of N application on various biochemical constituents of jojoba wax, and imply that N availability should be considered part of the entire agricultural management plan to enhance wax quality. Some traits are also suggested as possible chemical quality parameters for jojoba wax.
... Mokhtari et al., developed alginate nano polymer gels for efficient nutraceutical delivery using emulsification and calcium chloride-induced internal gelation. Optimized concentrations of sodium alginate, canola oil, calcium chloride, and Tween 80 produced spherical nanocarriers, with increased alginate content enhancing encapsulation efficiency due to higher viscosity and improved cohesion properties 44 . The study found that when curcumin was in the crosslinked emulsion gel, it was harder for enzymes to move around, reducing how much of the curcumin could be absorbed. ...
Emulgel formulations have emerged as a prominent category in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to their unique characteristics combining the properties of emulsions and gels. This comprehensive review paper delves into the world of emulgels, focusing on their emulsion-based preparation and lipophilic nature. We explore the classification of emulgels, detailing the various types and their applications. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various techniques employed in the preparation of emulgels. The focus is on elucidating the intricacies involved in achieving formulations that are both stable and efficacious. The diverse methods discussed in the paper shed light on the nuanced aspects of emulgel preparation, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field.. Moreover, we present a compelling rationale for the adoption of emulgels as a novel drug delivery system, highlighting their ability to enhance drug infiltration, stability, and patient compliance. In addition to a retrospective analysis, this review paper provides insights into the current landscape of emulgels, covering recent advancements and applications across pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Furthermore, we discuss the potential future perspectives of emulgels, emphasizing their role in addressing contemporary challenges in drug delivery and skincare. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and industry professionals interested in harnessing the potential of emulgels for innovative formulations and therapeutic applications.
... (Agarwal et al. 2018 andKhairi 2019) Currently, it's being cultivated within the Ismailia Desert in Egypt. (El-Mallah and El-Shami 2009) Jojoba seeds are a valuable source of proteins and enzymes (Shrestha et al. 2002), enhance liver functions, boost body immunity, provide a cure for cancer, promote the hair growth cycle, and have an anti-inflammatory effect (Habashy et al. 2005). Jojoba wax and extracts showed promising activity as anti-acne, anti-psoriasis (Miwa 1984), antihypercholesterolemia (Farag et al.2008), and because of its distinct structural properties and positive effects on health, jojoba seed oil is frequently employed in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulation. ...
Key words: jojoba oil, turkey, antioxidant, protein profile, immunity, ration, weight This research studied the fatty acid profiles of jojoba oil and treated jojoba oil by using gas chromatography, its effect as a growth promoter on body weight, protein profile, and some biochemical parameters in Turkey. 15 healthy unvaccinated white male turkeys were divided into three groups, group 1 (control), group 2, and group 3 were continuously given treated jojoba oil in a concentration of 2.5% and 5% of the ration weight, respectively, for 90 consecutive days. The GC analysis showed that JO and TJO consist of 22 and 27 fatty acids, respectively. Also, our results illustrated a significant increase in body weight gain with a better feed conversion ratio, a significant increase in total protein and globulin levels, an elevation in superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione levels, and a significant reduction in the amount of the consumed ration in groups 2, and 3 in comparison with group 1. No significant differences were observed between groups in AST, ALT, urea, or creatinine levels. In conclusion, TJO in a concentration of 2.5 and 5% provides a significant effect on body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, serum antioxidant capacity, and enhancing immunity but we recommend the usage of TJO in a concentration of 2.5% from an economic point of view.
... The purpose of selecting jojoba oil because the oil phase was that it could help reduce the inflammation commonly associated with yeast infections. Additionally, it has been found to be effective in fighting inflammation in numerous experimental animal models [26] . ...
Emulgel is an emerging topical drug delivery system that, if more effort is devoted to its formulation and development with more topically active drugs, will prove to be a boon to skin care and cosmetology. Emulgels are both O/W or W/O emulsions which might be gelled with the aid of mixing with a gelling agent. Incorporating the emulgel increases its stability and makes it controlled release system. Due to the lack of excess oil bases and insoluble excipients, it exhibits better drug release compared to other topical drug delivery systems. The presence of the gel phase makes it non-greasy and promotes good affected person cooperation. Those reviews provide knowledge approximately Emulgel such as its properties, benefits, formulations and its current research advances. All elements consisting of the choice of gelling agent, oil agent, emulsifiers affecting the stability and effectiveness of Emulgel are discussed. All rationales are defined in accordance with study conducted via numerous scientists. After anin depth examine, it could be concluded that Emulgels appear to be a better and greater effective drug delivery system compared to other topical drug delivery systems. A complete analysis of the rheological and release properties will offer insight into the capacity use of the Emulgel formulation as a drug delivery System.
... Some others possess specific therapeutic activities have also been employed in the formulation of emulgels and provide synergism towards the desired function of the product. An example is Jojoba oil which is known to reduce inflammation associated with fungal infections (Habashy et al., 2005;Shahin et al., 2011b). ...
Topicaldrug delivery is a remarkable but arduous task due to the inherent barriersystem of the skin. More so, only a narrow range of drugs are available fortopical use because most drugs are hydrophobic in nature and this restrictstheir permeation and absorption into the skin. Herbal remedies have been usedin the treatment of various diseases including skin diseases for centuries and aregradually becoming acceptable as treatment options however, they are mostlyhydrophobic. Growing interests in combating these issues have led formulatingscientists to develop drug delivery systems like emulgels which are goodcarriers of hydrophobic drug molecules. Emulgels are a mixture of an emulsion anda gel, where drugs are incorporated into globules and solubilized, enhancingdrug absorption from the skin. They are easily spread over the skin, easilyremoved from the skin, possess emollient properties, are non-greasy, cosmeticallyappealing and have good penetrating abilities. This review highlights theimportance of emulgels in the delivery of herbal extracts/constituents, the methodsof formulations and an overview of herbal emulgel formulations that have beenexploited by different researchers. Emulgels have proven to be good prospectsin enhancing the topical delivery of herbals and improving the treatment of skininfections.
... Jojoba seeds are comprised almost entirely of a mixture of wax esters comprising very-long-chain (C20, C22 and C24) monounsaturated fatty acids and alcohols. 15 These LWEs serve as a primary storage reserve for post-germination growth. Jojoba oil has been proposed as a frying medium to enhance the shelf life of fried foods. ...
... Jojoba yağı içeriğindeki hidroksitoluenin allilik türevi sayesinde doğal bir antioksidandır [59]. Ayrıca böbrek taşı ağrısı, güneş yanığı, çatlamış cilt, saç dökülmesi, baş ağrısı, yaralar ve boğaz ağrısı tedavilerinde etkili olduğu rapor edilmiştir [60]. Jojoba yağının cilt enfeksiyonlarına karşı etkileri değerlendirildiğinde herpes simpleks 1; HSV-1 virüsünü önemli ölçüde inhibe ettiği gözlenmiştir [61]. ...
Bitkilerden ayrıştırılabilen, canlı sistemlere etkileri tanımlanan maddeler ve bunların farmasötik, kozmetik, gıda gibi alanlarda kullanımı her zaman dikkat çeken konulardan olmuştur. Bitkisel kaynaklardan örneğin çiçek, tohum, yaprak, kabuk, dal, köklerden elde edilen sabit ve uçucu yağlar için antiseptik, antibakteriyel, antifungal, antioksidan, antiviral aktiviteler bilinen en yaygın etkilerdendir. Aromaterapi, fiziksel ve ruhsal olarak yaşam kalitesini düzenlemek için uygulanan uçucu ve sabit yağlarla formüle edilen bütünsel tedavi yaklaşımıdır. Amerika Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri (NIH) aromaterapi yağlarının, solunum yolu üzerinden inhalatif ve difüzif yöntemlerinin, cilt üzerinden jel, krem, losyon şeklinde topikal uygulamalarının ve ağızdan çözelti, tablet, kapsül şeklinde dahili uygulamalarının olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Tıbbın babası olarak anılan Hipokrat’ın MÖ 400’lü yıllarda çok önem verdiği aromaterapi yağları ile ilgili güncel araştırma makale sayısı oldukça azdır. Uçucu ve sabit yağların kimyasal yapılarının tanınması, biyolojik aktivite ile ilişkilendirilmesi, aromaterapi uygulamalarına temel bilgi birikimi sağlaması açısından çok önemlidir. Bu derleme çalışmasında en çok kullanılan uçucu ve sabit yağlarla ilgili güncel ve güvenilir çalışmalar kimyasal yapı-aktivite uygulamaları açısından değerlendirilmiştir.
... Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), a dioecious plant growing in desert and semi-desert areas, has been used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes, such as a remedy for cancer, obesity, and throat warts [8,9]. Jojoba seeds are used for producing approximately 50 % of oil which has many cosmetic and medicinal applications, such as skin disorder curing, wound healing, lubricating, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant [8,10,11]. The resulting seed cake is a rich source of proteins (25-30 %) and carbohydrates (50 %) which could be valorized as a feed for livestock. ...
This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of jojoba seed cake extracts against an acute paracetamol (PC) intoxication. Two aqueous extracts from jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) seed cake, a simmondsin-rich extract (WE), and a simmondsin-hydrolyzed extract (NE) using Viscozyme L enzyme have been prepared and characterized. After enzyme treatment, simmondsin content decreased from 33.0 % to 3.0 % and glucose content increased from 16.2 % to 27.3 % reflecting simmondsin hydrolysis. Both extracts were administered to different rat groups via gavage (0.6 g/kg b.w.) before PC treatment (2 g/kg b.w.) three times a week for 3 weeks. The PC intoxication altered the serum biomarkers, the oxidative status, and the Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Bax and Bcl-2 protein expressions of tested animals. In addition, the histological analysis of liver tissues proved significant injury and hepatocellular necrosis. WE and NE extract showed a relatively high in vitro radical scavenging (ORAC) and averting activities (HORAC) with a polyphenol content of 3.6 % and 2.9 %, respectively. Both extracts showed a powerful in vivo hepatoprotective activity against PC-induced toxicity by improving the hepatocellular antioxidant status and blocking proteins expression (TNF-α, Bax and Bcl-2), involved in inflammation and liver damage. However, the enzymatic treatment improved the hepatoprotective activity of NE despite its lower simmondsin content and lower in vitro antioxidant capacity. This enhancement could be linked to the synergetic effect between the antioxidant components and the new hydrolytic products as glucose, uronic acids, arabinose and simmondsin-aglycons. These results suggest that jojoba waste could be potentially valorized in developing hepatoprotective drugs.
... Devido à alta estabilidade química do óleo, ele pode ser usado em frituras e contribuir significativamente para melhorar a vida útil de produtos alimentícios fritos. 114 Em termos de atividade biológicas, o óleo diminui os efeitos da psoríase e possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias, 115 antimicrobianas 116 e antifúngicas. 117 Existem muitas evidências que relatam pesquisas sobre o uso de óleo de jojoba puro como um remédio para acne, pele seca e inúmeras outras doenças de pele, 118 além de acelerar o tratamento e a cicatrização de queimaduras. ...
... Incredibly, insignificant difference was observed between placebo II and colchicine orally treated group (p < 0.05), which proves the role of emulgel and mainly, jojoba oil in ameliorating the anti-inflammatory influence. In fact, the influence of jojoba oil in alleviating inflammation in different experimental models was previously established [44]. Prominently, animals treated with colchicine niosomal emulgel showed the most plentiful reduction in percentage of swelling, which is statistically significant (p < 0.05) comparing to all other groups treated with other applied preparations. ...
Recent progression in investigational studies aiming to integrate natural products and plant oils in developing new dosage forms that would provide optimal therapeutic effect. Therefore, the aim of the present exploration was to inspect the influence of jojoba oil in boosting the anti-inflammatory effect of colchicine natural product. To our knowledge, there is no formulation comprising colchicine and jojoba oil together to form a niosomal emulgel preparation anticipated for topical application. Colchicine is a natural product extracted from Colchicum autumnale that has been evidenced to show respectable anti-inflammatory activity. Owing to its drawbacks and low therapeutic index, it was preferable to be formulated into topical dosage form. The current study inspected colchicine transdermal delivery by developing niosomal preparation as a potential nanocarrier included into emulgel prepared with jojoba oil. Box Behnken design was constructed to develop 17 niosomal emulgel formulations. The optimized colchicine niosomal emulgel was evaluated for its physical characteristics and in vitro release studies. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was estimated via carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema method. The developed colchicine niosomal preparation revealed particle size of 220.7 nm with PDI value 0.22, entrapment efficiency 65.3%. The formulation was found to be stable showing no significant difference in particle size and entrapment efficiency up on storage at 4 °C and 25 °C for 3 months. The optimized colchicine niosomal emulgel exhibited a pH value 6.73, viscosity 4598 cP, and spreadability 38.3 mm. In vitro release study of colchicine from niosomal emulgel formulation was around 52.4% over 6 h. Apparently, the proficient anti-inflammatory activity of colchicine niosomal emulgel was confirmed via carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema test. Overall, the results recommend the combination of niosomal preparation with jojoba oil-based emulgel that might signify a favorable delivery of anti-inflammatory drug such as colchicine.
... Moreover, the importance of extraction methods is also being highlighted [9][10][11][12][13][14], as well as the effects of climate, genetics and farming methods [14][15][16][17][18]. Many natural oils possess species specific compounds exhibiting a wide variety of biochemical activity such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic properties [18,19], thus making them an attractive and complementary treatment for xerotic and inflammatory dermatoses, particularly associated with epidermal barrier disruption and dysfunction [20][21][22][23][24]. ...
Renewed consumer and industry interest in natural ingredients has led to a large growth of natural cosmetics. This has put pressure on formulation skills and product claims when it comes to using natural compounds. Taking a strategic and comprehensive approach in viewing natural ingredients, including natural oils, as ‘active’ ingredients rather than just providing for so-called ‘natural’ claims, aids both innovation and development. Given the ever-increasing consumer demand for natural ingredients, and more importantly the demand for effective natural ingredients including plant oils, it is important for the cosmetic industry to re-evaluate them in this context.
The objectives of this review are to provide an update of three popular cosmetic plant oils - Sweet Almond, Evening Primrose, and Jojoba - in terms of their cosmetic applications as ‘active’ ingredients. This review highlights the activity of these oils, in the management of dry skin, ageing skin, juvenile skin, atopic dermatitis, scalp conditions, and their wider potential. Attention is given to formulation considerations where the content of these oils impacts product oxidation, skin penetration and stratum corneum homeostasis. Benefits of these oils have been well documented both pre-clinically and clinically. Historically, they have been used for hundreds if not thousands of years for their management and treatment of various skin and other ailments. Given the discrepancies in some clinical data presented for a variety of dermatoses, the importance of the choice of oil and how to formulate with them within the context of the epidermal barrier function, skin penetration, and toxicity, cannot be underestimated.
Care should be taken in terms of the quality and stability of theses oils, as well as ensuring best formulation type, if the reported activities of these oils are to be achieved with consistency. Despite discrepancies in the literature and questionable study designs, it is clear, that Sweet Almond, Evening Primrose and Jojoba oils, do have skin care benefits for both adult and juvenile applications. They are effective ingredients for skin care preparations to strengthen stratum corneum integrity, recovery, and lipid ratio. Nevertheless, further experimental data are required concerning the impact on stratum corneum physiology and structure.
... Due to the jojoba's oil unique features, which are close to those of sebum, the natural human skin oil, it is used in cosmetics and phar maceutics. Jojoba oil is used as an ingredient of medicines and toiletries (Habashy et al. 2005). The jojoba origin are the north American deserts, but along the years, it was spread to other arid and semi-arid regions of the world. ...
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) holds high industrial value and an extended cultivation trend. Despite its increased importance, there is a lack of fundamental information about its metabolic reserves and development. Our objective was to characterise metabolite allocation and fluctuations in the carbohydrate and nutrient balance of jojoba plants, as affected by fruit load and the plant's annual cycle. Metabolite profiles were performed for each organ. Soluble carbohydrates (SC) and starch concentrations were surveyed in underground and aboveground organs of high-yield and fruit-removed plants. Simultaneously, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were determined in the leaves to evaluate the plant's nutritional status. We found that sucrose and pinitol were the most abundant sugars in all jojoba organs. Each sugar had a 'preferred' organ: glucose was accumulated mainly in the leaves, sucrose and pinitol in woody branches, and fructose in the trunk wood. We found that fruit load significantly influenced the carbohydrate levels in green branches, trunk wood and thin roots. The phenological stage strongly affected the SC-starch balance. Among the examined minerals, only the leaf potassium level was significantly influenced by fruit load. We conclude that jojoba's nutrient and carbohydrate balance is affected by fruit load and the phenological stage, and describe the organ-specific metabolic reserves.
... With soothing and moisturizing effects, jojoba oil is not only applied as a humectant meanwhile also maintains skin moisture (Calka & Pawlica, 2019). From the study conducted by Habashy et al. (2005) topical application of jojoba oil was found to be effective in the reduction of edema in animal models with significant anti-inflammatory properties. The oil revealed significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antibacterial properties. ...
The photoprotective skincare products are in high demand to meet the consumer market with concern on skin health. Seed oils are commonly used as ingredients in many cosmetic products due to their natural antioxidants and now being increasingly recognized for their effects on skin health and photoprotection. This article briefly reviews the application of seed oils in sunscreen development focusing on the antioxidants that contribute to photoprotection, thus preventing UV‐induced erythema and photoaging. The addition of seed oils that contain specific natural bioactive compounds was discussed in the review. Besides that, seed oils acting in molecular pathways that benefit photoprotection were also summarized. Seed oils (pomegranate seed oil, castor oil, cocoa butter, jojoba oil, rosehip oil, grapeseed oil, kenaf seed oil, and pumpkin seed oil) utilization have high potential to act as natural UV filters and at the same time help in skin repairing. The seed oils contributed beneficial properties to the sunscreen formulation due to their synergistic effect with antioxidants, antiaging properties, anti‐inflammatory effect, and potential hormetic effect. The finding of specific bioactive compound from seed oils provides a better understanding of the contribution of seed oils in sunscreen formulation.
... These results indicated that 2% MIC/CHX In addition, the three-part emollient bathing products showed significant improvements in skin lesions, pruritus score and yeast counts in atopic dogs with Malassezia overgrowth. These products contain jojoba oil and astaxanthin that have anti-inflammatory properties, 14,15 and have no known specific antifungal properties for M. pachydermatis isolated from dogs. A previous doubleblinded placebo-controlled study conducted to evaluate a medicated shampoo containing antiseptic and anti-inflammatory ingredients revealed no statistically significant difference in the pre-and post-treatment clinical scores between the medicated and placebo shampoos in dogs with allergic skin diseases. ...
Background
Antifungal shampoos are widely used for canine Malassezia dermatitis. Few studies have evaluated effective bathing methods for atopic dogs with Malassezia overgrowth.
Objectives
To evaluate the efficacy of an emollient bathing product (AFLOAT VET) and 2% miconazole/2% chlorhexidine shampoo (2% MIC/CHX) in atopic dogs, and to evaluate the influence on skin barrier function of both products in healthy dogs.
Animals
Sixteen atopic dogs with secondary Malassezia overgrowth and 11 healthy dogs.
Methods and materials
This study was a randomized, single‐blinded trial. The dogs were randomly treated with either emollient bathing or 2% MIC/CHX, twice weekly for four weeks. Clinical assessment used the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐04), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS), and cytological evaluation of yeast numbers at Day (D)0, D14 and D28. Skin barrier function was determined by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after a single bathing procedure with each product in the healthy dogs.
Results
The pVAS scores and yeast counts were significantly reduced on D28 compared with D0 in both groups (P < 0.05). CADESI‐04 was significantly decreased on D28 in the emollient bathing group (P = 0.003). There were no significant differences in each endpoint score between the groups. In healthy dogs, TEWL was significantly increased after bathing in both groups (P < 0.01).
Conclusion
An emollient bathing product can be effective for Malassezia overgrowth in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Bathing with shampoo products might affect skin barrier function even when using an emollient product.
... The xylene-induced acute inflammatory mouse ear model has commonly been employed as one of the traditional methods for identifying the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents (Cho et al. 2008;Lee and Ku 2008). This animal model provides easy and simple verification method for anti-inflammatory effects of drugs by comparing the ear edoema, and changes in ear thickness, weight, and histopathology (Habashy et al. 2005;Cho et al. 2008;Lee and Ku 2008). The changes to the collagen fibre occupied region percentages in the dermis at histopathological inspections are directly linked to sclerosis of the skin or inflammatory oedematous changes, skin sclerosis (the increase in the percentages of collagen fibre occupied regions in the dermis), controversially the dermis inflammatory oedematous (the decrease in the percentages of collagen fibre occupied regions in the dermis) changes ). ...
Context
Kyeongok-go (KOG) is a traditional mixed herb preparation consisting of Panax ginseng CA Meyer (Araliaceae), Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae), Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertner) Liboschitz ex Steudel (Orobanchaceae), and honey. Various pharmacological effects of KOG are reported, but the efficacy on respiratory diseases has not been evaluated.
Objective
The anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and antitussive properties of KOG were examined using animal models of respiratory diseases.
Materials and methods
KOG (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) was orally administered to ICR mice (n = 8) once a day for 11 days. Anti-inflammatory effects of vehicle, xylene, KOG and DEXA (1 mg/kg) were determined by monitoring edoema and redness of treated ears, and measuring the relative and absolute weight of each ear. Expectorant properties of vehicle, KOG and AM (250 mg/kg) were evaluated by observing body surface redness, and the amount of mucous secreted by the trachea. The antitussive potential of vehicle, NH4OH, KOG and TB (50 mg/kg) was evaluated by monitoring changes in the number of coughs (for 6 min).
Results
KOG (400 mg/kg) treated mice showed 31.29% and 30.72% (p < 0.01) decreases in the relative and absolute weights of each ear relative to xylene control mice, 39.06% increases (p < 0.01) in TLF OD values relative to intact vehicle control mice, and 59.53% decrease (p < 0.01) in coughing compared to NH4OH control mice. Dose-dependent changes were observed in all experimental models.
Conclusions
KOG may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of various respiratory diseases, particularly those caused by environmental toxins.
... Other scattered reports have shown additional health beneficial impacts of jojoba oil and extracts. For instance, jojoba has been reported to possess antiinflammatory properties, both in vitro and in vivo (Habashy et al. 2005). This may be linked to the ability of the plant extract and simmondsin to inhibit with high potency both lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX), key enzymes in the inflammation cascade. ...
Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneider is an evergreen shrub widely grown in Israel, the Middle East, South America, Africa, India and Australia used as an agricultural crop for commercial purposes and as a source of its non-edible natural wax. It is widely used in pharmaceutics and cosmetic formulation due to its unique structural characteristics and beneficial health effects. In addition, extensive work has been published on the plant’s health-promoting activities, ranging from antioxidant activities to the treatment of cancer. Being a rich source of natural liquid wax, the majority of research regarding jojoba focuses on its applications, as well as on the ability to exploit the residual plant materials obtained in its production. To date, several potent phytochemicals have been attributed to its medicinal properties, e.g. simmondsin and phenolic compounds. The current review emphasizes the evidence-based medicinal qualities of the wax and plant extracts and highlights the gaps of knowledge in these research areas and the importance of acquiring additional understanding of jojoba distinctive traits.
... Jojoba oil is known for its high stability and long shelf-life (Sandha and Swami, 2009). It is used as a lubricant (Nassar et al., 2015), an ingredient of livestock feed (Labib and HA, 2012;Reddy and Chikara, 2010), medicines (Habashy et al., 2005) and toiletries (Oliphant et al., 2011), and as an innovative source for biodiesel (Canoira et al., 2006). Previous studies in Israel revealed that flowering takes place on February-March, and the wax accumulates between March and July (Perry, 2019). ...
Commercial pruning practice in jojoba plantations is traditionally dictated by maintenance requirements only. It enables machine movement between the plants and efficient harvest but is not designed to maximize long-term productivity. In this study, mechanical and manual pruning approaches were tested in two cultivars in a mature jojoba plantation, in comparison to the common practice. These new approaches were designed to enable better solar radiation penetration into the canopy, aiming to improve growth and productivity. As jojoba is an alternate bearing crop, the vegetative and reproductive performances were observed along four years, by remote sensing and manual measurements. The pruning strategy had a significant effect on growth, with distinction between the two tested cultivars. Top-pruning methods were found to best encourage new branching and yield, while side-pruning practices were less effective. Several treatments, including hedge pruning, attenuated or eliminated the alternation cycle. We conclude that using the proposed pruning practices would be beneficial in jojoba cultivation, and that the specific method should be suited to the cultivar characteristics.
... Some examples are represented by Jojoba oil [56] and lavender essential oils [55]. Oil components are reported to act by disturbing the lipid structure of cell membranes of bacteria and, after penetration, they are also able to block their metabolism [57]. The chemical composition of oils can have an influence on their microbiological properties [58]. ...
The skin microbiome is in a very close mutualistic relationship with skin cells, influencing their physiology and immunology and participating in many dermatological conditions. Today, there is much interest in cosmetic ingredients that may promote a healthy microbiome, especially postbiotics, mainly derived from fermented products. In the present work, we studied the effects on skin microbiota of new patented natural oils obtained by unique fermentation technology in vivo. Three fermented oils were evaluated: F-Shiunko (FS), F-Artemisia® (FA) and F-Glycyrrhiza® (FG). The active components were included as single active component or in combination (FSAG) in an emulsion system. A total of 20 healthy women were recruited, and skin microbiota from cheek were analyzed by mean of swab sampling at T0 and T1 (after 4 weeks of a one-day treatment). 16S sequencing revealed that the treatment with fermented oils improved microbiome composition and alpha-diversity. It was shown that higher biodiversity reflects in a healthier microbial ecosystem since microbial diversity decreases in the presence of a disease or due to aging. The treatment also resulted in a more “beneficial” and “younger” microbial community since a significant decrease in Proteobacteria and the increase in Staphylococcus were reported after the treatment with fermented oils.
... The texture and durability of jojoba oil makes it preferable for skincare, pharmaceuticals, as a substitute for synthetic polymers, and as a natural raw material for biofuel production [10]. It also has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial [11], antifungal [12], and antioxidant [4] activities. The jojoba seed remaining after oil extraction is considered as a cheap high-energy feed component [13]. ...
: Jojoba is one of the main two known plant source of natural liquid wax ester for use in various applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel. Due to the lack of transcriptomic and genomic data on lipid biosynthesis and accumulation, molecular marker breeding has been used to improve jojoba oil production and quality. In the current study, the transcriptome of developing jojoba seeds was investigated using the Illunina NovaSeq 6000 system, 100 × 106 paired end reads, an average length of 100 bp, and a sequence depth of 12 Gb per sample. A total of 176,106 unigenes were detected with an average contig length of 201 bp. Gene Ontology (GO) showed that the detected unigenes were distributed in the three GO groups biological processes (BP, 5.53%), cellular component (CC, 6.06%), and molecular functions (MF, 5.88%) and distributed in 67 functional groups. The lipid biosynthesis pathway was established based on the expression of lipid biosynthesis genes, fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, FA desaturation, FA elongation, fatty alcohol biosynthesis, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, phospholipid metabolism, wax ester biosynthesis, and lipid transfer and storage genes. The detection of these categories of genes confirms the presence of an efficient lipid biosynthesis and accumulation system in developing jojoba seeds. The results of this study will significantly enhance the current understanding of wax ester biology in jojoba seeds and open new routes for the improvement of jojoba oil production and quality through biotechnology applications.
... Inflammation and pain are main preservative responses protecting the organisms counter physical, chemical and pathological alterations (Ezeja et al., 2011). The inflammatory response is produced by blood flow changes and escape of cells from the blood into the tissues due to the increased blood vessels permeability (Habashy et al., 2005). ...
... Concerning jojoba oil there are numerous applications in pharmaceuticals like a number of skin and scalp disorders, skin emollient [28], anti-acne, anti-psoriasis [29], anti-inflammatory [30], and anti-hypercholesterolemia [31], also, it is used in cosmetics products and in various fields like polishing, and gardening applications, from another side, jojoba oil is used to produce a biodiesel fuel, and as biodegradable lubricants, it is a new solution of fuel in coming era [32]. Also, Jojoba meal could use for producing bioenergy [33], or other useful products like animal feed (Figure 7). ...
Jojoba plants (Simmondsia chinensis) is an excellent plant for development marginal lands, Jojoba propagate by different vegetative methods
including (stem cuttings, grafting, air-layering, root cutting and tissue) or direct seed propagation. Jojoba cultivated for it is valuable oil, this
oil used in various industries such as pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, produce biodiesel fuel as well as biodegradable lubricants, jojoba
considered as a new solution of bio-fuel in coming era.
jojoba has a deep-rooted system can extract water, therefore, it is adapted to drought and salinity conditions, it can persevere where several
conventional crops cannot survive, so, it is growing and produce economic crop in marginal lands and offer promise for cultivation under harsh
conditions. This work aimed to explain important of jojoba, propagation methods and some usage of jojoba oil
Jojoba is an important tropical oil crop, and jojoba oil is widely used in the aerospace lubricant and cosmetic industries. Jojoba exhibits high tolerance to droughts and high temperatures. However, there is currently a lack of rapid and effective methods for identifying stress-tolerant genes in jojoba. Here, an efficient hairy root genetic transformation system of jojoba (Simmondisa chinensis) mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes was established and used for the functional evaluation of ScGolS1, a putative stress-tolerant gene. First, using the leaves of jojoba as explants, transgenic jojoba hairy roots carrying the RUBY gene were obtained under sterile conditions using the “soaking co-cultivation method”. Second, we optimized the four conditions affecting hairy root genetic transformations, namely, the strains of A. rhizogenes, co-cultivation under light or dark conditions, the infection time, and the OD600 value of the bacterial suspension. The following best transformation conditions were determined, A. rhizogenes K599, light during co-cultivation, an infection time of 10 min, and bacterial suspension OD600 = 0.6, under which the transformation rate could reach 27%. Third, based on the “soaking co-cultivation method”, a new method called the “wrapping co-cultivation method” was developed, which does not require tissue cultures and can induce transgenic hairy roots of jojoba in two months. Using the “wrapping co-cultivation method”, we successfully obtained transgenic hairy roots overexpressing the ScGolS1 gene, which exhibited higher tolerance to low-temperature stress. A hairy root-based genetic transformation system of jojoba will promote the functional genomics and molecular breeding of jojoba.
Cutaneous wounds are the most common surgical affections among living organisms worldwide, and their healing may be interrupted by several factors. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity of tea tree and jojoba oils nano-emulsions, additionally, investigating the cytotoxicity of the optimized formula was investigated on normal human lung fibroblast cells (WI-38) by MTT colorimetric assay, additionally its in-vivo wound healing. Nano-emulsions (NEs) were prepared using a high-energy method and characterized by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Zeta potential, droplet size, and poly dispersive index (PDI). Nano-emulgel (NEG) was formulated by mixing the standard NE with carbopol® 940. For in-vivo wound healing, thirty adult female albino rats were assigned into control, moist exposed burn ointment (Mebo), and NEG-treated groups. The healing was assessed by analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and histopathology in healed wound tissues. All formulations demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity against Bacillus Subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. The CC50 of the optimized formula was 453.82± 3.87 µg/mL, with a mean droplet size of 105.4 nm and a zeta potential of -39.2 ± 2.1 mV. NEG enhanced wound closure compared to Mebo-treated and control groups. Also, MDA significantly decreased and SOD significantly increased in NEG and Mebo-treated groups compared to the control (p ˂ 0.05). TNF-α, and IL-1β significantly decreased in NEG and Mebo-treated compared to the control (p < 0.05). Histopathology revealed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, rapid epithelization, and increased collagen deposition in NEG-treated wound tissues compared to the control and Mebo-treated wounds. In conclusion, the NEG containing tea tree and jojoba oils demonstrated significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing activities.
Background
Previous investigations showed that jojoba oil exhibited a protective effect against hepatotoxicity caused by different toxicants, however, to the best of our knowledge, no prior research has been done to determine the effectiveness of jojoba oil in protecting against lead toxicity.
Objective
This study assessed the hepatoprotective properties of jojoba oil against lead toxicity in rats.
Materials and methods
The study included four groups, each consisting of six Sprague Dawley male rats, and orally administered jojoba oil (JO group), lead acetate (LA group), and lead acetate plus jojoba oil (protective group)
Results and conclusion
The results showed that lead acetate-induced hepatotoxic effects were revealed by increased serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities with hepatic histomorphological changes. There was a significant increase in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, while levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol significantly declined compared to normal rats. Additionally, lead acetate triggered oxidative damage of hepatocytes, evidenced by a significant increase of malondialdehyde levels and a decrease of reduced glutathione levels and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase. Administration of lead was associated with a change in the distribution of cells over different cell cycle phases, characterized by a marked increase in the sub G1 cell population and a significant decrease in the G0/G1 cell population. Supplementation of jojoba oil with lead acetate relieved the toxic impacts of lead acetate with an enhancement of the liver enzyme activities, antioxidant status, lipid profile parameters, and histopathological alterations. In conclusion, jojoba oil might be an effective natural product that offers a promising preventive action towards lead-induced liver damage in rats.
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for most bacterial wound infections. Antibiotics are the first-line treatment; however, their indiscriminate use led to the emergence of resistance. Alternative therapeutic options beyond antibiotic treatment are required. Our study aimed to evaluate and compare the healing parameters and antibacterial activity of Jojoba and Citrullus colocynthis oil extracts in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus wound infections. In-vivo assessment of inflammatory biomarkers, matrix metalloproteinase and histopathological examination of Staphylococcus aureus induced wound lesions were conducted in mice. Levels of interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 were reduced, while matrix metalloproteinases ratio; MMP-1 /MMP-9 was increased after topical application of both essential oils. Citrullus colocynthis oil showed optimum wound healing compared to the other treated groups in histopathological examination. In conclusion, topical Citrullus colocynthis preparation may be a promising alternative natural dermatological application with enhanced antibacterial activity.
Background:
Glove occlusion might enhance skin sensitivity to a subsequent detergent challenge (occlusion effect). Thus, some skin protection creams (PC) claim to protect against this effect of occlusion, and are recommended to be used before wearing liquid-proof gloves.
Objectives:
To evaluate the effect of PC applied prior to glove occlusion on the "occlusion effect" - refers to increased susceptibility of the skin to a model detergent.
Methods:
One hundred and eleven volunteers were enrolled in a single-blind, randomised study. Seven PCs were applied before glove occlusion over seven days (D1-D7). After sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) challenge, we compared the irritation between the areas treated with PC and occlusion alone. Clinical scoring and bioengineering methods (capacitance, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and colourimetry (erythema) were used to quantify the irritant reactions.
Results:
After one week of occlusion and PC application we did not observe significant changes in TEWL, nor in erythema, whereas skin hydration raised in three cream-treated areas. On day ten, after a challenge with SLS, some products significantly aggravated the skin irritation as compared to occlusion alone.
Conclusions:
The "occlusion effect" - shown as higher skin susceptibility to a model detergent - was not mitigated by PCs when applied prior to glove occlusion. On the contrary, some PCs might have negative effects on skin barrier function and augment such sensitivity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of facial massage, as a nursing technique, in alleviating stress in healthy women using physiological and psychological indicators. Methods: A crossover design was employed; participants were 22 healthy females between the ages of 20 and 22. Participants were assigned to Sequence 1, wherein they received a 3-minute facial massage in Period I and 3-minute rest in Period II, or Sequence 2, which employed the reverse order. Participants' blood pressure (BP), pulse rate, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), Profile of Mood States (POMS), "Relaxation level," "Comfort level," and "Wakefulness level," as measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), were assessed before and after the facial massage or resting intervention. Results: Between the two groups, changes in systolic BP increased in the facial massage group, but there was no difference in pulse and sAA. While there was no difference between the two groups in the POMS, VAS scores revealed an increase in the "Relaxation level" and "Comfort level" in the facial massage group. Facial massage participants reported feeling "refreshed," whereas the control group reported feeling "sleepy." Conclusions: The 3-minute facial massage increased relaxation with respect to psychological measures; however, BP change could not explain stress reduction. (This study was enrolled in the UMIN as an intervention study and as a prospective randomized crossover trial. The trial registration number is UMIN000033939.)
High internal phase gel emulsions (HIPGEs) with jojoba oil as internal phase fractions of 83vol%-92vol% were prepared by using shea butter ethoxylates (SB-50) of different mass fraction as solely emulsifier. Effects of the internal volume fraction and SB-50 concentration on the formation and stability of oil-in-water HIPGEs were attentively explored by microscope and rheometer, and the mechanism of gel emulsions were proposed. The results indicate that the average particle size of droplets increases with the increase of oil phase volume fraction and emulsifier mass fraction. At the same time, the HIPGEs possess wider linear viscoelastic regions, higher critical stress and higher G', indicating that stronger rheological properties. After heating at 100 °C, all samples were extremely stable. Most of them can maintain good stability after centrifugation, long-time storage or several freeze-thaw treatments. When the mass fraction of SB-50 increases to 3wt%, the sample shows extraordinary stability and can resist the interference of external conditions such as centrifugation, long-term storage, heating and freezing. The longer carbon chain and wider carbon chain distribution make it possible to form HIPGEs possessing higher viscosity. In the current work, the HIPGEs prepared exhibited good self-supporting properties, which show the possibility to translate the printability and extrudability during 3D structuring. These food-grade HIPGEs can potentially be used as 3D printing inks to make them widely used in cosmetics, food, drug delivery, encapsulation materials, etc.
From economic site;jojoba Simmondsia chinesis (Link) Schn. is very important shrub as its seeds contain high percent of oily wax . This wax composes natural and chemical charachteristics which makes shrub to be involved in many trade, manufacture and medical uses. In this study several interactions between auxins and cytokinins and gibbrellin were implemented to find out the best concentration for callus induction, vegetative growth and differentiation for experiments. BA at(2 or 5) mg/l, NAA at (0.018, 2, 2, 5) mg/l and GA3 at (0.1 or 0.2) mg/l were used. Results showed that highest percent for callus induction were (50 and 70) % respectively in the treatment (2) mg/l BA and (2) mg/l for both BA and NAA. The results revealed that using Kin. plus NAA with (0.1 or 0.2) mg/l GA3, was the best concentration lead to high percent of differentiation for vegetative shoot were (40 and 44) % respectively However, the length of vegetative shoots were (2 and 2.5) cm respectively. , this indicates the importance of the balance between these phytohormones required for shoot growth.
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) wax is used for various dermatological and pharmaceutical applications. Several reports have previously shown beneficial properties of Jojoba wax and extracts, including antimicrobial activity. The current research aimed to elucidate the impact of Jojoba wax on skin residential bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), fungal (Malassezia furfur), and virus infection (herpes simplex 1; HSV-1). First, the capacity of four commercial wax preparations to attenuate their growth was evaluated. The results suggest that the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Malassezia furfur was unaffected by Jojoba in pharmacologically relevant concentrations. However, the wax significantly attenuated HSV-1 plaque formation. Next, a complete dose-response analysis of four different Jojoba varieties (Benzioni, Shiloah, Hatzerim, and Sheva) revealed a similar anti-viral effect with high potency (EC50 of 0.96 ± 0.4 µg/mL) that blocked HSV-1 plaque formation. The antiviral activity of the wax was also confirmed by real-time PCR, as well as viral protein expression by immunohistochemical staining. Chemical characterization of the fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition was performed, showing high similarity between the wax of the investigated varieties. Lastly, our results demonstrate that the observed effects are independent of simmondsin, repeatedly associated with the medicinal impact of Jojoba wax, and that Jojoba wax presence is required to gain protection against HSV-1 infection. Collectively, our results support the use of Jojoba wax against HSV-1 skin infections.
The process of wound healing includes four phases: Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Many wound dressings and technologies have been developed to enhance the body's ability to close wounds and restore the function of damaged tissues. Several advancements in wound healing technology have resulted from innovative experiments by individual scientists or physicians working independently. The interplay between the medical and scientific research fields is vital to translating new discoveries in the lab to treatments at the bedside. Tracing the history of wound dressing development reveals that there is an opportunity for deeper collaboration between multiple disciplines to accelerate the advancement of novel wound healing technologies. In this review, we explore the different types of wound dressings and biomaterials used to treat wounds, and we investigate the role of multidisciplinary collaboration in the development of various wound management technologies to illustrate the benefit of direct collaboration between physicians and scientists.
Hair is biologically diverse with a range of textures and thicknesses. Hair also serves as expression of oneself; leading to hair care practices and styling that are influenced by culture, perception of beauty, and environment. The use of hair oils, styling and hair restructuring processes are utilized to help manage and style hair, along with offering options for self-expression. These hair care practices can lead to a range of complications, including contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and scarring alopecias.
The present study was conducted to investigate the toxic effect of abamectin (ABM) and to evaluate the modulatory role of heat treated jojoba leaves extract (JLE) as feed additive in Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) fish. 300 Nile tilapia fingerlings were randomly distributed in to 5 equal groups (4 replicates each). The first group (control) was fed on basal diet. The second group (ABM) was fed on basal diet and exposed to 1/10 of the 96 h LC50 of ABM (20.73 μg/L). The third (ABM + JLE0.5), the fourth (ABM + JLE1) and the fifth (ABM + JLE2) groups were exposed to ABM and fed on diet supplemented with 0.5, 1 and 2 g JLE/kg, respectively. ABM altered the water quality parameters by increasing the total ammonia and reducing the dissolved oxygen while JLE reversed these effects. Apart from feed conversion, ABM decreased the growth parameters of exposed fish when compared to control. These values were modulated in JLE exposed groups in a concentration dependent manner. ABM increased ALT and AST levels while JLE1 and JLE0.5 restored their levels to the control values, respectively. ABM altered the lipid profile of exposed fish while JLE2 restored total cholesterol to normal value. Reduced glutathione content was decreased by ABM and was restored to normal by JLE2. The highest level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) was recorded in ABM and ABM + JLE0.5 groups while JLE1 and JLE2 decreased the MDA level. The total antioxidant capacity was decreased by ABM while the highest value was recoded in both control and JLE0.5 groups. The level of IgG, IgA and C3 were decreased by ABM while its level was restored to normal by using JLE. Exposure of fish to ABM resulted in a significant increase in the nitric oxide level. ABM group had lower moisture and higher crude lipids in the whole-fish body than the supplemented groups. It could be concluded that dietary supplementation of JLE can positively attenuate the toxic effects of ABM on growth, immunity, physiological and antioxidant parameters thereby improving the general health condition and decreasing the mortality of O. niloticus. Additionally, the heat treatment attempted on the leaves could be considered as an eco-friendly method for detoxification.
Phytochemical study of the MeOH extract of Cucumis prophetarum fruits (family Cucurbitaceae) by using different chromatographic techniques led to the isolation of three metabolites; spinasterol (1), cucurbitacin B (2), and 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcucurbitacin E (3). Their chemical structures were created on the basis of physical, chemical, spectroscopic data 1D (¹H and ¹³C NMR), and 2D NMR (HSQC and HMBC), as well as similarity with literature data. Cucurbitacin B (Cu-B) (2) was found to be the major constituent. Potential protective activities of MeOH extract, CHCl3, and EtOAc fractions and Cu-B were evaluated against carrageenan-induced prostatic inflammation in rats. Acute toxicity was assessed by evaluating LD50. Pretreatment with CHCl3 fraction and Cu-B ameliorated the rise in the prostate index and obviously protected against histopathological changes. Further, MeOH, extract, CHCl3, and EtOAc fractions as well as Cu-B significantly protected against oxidative stress in prostatic tissues. The anti-inflammatory activities of the extract, fractions and Cu-B were confirmed by ameliorating the rise in prostatic content of the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS induced by carrageenan. In addition, the rise in the chemotactic factors were myeloperoxidase (MPO), F4-80, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was significantly hampered. In conclusion, three known compounds (1–3) were isolated from Cucumis prophetarum fruits. Cu-B (2) was the major identified compound. Particularly, CHCl3 fraction and isolated Cu-B exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced prostatitis. The anti-inflammatory activity can be attributed, at least partly, to inhibition of neutrophil and macrophage infiltration into prostatic tissues.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Euryops arabicus (Astraceae) is grown in Arab Peninsula. Its areal parts possess ethnomedicinal applications against several inflammatory conditions.
Aim of the study:
To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Euryops arabicus (E. arabicus) organic extract as well as its major polymethoxylated flavonoids.
Materials and methods:
Acute toxicity of the total extract of Euryops arabicus (E. ararbicus) was evaluated by assessing LD50. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in rats injected with carrageenan in the plantar area. Paw edema volume, histological changes and rats'stair climbing and motility were assessed. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) challenged with carrageenan. Inflammation markers were assessed in cellular lysates and collected media.
Results:
The extract was found safe and considered unclassified with an oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in rats. Pretreatment of rats with a total extract of E. arabicus at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced increase in paw edema volume and histopathological changes. Also, it significantly ameliorated diminution of climbing and motility. Phytochemical studies led to the isolation and identification of five polymethoxylated flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory properties of the isolated compounds were evaluated in carrageenan-challenged peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). All compounds exhibited appreciable antioxidant activities. Further, pre-incubation of the cells with the isolated metabolites significantly ameliorated the rise in cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by carrageenan challenge. Further, the compounds inhibited the leakage of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in media collected from stimulated cells.
Conclusion:
E. arabicus exhibited in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan model as it ameliorated rat paw edema, histopathological changes and movement dysfunction. In vitro activity of isolated compounds was confirmed in stimulated PBMCs. Thus, the anti-inflammatory activity of E. arabicus can be attributed, at least partly, due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-chemotactic properties.
Wounds are a common medical infliction. With the increase in microbial resistance and a shift of interest towards complementary medicines, essential oils have been shown to be beneficial in suppressing microbial growth. However, in practice, essential oils are more often diluted into a base due to the risk of topical adverse effects, such as dermatitis. There is a lack of collated evidence-based information on toxicity and efficacy of carrier oils. The current information on the subject matter is restricted to generic, aroma-therapeutic books and pamphlets, based on anecdotal evidence rather than an experimental approach. Therefore, this review aimed at identifying the recommended carrier oils used in dermatology and thereafter collating the scientific evidence to support the use of carrier oils together with essential oils recommended for dermatological use. Aloe vera gel had multiple studies demonstrating the ability to enhance wound healing; however, several other carrier oils have been largely neglected. It was observed that the extracts for certain plant species had been used to justify the use of the carrier oils of the same plant species. This is an inaccurate cross assumption due to the difference in chemical composition and biological activities. Lastly, despite these carrier oils being recommended as a base for essential oils, very little data was found on the interactive profile of the carrier oil with the essential oil. This review provides a platform for further studies, especially if essential oils are to receive credence in the scientific field.
Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was found to enhance the adherence of human peripheral blood neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cell monolayers in vitro. The enhancement was due to the effects both on neutrophils and HUVE cells. The effect on neutrophils was maximally induced within 5 min and did not require protein or RNA synthesis. By contrast, maximal effects on HUVE cells took 4 hr to develop and required de novo protein and RNA synthesis; however, exposure of HUVE cells to TNF for as little as 5 min was sufficient to initiate changes leading to maximal adherence of neutrophils at 4 hr. Both the effect on neutrophils and that on HUVE cells were blocked by a monoclonal antibody against TNF. TNF also rapidly induced an increased surface expression of neutrophil antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes of a glycoprotein required for optimum adherence and for complement component C3bi receptor (CR3) function. Thus, the mechanism of action of TNF may involve the regulation of expression of cell surface molecules. Our observations show that TNF induces a process central to the development of all inflammatory reactions and that both blood neutrophils and endothelial cells are targets of TNF action. The regulation of inflammatory reactions by TNF or antagonists of TNF has wide-ranging clinical implications.
A new automated system for the analysis of nitrate via reduction with a high-pressure cadmium column is described. Samples of urine, saliva, deproteinized plasma, gastric juice, and milk can be analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, or both with a lower limit of detection of 1.0 nmol NO3− or NO2−/ml. The system allows quantitative reduction of nitrate and automatically eliminates interference from other compounds normally present in urine and other biological fluids. Analysis rate is 30 samples per hour, with preparation for most samples limited to simple dilution with distilled water. The application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of 15NO3− in urine after derivatization to 15NO2-benzene is also described.
Cutaneous Propionibacterium acnes populations were quantitatively measured in 33 young adults and compared with the rate and composition of sebum secretion in nine skin regions. Bacteriological and lipid analyses were performed on the forehead, cheek, anterior chest, abdomen, lower back, volar forearm, upper inner arm, thigh, and calf. P. acnes populations in these sites correlated significantly with the total amount of lipid produced (r = 0.77) as well as with di- and triglycerides (r = 0.68), squalene and wax esters (r = 0.72), cholesterol and cholesterol esters (r = 0.67), and free fatty acids (r = 0.67).
Nitric oxide synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated as a mediator of inflammation in rheumatic and autoimmune diseases. We report that exposure of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages to therapeutic concentrations of aspirin (IC50 = 3 mM) and hydrocortisone (IC50 = 5 microM) inhibited the expression of iNOS and production of nitrite. In contrast, sodium salicylate (1-3 mM), indomethacin (5-20 microM), and acetaminophen (60-120 microM) had no significant effect on the production of nitrite at pharmacological concentrations. At suprapharmacological concentrations, sodium salicylate (IC50 = 20 mM) significantly inhibited nitrite production. Immunoblot analysis of iNOS expression in the presence of aspirin showed inhibition of iNOS expression (IC50 = 3 mM). Sodium salicylate variably inhibited iNOS expression (0-35%), whereas indomethacin had no effect. Furthermore, there was no significant effect of these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on iNOS mRNA expression at pharmacological concentrations. The effect of aspirin was not due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 because both aspirin and indomethacin inhibited prostaglandin E2 synthesis by > 75%. Aspirin and N-acetylimidazole (an effective acetylating agent), but not sodium salicylate or indomethacin, also directly interfered with the catalytic activity of iNOS in cell-free extracts. These studies indicate that the inhibition of iNOS expression and function represents another mechanism of action for aspirin, if not for all aspirin-like drugs. The effects are exerted at the level of translational/posttranslational modification and directly on the catalytic activity of iNOS.
Neutrophil infiltration into inflammatory sites is one of the hallmarks of acute inflammation. Locally produced chemotactic factors are presumed to mediate the sequence of events leading to the infiltration at inflammatory sites. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a novel leukocyte chemotactic activating cytokine (chemokine), is produced by various types of cells upon stimulation with inflammatory stimuli and exerts a variety of functions on leukocytes, particularly, neutrophils in vitro. However, no definitive evidence has been presented on its role in recruiting and activating neutrophils in the lesions of various types of inflammatory reactions. We administered a highly specific neutralizing antibody against IL-8 in several types of acute inflammatory reactions, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dermatitis, LPS/IL-1-induced arthritis, lung reperfusion injury, and acute immune complex-type glomerulonephritis. Anti-IL-8 treatment prevented neutrophil-dependent tissue damage as well as neutrophil infiltration in these conditions. These results suggest that IL-8 plays a causative role in acute inflammation by recruiting and activating neutrophils.
Nitric oxide has enigmatic qualities in inflammation. In order to appreciate the precise contributions of nitric oxide to a pathophysiological process, one must account for enzyme source, coproduction of oxidants and antioxidant defences, time, rate of nitric oxide production, cellular source, peroxynitrite formation and effects on DNA (mutagenesis/apoptosis). We contend that there is ample evidence to consider nitric oxide as a molecular aggressor in inflammation, particularly chronic inflammation. Therapeutic benefit can be achieved by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and not the donation of additional nitric oxide. Furthermore, there is growing appreciation that nitric oxide and products derived thereof, are critical components linking the increased incidence of cancer in states of chronic inflammation.
We examined the hypothesis that myeloperoxidase (MPO), a plentiful constituent of neutrophils, might serve as a marker for tissue neutrophil content. To completely extract MPO from either neutrophils or skin, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) was used to solubilize the enzyme. With this detergent treatment, 97.8 +/- 0.2% of total recoverable MPO was extracted from neutrophils with a single HTAB treatment; 93.1 +/- 1.0% was solubilized with a single treatment of skin. Neutrophil MPO was directly related to neutrophil number; with the dianisidine-H2O2 assay as few as 10(4) neutrophils could be detected. The background level of MPO within uninflamed tissue was 0.385 +/- 0.018 units per gram of tissue, equivalent to only 7.64 +/- 0.36 X 10(5) neutrophils. In experimental staphylococcal infection, skin specimens contained 34.8 +/- 3.8 units MPO per gram, equivalent to 8.55 +/- 0.93 X 10(7) neutrophils. These studies demonstrate that MPO can be used as a marker for skin neutrophil content: it is recoverable from skin in soluble form, and is directly related to neutrophil number. Further, normal skin possesses a low background of MPO compared to that of inflamed skin.
A method was developed for the isolation and identification of phytosterols and fatty alcohols in jojoba oil. The method consists in the separation of these compounds from wax esters in the oil by means of an aluminum oxide column followed by further fractionation of the minor components by column chromatography on silica gel. The 4-demethylsterols, 4-methylsterols, triterpene alcohols (4,4-dimethylsterols), and fatty alcohols are identified by means of their gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric data. The present paper includes a method for the quantitation of the free sterols in jojoba oil. Keywords: Plant; alcohol; sterol; lipid; Simmondsia
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme protein, is a major component of azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Optimal oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity depends on MPO as the critical enzyme for the generation of hypochlorous acid and other toxic oxygen products. MPO is synthesized during the promyelocytic stage of myeloid differentiation, the stage at which azurophilic granules are formed. Like other lysosomal enzymes, MPO is synthesized as a larger precursor which is subsequently processed and transported intracellularly to the lysosomes. The primary translation product is a single 80-kDa protein which undergoes cotranslational N-linked glycosylation to produce a 92-kDa glycoprotein. Glucosidases in the endoplasmic reticulum or early cis Golgi convert the proMPO to a 90-kDa form which is sorted into a prelysosomal compartment that undergoes final proteolytic maturation to native MPO, a pair of heavy-light protomers with subunits of 60 kDa and a 12 kDa. These events contrast with similar processes seen with other lysosomal enzymes in two ways. First, alkalinization of lysosomes with NH4+ does not alter processing or transport, in contrast to the pH dependence of these processes for other lysosomal enzymes. However, some studies indicate retardation of processing in the presence of the proton ionophore monensin. Second, intracellular transport of MPO is not apparently mediated by the mannose-6-phosphate receptor system. The gene for MPO is on the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q22, 23) near the breakpoint of the 15, 17 translocation of acute promyelocytic leukemia. The gene spans approximately 14 kb and contains 11 introns and 12 exons. The cloned full-length cDNA is approximately 2.2 kb and both normal bone marrow and cultured promyelocytic leukemia cells express two species of mRNA. Inherited MPO deficiency, a relatively common disorder, is associated with the absence of mature MPO but the presence of proMPO, consistent with a post-translational defect. Studies at the molecular level aimed at identifying the underlying genetic defect are thus far consistent with that hypothesis. In addition, the basis for the observed association between acquired MPO deficiency and some myeloid leukemias can now be studied at the molecular level using these probes.
14C-Labeled jojoba wax was injected subcutaneously into mice and14C was determined 1–90 days after application in several internal organs, in the skin and in the lipids extracted from the
carcass. A control group of mice was similarly treated with triolein. The major part of the injected lipids was not absorbed
or metabolized. Some label was found in the organs examined, but there was no accumulation of labeled lipids with time. About
20% of label derived from triolein was found in polar lipids, whereas only 2–4% of that derived from jojoba wax was found
in this fraction. There was some (1–5%) incorporation of the label of jojoba wax into body triglycerides.
The predominating molecular species in jojoba oil iscis-13-docosenylcis-11-eicosenoate (erucyl jojobenoate), ranging from 31% to 45% of the extracted seed oil. Other alcohol/acid combinations contribute
to the C42 molecular chain length so that this fraction constitutes a low of 41% to a high of 57% of the total wax esters. The positions
of the exclusivelycis ethylenic bonds in the alcohol and acid moieties of the wax esters are 99% ω-9 and 1% ω-7. Only 2% of the alcohol and acid
moieties were saturated when analyzed after saponification of the oil. Triglycerides were detected by gas chromatography in
all of the more than 200 natural jojoba oil samples tested, a few of which had substantially more than the normal 1%. Among
the many uses of jojoba oil cited here, the two most promising are the sulfurized oil as extreme-pressure/extreme-temperature
lubricant additive and the natural or refined oil formulated into cosmetic products.
The rates of autoxidation of crude, bleached and stripped jojoba wax were determined under conditions of accelerated oxidation
(98 C). Oxidation of the raw yellow wax had a long induction period (50 hr) compared with the bleached wax (10–12 hr) or stripped
wax (2 hr). These differences indicate the presence of a natural antioxidant in the crude wax. Addition of 0.02% butylated
hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxyanisole to the bleached wax restored and even improved its stability. Autoxidation of jojoba
wax was also studied at room temperature. In the presence of light and air, the activity of the natural inhibitor was rapidly
lost.
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We have previously demonstrated that Il-1 and TNF could rapidly, but transiently, induce gene expression of Il-1 beta in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) at both the protein and mRNA level. Additionally, we demonstrated a cooperative effect of Il-1 and TNF on the kinetics of induction of Il-1 beta mRNA and protein. In order to better understand the molecular basis of Il-1 beta induction, we have further investigated the regulation of Il-1 and TNF-induced gene expression in the PMN. Using nuclear run-on transcription analysis, we found that within 1 h Il-1, TNF, and TNF plus Il-1 induced the transcription of the Il-1 beta gene by 33-, 61-, and 99-fold, respectively. By 2 h, the levels of transcription had been reduced to approximately 50% of peak levels for TNF- and TNF plus Il-1-treated PMN, and to near noninduced levels in Il-1-treated PMN. We also found that these cytokines induced stable mRNA, i.e., Il-1 beta mRNA t1/2 for Il-1-, TNF-, and TNF plus Il-1-induced PMN were 57, 94, and 86 min, respectively. By 2 h, when steady state levels of Il-1 beta mRNA were found to decrease, Il-1 beta mRNA t1/2 had fallen to approximately 18 min for all cytokine treatments. To determine if protein synthesis was required for induction of Il-1 beta gene expression, we treated PMN simultaneously with cytokines and cycloheximide, and found that cycloheximide enhanced the accumulation of Il-1-induced Il-1 beta mRNA, but abrogated the accumulation of Il-1 beta mRNA, by TNF- or TNF plus Il-1-treated PMN. This abrogation of Il-1 beta mRNA accumulation was not caused by inhibition of induction of Il-1 beta transcription because TNF induction of transcription of Il-1 beta was not affected by simultaneous treatment with cycloheximide. Thus, we report that Il-1 and TNF regulate IL-1 beta gene expression via both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in vitro.
Cutaneous inflammation is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes such as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), lymphocytes, and monocytes into the epidermis, dermis, or subcutaneous tissue in response to infectious or immunologic stimuli, in wound healing, or in response to trauma. In recent years, it has been found that cell-surface proteins on leukocytes, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes are critical elements in the initiation and evolution of cutaneous inflammation. In order for peripheral blood leukocytes to leave the circulatory system and enter tissue parenchyma, they must first bind to endothelial cells, pass between them, and traverse the vascular basement membrane. In this article we will examine both leukocyte-endothelial cell binding and evidence indicating that various cell-surface molecules present on leukocytes and endothelial cells, known as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), interact with one another in specific fashion. This interaction or binding is a critical occurrence and its inhibition leads to downregulation of inflammation. Furthermore, some CAMs can be either induced or upregulated on leukocytes and endothelial cells by various proinflammatory cytokines. This tends to upregulate inflammation. It has become increasingly clear that the time-course of inflammation and its exquisite anatomic specificity are related to the regulation of expression of CAMs.
A number of various mechanisms are prone to develop pain symptomatology. Among them infection, inflammation, degeneration, metabolic deviations, and traumas may be at the origin of complex reactions currently gathered under the terminology "rheumatism." For some time now, practitioners have introduced vitamins in the array of their antalgic supply; these were mainly vitamins of the B-group. Meanwhile research has enlarged knowledge about the oxidative mechanisms that are at the origin of inflammation, and has suggested the use of antioxidant substances, among them 9 vitamins. Finally, most of the antalgic drugs used for relief of pains have prooxidative effects, which in turn should be controlled by antioxidant substances. These different interrelations are discussed within the limits of the field of vitamins.
We examined the hypothesis that myeloperoxidase (MPO), a plentiful constituent of neutrophils, might serve as a marker for tissue neutrophil content. To completely extract MPO from either neutrophils or skin, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) was used to solubilize the enzyme. With this detergent treatment, 97.8 +/- 0.2% of total recoverable MPO was extracted from neutrophils with a single HTAB treatment; 93.1 +/- 1.0% was solubilized with a single treatment of skin. Neutrophil MPO was directly related to neutrophil number; with the dianisidine-H2O2 assay as few as 10(4) neutrophils could be detected. The background level of MPO within uninflamed tissue was 0.385 +/- 0.018 units per gram of tissue, equivalent to only 7.64 +/- 0.36 X 10(5) neutrophils. In experimental staphylococcal infection, skin specimens contained 34.8 +/- 3.8 units MPO per gram, equivalent to 8.55 +/- 0.93 X 10(7) neutrophils. These studies demonstrate that MPO can be used as a marker for skin neutrophil content: it is recoverable from skin in soluble form, and is directly related to neutrophil number. Further, normal skin possesses a low background of MPO compared to that of inflamed skin.
We have attempted to verify the suggestion that synovial membrane is the result of mechanical disruption of connective tissue, and may occur at any site. Mechanical disruption of the subcutaneous connective tissue was achieved in rats and mice by the repeated injection of air. The resulting cavities developed a lining structure with many of the features of synovial membrane as judged by electron microscopy, and light microscopy using haematoxylin and eosin and van Gieson stains, esterase activity and immunofluorescent staining for Ia antigen. A structure closely resembling synovium is formed as early as 6 days, providing a convenient method for studying large quantities of facsimile synovial tissue under a wide variety of easily administered stimuli.
Modulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis in vivo by either exogenous or endogenous nitric oxide (NO) has been studied in the rat using arachidonic acid (AA)‐induced paw oedema and measuring both the foot volume and the amount of 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F 1α (6‐keto‐PGF 1α ), the stable metabolite of prostacyclin (PGI 2 ), in the oedematous fluid recovered from inflamed paws.
Paw injections of 150 or 300 nmol of AA were virtually inactive whereas 600 nmol produced a moderate oedema which was greatly reduced by the NO synthase inhibitor l ‐N G ‐nitro arginine methyl ester ( l ‐NAME, 100 nmol/paw) and the NO scavenger haemoglobin (Hb, 30 μmol/paw), but unaffected by the inhibitor of the soluble guanylate cyclase, methylene blue (Mb, 3 μmol/paw) and L‐arginine (15 μmol/paw).
The NO‐donors (10 μmol/paw) 3‐morpholino‐sydnonimine‐hydrochloride (SIN‐1), S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐ d, l ‐penicillamine (SNAP) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) significantly potentiated the paw oedema induced by AA (300 nmol/paw).
SIN‐1 (2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/paw) produced a significant dose‐dependent increase of the oedema induced by AA which was correlated with increased amounts of 6‐keto‐PGF 1α in the fluid recovered from inflamed paws.
Both oedema and prostaglandin biosynthesis induced by the combination AA + SIN‐1 were greatly suppressed by either Hb (30 μmol/paw) or indomethacin (3 μmol/paw or 5 mg kg ⁻¹ s.c.) but unaffected by Mb (3 μmol/paw).
In LPS‐treated rats (6 mg kg ⁻¹ , i.p.) doses of AA inactive in normal animals produced a remarkable oedema which was reduced by l ‐NAME or Hb, unaffected by Mb and increased by l ‐arginine.
These results demonstrate that NO increases prostaglandin biosynthesis in vivo through a guanosine 3′:5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP)‐independent mechanism and suggest that the interaction between NO synthase and cyclo‐oxygenase (COX) pathways may represent an important mechanism for the modulation of the inflammatory response.
1 Endotoxin E. Coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treatment in conscious, restrained rats increased plasma and urinary prostaglandin (PG) and nitric oxide (NO) production. Inducible cyclo‐oxygenase (COX‐2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression accounted for the LPS‐induced PG and NO release since the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone inhibited both effects. Thus, LPS (4 mg kg ⁻¹ ) increased the plasma levels of nitrite/nitrate from 14 ± 1 to 84 ± 7 μ m within 3 h and this rise was inhibited to 35 ± 1 μ m by dexamethasone. Levels of 6‐keto PGF 1α in the plasma were below the detection limit of the assay (< 0.2 ng ml ⁻¹ ). However, 3 h after the injection of LPS these levels rose to 2.6 ± 0.2 ng ml ⁻¹ and to 0.7 ± 0.01 ng ml ⁻¹ after LPS in rats that received dexamethasone.
2 The induced enzymes were inhibited in vivo with selective COX and NOS inhibitors. Furthermore, NOS inhibitors, that did not affect COX activity in vitro markedly suppressed PG production in the LPS‐treated animals. For instance, the LPS‐induced increased in plasma nitrite/nitrate and 6‐keto PGF 1α at 3 h was decreased to 18 ± 2 μ m and 0.5 ± 0.02 ng ml ⁻¹ , 23 ± 1 μ m and 0.7 ± 0.01 ng ml ⁻¹ , 29 ± 2 μ m and 1 ± 0.01 ng ml ⁻¹ in rats treated with LPS in the presence of the NOS inhibitors N G ‐ monomethyl‐ l ‐arginine, N G ‐nitro arginine methyl ester and aminoguanidine, respectively.
3 The intravenous infusion of the NO donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) increased prostaglandin production in normal animals (for instance urinary PGE 2 excretion was increased from 96 ± 10 to 576 ± 12 pg min ⁻¹ and 400 ± 24 pg min ⁻¹ in the presence of GTN or SNP respectively).
4 Proteinuria was measured in order to evaluate the roles of NO and PG in renal damage associated with the in vivo injection of LPS. Interestingly, dexamethasone and the NOS inhibitors attenuated proteinuria in the LPS‐treated rats. The COX inhibitors had no effect. It therefore appears that NO and not PG contributes to the LPS‐induced renal damage; these findings support the potential use of NOS inhibitors in the treatment of renal inflammation.
5 This study demonstrates the regulatory contribution of NO on the in vivo production of prostanoids and suggests that in inflammatory diseases that are driven by both NO and the prostaglandins, NOS inhibitors may act to reduce inflammation by the dual inhibition of cytotoxic NO and pro‐inflammatory PG.
We describe the generation of an IgG1 mAb, 2B5, that neutralizes the biologic activity of PGE2 in vitro and in vivo. The Ab was derived from a BALB/c mouse that was immunized with a PGE2-thyroglobulin conjugate. 2B5 is one of the highest affinity and specific anti-PGE2 mAbs reported to date. The Kd for PGE2 was approximately 300 pM and crossreactivity toward eicosanoids other than PGE1 was less than 1%. The addition of 2B5 to [3H]PGE2 blocked the binding of radioligand to cell membranes transfected with the murine EP3 prostaglandin receptor. In functional studies, 2B5 neutralized the capacity of PGE2 to suppress T cell proliferation induced by a mitogenic anti-CD3 Ab in vitro. In contrast, immunosuppression by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine was not affected. In an in vivo model of nociception, 2B5 substantially reduced the dorsoflexion response of mice to phenylbenzoquinone. This response is associated with prostaglandin production and is blocked by inhibitors of prostanoid synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that this nociceptive response is largely due to PGE2. In the absence of antagonists that prevent PGE2 from activating a diverse family of receptor subtypes, neutralizing Abs to PGE2 should represent useful reagents to delineate the biologic properties of this eicosanoid in vivo.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive free radical with a multitude of organ specific regulatory functions. Since 1985, NO has been the subject of numerous research efforts and as a result, has been found to play a major role in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, immune, and central nervous systems. In addition, deranged NO synthesis is the basis for a number of pathophysiologic states, such as atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, pyloric stenosis, and the hypertension associated with renal failure. Traditional NO donors such as sodium nitroprusside and new pharmacologic NO adducts such as S-nitrosothiols may serve as exogenous sources of NO for the treatment of NO-deficient pathologic states. This review is an attempt to acquaint the surgical community with the fundamentals of NO biochemistry and physiology. Increased knowledge of its functions in normal homeostasis and pathologic states will enable physicians to better understand these disease processes and utilize new pharmacologic therapies.
Leukotrienes have been implicated in the regulation of immune responses, including inflammation and immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Here, we describe the phenotypic analysis of leukotriene-deficient mice generated by inactivation of the 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) gene. These 5LO(-/-) mice were unable to synthesize detectable levels of leukotrienes and were more resistant to lethal anaphylaxis induced by platelet-activating factor. The intensity of an acute inflammatory response induced by arachidonic acid was similar in 5LO(-/-) mice and controls. However, the response in 5LO(-/-) mice, but not in controls, could be virtually eliminated by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. These data suggest that inflammatory responses are modulated by arachidonic acid metabolites through a variety of interconnected mechanisms. This has important implications for understanding the early events of an inflammatory response and for designing drugs for use in therapeutic intervention.
The marine product variabilin was identified as a novel inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which exhibited IC50 values of 6.9 microM and 7.9 microM for human synovial secretory PLA2 and U937 cells cytosolic PLA2 activities, respectively. This compound was less potent on bee venom or zymosan-injected rat air pouch enzymes and failed to affect Naja naja venom PLA2. The production of leukotriene B4 by human neutrophils stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 was also inhibited by variabilin, which was without effect on 5-lipoxygenase, cyclo-oxygenase 1 and cyclo-oxygenase 2 activities in cell-free assays. Other functions of human neutrophils, such as degranulation and superoxide generation, were also significantly reduced in vitro. Variabilin administered topically suppressed the mouse ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, whereas the ear edema induced by arachidonic acid was unaffected; this suggests an action previous to arachidonic acid metabolism. This compound administered p.o. at 30 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg significantly inhibited mouse paw edema induced by carrageenan and, at 0.01 to 1.0 micromol/pouch in the mouse air pouch injected with zymosan, exerted a marked inhibition on PGE2 and leukotriene B4 levels in exudates (ID50 values of approximately 0.028-0.029 micromol/pouch), without affecting cell migration. Our results indicate that variabilin is an inhibitor of human secretory and cytosolic PLA2 activities that controls eicosanoid production in vitro and in vivo, inhibits neutrophil degranulation and superoxide generation in vitro and shows anti-inflammatory activity after topical or p.o. administration to mice.
Phagocytes respond to stimulation with a burst of oxygen consumption, and much, if not all, of the extra oxygen consumed in the respiratory burst is converted first to the superoxide anion and then to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is released from cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils and monocytes by a degranulation process, reacts with the H2O2 formed by the respiratory burst to form a complex that can oxidize a large variety of substances. Among the latter is chloride, which is oxidized initially to hypochlorous acid, with the subsequent formation of chlorine and chloramines. These products of the MPO-H2O2-chloride system are powerful oxidants that can have profound biological effects. The primary function of neutrophils is the phagocytosis and destruction of microorganisms, and the release of MPO and H2O2 into the phagosome containing the ingested microorganism generally leads to a rapid microbicidal effect. Neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have a microbicidal defect that is associated with the absence of a respiratory burst and, thus, H2O2 production. Neutrophils from patients with a hereditary MPO deficiency, who lack MPO, also have a microbicidal defect, although it is not as severe as that seen in CGD. MPO and H2O2 also can be released to the outside of the cell where a reaction with chloride can induce damage to adjacent tissue and, thus, contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. It has been suggested that pulmonary injury, renal glomerular damage, and the initiation of atherosclerotic lesions may be caused by the MPO system.
