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Anti-inflammatory effects of jojoba liquid wax in experimental models
Abstract
Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link 1822) Schneider 1907] is an arid perennial shrub grown in several American and African countries. Jojoba seeds, which are rich in liquid wax, were used in folk medicine for diverse ailments. In the current study, the potential anti-inflammatory activity of jojoba liquid wax (JLW) was evaluated in a number of experimental models. Results showed that JLW caused reduction of carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema in addition to diminishing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level in the inflammatory exudates. In a test for anti-inflammatory potential utilizing the chick's embryo chroioallantoic membrane (CAM), JLW also caused significant lowering of granulation tissue formation. Topical application of JLW reduced ear oedema induced by croton oil in rats. In the same animal model, JLW also reduced neutrophil infiltration, as indicated by decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In addition, JLW ameliorated histopathological changes affected by croton oil application. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in air pouch in rats, JLW reduced nitric oxide (NO) level and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of JLW in combating inflammation in several experimental models. Further investigations are needed to identify the active constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory property of JLW.
... It was also demonstrated that hydrogenated jojoba oil has a faster penetration rate and good occlusive properties. Thus, it is recommended to use jojoba oil alone or with other natural oils to maintain the natural appearance of the skin and the safety of that derivative as an emollient in the cosmetic formulation [7,10]. ...
... Habashy et al. conducted a study in 2005 that demonstrated this reduction of edema and prostaglandin E2 content in rats, further supporting this potential of jojoba. The anti-inflammatory effect of jojoba oil involved the blockage of both cyclooxygenase II and lipoxygenase enzymes [7,26]. This work is confirmed by a controlled clinical trial evaluating the short-term effectiveness of jojoba liquid wax as local treatment of Napkin rash. ...
... Methotrexate-loaded jojoba oil-based microemulsion was proved to be clinically safe and effective in treating psoriasis vulgaris due to its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory effects [6]. Another jojoba oil-based microemulsion loading the synthetic retinoid tazarotene revealed a better therapeutic effect in psoriatic patients than the marketed product with no irritation and a double increase in tazarotene skin deposition [7]. ...
Jojoba is a widely used medicinal plant that is cultivated worldwide. Its seeds and oil have a long history of use in folklore to treat various ailments, such as skin and scalp disorders, superficial wounds, sore throat, obesity, and cancer; for improvement of liver functions, enhancement of immunity, and promotion of hair growth. Extensive studies on Jojoba oil showed a wide range of pharmacological applications, including antioxidant, anti-acne and antipsoriasis, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperglycemia activities. In addition, Jojoba oil is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in cosmetics for topical, transdermal, and parenteral preparations. Jojoba oil also holds value in the industry as an anti-rodent, insecticides, lubricant, surfactant, and a source for the production of bioenergy. Jojoba oil is considered among the top-ranked oils due to its wax, which constitutes about 98% (mainly wax esters, few free fatty acids, alcohols, and hydrocarbons). In addition, sterols and vitamins with few triglyceride esters, flavonoids, phenolic and cyanogenic compounds are also present. The present review represents an updated literature survey about the chemical composition of jojoba oil, its physical properties, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical and industrial applications, and toxicity.
... The traditional medicinal applications of JJBO are mainly limited to skin care, involving skin barrier repairing [6], and wound healing [5]. Dermatological research shows that JJBO can reduce inflammation for the treatment of acne and psoriasis [7]. Moreover, JJBO shows high safety without significant toxicity and side effects [8]. ...
... LPS-induced ALI was selected in this study, which is the representative of biological ALI [7,25]. Rats were fixed with hands. ...
... JJBO is a light-yellow oil and is mainly composed of linear long-chain esters. It has many medicinal applications such as anti-inflammation [7], wound healing, skin disorder healing [6], and antioxidant [33]. However, the potential of JJBO as a highly anti-inflammatory natural plant oil is unlikely to be fully realized due to its disadvantage of low solubility and poor dispensability. ...
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid) is a dioecious plant in desert and semi-desert areas, e.g., the Ismailia Desert in Egypt. Jojoba oil (JJBO) is a natural slight yellow oil with the functions of skin barrier repairing and wound healing, which is dermally applied as a traditional medication or cosmetic in the Middle East. The objective of this study was to prepare JJBO dry nanoemulsion powders (JNDs) and investigate their anti-acute lung injury effects. JJBO nanoemulsions (JNEs) were prepared and then lyophilized to JNDs and the properties and simulated lung deposition were measured. Rat acute lung injury (ALI) models were established after intratracheal (i.t.) administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). JNDs and dexamethasone (DXM) solutions were also i.t. administered to the rats. The pathological states of lung tissues were checked. Inflammatory and oxidative factors in the lung tissues were determined using ELISA methods. NF-κB p65 and caspase-3 were measured with a Western blotting method and an immunohistochemical method, respectively. JNDs had an appropriate mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 4.17 µm and a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 39.11%. JNDs showed higher anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced ALI than DXM with a decrease in total protein content and down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and NF-κB p65. JNDs also showed higher anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effect on H2O2-induced ALI than DXM with elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increasing of superoxide dismutase (SOD), decrease in of lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), and inhibition of caspase-3 expression. Moreover, i.t. JNDs attenuated bleeding and infiltrations of the inflammatory cells in the two ALI models. JNDs are a promising natural oil-contained inhalable medication for the treatment of LPS- or H2O2-induced ALI.
... Jojoba seed oil is widely used in pharmaceutics and cosmetic formulation due to its unique structural characteristics and beneficial health and immunity enhancement effects [18]. It has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties [19,20] and hypocholesteremic effects [18][19][20], which, mainly due to their nutritional and therapeutic values, may result in better productive performance of broiler chickens. ...
... Jojoba seed oil is widely used in pharmaceutics and cosmetic formulation due to its unique structural characteristics and beneficial health and immunity enhancement effects [18]. It has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties [19,20] and hypocholesteremic effects [18][19][20], which, mainly due to their nutritional and therapeutic values, may result in better productive performance of broiler chickens. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary addition of jojoba seed oil on productive performance, physicochemical attributes and carcass quality of broiler meat under tropical weather conditions. A total of 384 one-day-old Ross-308 were subdivided into four dietary treatments of jojoba seed oil: 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of control diet. Each treatment group included twelve replicates with eight birds each. The results showed that dietary supplementation of jojoba seed oil linearly increased (p < 0.01) feed intake, body weight gain and improved (p < 0.01) feed conversion ratio. Interestingly, diets supplemented with jojoba seed oil linearly (p < 0.05) improved the percentage of dressing and reduced abdominal fat percentage compared to the control group. Dietary supplementation of jojoba seed oil showed no effects (p ≥ 0.05) on the weight of internal organs, including liver, heart, gizzard, spleen and pancreas of broiler chickens. Increasing jojoba seed oil levels in the diet decreased (p < 0.001) percentages of cook and drip losses of breast and leg (drumstick and thigh) muscles of broilers. It was concluded that jojoba seed oil used as a feed additive up to 150 mg/kg improves growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens in tropical weather conditions.
... This finding confirmed the effect of the placebo-treated group in diminishing the inflammation and suggested the role of jojoba oil in reducing the inflammation. The result is in agreement with Habashy et al., who demonstrated the efficiency of jojoba in lowering inflammation in various examination models [47]. On the other hand, it was noted that % of inflammation reached in the Brucine orally treated group (64.7 ± 4.8%) and placebo-treated group (58.2 ± 4.6%) was significantly higher when compared with treated GP I (47.7 ± 4.8%) and treated GP II (34.2 ± 3.8%) (p < 0.05). ...
... This finding confirmed the effect of the placebotreated group in diminishing the inflammation and suggested the role of jojoba oil in reducing the inflammation. The result is in agreement with Habashy et al., who demonstrated the efficiency of jojoba in lowering inflammation in various examination models [47]. On the other hand, it was noted that % of inflammation reached in the Brucine orally treated group (64.7 ± 4.8%) and placebo-treated group (58.2 ± 4.6%) was significantly higher when compared with treated GP I (47.7 ± 4.8%) and treated GP II (34.2 ± 3.8%) (p < 0.05). ...
One of the recent advancements in research is the application of natural products in developing newly effective formulations that have few drawbacks and that boost therapeutic effects. The goal of the current exploration is to investigate the effect of jojoba oil in augmenting the anti-inflammatory effect of Brucine natural alkaloid. This is first development of a formulation that applies Brucine and jojoba oil int a PEGylated liposomal emulgel proposed for topical application. Initially, various PEGylated Brucine liposomal formulations were fabricated using a thin-film hydration method. (22) Factorial design was assembled using two factors (egg Phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol concentrations) and three responses (particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release). The optimized formula was incorporated within jojoba oil emulgel. The PEGylated liposomal emulgel was inspected for its characteristics, in vitro, ex vivo and anti-inflammatory behaviors. Liposomal emulgel showed a pH of 6.63, a spreadability of 48.8 mm and a viscosity of 9310 cP. As much as 40.57% of Brucine was released after 6 h, and drug permeability exhibited a flux of 0.47 µg/cm2·h. Lastly, % of inflammation was lowered to 47.7, which was significant effect compared to other formulations. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory influence of jojoba oil and Brucine was confirmed, supporting their integration into liposomal emulgel as a potential nanocarrier.
... Jojoba seeds are comprised almost entirely of a mixture of wax esters comprising very-long-chain (C20, C22 and C24) monounsaturated fatty acids and alcohols. 15 These LWEs serve as a primary storage reserve for post-germination growth. Jojoba oil has been proposed as a frying medium to enhance the shelf life of fried foods. ...
... Jojoba yağı içeriğindeki hidroksitoluenin allilik türevi sayesinde doğal bir antioksidandır [59]. Ayrıca böbrek taşı ağrısı, güneş yanığı, çatlamış cilt, saç dökülmesi, baş ağrısı, yaralar ve boğaz ağrısı tedavilerinde etkili olduğu rapor edilmiştir [60]. Jojoba yağının cilt enfeksiyonlarına karşı etkileri değerlendirildiğinde herpes simpleks 1; HSV-1 virüsünü önemli ölçüde inhibe ettiği gözlenmiştir [61]. ...
Bitkilerden ayrıştırılabilen, canlı sistemlere etkileri tanımlanan maddeler ve bunların farmasötik, kozmetik, gıda gibi alanlarda kullanımı her zaman dikkat çeken konulardan olmuştur. Bitkisel kaynaklardan örneğin çiçek, tohum, yaprak, kabuk, dal, köklerden elde edilen sabit ve uçucu yağlar için antiseptik, antibakteriyel, antifungal, antioksidan, antiviral aktiviteler bilinen en yaygın etkilerdendir. Aromaterapi, fiziksel ve ruhsal olarak yaşam kalitesini düzenlemek için uygulanan uçucu ve sabit yağlarla formüle edilen bütünsel tedavi yaklaşımıdır. Amerika Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri (NIH) aromaterapi yağlarının, solunum yolu üzerinden inhalatif ve difüzif yöntemlerinin, cilt üzerinden jel, krem, losyon şeklinde topikal uygulamalarının ve ağızdan çözelti, tablet, kapsül şeklinde dahili uygulamalarının olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Tıbbın babası olarak anılan Hipokrat’ın MÖ 400’lü yıllarda çok önem verdiği aromaterapi yağları ile ilgili güncel araştırma makale sayısı oldukça azdır. Uçucu ve sabit yağların kimyasal yapılarının tanınması, biyolojik aktivite ile ilişkilendirilmesi, aromaterapi uygulamalarına temel bilgi birikimi sağlaması açısından çok önemlidir. Bu derleme çalışmasında en çok kullanılan uçucu ve sabit yağlarla ilgili güncel ve güvenilir çalışmalar kimyasal yapı-aktivite uygulamaları açısından değerlendirilmiştir.
... Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), a dioecious plant growing in desert and semi-desert areas, has been used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes, such as a remedy for cancer, obesity, and throat warts [8,9]. Jojoba seeds are used for producing approximately 50 % of oil which has many cosmetic and medicinal applications, such as skin disorder curing, wound healing, lubricating, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant [8,10,11]. The resulting seed cake is a rich source of proteins (25-30 %) and carbohydrates (50 %) which could be valorized as a feed for livestock. ...
This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of jojoba seed cake extracts against an acute paracetamol (PC) intoxication. Two aqueous extracts from jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) seed cake, a simmondsin-rich extract (WE), and a simmondsin-hydrolyzed extract (NE) using Viscozyme L enzyme have been prepared and characterized. After enzyme treatment, simmondsin content decreased from 33.0 % to 3.0 % and glucose content increased from 16.2 % to 27.3 % reflecting simmondsin hydrolysis. Both extracts were administered to different rat groups via gavage (0.6 g/kg b.w.) before PC treatment (2 g/kg b.w.) three times a week for 3 weeks. The PC intoxication altered the serum biomarkers, the oxidative status, and the Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Bax and Bcl-2 protein expressions of tested animals. In addition, the histological analysis of liver tissues proved significant injury and hepatocellular necrosis. WE and NE extract showed a relatively high in vitro radical scavenging (ORAC) and averting activities (HORAC) with a polyphenol content of 3.6 % and 2.9 %, respectively. Both extracts showed a powerful in vivo hepatoprotective activity against PC-induced toxicity by improving the hepatocellular antioxidant status and blocking proteins expression (TNF-α, Bax and Bcl-2), involved in inflammation and liver damage. However, the enzymatic treatment improved the hepatoprotective activity of NE despite its lower simmondsin content and lower in vitro antioxidant capacity. This enhancement could be linked to the synergetic effect between the antioxidant components and the new hydrolytic products as glucose, uronic acids, arabinose and simmondsin-aglycons. These results suggest that jojoba waste could be potentially valorized in developing hepatoprotective drugs.
... Devido à alta estabilidade química do óleo, ele pode ser usado em frituras e contribuir significativamente para melhorar a vida útil de produtos alimentícios fritos. 114 Em termos de atividade biológicas, o óleo diminui os efeitos da psoríase e possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias, 115 antimicrobianas 116 e antifúngicas. 117 Existem muitas evidências que relatam pesquisas sobre o uso de óleo de jojoba puro como um remédio para acne, pele seca e inúmeras outras doenças de pele, 118 além de acelerar o tratamento e a cicatrização de queimaduras. ...
... Incredibly, insignificant difference was observed between placebo II and colchicine orally treated group (p < 0.05), which proves the role of emulgel and mainly, jojoba oil in ameliorating the anti-inflammatory influence. In fact, the influence of jojoba oil in alleviating inflammation in different experimental models was previously established [44]. Prominently, animals treated with colchicine niosomal emulgel showed the most plentiful reduction in percentage of swelling, which is statistically significant (p < 0.05) comparing to all other groups treated with other applied preparations. ...
Recent progression in investigational studies aiming to integrate natural products and plant oils in developing new dosage forms that would provide optimal therapeutic effect. Therefore, the aim of the present exploration was to inspect the influence of jojoba oil in boosting the anti-inflammatory effect of colchicine natural product. To our knowledge, there is no formulation comprising colchicine and jojoba oil together to form a niosomal emulgel preparation anticipated for topical application. Colchicine is a natural product extracted from Colchicum autumnale that has been evidenced to show respectable anti-inflammatory activity. Owing to its drawbacks and low therapeutic index, it was preferable to be formulated into topical dosage form. The current study inspected colchicine transdermal delivery by developing niosomal preparation as a potential nanocarrier included into emulgel prepared with jojoba oil. Box Behnken design was constructed to develop 17 niosomal emulgel formulations. The optimized colchicine niosomal emulgel was evaluated for its physical characteristics and in vitro release studies. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was estimated via carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema method. The developed colchicine niosomal preparation revealed particle size of 220.7 nm with PDI value 0.22, entrapment efficiency 65.3%. The formulation was found to be stable showing no significant difference in particle size and entrapment efficiency up on storage at 4 °C and 25 °C for 3 months. The optimized colchicine niosomal emulgel exhibited a pH value 6.73, viscosity 4598 cP, and spreadability 38.3 mm. In vitro release study of colchicine from niosomal emulgel formulation was around 52.4% over 6 h. Apparently, the proficient anti-inflammatory activity of colchicine niosomal emulgel was confirmed via carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema test. Overall, the results recommend the combination of niosomal preparation with jojoba oil-based emulgel that might signify a favorable delivery of anti-inflammatory drug such as colchicine.
... Moreover, the importance of extraction methods is also being highlighted [9][10][11][12][13][14], as well as the effects of climate, genetics and farming methods [14][15][16][17][18]. Many natural oils possess species specific compounds exhibiting a wide variety of biochemical activity such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic properties [18,19], thus making them an attractive and complementary treatment for xerotic and inflammatory dermatoses, particularly associated with epidermal barrier disruption and dysfunction [20][21][22][23][24]. ...
Renewed consumer and industry interest in natural ingredients has led to a large growth of natural cosmetics. This has put pressure on formulation skills and product claims when it comes to using natural compounds. Taking a strategic and comprehensive approach in viewing natural ingredients, including natural oils, as ‘active’ ingredients rather than just providing for so-called ‘natural’ claims, aids both innovation and development. Given the ever-increasing consumer demand for natural ingredients, and more importantly the demand for effective natural ingredients including plant oils, it is important for the cosmetic industry to re-evaluate them in this context.
The objectives of this review are to provide an update of three popular cosmetic plant oils - Sweet Almond, Evening Primrose, and Jojoba - in terms of their cosmetic applications as ‘active’ ingredients. This review highlights the activity of these oils, in the management of dry skin, ageing skin, juvenile skin, atopic dermatitis, scalp conditions, and their wider potential. Attention is given to formulation considerations where the content of these oils impacts product oxidation, skin penetration and stratum corneum homeostasis. Benefits of these oils have been well documented both pre-clinically and clinically. Historically, they have been used for hundreds if not thousands of years for their management and treatment of various skin and other ailments. Given the discrepancies in some clinical data presented for a variety of dermatoses, the importance of the choice of oil and how to formulate with them within the context of the epidermal barrier function, skin penetration, and toxicity, cannot be underestimated.
Care should be taken in terms of the quality and stability of theses oils, as well as ensuring best formulation type, if the reported activities of these oils are to be achieved with consistency. Despite discrepancies in the literature and questionable study designs, it is clear, that Sweet Almond, Evening Primrose and Jojoba oils, do have skin care benefits for both adult and juvenile applications. They are effective ingredients for skin care preparations to strengthen stratum corneum integrity, recovery, and lipid ratio. Nevertheless, further experimental data are required concerning the impact on stratum corneum physiology and structure.
... Due to the jojoba's oil unique features, which are close to those of sebum, the natural human skin oil, it is used in cosmetics and phar maceutics. Jojoba oil is used as an ingredient of medicines and toiletries (Habashy et al. 2005). The jojoba origin are the north American deserts, but along the years, it was spread to other arid and semi-arid regions of the world. ...
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) holds high industrial value and an extended cultivation trend. Despite its increased importance, there is a lack of fundamental information about its metabolic reserves and development. Our objective was to characterise metabolite allocation and fluctuations in the carbohydrate and nutrient balance of jojoba plants, as affected by fruit load and the plant's annual cycle. Metabolite profiles were performed for each organ. Soluble carbohydrates (SC) and starch concentrations were surveyed in underground and aboveground organs of high-yield and fruit-removed plants. Simultaneously, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were determined in the leaves to evaluate the plant's nutritional status. We found that sucrose and pinitol were the most abundant sugars in all jojoba organs. Each sugar had a 'preferred' organ: glucose was accumulated mainly in the leaves, sucrose and pinitol in woody branches, and fructose in the trunk wood. We found that fruit load significantly influenced the carbohydrate levels in green branches, trunk wood and thin roots. The phenological stage strongly affected the SC-starch balance. Among the examined minerals, only the leaf potassium level was significantly influenced by fruit load. We conclude that jojoba's nutrient and carbohydrate balance is affected by fruit load and the phenological stage, and describe the organ-specific metabolic reserves.
... With soothing and moisturizing effects, jojoba oil is not only applied as a humectant meanwhile also maintains skin moisture (Calka & Pawlica, 2019). From the study conducted by Habashy et al. (2005) topical application of jojoba oil was found to be effective in the reduction of edema in animal models with significant anti-inflammatory properties. The oil revealed significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antibacterial properties. ...
The photoprotective skincare products are in high demand to meet the consumer market with concern on skin health. Seed oils are commonly used as ingredients in many cosmetic products due to their natural antioxidants and now being increasingly recognized for their effects on skin health and photoprotection. This article briefly reviews the application of seed oils in sunscreen development focusing on the antioxidants that contribute to photoprotection, thus preventing UV‐induced erythema and photoaging. The addition of seed oils that contain specific natural bioactive compounds was discussed in the review. Besides that, seed oils acting in molecular pathways that benefit photoprotection were also summarized. Seed oils (pomegranate seed oil, castor oil, cocoa butter, jojoba oil, rosehip oil, grapeseed oil, kenaf seed oil, and pumpkin seed oil) utilization have high potential to act as natural UV filters and at the same time help in skin repairing. The seed oils contributed beneficial properties to the sunscreen formulation due to their synergistic effect with antioxidants, antiaging properties, anti‐inflammatory effect, and potential hormetic effect. The finding of specific bioactive compound from seed oils provides a better understanding of the contribution of seed oils in sunscreen formulation.
... The xylene-induced acute inflammatory mouse ear model has commonly been employed as one of the traditional methods for identifying the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents (Cho et al. 2008;Lee and Ku 2008). This animal model provides easy and simple verification method for anti-inflammatory effects of drugs by comparing the ear edoema, and changes in ear thickness, weight, and histopathology (Habashy et al. 2005;Cho et al. 2008;Lee and Ku 2008). The changes to the collagen fibre occupied region percentages in the dermis at histopathological inspections are directly linked to sclerosis of the skin or inflammatory oedematous changes, skin sclerosis (the increase in the percentages of collagen fibre occupied regions in the dermis), controversially the dermis inflammatory oedematous (the decrease in the percentages of collagen fibre occupied regions in the dermis) changes ). ...
Context
Kyeongok-go (KOG) is a traditional mixed herb preparation consisting of Panax ginseng CA Meyer (Araliaceae), Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae), Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertner) Liboschitz ex Steudel (Orobanchaceae), and honey. Various pharmacological effects of KOG are reported, but the efficacy on respiratory diseases has not been evaluated.
Objective
The anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and antitussive properties of KOG were examined using animal models of respiratory diseases.
Materials and methods
KOG (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) was orally administered to ICR mice (n = 8) once a day for 11 days. Anti-inflammatory effects of vehicle, xylene, KOG and DEXA (1 mg/kg) were determined by monitoring edoema and redness of treated ears, and measuring the relative and absolute weight of each ear. Expectorant properties of vehicle, KOG and AM (250 mg/kg) were evaluated by observing body surface redness, and the amount of mucous secreted by the trachea. The antitussive potential of vehicle, NH4OH, KOG and TB (50 mg/kg) was evaluated by monitoring changes in the number of coughs (for 6 min).
Results
KOG (400 mg/kg) treated mice showed 31.29% and 30.72% (p < 0.01) decreases in the relative and absolute weights of each ear relative to xylene control mice, 39.06% increases (p < 0.01) in TLF OD values relative to intact vehicle control mice, and 59.53% decrease (p < 0.01) in coughing compared to NH4OH control mice. Dose-dependent changes were observed in all experimental models.
Conclusions
KOG may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of various respiratory diseases, particularly those caused by environmental toxins.
... Other scattered reports have shown additional health beneficial impacts of jojoba oil and extracts. For instance, jojoba has been reported to possess antiinflammatory properties, both in vitro and in vivo (Habashy et al. 2005). This may be linked to the ability of the plant extract and simmondsin to inhibit with high potency both lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX), key enzymes in the inflammation cascade. ...
Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneider is an evergreen shrub widely grown in Israel, the Middle East, South America, Africa, India and Australia used as an agricultural crop for commercial purposes and as a source of its non-edible natural wax. It is widely used in pharmaceutics and cosmetic formulation due to its unique structural characteristics and beneficial health effects. In addition, extensive work has been published on the plant’s health-promoting activities, ranging from antioxidant activities to the treatment of cancer. Being a rich source of natural liquid wax, the majority of research regarding jojoba focuses on its applications, as well as on the ability to exploit the residual plant materials obtained in its production. To date, several potent phytochemicals have been attributed to its medicinal properties, e.g. simmondsin and phenolic compounds. The current review emphasizes the evidence-based medicinal qualities of the wax and plant extracts and highlights the gaps of knowledge in these research areas and the importance of acquiring additional understanding of jojoba distinctive traits.
... Jojoba oil is known for its high stability and long shelf-life (Sandha and Swami, 2009). It is used as a lubricant (Nassar et al., 2015), an ingredient of livestock feed (Labib and HA, 2012;Reddy and Chikara, 2010), medicines (Habashy et al., 2005) and toiletries (Oliphant et al., 2011), and as an innovative source for biodiesel (Canoira et al., 2006). Previous studies in Israel revealed that flowering takes place on February-March, and the wax accumulates between March and July (Perry, 2019). ...
Commercial pruning practice in jojoba plantations is traditionally dictated by maintenance requirements only. It enables machine movement between the plants and efficient harvest but is not designed to maximize long-term productivity. In this study, mechanical and manual pruning approaches were tested in two cultivars in a mature jojoba plantation, in comparison to the common practice. These new approaches were designed to enable better solar radiation penetration into the canopy, aiming to improve growth and productivity. As jojoba is an alternate bearing crop, the vegetative and reproductive performances were observed along four years, by remote sensing and manual measurements. The pruning strategy had a significant effect on growth, with distinction between the two tested cultivars. Top-pruning methods were found to best encourage new branching and yield, while side-pruning practices were less effective. Several treatments, including hedge pruning, attenuated or eliminated the alternation cycle. We conclude that using the proposed pruning practices would be beneficial in jojoba cultivation, and that the specific method should be suited to the cultivar characteristics.
... Some examples are represented by Jojoba oil [56] and lavender essential oils [55]. Oil components are reported to act by disturbing the lipid structure of cell membranes of bacteria and, after penetration, they are also able to block their metabolism [57]. The chemical composition of oils can have an influence on their microbiological properties [58]. ...
The skin microbiome is in a very close mutualistic relationship with skin cells, influencing their physiology and immunology and participating in many dermatological conditions. Today, there is much interest in cosmetic ingredients that may promote a healthy microbiome, especially postbiotics, mainly derived from fermented products. In the present work, we studied the effects on skin microbiota of new patented natural oils obtained by unique fermentation technology in vivo. Three fermented oils were evaluated: F-Shiunko (FS), F-Artemisia® (FA) and F-Glycyrrhiza® (FG). The active components were included as single active component or in combination (FSAG) in an emulsion system. A total of 20 healthy women were recruited, and skin microbiota from cheek were analyzed by mean of swab sampling at T0 and T1 (after 4 weeks of a one-day treatment). 16S sequencing revealed that the treatment with fermented oils improved microbiome composition and alpha-diversity. It was shown that higher biodiversity reflects in a healthier microbial ecosystem since microbial diversity decreases in the presence of a disease or due to aging. The treatment also resulted in a more “beneficial” and “younger” microbial community since a significant decrease in Proteobacteria and the increase in Staphylococcus were reported after the treatment with fermented oils.
... The texture and durability of jojoba oil makes it preferable for skincare, pharmaceuticals, as a substitute for synthetic polymers, and as a natural raw material for biofuel production [10]. It also has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial [11], antifungal [12], and antioxidant [4] activities. The jojoba seed remaining after oil extraction is considered as a cheap high-energy feed component [13]. ...
: Jojoba is one of the main two known plant source of natural liquid wax ester for use in various applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel. Due to the lack of transcriptomic and genomic data on lipid biosynthesis and accumulation, molecular marker breeding has been used to improve jojoba oil production and quality. In the current study, the transcriptome of developing jojoba seeds was investigated using the Illunina NovaSeq 6000 system, 100 × 106 paired end reads, an average length of 100 bp, and a sequence depth of 12 Gb per sample. A total of 176,106 unigenes were detected with an average contig length of 201 bp. Gene Ontology (GO) showed that the detected unigenes were distributed in the three GO groups biological processes (BP, 5.53%), cellular component (CC, 6.06%), and molecular functions (MF, 5.88%) and distributed in 67 functional groups. The lipid biosynthesis pathway was established based on the expression of lipid biosynthesis genes, fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, FA desaturation, FA elongation, fatty alcohol biosynthesis, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, phospholipid metabolism, wax ester biosynthesis, and lipid transfer and storage genes. The detection of these categories of genes confirms the presence of an efficient lipid biosynthesis and accumulation system in developing jojoba seeds. The results of this study will significantly enhance the current understanding of wax ester biology in jojoba seeds and open new routes for the improvement of jojoba oil production and quality through biotechnology applications.
... Inflammation and pain are main preservative responses protecting the organisms counter physical, chemical and pathological alterations (Ezeja et al., 2011). The inflammatory response is produced by blood flow changes and escape of cells from the blood into the tissues due to the increased blood vessels permeability (Habashy et al., 2005). ...
... Concerning jojoba oil there are numerous applications in pharmaceuticals like a number of skin and scalp disorders, skin emollient [28], anti-acne, anti-psoriasis [29], anti-inflammatory [30], and anti-hypercholesterolemia [31], also, it is used in cosmetics products and in various fields like polishing, and gardening applications, from another side, jojoba oil is used to produce a biodiesel fuel, and as biodegradable lubricants, it is a new solution of fuel in coming era [32]. Also, Jojoba meal could use for producing bioenergy [33], or other useful products like animal feed (Figure 7). ...
Jojoba plants (Simmondsia chinensis) is an excellent plant for development marginal lands, Jojoba propagate by different vegetative methods
including (stem cuttings, grafting, air-layering, root cutting and tissue) or direct seed propagation. Jojoba cultivated for it is valuable oil, this
oil used in various industries such as pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, produce biodiesel fuel as well as biodegradable lubricants, jojoba
considered as a new solution of bio-fuel in coming era.
jojoba has a deep-rooted system can extract water, therefore, it is adapted to drought and salinity conditions, it can persevere where several
conventional crops cannot survive, so, it is growing and produce economic crop in marginal lands and offer promise for cultivation under harsh
conditions. This work aimed to explain important of jojoba, propagation methods and some usage of jojoba oil
... Several oil extraction methods, oil modifications, and oil uses have been patented (Brieva et al. 1999;Brown et al. 2004;Dresdner et al. 1994;Goedde et al. 1998;Lambert and Johnson 1999;Taygi and Granica 2015). In animal models, jojoba wax showed anti-inflammatory effects (Habashy et al. 2005). Jojoba meal contains up to 15% protein. ...
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid), lesquerella (Physaria fendleri (A. Gray) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz), and guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) originate from semiarid climate zones of North America; meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Hartw. ex Benth., Limnanthes bakeri J. T. Howell, Limnanthes douglasii R. Br.) is endemic to the western part of California, Oregon, and Southern Canada and grows around vernal pools and seasonally wet areas. This chapter discusses historic and current uses, domestication efforts, breeding, and cultivation challenges and describes the conservation status of the crops’ genetic resources. Meadowfoam and guayule are already cultivated on a limited industrial scale. Jojoba and lesquerella are not grown commercially in North America but are economically important in countries beyond the Americas and are of particular interest to nations with extensive areas of arid lands. North America is an important source of wild genetic resources for these crops, and further efforts are needed to ensure their conservation.
... Grape seed oil and Jojoba oil were used as ingredients for their good properties for the skin. Jojoba oil is also known as Pignut oil derived from the source Simmondsia Chinensis is used as a skin moisturizer, in the treatment of acne and cold sores, as a hair detangler, and lip balm [8][9][10][11]. The grape seed oil is derived from Vitis vinifera belonging to the family of Vitaceae. Grape seed oil has potential anti-inflammatory properties and used as a pain reliever in the treatment of arthritis. ...
Background:
The Jojoba Simmondsia Chinensis oil is used as one of the main ingredients which has an antioxidant, moisturizing and stabilizing activity. Likewise, grape seed (Vitis vinifera) oil is also used in this preparation which also has some remarkable medicinal properties such as antioxidant, astringent and is also used as a moisturizer. The Valacyclovir Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) are prepared in combination.
Objective:
The prime objective of the study was to prepare a nanodispersion with good stability indicating zeta potential. The formulations were prepared by varying concentrations of jojoba oil and grape seed oil which form the hybrid nanoparticles with the drug.
Methods:
The high-pressure hot-homogenization technique was used to prepare the nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were subjected to characterization analysis such as Mean particle size, Zaverage, and Zeta potential by using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). The best formulation was subjected to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) technique for surface morphology and other characterizations. The crystalline pattern of the drug alone, drug-loaded nanoparticles and nanoparticles without the drug was studied by XRD. The drug excipients compatibility studies were performed by using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Differential Scanning Calorimetry and (DSC). The other factors such as in vitro drug release, and % drug entrapment efficiency were studied by using suitable methods.
Results:
The results demonstrated that the particles are in nano range with good stability with appreciable Zeta potential (-48.2±mV). The selected formulations were analyzed for MPS which demonstrated the value of 306.7±183.4 and 416.5±289.3. The best formulation VNP5 demonstrated the Bellshaped curve and confirmed the uniform distribution.
Conclusion:
Based on the patents, it was demonstrated that valacyclovir is widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of viral infections in human, particularly infections caused by the herpes group of viruses. Valacyclovir is an effective drug for the treatment of cold sores.
... It is including plant oils and butters [44,49]. Thanks to its anti-inflammatory effects, it is also used in therapeutic preparations for acne, dandruff, burns, including sunburns, and hard-to-heal wounds [49,51,52]. Combined with avocado and jojoba oils, sweet almond oil is excellent for extremely dry and damaged skin [9]. ...
Aromatherapy massage is a treatment in which essential oils are used. It combines the beneficial effects of manual massage technique, essential and carrier oils. Base oils are the mediators of aromatherapy; they improve contact between the masseur`s hands and the patient`s body and have nurturing properties. The present paper focuses on plant oils used for aromatherapy massages, such as olive, sesame, jojoba, almond, wheat germ, grape seed or peach oils.
... non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), have a significant role to control pain as well as inflammatory conditions (Davies et al. 2000), though with rather discouraging profile of side effects (James and Hawkey 2003). Additionally, few researchers have indicated that oxidative mechanisms are at the origin of inflammation thereby suggesting the antioxidant substances as effective drugs (Habashy et al. 2005;Piechota-Polanczyk and Fichna 2014). These studies revealed the need for new and safe antiinflammatory drugs to control the sepsis. ...
Context:Mentha longifolia L. (Lamiaceae), a traditional Iranian plant, possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
Objective: We investigated the potential protective effects of M. longifolia essential oils (E.Os) on caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced liver injury.
Materials and methods: Wistar Albino rats (n = 50) were grouped as follows: (1) a laparotomy group (LAP); (2) a CLP group (CLP); (3) the treatment groups received orally the E.Os (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w) and indomethacin (2 mg/kg b.w) for 2 weeks. The oxidative stress parameters, liver enzymes and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level were measured in liver and plasma tissues. The liver was also harvested for the real time PCR of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression following histopathological examinations.
Results: The results indicated that the CLP operation significantly increased lipid peroxidation (LP) [1.79-fold], myeloperoxidase (MPO) [2.76-fold], PGE2 [1.56-fold] besides plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [2.4-fold] and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities [2.22-fold], while, markedly reduced glutathione (GSH) [0.63-fold] and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) levels [0.63-fold]. Even COX2 expression significantly increased in the CLP group as compared to the LAP group. Treatments of rats with the E.Os could return all the hepatic and plasma biomarkers to the normal levels. These results were further confirmed by pathological examination on liver indicating that E.Os could successfully improve the CLP-induced liver injuries.
Discussion and conclusions: Our findings suggest that E.Os is able to protect liver injuries against sepsis via modulating the oxidative stress parameters concomitant with the suppression of inflammatory reactions such as PGE2 and COX-2.
... Generally, liquid-wax is used in treatment of renal colic, sunburn, hair loss, headache, sore throat, skin cancer and wound healing properties [4]. Interestingly, liquid wax possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities [5,6]. ...
Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider (jojoba) is a potential multipurpose plant of arid and semiarid regions of India. An efficient method for in vitro direct plant regeneration from nodal segments of mature male and female S. chinensis has been developed. The nodal explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (Kin). The higher percentage (78.4±2.45) of shoot bud induction was observed at 2.5 mg/l BAP in male explants, while, percentage (86.2±2.14) of shoot bud induction obtained at 2.0 mg/l BAP in female explants. The influence of adenine sulphate (AdS) at 40 mg/l concentration with BAP was found best for vigorous shoot proliferation. For shoot multiplication in vitro derived shoots cultured on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP+1.0 mg/l NAA+40 mg/l AdS were produced the highest number (10.79± 2.81) of shoots with maximum (3.75±1.34 cm) shoot length in male cultures, while, the best combination of 2.0 mg/l BAP+0.5 mg/l NAA+40 mg/l AdS were yielded the highest number (9.64±1.23) of shoots with maximum (4.10±1.23 cm) shoot length in female cultures. Half strength of MS medium containing 3.0 mg/l IBA with 300 mg/l activated charcoal (AC) was found best for in vitro root induction in both male (98.7±1.64%) and female (97.3±1.04%) micropropagated shoots. The micropropagated plantlets were hardened under green house conditions and transplanted to field conditions with 92% survival rates. This standardized protocol of direct plant regeneration could be effective for large scale propagation of male and female S. chinensis and helps for successful commercialization of this plant.
... Phytomedicine 55 (2019) 191-199 enzyme activity induced by carrageenan (Paino et al., 2005;Lee et al., 2002;Halici et al., 2007). Today, the role of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, NO, LO products, cytokines, free oxygen radicals, liposomal enzymes and prostaglandins on inflammation induced by various factors has been well known (Ben-Sreti et al., 1983;Takeuchi et al., 1984;Weissmann et al., 2002;Gupta et al., 2003;Marzacco et al., 2004;Serhan, 2005;Habashy et al., 2005). Likewise, it has also been concluded that oxygen-derived free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals play important roles in the late phase of inflammation induced by carrageenan (Neto et al., 2005;Tanas et al., 2010). ...
Background: Veratrum, hellebore is an important plant species of the Liliaceae family and jervine is the characteristic steroidal alkaloid constituent of Veratrum album.
Purpose: In the current study, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of jervine isolated from NH4OH-benzene extract of V. album rhizomes were investigated on CAR induced paw edema in rats.
Methods/Study design: In inflammatory study, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of jervine, 25 mg/kg doses of DIC and IND were orally administered, and the volume of the foots were measured up to their knee arthrosis by plethismometer. After one hour of the oral administration of the all treatments, 0.1 mL of CAR solution (1%) was injected into the foot of the all rat groups and the volume of the foots were measured during 5 hours after CAR injection. GPx, SOD, GR, MPO, CAT enzymes activities and GSH, LPO levels of the supernatants of paw homogenates and inflammation biomarkers such as TNF-α and IL-1β in the rats serums were also estimated.
Results: According to the present results, jervine exerted 50.4-73.5% anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan induced paw edema. Inflammation biomarkers such as TNF-α, IL-1β and MPO that increased by CAR injection were suppressed by the administrations of all doses of jervine, IND and DIC. In all paw tissues, LPO levels as indicator of oxidative tissue damage were found to be high in CAR-treated group and it was found to be decreased in all doses of jervine.
Conclusion: Jervine, DIC and IND reduced the negative effects of CAR due to increasing effects on the SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx and GR antioxidants.
... As far as cosmetics are concerned, S. chinensis oil incorporates a set of skin care products, mainly as a moisturizer, hair conditioner and a lubricant (15). Based on research studies, it is suggested that the seeds oil possesses an anti-inflammatory effect (16) and an antioxidant feature (17) and it promotes wound healing proprieties. ...
The chemical composition, main physicochemical properties, and biological activities of Simmondsia chinensis (S. chinensis) seeds oil were studied. The results revealed that the physiochemical characteristics of S. chinensis seeds oil were as follows: acid values 1.15 mg KOH/g, peroxide values 8.00 meq O2 Kg⁻¹, iodine values 80.00 g/100 g of oil and saponification values 92.00 mg KOH/g, phenolic content 50.91 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract. Gas chromatography analysis indicated that eicosenoic (55.50 %), erucic (20.43 %) and oleic (19.01 %) acids were the most abundant, saturated and unsaturated, fatty acids in the oil. Moreover, the evaluation of their antioxidant (DPPH, TAC), antibacterial, antidiabetic and acetylcholinesterase evinced interesting results. Seeds of S. chinensis constitute a substitute source for stable vegetable oil and protein with regard to nutritional and industrial applications.
... Jojoba seed oil (liquid wax ester) has many medicinal benefits such as anti-inflammatory [32], wound healing, skin disorder healing [31], antioxidant [33], and lubricant properties [34]. In addition, from jojoba pericarp, few flavonoids such as quercetin-3,3 -dimethyl ether, isokkaempferide, and quercetin 3-methyl ether [35] have been isolated. ...
Hyperglycemia occurs during diabetes and insulin resistance. It causes oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, leading to cellular damage. Polyphenols play a central role in defense against oxidative stress. In our study, we investigated the antioxidant properties of simmondsin, a pure molecule present in jojoba seeds, and of the aqueous extract of jojoba seeds on fructose-induced oxidative stress in RINm5f beta cells. The exposure of RINm5f beta cells to fructose triggered the loss of cell viability (−48%, p < 0.001) and disruption of insulin secretion (p < 0.001) associated with of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a modulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant signaling pathway. Cell pre-treatments with extracts considerably increased cell viability (+86% p < 0.001) for simmondsin and +74% (p < 0.001) for aqueous extract and insulin secretion. The extracts also markedly decreased ROS (−69% (p < 0.001) for simmondsin and −59% (p < 0.001) for aqueous extract) and caspase-3 activation and improved antioxidant defense, inhibiting p22phox and increasing nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) levels (+70%, p < 0.001) for aqueous extract. Simmondsin had no impact on Nrf2 levels. The richness and diversity of molecules present in jojoba seed extract makes jojoba a powerful agent to prevent the destruction of RINm5f beta cells induced by hyperglycemia.
... Lubricant, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries hold a good market for Jojoba oil [60]. Jojoba seeds have also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity [61]. ...
This study aims to unveil the cosmeceutical traits of Jania rubens by highlighting its mineral composition, antioxidant potential, and presence of bioactive molecules using non-targeted metabolite profiling. This study showed that among minerals, (macro), Ca (14790.33 + 1.46 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)) and in (micro) Fe (84.93 + 0.89 mg/100 g DW) was the highest. A total of 23 putative metabolites in the +ESI (Electrospray Ionization) mode of LCMS-TOF (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Time of Flight) were detected. Two anthocyanins—malonylshisonin and 4′′′-demalonylsalvianin (m/z 825.19; anti-aging, antioxidant, anticancer properties) were detected. Two flavonoids, viz, medicocarpin and agecorynin C, 4′-O-methylglucoliquiritigenin—a flavonoid-7-O-glycoside, and 5,6,7,8,3′,4′,5′-heptamethoxyflavone, a polymethoxygenated flavone (m/z 415.15), were detected. Maclurin 3-C-(2″,3″,6″-trigalloylglucoside) (m/z 863.15) (antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer traits) and theaflavonin (m/z 919.18), belonging to the class of theaflavins (whitening and anti-wrinkle agent), were obtained. Pharmacologically active metabolites like berberrubin (m/z 305.1; antitumor activity), icaceine (m/z 358.24; anticonvulsant properties), agnuside (m/z 449.15; constituent for treatment of premenstrual syndrome), γ-coniceine (m/z 108.12; formulations to treat breast cancer), eremopetasitenin B2, and eremosulphoxinolide A (m/z 447.18; therapeutic effect of allergy and asthma) were observed. 6-O-Methylarmillaridin (m/z 445.18) (antimicrobial and antifungal) and simmondsin 2-ferulate, (m/z 534.21) (insecticidal, antifungal and antifeedant) were detected. Aromatic lignans, viz, 8-Acetoxy-4′-methoxypinoresinol, sesartemin, and cubebinone (m/z 413.16), in addition to an aromatic terpene glycoside, tsangane L3 glucoside (m/z 357.23), were detected. Zizybeoside I, benzyl gentiobioside, and trichocarposide were also detected. The determination of antioxidant potential was performed through assays such as like DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and total antioxidants. Therefore, this study progresses the probability for the inclusion of J. rubens as an ingredient in modern day cosmetic formulations.
... The combination of both jojoba oil and clotrimazole produces the synergistic effect and effectively reduced the inflammation (Shahin et al. 2011a). Different animal models have been used to describe this anti-inflammatory effect to combat inflammation (Habashy et al. 2005). Perioli et al. (2008) developed a buccal emulgel formulation by using neutral lipid glycerol behenate as oil phase (Compritol ® 888ATO). ...
Emulgels have been extensively employed as emerging drug delivery systems for the administration of lipophilic or hydrophobic drugs, particularly as a boon for dermal health and cosmetic science. Emulgels are considered as emulsions of either oil–in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) type in which the gels are incorporated. The emulgels are not only increasing the stability of entrapped bioactive, but are also controlling its release. Permeation enhancers such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) facilitate the percutaneous absorption of drug. The comprehensive investigation of rheological behaviour and release characteristics of emulgels are significant aspects for successful design and development of the emulgels. In this chapter, the key parameters related to preparation, characterization and evaluation of emulgels are discussed. Moreover, their applications in drug delivery are also elaborated.
... In pharmaceuticals jojoba oil, wax and extracts obtainable promising activity for a number of skin and scalp disorders (39)., skin emollient (40), anti-acne, anti-psoriasis [41],anti-inflammatory [42]anti-hypercholesterolemia [43], antioxidant [44] and wound healing properties and it could be used as a remedy for skin infections [45]. ...
This review presents general information about Hohoba commonly as jojoba. It is the sole species of the family Simmondsiaceae. Jojoba plants have currently received exceptional attention, since, its seeds contain a unique liquid wax commonly called jojoba oil, that is very similar to that obtained from Whale sperm. Jojoba is considered a promising crop for arid and marginal areas; the plant also has probable value in combatting desertification and soil degradation in dry areas. Although the plant is known for its high-temperature and high-salinity tolerance growth ability, jojoba considered as a new plant for arid and marginal areas.The plant is grown for its seed which contains a liquid wax with a high melting point. This oil is used in a variety of products including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, lubricants and bio-fuel. Several aspects of the crop agronomy is reviewed including a botanical description, propagation methods from seed and cuttings, This review is intended to afford a reference to scientists and growers in the agronomy and management of jojoba.
... On the other hand, in New Zealand white rabbits ingestion of jojoba oil as a 2% supplement to an atherogenic diet containing 1% cholesterol resulted in a 40% reduction of blood cholesterol and an altered lipoprotein pattern (Clarke and Yermanos, 1981). Jojoba liquid wax caused reduction of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, in addition to diminishing prostaglandin E 2 level in the inflammatory exudates (Habashy et al., 2005). The remainder after oil extraction, referred to defatted jojoba meal. ...
The present work deals with chemical constituents, insecticidal and biological studies of jojoba oil and its saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters of the lipid were studied against Schistocerca gregaria. In addition, the effect of supplementation of jojoba oil and its defatted meal on albino rats was studied. The chemical analysis of saponifiable matter showed that alpha-linolenic acid was found to be the major constituents in fatty acids (37.1%) followed by nervonic acid (13.8%). The main constituents of unsaponifiable matter were fatty alcohols, represent 53.84%, 9-octadecen-1-ol was detected with high quantity (41.35 %). The hydrocarbons were also detected in high quantity, 1, 21-docosadiene was the main hydrocarbons (20.64 %). The higher level of jojoba oil induced the lowest eaten area percentage (30.3%) of S. gregaria, followed by the unsaponifiable and saponifiable matters (39.5% and 47.4%), respectively. Antifeedant and protection activity percentage were increased by increasing the concentration. The highest mortality percentage (100%) of S. gregaria nymphs was recorded at 10% jojoba oil while it was (93.3%) in the case of unsaponifiable matter. The biochemical evaluation on albino rats showed that supplementation of 4 % jojoba oil to an atherogenic diet (containing 1% cholesterol, 10 % animal fat and 0.25% cholic acid) led to a reduction in serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols levels after three weeks; the decrease amounted to 33.1% and 20.8%, respectively. The remainder after oil extraction is referred to defatted jojoba meal. Rats fed diet supplemented with 10% defatted jojoba meal had (after 14 days) a significant reduction in mean values of body weight, food intake and faecal excretion compared to control group but showed no significant change in serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases activity and creatinine levels.
Background:
Glove occlusion might enhance skin sensitivity to a subsequent detergent challenge (occlusion effect). Thus, some skin protection creams (PC) claim to protect against this effect of occlusion, and are recommended to be used before wearing liquid-proof gloves.
Objectives:
To evaluate the effect of PC applied prior to glove occlusion on the "occlusion effect" - refers to increased susceptibility of the skin to a model detergent.
Methods:
One hundred and eleven volunteers were enrolled in a single-blind, randomised study. Seven PCs were applied before glove occlusion over seven days (D1-D7). After sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) challenge, we compared the irritation between the areas treated with PC and occlusion alone. Clinical scoring and bioengineering methods (capacitance, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and colourimetry (erythema) were used to quantify the irritant reactions.
Results:
After one week of occlusion and PC application we did not observe significant changes in TEWL, nor in erythema, whereas skin hydration raised in three cream-treated areas. On day ten, after a challenge with SLS, some products significantly aggravated the skin irritation as compared to occlusion alone.
Conclusions:
The "occlusion effect" - shown as higher skin susceptibility to a model detergent - was not mitigated by PCs when applied prior to glove occlusion. On the contrary, some PCs might have negative effects on skin barrier function and augment such sensitivity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of facial massage, as a nursing technique, in alleviating stress in healthy women using physiological and psychological indicators. Methods: A crossover design was employed; participants were 22 healthy females between the ages of 20 and 22. Participants were assigned to Sequence 1, wherein they received a 3-minute facial massage in Period I and 3-minute rest in Period II, or Sequence 2, which employed the reverse order. Participants' blood pressure (BP), pulse rate, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), Profile of Mood States (POMS), "Relaxation level," "Comfort level," and "Wakefulness level," as measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), were assessed before and after the facial massage or resting intervention. Results: Between the two groups, changes in systolic BP increased in the facial massage group, but there was no difference in pulse and sAA. While there was no difference between the two groups in the POMS, VAS scores revealed an increase in the "Relaxation level" and "Comfort level" in the facial massage group. Facial massage participants reported feeling "refreshed," whereas the control group reported feeling "sleepy." Conclusions: The 3-minute facial massage increased relaxation with respect to psychological measures; however, BP change could not explain stress reduction. (This study was enrolled in the UMIN as an intervention study and as a prospective randomized crossover trial. The trial registration number is UMIN000033939.)
High internal phase gel emulsions (HIPGEs) with jojoba oil as internal phase fractions of 83vol%-92vol% were prepared by using shea butter ethoxylates (SB-50) of different mass fraction as solely emulsifier. Effects of the internal volume fraction and SB-50 concentration on the formation and stability of oil-in-water HIPGEs were attentively explored by microscope and rheometer, and the mechanism of gel emulsions were proposed. The results indicate that the average particle size of droplets increases with the increase of oil phase volume fraction and emulsifier mass fraction. At the same time, the HIPGEs possess wider linear viscoelastic regions, higher critical stress and higher G', indicating that stronger rheological properties. After heating at 100 °C, all samples were extremely stable. Most of them can maintain good stability after centrifugation, long-time storage or several freeze-thaw treatments. When the mass fraction of SB-50 increases to 3wt%, the sample shows extraordinary stability and can resist the interference of external conditions such as centrifugation, long-term storage, heating and freezing. The longer carbon chain and wider carbon chain distribution make it possible to form HIPGEs possessing higher viscosity. In the current work, the HIPGEs prepared exhibited good self-supporting properties, which show the possibility to translate the printability and extrudability during 3D structuring. These food-grade HIPGEs can potentially be used as 3D printing inks to make them widely used in cosmetics, food, drug delivery, encapsulation materials, etc.
From economic site;jojoba Simmondsia chinesis (Link) Schn. is very important shrub as its seeds contain high percent of oily wax . This wax composes natural and chemical charachteristics which makes shrub to be involved in many trade, manufacture and medical uses. In this study several interactions between auxins and cytokinins and gibbrellin were implemented to find out the best concentration for callus induction, vegetative growth and differentiation for experiments. BA at(2 or 5) mg/l, NAA at (0.018, 2, 2, 5) mg/l and GA3 at (0.1 or 0.2) mg/l were used. Results showed that highest percent for callus induction were (50 and 70) % respectively in the treatment (2) mg/l BA and (2) mg/l for both BA and NAA. The results revealed that using Kin. plus NAA with (0.1 or 0.2) mg/l GA3, was the best concentration lead to high percent of differentiation for vegetative shoot were (40 and 44) % respectively However, the length of vegetative shoots were (2 and 2.5) cm respectively. , this indicates the importance of the balance between these phytohormones required for shoot growth.
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) wax is used for various dermatological and pharmaceutical applications. Several reports have previously shown beneficial properties of Jojoba wax and extracts, including antimicrobial activity. The current research aimed to elucidate the impact of Jojoba wax on skin residential bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), fungal (Malassezia furfur), and virus infection (herpes simplex 1; HSV-1). First, the capacity of four commercial wax preparations to attenuate their growth was evaluated. The results suggest that the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Malassezia furfur was unaffected by Jojoba in pharmacologically relevant concentrations. However, the wax significantly attenuated HSV-1 plaque formation. Next, a complete dose-response analysis of four different Jojoba varieties (Benzioni, Shiloah, Hatzerim, and Sheva) revealed a similar anti-viral effect with high potency (EC50 of 0.96 ± 0.4 µg/mL) that blocked HSV-1 plaque formation. The antiviral activity of the wax was also confirmed by real-time PCR, as well as viral protein expression by immunohistochemical staining. Chemical characterization of the fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition was performed, showing high similarity between the wax of the investigated varieties. Lastly, our results demonstrate that the observed effects are independent of simmondsin, repeatedly associated with the medicinal impact of Jojoba wax, and that Jojoba wax presence is required to gain protection against HSV-1 infection. Collectively, our results support the use of Jojoba wax against HSV-1 skin infections.
The process of wound healing includes four phases: Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Many wound dressings and technologies have been developed to enhance the body's ability to close wounds and restore the function of damaged tissues. Several advancements in wound healing technology have resulted from innovative experiments by individual scientists or physicians working independently. The interplay between the medical and scientific research fields is vital to translating new discoveries in the lab to treatments at the bedside. Tracing the history of wound dressing development reveals that there is an opportunity for deeper collaboration between multiple disciplines to accelerate the advancement of novel wound healing technologies. In this review, we explore the different types of wound dressings and biomaterials used to treat wounds, and we investigate the role of multidisciplinary collaboration in the development of various wound management technologies to illustrate the benefit of direct collaboration between physicians and scientists.
Hair is biologically diverse with a range of textures and thicknesses. Hair also serves as expression of oneself; leading to hair care practices and styling that are influenced by culture, perception of beauty, and environment. The use of hair oils, styling and hair restructuring processes are utilized to help manage and style hair, along with offering options for self-expression. These hair care practices can lead to a range of complications, including contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and scarring alopecias.
Background:
Antifungal shampoos are widely used for canine Malassezia dermatitis. Few studies have evaluated effective bathing methods for atopic dogs with Malassezia overgrowth.
Objectives:
To evaluate the efficacy of an emollient bathing product (AFLOAT VET) and 2% miconazole/2% chlorhexidine shampoo (2% MIC/CHX) in atopic dogs, and to evaluate the influence on skin barrier function of both products in healthy dogs.
Animals:
Sixteen atopic dogs with secondary Malassezia overgrowth and 11 healthy dogs.
Methods and materials:
This study was a randomized, single-blinded trial. The dogs were randomly treated with either emollient bathing or 2% MIC/CHX, twice weekly for four weeks. Clinical assessment used the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS), and cytological evaluation of yeast numbers at Day (D)0, D14 and D28. Skin barrier function was determined by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after a single bathing procedure with each product in the healthy dogs.
Results:
The pVAS scores and yeast counts were significantly reduced on D28 compared with D0 in both groups (P < 0.05). CADESI-04 was significantly decreased on D28 in the emollient bathing group (P = 0.003). There were no significant differences in each endpoint score between the groups. In healthy dogs, TEWL was significantly increased after bathing in both groups (P < 0.01).
Conclusion:
An emollient bathing product can be effective for Malassezia overgrowth in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Bathing with shampoo products might affect skin barrier function even when using an emollient product.
The present study was conducted to investigate the toxic effect of abamectin (ABM) and to evaluate the modulatory role of heat treated jojoba leaves extract (JLE) as feed additive in Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) fish. 300 Nile tilapia fingerlings were randomly distributed in to 5 equal groups (4 replicates each). The first group (control) was fed on basal diet. The second group (ABM) was fed on basal diet and exposed to 1/10 of the 96 h LC50 of ABM (20.73 μg/L). The third (ABM + JLE0.5), the fourth (ABM + JLE1) and the fifth (ABM + JLE2) groups were exposed to ABM and fed on diet supplemented with 0.5, 1 and 2 g JLE/kg, respectively. ABM altered the water quality parameters by increasing the total ammonia and reducing the dissolved oxygen while JLE reversed these effects. Apart from feed conversion, ABM decreased the growth parameters of exposed fish when compared to control. These values were modulated in JLE exposed groups in a concentration dependent manner. ABM increased ALT and AST levels while JLE1 and JLE0.5 restored their levels to the control values, respectively. ABM altered the lipid profile of exposed fish while JLE2 restored total cholesterol to normal value. Reduced glutathione content was decreased by ABM and was restored to normal by JLE2. The highest level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) was recorded in ABM and ABM + JLE0.5 groups while JLE1 and JLE2 decreased the MDA level. The total antioxidant capacity was decreased by ABM while the highest value was recoded in both control and JLE0.5 groups. The level of IgG, IgA and C3 were decreased by ABM while its level was restored to normal by using JLE. Exposure of fish to ABM resulted in a significant increase in the nitric oxide level. ABM group had lower moisture and higher crude lipids in the whole-fish body than the supplemented groups. It could be concluded that dietary supplementation of JLE can positively attenuate the toxic effects of ABM on growth, immunity, physiological and antioxidant parameters thereby improving the general health condition and decreasing the mortality of O. niloticus. Additionally, the heat treatment attempted on the leaves could be considered as an eco-friendly method for detoxification.
Phytochemical study of the MeOH extract of Cucumis prophetarum fruits (family Cucurbitaceae) by using different chromatographic techniques led to the isolation of three metabolites; spinasterol (1), cucurbitacin B (2), and 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcucurbitacin E (3). Their chemical structures were created on the basis of physical, chemical, spectroscopic data 1D (¹H and ¹³C NMR), and 2D NMR (HSQC and HMBC), as well as similarity with literature data. Cucurbitacin B (Cu-B) (2) was found to be the major constituent. Potential protective activities of MeOH extract, CHCl3, and EtOAc fractions and Cu-B were evaluated against carrageenan-induced prostatic inflammation in rats. Acute toxicity was assessed by evaluating LD50. Pretreatment with CHCl3 fraction and Cu-B ameliorated the rise in the prostate index and obviously protected against histopathological changes. Further, MeOH, extract, CHCl3, and EtOAc fractions as well as Cu-B significantly protected against oxidative stress in prostatic tissues. The anti-inflammatory activities of the extract, fractions and Cu-B were confirmed by ameliorating the rise in prostatic content of the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS induced by carrageenan. In addition, the rise in the chemotactic factors were myeloperoxidase (MPO), F4-80, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was significantly hampered. In conclusion, three known compounds (1–3) were isolated from Cucumis prophetarum fruits. Cu-B (2) was the major identified compound. Particularly, CHCl3 fraction and isolated Cu-B exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced prostatitis. The anti-inflammatory activity can be attributed, at least partly, to inhibition of neutrophil and macrophage infiltration into prostatic tissues.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Euryops arabicus (Astraceae) is grown in Arab Peninsula. Its areal parts possess ethnomedicinal applications against several inflammatory conditions.
Aim of the study:
To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Euryops arabicus (E. arabicus) organic extract as well as its major polymethoxylated flavonoids.
Materials and methods:
Acute toxicity of the total extract of Euryops arabicus (E. ararbicus) was evaluated by assessing LD50. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in rats injected with carrageenan in the plantar area. Paw edema volume, histological changes and rats'stair climbing and motility were assessed. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) challenged with carrageenan. Inflammation markers were assessed in cellular lysates and collected media.
Results:
The extract was found safe and considered unclassified with an oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in rats. Pretreatment of rats with a total extract of E. arabicus at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced increase in paw edema volume and histopathological changes. Also, it significantly ameliorated diminution of climbing and motility. Phytochemical studies led to the isolation and identification of five polymethoxylated flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory properties of the isolated compounds were evaluated in carrageenan-challenged peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). All compounds exhibited appreciable antioxidant activities. Further, pre-incubation of the cells with the isolated metabolites significantly ameliorated the rise in cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by carrageenan challenge. Further, the compounds inhibited the leakage of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in media collected from stimulated cells.
Conclusion:
E. arabicus exhibited in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan model as it ameliorated rat paw edema, histopathological changes and movement dysfunction. In vitro activity of isolated compounds was confirmed in stimulated PBMCs. Thus, the anti-inflammatory activity of E. arabicus can be attributed, at least partly, due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-chemotactic properties.
Wounds are a common medical infliction. With the increase in microbial resistance and a shift of interest towards complementary medicines, essential oils have been shown to be beneficial in suppressing microbial growth. However, in practice, essential oils are more often diluted into a base due to the risk of topical adverse effects, such as dermatitis. There is a lack of collated evidence-based information on toxicity and efficacy of carrier oils. The current information on the subject matter is restricted to generic, aroma-therapeutic books and pamphlets, based on anecdotal evidence rather than an experimental approach. Therefore, this review aimed at identifying the recommended carrier oils used in dermatology and thereafter collating the scientific evidence to support the use of carrier oils together with essential oils recommended for dermatological use. Aloe vera gel had multiple studies demonstrating the ability to enhance wound healing; however, several other carrier oils have been largely neglected. It was observed that the extracts for certain plant species had been used to justify the use of the carrier oils of the same plant species. This is an inaccurate cross assumption due to the difference in chemical composition and biological activities. Lastly, despite these carrier oils being recommended as a base for essential oils, very little data was found on the interactive profile of the carrier oil with the essential oil. This review provides a platform for further studies, especially if essential oils are to receive credence in the scientific field.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Adenophora triphylla var. japonica is frequently used as an oriental medicinal plant in Korea, China, and Japan for its anti-inflammatory, antitussive, and hepatoprotective effects.
Aim of the study:
In the present study, the antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects of AR powder were investigated using animal models to evaluate their potential to treat respiratory disorders.
Materials and methods:
AR powder was administered orally to mice once daily for 11 days, at dose levels of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg. Theobromine (TB), ambroxol (AM) and dexamethasone (DEXA) were used as standard drugs for antitussive effects, expectorant effects and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. Evaluations of antitussive effects were based on changes in body weight, the number of cough responses and the histopathology of the lung and trachea. Expectorant effects were based on changes in the body weight, macroscopic observations of body surface redness, the mucous secretion of the trachea and histopathology of lung (secondary bronchus). Anti-inflammatory effects were based on changes in the body weight, macroscopic observations involving redness and edema of the treated ear, absolute and relative ear weights and histopathology of the treated ears.
Results:
Allergic acute inflammation and coughing induced by exposure to NH4OH and symptoms of xylene-induced contact dermatitis were significantly inhibited by treatment with AR powder in a dose-dependent manner. Histological analyses revealed that AR powder decreased the OD values in trachea lavage fluid, reduced body surface redness, thicknesses of intrapulmonary secondary bronchus mucosa, and the number of PAS-positive mucous producing cells. Overall, AR powder administered at 200 mg/kg displayed superior antitussive and expectorant effects as compared to TB (50 mg/kg), and AM (250 mg/kg). At the highest concentration (400 mg/kg) AR powder displayed only moderately improved anti-inflammatory activities as compared to DEXA (1 mg/kg).
Conclusion:
The results obtained in this study suggest that AR powder exerts dose-dependent, favorable antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory activities achieved through modulation of the activity of mast cells and respiratory mucous production. Therefore, AR powder may serve as a therapeutic agent in various respiratory disorders, especially those that occur as a result of environmental toxicants.
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) widely known as goat nut or wild hazel is a desert plant native to Central and North America. The plant is commercially cultivated in many countries for its medicinal, pharmaceutical, as well as industrial importance. The plant is known for its medicinal value, and it has been used by Native Americans to treat many diseases. This chapter aims to provide an updated overview of the traditional application and medicinal, pharmaceutical and health-related applications of this plant. Pharmacological research has shown noteworthy effect of different extracts and/or isolated compounds as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing and anticancer agents. Additional studies are essential to analyse important traditional uses, as well as to discover more bioactive molecules with medicinal/pharmacological significance based on the common claims. More toxicological research associated with phytochemical analysis is vital for more understanding of the eventual toxic effects of some compound such as simmondsin that might affect plant medicinal/pharmaceutical values.
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of many chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cancers. Dietary intake of antioxidants can inhibit or delay the oxidation of susceptible cellular substrates so prevent oxidative stress. The present study was designed to investigate potential protective and ameliorate effects of sesame oil and jojoba oil against potassium bromate (KBrO3)-induced oxidative stress using experimental rats. Thirty five of rats were randomly divided into five groups, seven rats each. Group 1 was fed on the basal diet and kept as a negative control group (normal rats). The other 4 groups were injected by a single intraperitoneal dose of KBrO3 at dose of 125 mg/ kg body weight for induction of oxidative stress. Group 2 was left as a positive control group and groups 3, 4 and 5 were fed on supplemented diet with 5% sesame oil, jojoba oil and mixture of them, respectively. The obtained results revealed that the injected intoxicated groups with sesame oil (SO) or jojoba oil (JO) or mixture of them had significant reduced in serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes and significant increased in feed intake, body weight gain, serum levels of HDL-c, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione (GSH), activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. Moreover, there is a significant decrease in MDA and increase in GSH content and activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, SOD and CAT) in liver tissues as well as partially improvements in liver structures of liver and kidneys compared to those of positive intoxicated control group. The best improvements of all the biochemical parameters and histological structures of liver and kidneys which were tended toward normal results were observed in treated KBrO3-intoxicated rats with mixture of SO with JO. In conclusion, the present findings suggested that regular intake of SO or JO may be useful in improving liver and kidney functions and may protect against KBrO3 induced oxidative stress in rats by exhibiting stronger antioxidant activity. The mixture of SO with JO provide the preferable effects.
Simmondsia chinensis seeds were extracted subsequently with different solvent systems. Seven resulted fractions were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against Culex pipiens 4th instar larvae and phytocidal activity on wheat. All fractions killed the treated larval population increasingly with increasing time of exposure and concentration. Fractions 1, 2, 6 and 7 caused LC50 equaled 463.6 and 296.4 µg/ml; 321 and 166.8 µg/ml; 403 and 292 µg/ml and 1100 and 927.7 µg/ml after 24 and 48 hours exposure, respectively. Fraction 5 was less effective. Fractions 3 and 4 were the most effective achieving LC50 values equaled 59.6 and 32.6 µg/ml comparing with 27 and 23.7µg/ml after 24 and 48 hours exposure, respectively. The phytocidal effect on wheat (T. aestivum) seeds was differed in systematic arrangement with increasing the concentration. Seed germination was inhibited by fractions 4, 5 and 7 slightly with EC50 values equaled > 2000 µg/ml. Fractions 1, 2, 3 and 6 moderately inhibited the seed germination with EC50 values equaled 347, 505, 541.6 and 723.2 µg/ml, respectively. The tested fractions harshly inhibited both root and shoot systems growth. Generally these fractions appeared to be more active on the shoot systems. Treatment of the pre-germinated seeds with these fractions reduced the growth inhibitions of root and shoot systems. The active fractions constituents were identified through GC-MS analysis. The major contained fatty acids were 11-ecosenic acid (C20H38O2, 20.563%) and 5,13-docosadienoic acid (C22H40O2, 13.620%) in fraction 3, however erucic acid (C22H42O2, 40.279%) and arachidic acid (C20H40O2, 24.517%) were the major contents of fraction 4. Some other fatty acids at 5.344–8.956% and 2.401–8.934% in fractions 3 and 4, respectively were differently identified proving the differences in their biological effects. © 2018, Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum. All rights reserved.
Commercial lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus has been immobilized on glutaraldehyde-activated rice husk particles via covalent attachment. It was reached maximum immobilized protein concentration of 27.5 ± 1.8 mg g⁻¹ of dry support using the initial protein loading of 40 mg g⁻¹ of support. The immobilized biocatalyst was used to synthesize cetyl oleate (wax ester) via direct esterification of oleic acid and cetyl alcohol. The influence of relevant factors on ester synthesis, such as reaction temperature, biocatalyst concentration, presence or lack of hydrophobic organic solvents, acid:alcohol molar ratio, and reaction time has been evaluated. The experimental data were well fitted to a second-order reversible kinetic model to determine apparent kinetic constants. Thermodynamic studies have revealed that the reaction was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Under optimal experimental conditions, it was observed maximum ester conversion of 90.2 ± 0.6% in 9 h of reaction time in hexane medium using 1 M of each reactant (cetyl alcohol and oleic acid), at 50 °C and biocatalyst concentration of 15% m/v of reaction mixture. Similar conversion (91.5 ± 0.8%) in a solvent-free system was also obtained within 24 h of reaction. The biocatalyst retained 85% of its initial activity after 12 cycles within 9 h of reaction in hexane medium. The physicochemical properties of purified ester have been determined in accordance with ASTM standards. The results indicate that the prepared biocatalyst has great potential for wax ester synthesis due to its satisfactory catalytic activity and operational stability.
Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was found to enhance the adherence of human peripheral blood neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cell monolayers in vitro. The enhancement was due to the effects both on neutrophils and HUVE cells. The effect on neutrophils was maximally induced within 5 min and did not require protein or RNA synthesis. By contrast, maximal effects on HUVE cells took 4 hr to develop and required de novo protein and RNA synthesis; however, exposure of HUVE cells to TNF for as little as 5 min was sufficient to initiate changes leading to maximal adherence of neutrophils at 4 hr. Both the effect on neutrophils and that on HUVE cells were blocked by a monoclonal antibody against TNF. TNF also rapidly induced an increased surface expression of neutrophil antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes of a glycoprotein required for optimum adherence and for complement component C3bi receptor (CR3) function. Thus, the mechanism of action of TNF may involve the regulation of expression of cell surface molecules. Our observations show that TNF induces a process central to the development of all inflammatory reactions and that both blood neutrophils and endothelial cells are targets of TNF action. The regulation of inflammatory reactions by TNF or antagonists of TNF has wide-ranging clinical implications.
A new automated system for the analysis of nitrate via reduction with a high-pressure cadmium column is described. Samples of urine, saliva, deproteinized plasma, gastric juice, and milk can be analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, or both with a lower limit of detection of 1.0 nmol NO3− or NO2−/ml. The system allows quantitative reduction of nitrate and automatically eliminates interference from other compounds normally present in urine and other biological fluids. Analysis rate is 30 samples per hour, with preparation for most samples limited to simple dilution with distilled water. The application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of 15NO3− in urine after derivatization to 15NO2-benzene is also described.
Cutaneous Propionibacterium acnes populations were quantitatively measured in 33 young adults and compared with the rate and composition of sebum secretion in nine skin regions. Bacteriological and lipid analyses were performed on the forehead, cheek, anterior chest, abdomen, lower back, volar forearm, upper inner arm, thigh, and calf. P. acnes populations in these sites correlated significantly with the total amount of lipid produced (r = 0.77) as well as with di- and triglycerides (r = 0.68), squalene and wax esters (r = 0.72), cholesterol and cholesterol esters (r = 0.67), and free fatty acids (r = 0.67).
Nitric oxide synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated as a mediator of inflammation in rheumatic and autoimmune diseases. We report that exposure of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages to therapeutic concentrations of aspirin (IC50 = 3 mM) and hydrocortisone (IC50 = 5 microM) inhibited the expression of iNOS and production of nitrite. In contrast, sodium salicylate (1-3 mM), indomethacin (5-20 microM), and acetaminophen (60-120 microM) had no significant effect on the production of nitrite at pharmacological concentrations. At suprapharmacological concentrations, sodium salicylate (IC50 = 20 mM) significantly inhibited nitrite production. Immunoblot analysis of iNOS expression in the presence of aspirin showed inhibition of iNOS expression (IC50 = 3 mM). Sodium salicylate variably inhibited iNOS expression (0-35%), whereas indomethacin had no effect. Furthermore, there was no significant effect of these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on iNOS mRNA expression at pharmacological concentrations. The effect of aspirin was not due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 because both aspirin and indomethacin inhibited prostaglandin E2 synthesis by > 75%. Aspirin and N-acetylimidazole (an effective acetylating agent), but not sodium salicylate or indomethacin, also directly interfered with the catalytic activity of iNOS in cell-free extracts. These studies indicate that the inhibition of iNOS expression and function represents another mechanism of action for aspirin, if not for all aspirin-like drugs. The effects are exerted at the level of translational/posttranslational modification and directly on the catalytic activity of iNOS.
Neutrophil infiltration into inflammatory sites is one of the hallmarks of acute inflammation. Locally produced chemotactic factors are presumed to mediate the sequence of events leading to the infiltration at inflammatory sites. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a novel leukocyte chemotactic activating cytokine (chemokine), is produced by various types of cells upon stimulation with inflammatory stimuli and exerts a variety of functions on leukocytes, particularly, neutrophils in vitro. However, no definitive evidence has been presented on its role in recruiting and activating neutrophils in the lesions of various types of inflammatory reactions. We administered a highly specific neutralizing antibody against IL-8 in several types of acute inflammatory reactions, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dermatitis, LPS/IL-1-induced arthritis, lung reperfusion injury, and acute immune complex-type glomerulonephritis. Anti-IL-8 treatment prevented neutrophil-dependent tissue damage as well as neutrophil infiltration in these conditions. These results suggest that IL-8 plays a causative role in acute inflammation by recruiting and activating neutrophils.
Nitric oxide has enigmatic qualities in inflammation. In order to appreciate the precise contributions of nitric oxide to a pathophysiological process, one must account for enzyme source, coproduction of oxidants and antioxidant defences, time, rate of nitric oxide production, cellular source, peroxynitrite formation and effects on DNA (mutagenesis/apoptosis). We contend that there is ample evidence to consider nitric oxide as a molecular aggressor in inflammation, particularly chronic inflammation. Therapeutic benefit can be achieved by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and not the donation of additional nitric oxide. Furthermore, there is growing appreciation that nitric oxide and products derived thereof, are critical components linking the increased incidence of cancer in states of chronic inflammation.
We examined the hypothesis that myeloperoxidase (MPO), a plentiful constituent of neutrophils, might serve as a marker for tissue neutrophil content. To completely extract MPO from either neutrophils or skin, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) was used to solubilize the enzyme. With this detergent treatment, 97.8 +/- 0.2% of total recoverable MPO was extracted from neutrophils with a single HTAB treatment; 93.1 +/- 1.0% was solubilized with a single treatment of skin. Neutrophil MPO was directly related to neutrophil number; with the dianisidine-H2O2 assay as few as 10(4) neutrophils could be detected. The background level of MPO within uninflamed tissue was 0.385 +/- 0.018 units per gram of tissue, equivalent to only 7.64 +/- 0.36 X 10(5) neutrophils. In experimental staphylococcal infection, skin specimens contained 34.8 +/- 3.8 units MPO per gram, equivalent to 8.55 +/- 0.93 X 10(7) neutrophils. These studies demonstrate that MPO can be used as a marker for skin neutrophil content: it is recoverable from skin in soluble form, and is directly related to neutrophil number. Further, normal skin possesses a low background of MPO compared to that of inflamed skin.
A method was developed for the isolation and identification of phytosterols and fatty alcohols in jojoba oil. The method consists in the separation of these compounds from wax esters in the oil by means of an aluminum oxide column followed by further fractionation of the minor components by column chromatography on silica gel. The 4-demethylsterols, 4-methylsterols, triterpene alcohols (4,4-dimethylsterols), and fatty alcohols are identified by means of their gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric data. The present paper includes a method for the quantitation of the free sterols in jojoba oil. Keywords: Plant; alcohol; sterol; lipid; Simmondsia
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme protein, is a major component of azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Optimal oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity depends on MPO as the critical enzyme for the generation of hypochlorous acid and other toxic oxygen products. MPO is synthesized during the promyelocytic stage of myeloid differentiation, the stage at which azurophilic granules are formed. Like other lysosomal enzymes, MPO is synthesized as a larger precursor which is subsequently processed and transported intracellularly to the lysosomes. The primary translation product is a single 80-kDa protein which undergoes cotranslational N-linked glycosylation to produce a 92-kDa glycoprotein. Glucosidases in the endoplasmic reticulum or early cis Golgi convert the proMPO to a 90-kDa form which is sorted into a prelysosomal compartment that undergoes final proteolytic maturation to native MPO, a pair of heavy-light protomers with subunits of 60 kDa and a 12 kDa. These events contrast with similar processes seen with other lysosomal enzymes in two ways. First, alkalinization of lysosomes with NH4+ does not alter processing or transport, in contrast to the pH dependence of these processes for other lysosomal enzymes. However, some studies indicate retardation of processing in the presence of the proton ionophore monensin. Second, intracellular transport of MPO is not apparently mediated by the mannose-6-phosphate receptor system. The gene for MPO is on the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q22, 23) near the breakpoint of the 15, 17 translocation of acute promyelocytic leukemia. The gene spans approximately 14 kb and contains 11 introns and 12 exons. The cloned full-length cDNA is approximately 2.2 kb and both normal bone marrow and cultured promyelocytic leukemia cells express two species of mRNA. Inherited MPO deficiency, a relatively common disorder, is associated with the absence of mature MPO but the presence of proMPO, consistent with a post-translational defect. Studies at the molecular level aimed at identifying the underlying genetic defect are thus far consistent with that hypothesis. In addition, the basis for the observed association between acquired MPO deficiency and some myeloid leukemias can now be studied at the molecular level using these probes.
14C-Labeled jojoba wax was injected subcutaneously into mice and14C was determined 1–90 days after application in several internal organs, in the skin and in the lipids extracted from the
carcass. A control group of mice was similarly treated with triolein. The major part of the injected lipids was not absorbed
or metabolized. Some label was found in the organs examined, but there was no accumulation of labeled lipids with time. About
20% of label derived from triolein was found in polar lipids, whereas only 2–4% of that derived from jojoba wax was found
in this fraction. There was some (1–5%) incorporation of the label of jojoba wax into body triglycerides.
The predominating molecular species in jojoba oil iscis-13-docosenylcis-11-eicosenoate (erucyl jojobenoate), ranging from 31% to 45% of the extracted seed oil. Other alcohol/acid combinations contribute
to the C42 molecular chain length so that this fraction constitutes a low of 41% to a high of 57% of the total wax esters. The positions
of the exclusivelycis ethylenic bonds in the alcohol and acid moieties of the wax esters are 99% ω-9 and 1% ω-7. Only 2% of the alcohol and acid
moieties were saturated when analyzed after saponification of the oil. Triglycerides were detected by gas chromatography in
all of the more than 200 natural jojoba oil samples tested, a few of which had substantially more than the normal 1%. Among
the many uses of jojoba oil cited here, the two most promising are the sulfurized oil as extreme-pressure/extreme-temperature
lubricant additive and the natural or refined oil formulated into cosmetic products.
The rates of autoxidation of crude, bleached and stripped jojoba wax were determined under conditions of accelerated oxidation
(98 C). Oxidation of the raw yellow wax had a long induction period (50 hr) compared with the bleached wax (10–12 hr) or stripped
wax (2 hr). These differences indicate the presence of a natural antioxidant in the crude wax. Addition of 0.02% butylated
hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxyanisole to the bleached wax restored and even improved its stability. Autoxidation of jojoba
wax was also studied at room temperature. In the presence of light and air, the activity of the natural inhibitor was rapidly
lost.
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We have previously demonstrated that Il-1 and TNF could rapidly, but transiently, induce gene expression of Il-1 beta in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) at both the protein and mRNA level. Additionally, we demonstrated a cooperative effect of Il-1 and TNF on the kinetics of induction of Il-1 beta mRNA and protein. In order to better understand the molecular basis of Il-1 beta induction, we have further investigated the regulation of Il-1 and TNF-induced gene expression in the PMN. Using nuclear run-on transcription analysis, we found that within 1 h Il-1, TNF, and TNF plus Il-1 induced the transcription of the Il-1 beta gene by 33-, 61-, and 99-fold, respectively. By 2 h, the levels of transcription had been reduced to approximately 50% of peak levels for TNF- and TNF plus Il-1-treated PMN, and to near noninduced levels in Il-1-treated PMN. We also found that these cytokines induced stable mRNA, i.e., Il-1 beta mRNA t1/2 for Il-1-, TNF-, and TNF plus Il-1-induced PMN were 57, 94, and 86 min, respectively. By 2 h, when steady state levels of Il-1 beta mRNA were found to decrease, Il-1 beta mRNA t1/2 had fallen to approximately 18 min for all cytokine treatments. To determine if protein synthesis was required for induction of Il-1 beta gene expression, we treated PMN simultaneously with cytokines and cycloheximide, and found that cycloheximide enhanced the accumulation of Il-1-induced Il-1 beta mRNA, but abrogated the accumulation of Il-1 beta mRNA, by TNF- or TNF plus Il-1-treated PMN. This abrogation of Il-1 beta mRNA accumulation was not caused by inhibition of induction of Il-1 beta transcription because TNF induction of transcription of Il-1 beta was not affected by simultaneous treatment with cycloheximide. Thus, we report that Il-1 and TNF regulate IL-1 beta gene expression via both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in vitro.
Cutaneous inflammation is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes such as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), lymphocytes, and monocytes into the epidermis, dermis, or subcutaneous tissue in response to infectious or immunologic stimuli, in wound healing, or in response to trauma. In recent years, it has been found that cell-surface proteins on leukocytes, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes are critical elements in the initiation and evolution of cutaneous inflammation. In order for peripheral blood leukocytes to leave the circulatory system and enter tissue parenchyma, they must first bind to endothelial cells, pass between them, and traverse the vascular basement membrane. In this article we will examine both leukocyte-endothelial cell binding and evidence indicating that various cell-surface molecules present on leukocytes and endothelial cells, known as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), interact with one another in specific fashion. This interaction or binding is a critical occurrence and its inhibition leads to downregulation of inflammation. Furthermore, some CAMs can be either induced or upregulated on leukocytes and endothelial cells by various proinflammatory cytokines. This tends to upregulate inflammation. It has become increasingly clear that the time-course of inflammation and its exquisite anatomic specificity are related to the regulation of expression of CAMs.
A number of various mechanisms are prone to develop pain symptomatology. Among them infection, inflammation, degeneration, metabolic deviations, and traumas may be at the origin of complex reactions currently gathered under the terminology "rheumatism." For some time now, practitioners have introduced vitamins in the array of their antalgic supply; these were mainly vitamins of the B-group. Meanwhile research has enlarged knowledge about the oxidative mechanisms that are at the origin of inflammation, and has suggested the use of antioxidant substances, among them 9 vitamins. Finally, most of the antalgic drugs used for relief of pains have prooxidative effects, which in turn should be controlled by antioxidant substances. These different interrelations are discussed within the limits of the field of vitamins.
We examined the hypothesis that myeloperoxidase (MPO), a plentiful constituent of neutrophils, might serve as a marker for tissue neutrophil content. To completely extract MPO from either neutrophils or skin, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) was used to solubilize the enzyme. With this detergent treatment, 97.8 +/- 0.2% of total recoverable MPO was extracted from neutrophils with a single HTAB treatment; 93.1 +/- 1.0% was solubilized with a single treatment of skin. Neutrophil MPO was directly related to neutrophil number; with the dianisidine-H2O2 assay as few as 10(4) neutrophils could be detected. The background level of MPO within uninflamed tissue was 0.385 +/- 0.018 units per gram of tissue, equivalent to only 7.64 +/- 0.36 X 10(5) neutrophils. In experimental staphylococcal infection, skin specimens contained 34.8 +/- 3.8 units MPO per gram, equivalent to 8.55 +/- 0.93 X 10(7) neutrophils. These studies demonstrate that MPO can be used as a marker for skin neutrophil content: it is recoverable from skin in soluble form, and is directly related to neutrophil number. Further, normal skin possesses a low background of MPO compared to that of inflamed skin.
We have attempted to verify the suggestion that synovial membrane is the result of mechanical disruption of connective tissue, and may occur at any site. Mechanical disruption of the subcutaneous connective tissue was achieved in rats and mice by the repeated injection of air. The resulting cavities developed a lining structure with many of the features of synovial membrane as judged by electron microscopy, and light microscopy using haematoxylin and eosin and van Gieson stains, esterase activity and immunofluorescent staining for Ia antigen. A structure closely resembling synovium is formed as early as 6 days, providing a convenient method for studying large quantities of facsimile synovial tissue under a wide variety of easily administered stimuli.
1. Modulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis in vivo by either exogenous or endogenous nitric oxide (NO) has been studied in the rat using arachidonic acid (AA)-induced paw oedema and measuring both the foot volume and the amount of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha), the stable metabolite of prostacyclin (PGI2), in the oedematous fluid recovered from inflamed paws. 2. Paw injections of 150 or 300 nmol of AA were virtually inactive whereas 600 nmol produced a moderate oedema which was greatly reduced by the NO synthase inhibitor L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 nmol/paw) and the NO scavenger haemoglobin (Hb, 30 mumol/paw), but unaffected by the inhibitor of the soluble guanylate cyclase, methylene blue (Mb, 3 mumol/paw) and L-arginine (15 mumol/paw). 3. The NO-donors (10 mumol/paw) 3-morpholino-sydnonimine-hydrochloride (SIN-1), S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D, L-penicillamine (SNAP) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) significantly potentiated the paw oedema induced by AA (300 nmol/paw). 4. SIN-1 (2.5, 5 and 10 mumol/paw) produced a significant dose-dependent increase of the oedema induced by AA which was correlated with increased amounts of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in the fluid recovered from inflamed paws. 5. Both oedema and prostaglandin biosynthesis induced by the combination AA+SIN-1 were greatly suppressed by either Hb (30 mumol/paw) or indomethacin (3 mumol/paw or 5 mg kg-1 s.c.) but unaffected by Mb (3 mumol/paw). 6. In LPS-treated rats (6 mg kg-1, i.p.) doses of AA inactive in normal animals produced a remarkable oedema which was reduced by L-NAME or Hb, unaffected by Mb and increased by L-arginine.7. These results demonstrate that NO increases prostaglandin biosynthesis in vivo through a guanosine 3': 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP)-independent mechanism and suggest that the interaction between NO synthase and cyclo-oxygenase (COX) pathways may represent an important mechanism for the modulation of the inflammatory response.
1 Endotoxin E. Coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treatment in conscious, restrained rats increased plasma and urinary prostaglandin (PG) and nitric oxide (NO) production. Inducible cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression accounted for the LPS-induced PG and NO release since the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone inhibited both effects. Thus, LPS (4 mg kg⁻¹) increased the plasma levels of nitrite/nitrate from 14 ± 1 to 84 ± 7 μm within 3 h and this rise was inhibited to 35 ± 1 μm by dexamethasone. Levels of 6-keto PGF1α in the plasma were below the detection limit of the assay (< 0.2 ng ml⁻¹). However, 3 h after the injection of LPS these levels rose to 2.6 ± 0.2 ng ml⁻¹ and to 0.7 ± 0.01 ng ml⁻¹ after LPS in rats that received dexamethasone.
We describe the generation of an IgG1 mAb, 2B5, that neutralizes the biologic activity of PGE2 in vitro and in vivo. The Ab was derived from a BALB/c mouse that was immunized with a PGE2-thyroglobulin conjugate. 2B5 is one of the highest affinity and specific anti-PGE2 mAbs reported to date. The Kd for PGE2 was approximately 300 pM and crossreactivity toward eicosanoids other than PGE1 was less than 1%. The addition of 2B5 to [3H]PGE2 blocked the binding of radioligand to cell membranes transfected with the murine EP3 prostaglandin receptor. In functional studies, 2B5 neutralized the capacity of PGE2 to suppress T cell proliferation induced by a mitogenic anti-CD3 Ab in vitro. In contrast, immunosuppression by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine was not affected. In an in vivo model of nociception, 2B5 substantially reduced the dorsoflexion response of mice to phenylbenzoquinone. This response is associated with prostaglandin production and is blocked by inhibitors of prostanoid synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that this nociceptive response is largely due to PGE2. In the absence of antagonists that prevent PGE2 from activating a diverse family of receptor subtypes, neutralizing Abs to PGE2 should represent useful reagents to delineate the biologic properties of this eicosanoid in vivo.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive free radical with a multitude of organ specific regulatory functions. Since 1985, NO has been the subject of numerous research efforts and as a result, has been found to play a major role in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, immune, and central nervous systems. In addition, deranged NO synthesis is the basis for a number of pathophysiologic states, such as atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, pyloric stenosis, and the hypertension associated with renal failure. Traditional NO donors such as sodium nitroprusside and new pharmacologic NO adducts such as S-nitrosothiols may serve as exogenous sources of NO for the treatment of NO-deficient pathologic states. This review is an attempt to acquaint the surgical community with the fundamentals of NO biochemistry and physiology. Increased knowledge of its functions in normal homeostasis and pathologic states will enable physicians to better understand these disease processes and utilize new pharmacologic therapies.
Leukotrienes have been implicated in the regulation of immune responses, including inflammation and immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Here, we describe the phenotypic analysis of leukotriene-deficient mice generated by inactivation of the 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) gene. These 5LO(-/-) mice were unable to synthesize detectable levels of leukotrienes and were more resistant to lethal anaphylaxis induced by platelet-activating factor. The intensity of an acute inflammatory response induced by arachidonic acid was similar in 5LO(-/-) mice and controls. However, the response in 5LO(-/-) mice, but not in controls, could be virtually eliminated by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. These data suggest that inflammatory responses are modulated by arachidonic acid metabolites through a variety of interconnected mechanisms. This has important implications for understanding the early events of an inflammatory response and for designing drugs for use in therapeutic intervention.
The marine product variabilin was identified as a novel inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which exhibited IC50 values of 6.9 microM and 7.9 microM for human synovial secretory PLA2 and U937 cells cytosolic PLA2 activities, respectively. This compound was less potent on bee venom or zymosan-injected rat air pouch enzymes and failed to affect Naja naja venom PLA2. The production of leukotriene B4 by human neutrophils stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 was also inhibited by variabilin, which was without effect on 5-lipoxygenase, cyclo-oxygenase 1 and cyclo-oxygenase 2 activities in cell-free assays. Other functions of human neutrophils, such as degranulation and superoxide generation, were also significantly reduced in vitro. Variabilin administered topically suppressed the mouse ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, whereas the ear edema induced by arachidonic acid was unaffected; this suggests an action previous to arachidonic acid metabolism. This compound administered p.o. at 30 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg significantly inhibited mouse paw edema induced by carrageenan and, at 0.01 to 1.0 micromol/pouch in the mouse air pouch injected with zymosan, exerted a marked inhibition on PGE2 and leukotriene B4 levels in exudates (ID50 values of approximately 0.028-0.029 micromol/pouch), without affecting cell migration. Our results indicate that variabilin is an inhibitor of human secretory and cytosolic PLA2 activities that controls eicosanoid production in vitro and in vivo, inhibits neutrophil degranulation and superoxide generation in vitro and shows anti-inflammatory activity after topical or p.o. administration to mice.
Phagocytes respond to stimulation with a burst of oxygen consumption, and much, if not all, of the extra oxygen consumed in the respiratory burst is converted first to the superoxide anion and then to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is released from cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils and monocytes by a degranulation process, reacts with the H2O2 formed by the respiratory burst to form a complex that can oxidize a large variety of substances. Among the latter is chloride, which is oxidized initially to hypochlorous acid, with the subsequent formation of chlorine and chloramines. These products of the MPO-H2O2-chloride system are powerful oxidants that can have profound biological effects. The primary function of neutrophils is the phagocytosis and destruction of microorganisms, and the release of MPO and H2O2 into the phagosome containing the ingested microorganism generally leads to a rapid microbicidal effect. Neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have a microbicidal defect that is associated with the absence of a respiratory burst and, thus, H2O2 production. Neutrophils from patients with a hereditary MPO deficiency, who lack MPO, also have a microbicidal defect, although it is not as severe as that seen in CGD. MPO and H2O2 also can be released to the outside of the cell where a reaction with chloride can induce damage to adjacent tissue and, thus, contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. It has been suggested that pulmonary injury, renal glomerular damage, and the initiation of atherosclerotic lesions may be caused by the MPO system.
The use of herbal medicine in the United States has been increasing at a steady pace over the past decade. Most recent estimates suggest that the US population spends $5 billion per year for herbal supplements alone. Herbal supplements are receiving increasing exposure through national media, in lay journals, and more recently in the scientific press. Interest in herbal medicine has been facilitated by multiple factors, including the perception that pharmaceutical medications are expensive, overprescribed, and often dangerous. Alternatively, herbal medicine is often perceived as being "natural" and is therefore considered safe. While the growth of the herbal medicine industry in the United States can probably not continue at this accelerated pace indefinitely, there is little indication of any major slowing. Therefore, patients will continue to use herbal medications. Knowledge of these preparations (including their potential benefits and risks as well as their ability to interact with pharmaceutical medications) will enable physicians to provide a balanced and objective view to patients seeking information on herbal therapy.