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The globalization of football: A study in the glocalization of the 'serious life'
Abstract
Sport, in particular football, constitutes one of the most dynamic, sociologically illuminating domains of globalization. This paper examines the globalization of football with particular reference to Robertson's theorizations of global processes. We examine football's cultural globalization through the concept of 'glocalization', which highlights the interdependence of local and global processes within the game's identities and institutions. We address economic globalization in football by considering the world's leading clubs as 'glocal' transnational corporations. We assess the political globalization of football with reference to the possible enhancement of democracy within the game's international governance. We conclude by affirming the utility of sport in advancing our empirical and theoretical understanding of globalization processes.
... We laten zien hoe het persona van De Boer verschilt van het persona van De Mauve. Daarbij illustreren we hoe talige en niet-talige semiotische kenmerken elkaar aanvullen en versterken bij het construeren van een plaatsgebonden, glokale identiteit (Swyngedouw 1992;Giulianotti en Robertson 2004). Om deze analyse kracht bij te zetten, geeft het huidige artikel ook meer inzicht in de algemene online taalpraktijk van beide clubs via een kwantitatief overzicht van de taalkeuzes. ...
... Die glokale spagaat (Giulianotti en Robertson 2004) geldt ook voor de twee Belgische clubs in dit artikel. Ze zijn elkaars grootste historische rivalen in de hoogste Belgische voetbalklasse, een rivaliteit die door een bijzonder competitieformat alleen maar aangescherpt wordt. ...
... Many critics and fans regard these developments with ambivalence. Silk (2004) refers to them as 'sterile sporting space', while Giulianotti and Robertson (2004) regard them as exemplary of deterritorialisation through which football clubs become detached from place as part of globalization processes, including sponsorship, the sale of global television rights to corporate media conglomerates and lucrative stadium naming rights . Ritzer and Stillman (2001) suggest contemporary football stadia epitomize the disenchanting effects of McDonaldisation with their rational imperatives for efficiency, predictability, calculability and control, priorities that were far less prominent in the designs of older stadiums and neighbourhoods. ...
... Such complexity questions those who critique developments at Manchester City as symptomatic purely of the game's commercialisation. Rather, as Giulianotti and Robertson (2004) suggest, football's recent history might better exemplify the fluid, shifting and complex flows intertwining the global-local nexus . Accordingly, the This is Our City campaign might herald a focus on devising more sustained strategies to solicit a sense of home. ...
Much geographical literature concerning home focuses on its emotional potency. This paper explores how football supporters consider their club's stadium as a 'home'. However, this sense of homeliness can evaporate when clubs relocate to new stadia, rupturing matchday routines and feelings of belonging. This is exemplified by the relocation of Manchester City Football Club from their former home ground Maine Road to the Etihad Stadium in 2003, leaving many longstanding supporters disoriented and bereft. We explore how in response, the club have sought to make the Etihad feel more homely through three key approaches: foregrounding continuities through generating nostalgia and heritage, acknowledging fan cultures, and promoting interactivity. More broadly, the paper contributes to expansive and relational understandings of home, demonstrating how feelings of homeliness can extend beyond a single site as football fans move through the spaces surrounding a football stadium.
... While some scholars view it as the hope for a better and friendlier world where people relate and benefit from each other; other scholars, especially scholars from the third world countries believe it to be, according to Eregare and Afolabi (2009), "another form of recolonization." Theories like 'dependency theory' by Komakoma (2005) were established to illustrate the limitations of the concept of globalization. The theory assumes that "western cultural values such as consumerism and individualism, expressed implicitly in the media, were being exported with the objective of altering third world cultural milieus." ...
... Thus, the media are taken to be central to the process of globalization. Komakoma (2005) observed that another theory that emanated from the controversial concept of globalization is the 'Cultural/Media Imperialism.' The Media Imperialism thesis has been described as, "the process whereby the ownership, structure, distribution or context of the media in any one country are singly or together subject to substantial external pressures from the media interests of other countries without proportionate reciprocation of influence by the country so affected", Boyd-Barrett (1977) also explained that when a single company or corporation controls all the media in a country or countries, standardizing and commercializing products of one culture for the media consumption of another, media imperialism is in operation. ...
The advancement in technology has created a better way of sports reporting in journalistic engagement, which pave way for brand journalism known as specialised reporting, in which sports is one of the beats. Specialised reporting has become a necessary part of the press because of the need to address the inadequacies presented by straightforward news reports. Society is getting more complex with time so are the people. Mere news stories are no longer adequate to address the yearnings of complex human societies for complex angles to stories. Today, the diversity of media audiences has necessitated a variety of reporting beats which gave birth to what is known as specialised reporting. Within this context, the media have been associated with sports for a long time. The paper articulates that the role of the media has always been vital in boosting any activity of sports. The media have got a focal position, particularly in communication of fresh information, sharing the viewpoint of the masses, and bringing live sports and other activities to the consumer. The fusion of sports and the media, and Television, in particular, has helped propel and transform major events such as the FIFA world cup and the Olympic Games. Based on the opportunities offered by digital technologies, sports reporting has opened an opportunity for many hidden talents to come to the limelight and it has helped in improving infrastructures among other merits. The paper concludes that with the arrival of new actors in the journalistic field, the heavy use of social media and its impact on sports consumption patterns is imperative. The search for new business models for news organisations and the disrupting technology that is being explored and applied as innovation in the sports coverage all require new conceptual approaches to better understand the sports news.
... Sepak bola menjadi olahraga paling populer di dunia, setidaknya sejak akhir abad kesembilan belas dan penyebarannya secara global bermula dari wilayah dataran Inggris (Giulianotti and Robertson 2004). Diperkirakan sekitar 250 juta orang menjadi pemain yang berpartisipasi aktif di dalam pertandingan sepak bola dan sekitar 1,4 miliar orang lainnya memiliki minat langsung pada turnamen-turnamen utama sepak bola di dunia (Giulianotti 2002). ...
... Foto esai sepak bola di museum olahraga nasional dalam penelitian ini dapat memberikan masyarakat mengenai arti kebanggaan identitas nasional melalui karakteristik yang dimunculkan di dalam sepak bola (Giulianotti and Robertson 2004). Hal tersebut dilatarbelakangi karena sepak bola memiliki kontribusi di dalam relasi dunia internasional dan bangsa-bangsa sebagai alat pembangunan identitas nasional (Frye 2012). ...
People engage in nostalgia through museums and their experiences, but little study has been done to link the three. The article places photo essays at the National Sports Museum as a trigger for visitors' memories of events in photos related to self-identity and the nation. It explains the projection of collective identity when the visitors revisit their old memories while consuming the event documentation in the photo essays, and places the photo essays as a medium for imagined community nostalgia. The article argues that the photo essays not only help restore visitors' memories and knowledge but also build personal and collective identities that foster a sense of belonging and inclusion.
... Erik Swyngedouw (1997) furthered this by examining the political and economic aspects of glocalisation, emphasising how global forces manifest differently across local scales. In the realm of cultural industries, Giulianotti and Robertson (2004) applied glocalisation to the world of sports, illustrating how global trends in football adapt to local cultures. Marwan Kraidy (2005) and his work on cultural hybridity also provided important insights into how media content is localised for different audiences. ...
The article describes the culture of Japanese Gothic DJs and analyses their figures. The Gothic DJs are a part of the general Gothic art, and Goth subculture intercultural movements, taken from the West and re-invented in Japan. In Japan, those movements are a strong reaction towards the dominant, conservative culture, whereas, in the West, this classical opposition (described by, for example, Dick Hebdige) is not that strong nowadays. Japanese social collectivism is often seen as oppressive towards some artistic and free-spirited individuals. Artists like those DJs are the opposition to this collectivism, and their sets at the parties make a space for other Goths to express themselves in their safe space. This movement is also very innovative due to mixing different aesthetics (keis) and minimising the problem of subcultural gatekeeping. The paper describes the rebellion led by DJs’ performances, music sets, and visual style. It is based on the bigger field research done in 2019 and 2023, where the method used was participatory observation.
... The interplay between aesthetics and these contemporary issues also has broader cultural implications. Giulianotti and Robertson (2004) discusses how the commercialization and media representation of football reflect and reinforce societal values, including consumerism and individualism. As football becomes increasingly commercialized, its aesthetic dimensions may be overshadowed by profit motives, leading to a homogenization of the sport that prioritizes marketability over artistic expression. ...
This chapter, “Aesthetics and Football “explores the multifaceted relationship between aesthetics and the global sport of football or soccer, providing a rich analysis of how beauty manifests on and off the field. Football, the world's most popular sport, is more than just a competitive game. It is an art form in which rhythm, balance, harmony and player techniques combine to create an aesthetically pleasing spectacle for the audience and participants. This chapter examines key aesthetic elements in football, from individual player movements and team coordination to stadium architecture and design, emphasizing how these elements contribute to the sport's visual appeal. In addition to the physical and technical aspects, this chapter highlights the cultural and social significance of football, exploring how the sport transcends borders and unites diverse populations through a shared appreciation for beauty.
... O futebol, em especial, constitui-se em um domínio que sociologicamente elucida a interdependência do local e do global, junto às identidades do jogo e das instituições Robertson, 2004). Esta perspectiva é essencial para se entender como o futebol e o neoliberalismo se aproximam e se imiscuem, constituindo um frutífero campo de pesquisa que renova a sociologia do esporte. ...
O artigo investiga a relação entre a globalização, o neoliberalismo e o futebol contemporâneo, analisando como essas forças transformaram o esporte em um fenômeno transnacional que reflete e reproduz as desigualdades e contradições do capitalismo moderno. Baseando-se em uma abordagem teórica que considera a racionalidade neoliberal como uma lógica abrangente que permeia diversas esferas da vida social, o estudo explora os impactos econômicos, políticos e culturais dessa racionalidade no futebol global. Para tanto, são analisados dois casos emblemáticos: a Lei Bosman e a prática de sportswashing por clubes europeus, como Manchester City, Newcastle United e Paris Saint-Germain. Através desses casos, o artigo demonstra como o neoliberalismo reconfigura as dinâmicas de poder, subjetivação e governamentalidade no esporte, transformando jogadores em mercadorias e instrumentalizando o futebol para fins geopolíticos. Conclui-se que a racionalidade neoliberal, ao penetrar no futebol, não só redefine práticas sociais e culturais, mas também propõe desafios para a resistência e a manutenção dos vínculos locais e comunitários. Submissão: 15 ago. 2024 ⊶ Aceite: 09 nov. 2024
... Both camps have made important contributions to the study of football and supporters, but often their perspectives have followed parallel lines of research. On the one hand, social scientists have been more interested in the role played by social values in football, fan cultures, relations between leisure, emotions and civilizing processes (Elias and Dunning, 1986), violence and commodification in the context of football's greater professionalization (Dunning, 1999;Walsh and Giulianotti, 2001), increasing corporatization of football clubs and consumer culture (Giulianotti and Robertson, 2004;Giulianotti and Numerato, 2018), fan exploitation, and the growing threat of the bankruptcy of football clubs, as well as fan resistance and responses to it (Kennedy and Kennedy, 2016). On the other hand, economists and marketing researchers have become more interested in the economic value of football, examining how the most valued players attract fans (Brandes et al., 2007), the consumer role of supporters in value co-creation (Kolyperas et al., 2019), fan engagement in value creation (Huettermann et al., 2019;Machado et al., 2020), the increasing dependence of football clubs on television revenues (Dobson and Goddard, 2011), and excessive commercialization (Hoen and Szymanski, 1999;Szymanski, 2001)-in other words, different ways of "co-opting" (Watkins and Stark, 2018, 66) supporters in the broader process of profit maximization. ...
After changing between more than five investors in less than 20 years, a well-known football club in Romania went bankrupt and was disaffiliated by the Romanian Football Federation (FRF) in 2011. Three years later, two new teams emerged, both claiming the identity of the disaffiliated club. The controversy opened a black box and paved the way for a struggle for commoning. Investigating this event I advance a material-relational approach to describe how a collective performance enables the co-production of football as a common good.
... Twenty years ago, Giulianotti and Robertson (2004) stated that women's football was the fastest-growing sport in the world. Today, innovative initiatives are emerging in the international public space to improve women's football and support its development. ...
... The study also significantly contributes to the advancement of literature by exploring how social media constitutes an extension of the stadium's stands for fans to express their opinions, engage in public discourse, and participate in the viral spread of cancel culture (Lee Ludvigsen & Petersen-Wagner, 2022b). The "glocalized" (See Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004) nature of RM and FCB only potentiated the local conflict involving historical Spanish nationalism and regionalism identities and the subsequent struggles of getting to terms with the Spanish Civil War and Franco's regime to achieve a global reach since international supporters also participated on cancellation practices. The contemporary global and cosmopolitan characteristics of sports (Petersen-Wagner, 2017a; 2017b) suggest that researchers studying social media cancellation should remain open to scenarios that deviate from traditional consequences spread on Western social media canceling (e.g., sponsorship losses, damages to institutional brands and images, and reduction or loss of fan base support), given the intricate interplay of different cultures, socio-political contexts, supporters' collective identities, and team identifications inherent in these cases. ...
On April 17, 2023, the football giants Real Madrid and FC Barcelona engaged in an unexpected mutual institutional cancelation on social media by accusing each other of having maintained and benefited from historical ties with Franco’s oppressive regime. To understand how the respective fan bases reacted to the exchange of allegations linking their clubs with Franco’s regime, the motivations behind clubs’ engagement in cancel culture and the subsequent stances during the conflict, and what the practical consequences from economic and brand/image perspectives to these clubs we employed a digital socio-psychological analysis of three videos on YouTube, including over 4,000 comments. Four main themes were developed: Supporting Official Counter-cancelling while Reinterpreting history; Fans’ Mockery as a Counter Cancelling Culture Reinforcement; Fear, Repression, and Persecution: Explaining FCB’s compliance with Franco’s regime; “White-washing” the history: RM’s Propaganda and Manipulation. Findings suggest that football supporters tend to reject their clubs’ historical associations with dark periods and figures, thereby mitigating potential cancel culture effects such as sponsorship losses, brand damage, and decline of fan support. This study encourages future research into sports cancel culture to consider the interplay of different cultures, socio-political contexts, supporters’ collective identities, and team identifications inherent in the sports world.
... The globalization of football is manifested not merely as the distribution of the playing population to all regions but also as economic globalization through the advent of multinational major clubs (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004). Football clubs that generate huge profits attract the attention of investors, and ownership changes are occurring actively around the world, leading to the commercialization of football clubs (Dubal, 2010;Rohde & Breuer, 2017;Wilson et al., 2013). ...
In the trend towards the globalization of football and the increasing commercialization of professional football clubs, a methodology for calculating the firm value of clubs in non-western countries has yet to be established. This study reviews the valuation methods for the club firm values in Europe and North America and how values are calculated at the time of changing ownership of Japanese clubs and develops regression models with higher explanatory power than before to estimate the more accurate firm value of Japanese football clubs. A review of the existing literature on methods for calculating the firm value of professional sports clubs in Europe and North America, as well as financial statements and registers relating to changes of ownership of Japanese clubs, was conducted. After that, multiple regression analyses were conducted using the firm value of European clubs as the explained variable. From the literature review and the Japanese case studies, it has become clear that European clubs' standard valuation methods are based on revenue and other factors, while in Japan, valuation is based solely on the par value of stocks or net assets. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the firm value of European clubs over the past three years is best explained by revenue or player market value and the number of SNS followers. Two models with high explanatory power were developed. The estimated firm value using the revenue-based formula was higher than the one based on player market value. However, in the J.League, the former was more than three times higher than the latter, while the former was only 1.2 times higher for European clubs. The discrepancy relates to differences in European and J.League clubs' revenues and asset structures. In either formula, the firm value of J.League clubs exceeded the actual transaction price when the change of ownership occurred in the past.
... Sepak bola umumnya olahraga yang mempunyai sifat kompetitif. Hal tersebut berarti adanya persaingan dengan dilakukan kompetisi yang diikuti oleh beberapa klub (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004). Di Indonesia sendiri jumlah klub yang terdaftar resmi di bawah naungan Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia (PSSI) jumlahnya ratusan (Wijanako et al., 2021). ...
Sepak bola adalah salah satu olahraga yang popular untuk masyarakat di Indonesia. Rasa antusiasme dan fanatisme yang dimiliki oleh suporter sepak bola menciptakan konflik dengan suporter lain. Salah satu konflik yang sering terjadi yaitu antara suporter Peserikatan Sepakbola Sleman dengan suporter Perserikatan Sepakbola Indonesia Mataram Yogyakarta. Konflik ini membuat suatu tindak pidana penganiayaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana upaya yang dilakukan aparat penegak hukum dalam melakukan pencegahan tindak pidana penganiayaan antar suporter sepak bola. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu penelitian empiris. Upaya penanggulangan terjadinya tindak pidana tidak terlepas dari pencegahan yang dilakukan oleh apparat penegak hukum. Beberapa upaya penanggulangan tersebut yaitu upaya preventif dan represif. Upaya preventif dilakukan dengan cara melakukan patroli di setiap sudut wilayah rawan, sosialisasi dengan pihak terkait, pembianaan terhadap kelompok yang terlibat konflik, dan himbauan di social media. Upaya represif dilakukan dengan cara penyelidikan, penyidikan, dan penangkap terhadap pelaku penganiayaan terhadap suporter sepak bola.
... Life skills include techniques and skills that are important and useful for professional life, thus the role of sports activities can teach important life skills for individuals and society (Tasleem Arif et al., 2019). Sport, especially football, is the most obvious influence of globalization, which is sociologically illuminating, because it has been the most popular sport since the 19 th century (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004). Given the global role of football, it is important to consider its role in promoting and developing life skills (Iqbal et al., 2019). ...
This research aims to determine the effect of integrating life skills into a soccer training program for positive youth development. The research design used in this research is Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The data collection technique used in this research is a questionnaire. The instrument used is the Life Skills Scale for Sport (LSSS) questionnaire instrument. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The research results show tcount (17.687) > ttable (1.671), which means there is a significant difference in results between the group that was integrated with life skills compared to the group that was not integrated with life skills. Based on these differences, it can be seen that the life skills integration group is better than the group that is not life skills integrated. This proves that the goal can be programmed and planned as well as possible in order to get good results. This research provides a recommendation for teachers and coaches to be able to create programs that are intentionally or integrated into various sports activities to provide better results than those that do not. These results certainly provide a recommendation for future researchers to continue and carry out research that can also have a good impact on athletes in sports.
... From Rottenberg (1956), Neale (1964), El-Hodiri & Quirk (1971), and Atkinson et al. (1988) onwards, a number of academic studies on the sports industry have emphasized the importance of efficient management for both clubs and competition itself. Since the 1990s, football's importance has grown beyond the political, social, and cultural spheres and has entered the sphere of finance, developing from a sport into a business (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004, 2007Walvin, 2001). Clubs have embarked on a 'race for cash', failing to transform revenue into sustainable profits, and even jeopardizing their financial viability (Kennedy, 2013;Storm & Nielsen, 2012). ...
The purpose of this systematic literature review is to provide the state of the art, trends and thematic features in the field of accounting and finances of football teams applying the PRISMA guidelines. Seventy-five studies published after the Bosman Act (1995) were included from the most relevant databases: WoS and Scopus. The lines of research included in the analysis were financial performance, sport performance and legislative performance. The synthesis of studies revealed that the scientific output has evolved over time and changes have been detected both on a sporting and scientific level with the introduction of the Financial Fair Play (2012), which is changing the business model of the football industry towards more efficient financial and accounting decision making, which might help the achievement of sporting objectives. Useful policy conclusions such as valuation of intangibles, influence of results on clubs' share prices and directions for future research on football finance are also included in the paper.
... Article: "My sense of nationality goes totally berserk" Giulianotti & Robertson (2004) highlight two underlying aspects of globalization, one being a greater sense of "globality" among social actors, i.e., a heightened consciousness of the world: a state that also was famously captured by Marshall McLuhan's idea of the global village (McLuhan & Powers, 1989). The other aspect refers to the emergence of global media technological infrastructure and increased international mobilization. ...
When Denmark hosted the Grand Départ of the Tour de France in 2022, the riders were met by huge crowds and a jubilant atmosphere. On Twitter, Danish and international audiences extended this behavior as co-producers of a transmedia sports event of global reach. Using the theoretical framework of a typology depicting four general discursive tweet modes, this study examines the communicative patterns involved as Danish residents shared their experiences and reactions to hosting the Grand Départ. A content analysis of their tweets revealed that the exceptional circumstances of hosting a major sporting event prompted them to focus more on themes surrounding the event than on the actual cycling. A subsequent qualitative analysis of Danish and international tweets focusing on the inter- play of global and local themes surrounding the Danish Grand Départ identifies evaluative, participatory, humorous/ironic, and emotional dimensions as central expressions of glocal consciousness.
... This global process has not, and will not, bypass sports, and with it, football (Allison, 2006;Biti, 2008). Despite all the disadvantages of globalization, it has succeeded in football which no one else has been able to do it has brought it to the farthest corners of the planet (Giulianotti, Robertson, 2007). The globalization of football was made possible by the revolution in electronic communications (Giulianoti, Robertson, 2004;Giddens, 2005: 37-38;Eriksen 2007: 82-84). ...
The author finds the reason for writing the paper in the current holding of the World Football Championship in Qatar, as one of the biggest sporting events bigger and more significant than the Olympic Games themselves. Often this great global event is seen as the last place where the small can defeat the big, thereby losing the illusion that the rich and the big always win, and that “David can beat Goliath”. Taking the facts into account, football is still primarily a game of the poor, in which the largest number of footballers came from the margins which, according to the author, reflects its greatest social strength. In his work, the author intends to describe and explain the world in which we live through the prism of not only previous championships. It is through the metaphor of football that the author deals with the issue of global order, with the fact that the main issues of this work are more cultural than economic. As the work is of a theoretical nature, the author's intention is to devote special attention to the consideration of physical culture and sport as a factor of socialization within this theoretical analysis, with a special emphasis on the sociology of football.
... The participation of the tournament is also affected by the commercialization of the sporting event. For example, the participation of 2002 World Cup Korea/Japan was jeopardized because FIFA sold television rights to the finals to the pay-per-view stations and the prices of match-ticket were doubled, which could undermine the social integration within the "family" of football and the game's aesthetic development by preventing marginalized social groups from participating in the sport (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004). Increasing emphasis on profit maximization can to some extent overshadows the tournament itself and detracts from the values and ideals which the sport originally represented. ...
... As a result enterprises became less dependent on local reproduction, companies grew into multinational corporations, and the Transnational Capitalist Class began to emerge. Transnational corporations are those businesses that cross national borders in trade and investment with a sole view to profit, and are less dependent on a country for resources in comparison to nationally-oriented elites (Giulianotti and Robertson 2004). This saw the emergence of new transnational circuits of accumulation (Robinson 2010). ...
Transnational capitalism has been described as the emerging new stage of capitalism characterized by sharp increases in foreign direct investment, the rise of a global financial system, and increased interlocking of positions within the global corporate structure in many countries and industries. These have been identified as some empirical indicators of the transnational integration of capitalists. This thesis has however rarely been applied to sports probably because it could be considered the antithesis of trans-national capitalism. First, sports more than any other form of social activity is associated with nationalism, and second, sport has traditionally been associated with amateurism. The transformation of Manchester United Football Club (MUFC) from a local club to a transnational corporation within the English Premier League (EPL) is used as an example of the colonization of sport by the transnational capitalist class (TCC). The study highlights a number of emerging characteristics of transnational capitalism. First, the study points to the emergence of transnational capitalist class (TCC) centers with London and England as one of them. Second, the study also highlights the role of modern technologies of communication and media, and branding in the emergence transnational capitalism.
... It is no longer just an ordinary spectacle. It has become both economic and political challenges [3]. To strengthen their teams, some Male Soccer Players in Cameroon According to Their Age Category and Playing Position countries request the nationalization of foreign successful players. ...
Introduction: This study aimed at examining the anthropometry, physiological parameters and performances of young footballers recruited and formed in Cameroon without data base and physical fitness assessments. Methods: 128 young soccer players from two training structures subdivided into 3 categories (46 U13, 41 U15 and 41 U17) and 6 playing positions participated in this study. Their height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and resting heart rate were determined prior to the linear sprints test (10m and 20m), vertical jump, and Léger's shuttle run test over 20m. Data analysis and comparisons between categories and playing positions have been carried out using Statview 0.5. Differences were considered significant for p < 0.05. Results: The mean values of anthropometric parameters and blood pressure significantly increased with age category whereas resting heart rate decreased. Central defenders and goalkeepers were respectively tallest and heaviest. In general, performances increased significantly from U13 to U15 and tend to stagnate between U15 and U17 with no significant difference between playing positions. Conclusion: This study provided preliminary references in the identification and follow up of young cameroonian talents belonging to their age categories and playing positions. Developing aerobic endurance is the main emergency particularly for U17 players.
... Furthermore, the study of glocalization can also provide valuable insights into the field of communication studies (Wellman, 2002), as the rise of digital media and the internet has facilitated the spread of information and ideas across borders, leading to increased cross-cultural communication and the development of virtual communities and networks (Harlow & Harp, 2012;Ray, 2014). Overall, the study of glocalization offers a valuable lens for understanding the complex and dynamic interactions between global and local factors in shaping our world and its potential for providing valuable insights into various fields of study (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004Hampton, 2010;Ilan, 2019;Ju, 2014;Kraidy, 2009;Matusitz & Leanza, 2009;Tonglin, 2010). ...
Glocalization, adapting global practices to local contexts, has become increasingly important in scientific research. However, the impact of global and local collaboration networks on glocalization remains underexplored. In this study, we conduct a bibliometric analysis to examine publications in the field of glocalization recorded in the Scopus database from 1993–2023. Using data from 12,046 publications, we identify key themes, publication trends, and methodological designs related to glocalization and collaboration networks. We then develop a theoretical model incorporating these factors to better understand the relationship between global and local collaboration networks and glocalization. This unprecedented study suggests that global and local collaboration networks are important in promoting glocalization in scientific research. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research and practitioners seeking to promote glocalization in their scientific endeavors.
... In an age of globalisation, AFTV and TAW reveal the interplay of, and at times friction between, the hyper-local origins and traditions of British football clubs and the global marketplace of ideas. They are therefore emblematic of the tensions of glocalisation in modern football (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004). However, another effect of the potentially global reach of fan media is that the knowledge required to develop social capital in football which was previously rooted in local in-groups can now be accrued by fans further away and who were previously excluded. ...
There have been significant recent developments in media produced by football fans, from social media and online magazines to podcasts, YouTube channels and live events. 21st century technologies have facilitated new types of supporter-produced media, rendering the means of production more accessible to fans. In Liverpool, fan channels have emerged, influenced by the city’s musical heritage and political and cultural identity. For instance, modern events such as Boss Night and podcasts produced by The Anfield Wrap (TAW) have helped provide an authentic voice for the city’s contemporary football culture, political identity and connected social activism. Due to globalised media networks, they can also offer an educational mobilising hub for those interested in Liverpool’s current idiosyncratic cultural and political civic context. This research is informed by literature on fan media and activism and draws on collective identity theory and Bourdieu’s notion of habitus. In-depth interviews were conducted with experienced supporters and various individuals closely associated with the production of fan media. Structurally, the paper outlines Liverpool’s historical, cultural, sporting and fan media context. It then analyses data detailing the evolution of Boss Mag to Boss Night events and examining The Anfield Wrap as an innovative site of content creation. Contextually, the paper explores fan activism through the mediatised protest of Liverpool’s ownership and collective expressions of political identity. Finally, it draws on the experiences of supporters at the 2022 Champions League final in Paris and the use of technology and fan media in capturing and responding to the mistreatment of supporters.
... In those articles, systemic evaluations of the transfer of skills (in sports including table tennis, dart throwing, canoeing, and baseball) were included. It is worth noting that the most popular sport in the world, soccer, with 250 million professional and amateur players registered worldwide, as well as 1.4 billion followers (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2004), does not have a systemic evaluation of the transfer of motor skills in their review of literature. This research was motivated by the possibility that VR technology can be a complement in the learning process of soccer motor skills when the conditions of organization are hard to obtain; for instance, when there is not a partner with whom to work or when a physical, adequate space is unavailable. ...
This article utilises Baudrillard’s concepts of sign value and symbolic exchange to examine the ‘Unsponsoring Football’ campaign which was designed by the marketing and creative agencies VCCP and Octagon, and carried out in conjunction with the bookmakers Paddy Power. Clubs were ‘unsponsored’ by Paddy Power, which paid for the right to not display its logo on football shirts. The campaign concept involved ‘spoof’ shirts which are simulations of the ‘real’ items. A four-step process through which the simulacra develop is outlined in the article. The campaign parodies UK government policy on gambling-related sponsorship, which has been criticised for its failure to regulate what is a globalised market. The 2023 White Paper ‘High Stakes: Gambling Reform for the Digital Age’ is notably similar to the parodic position taken in ‘Unsponsoring Football’. Removing some elements of sponsorship while retaining a wider relationship with the gambling industry means that the gamblification of the sport remains in place.
Kajian kualitatif berbentuk etnografi ini bertujuan mengkaji tahap kompetensi guru sebagai jurulatih bola sepak dan kesannya terhadap prestasi pemain bola sepak Pusat Latihan Daerah (PLD) di Kuala Lumpur. Kajian ini dijalankan selama sembilan bulan bermula dari Julai 2018 hingga April 2019. Sebanyak 10 orang jurulatih PLD dari kalangan guru telah terlibat sebagai peserta kajian dan ditemu bual bagi mendapatkan data. Jumlah peserta kajian telah di tentukan oleh tahap “saturation of information” di mana peserta kajian yang di temu bual didapati sudah tidak dapat mengemukakan sesuatu data yang baru berbanding dengan peserta kajian sebelumnya. Data hasil dari temu bual, pemerhatian dan kajian lapangan serta dokumen yang berkaitan telah dianalisis menggunakan kaedah thematic analysis seperti yang telah dicadangkan oleh Patton (2002). Berdasarkan kajian yang dijalankan mendapati tahap kompetensi latihan, kompetensi perlawanan dan kompetensi pengurusan jurulatih dari kalangan guru dapat mempengaruhi prestasi pemain bola sepak PLD di Kuala Lumpur seterusnya dapat menyumbang kepada peningkatan kualiti pemain bola sepak di Malaysia.
This study aimed to explore how contextual variables, team formations, and playing styles influence the number of goals scored in football matches. It further investigated whether these factors vary across different competition levels, providing a nuanced analysis that could benefit strategic planning in football. Employing a dataset from regular season matches in top-division leagues across 11 European countries, this study categorized observations into three groups based on UEFA rankings. The research analyzed 3,004 matches, correlating 10 nominal factors-including match location, team ranking, number of central forwards and central defenders, and various playing styles-with the number of goals scored using a Poisson Generalized Linear Mixed Model. The analysis revealed that home teams generally score more goals, emphasizing the advantage of playing at home. Higher-ranked teams were also more likely to score, while playing against a higher-ranked opponent decreased the likelihood of scoring. The study highlighted that direct play and counterattacks are more effective than possession play across different leagues. Interestingly, the number of central forwards and defenders within team formations showed various effects on goal scoring, depending on the league's competitiveness. The findings encourage a more strategic approach to match preparation, emphasizing the need to adapt tactics not only to the strengths and weaknesses of the opponent but also to the broader context of the league's competitive level.
This article explores the emergence of the concept of glocalization in contemporary societies and more precisely, the glocalization of sport to highlight a social innovation borne through the interaction between global dynamics and local specificities in the development of sport. The glocalization, considered as a theorical framework to rethink local social innovation which answered to the limit of the globalization, is examined in this article through an in-depth bibliographic analysis conducted using the Lillocat metasearch engine (covering 354 articles since 1992 across 11 thematic areas, 29 of which are related to sports). The use of IRaMuTeQ software version 0.7 alpha2 (Interface for Multidimensional Text and Questionnaire Analysis) enabled comprehensive textual and lexical analyses, including frequency analyses, hierarchical classifications, and principal component analyses (PCA). These analyses were presented in the form of figures such as histograms, dendrograms, and word clouds, thereby facilitating the identification of lexical co-occurrence relationships and the understanding of emerging trends. Findings reveal that glocalization enables sports organizations to integrate global strategies with local cultural identities, fostering fan engagement, economic sustainability, and cultural diversity. Global events such as the FIFA World Cup, the NBA’s international expansion, and the Tour de France illustrate how global frameworks adapt to local contexts. Glocalization emerges as a strategic driver of social innovation, balancing internationalization with localized adaptation. This study provides insights for researchers and practitioners, considering glocalization as a theorical framework useful for the analysis of a local social innovation in the context of globalization and sport as a propitious field of research.
Monografija od međunarodnog značaja „Menadžment u sportu“ pruža sveobuhvatan pregled ključnih teorijskih i praktičnih aspekata savremenog sportskog menadžmenta. Namenjena studentima, stručnjacima i donosiocima odluka u sportskim organizacijama, ova knjiga predstavlja nezaobilazan vodič kroz izazove i mogućnosti u dinamičnoj sportskoj industriji.
Kroz pažljivo strukturirane celine, autori analiziraju osnovne koncepte menadžmenta, finansijsko upravljanje, marketing, pravne i etičke aspekte, kao i ulogu tehnologije i digitalizacije u unapređenju sportskih organizacija. Poseban fokus je stavljen na globalne trendove, uključujući održivi razvoj, inovativne pristupe u organizaciji sportskih događaja i primenu veštačke inteligencije.
Praktični primeri, studije slučaja i analitički alati pružaju čitaocima mogućnost da steknu duboko razumevanje tematike i primene stečeno znanje u svakodnevnom radu. Pored toga, knjiga osvetljava i društveni značaj sporta, njegov uticaj na lokalnu zajednicu i ekonomiju, kao i važnost etičkog upravljanja u sportskom biznisu.
Autori su se oslonili na najnovija istraživanja i primere dobre prakse, čineći ovu monografiju savremenim i relevantnim resursom za sve koji žele da unaprede svoje znanje i praksu u oblasti sportskog menadžmenta.
„Menadžment u sportu“ je knjiga koja inspiriše i vodi ka inovacijama, uspesima i održivom razvoju sportskih organizacija.
This chapter examines the current state of the art in football fan-related research. It starts with a discussion and refinement of the notion of “football fandom” and continues with a thematic and temporal contextualisation of fan identification research, covering heterogeneous literature traditions in sociology, sport studies and sport management research. A particular emphasis is put here on the most significant typologies developed to categorise football fans. Delving into this strand of fandom research, different construction principles are explained in order to subsequently differentiate various typologies and their thematic guideposts. Reviewing and analysing the literature allows us to identify a key research gap—that is, lacking focus on the transnational dimension of football fandom—which provides a starting point for our investigation.
Better broadcasting and sports globalization allow sports fans to watch televised matches from the comfort of home, which means that local geography becomes less of a deciding factor in constraining the professional sports market. In our model, utility‐maximizing fans’ decision to watch a game dictates a team's broadcast revenue and allows teams to monetize from non‐home fans. When fans watch a series of televised matches, teams’ markets overlap as they are not solely reliant on their home fan base, meaning that the actual difference in market size between teams is smaller, allowing teams with smaller home fan bases to narrow their performance gap against stronger teams.
This paper proposes a short discussion of the Americanization of professional soccer in England, a process which began around the 1990s to grow in strength during the 2000s following the purchase of some very prominent EPL soccer clubs by American businessmen in particular. The next stage of that process was the implementation of American sport franchise-style operational and marketing practices that completely transformed many socio-cultural practices, the very way of life for some, associated with the originally community-oriented fan-base of English soccer clubs.
Accessible at:
https://www.americanaejournal.hu/index.php/americanaejournal/article/view/45118/43769
Sport upowszechnił się na polskich obszarach rustykalnych w drugiej połowie XX wieku, pełnił przy tym funkcję adaptatora innowacji o zasadniczo miejskiej proweniencji, często sprzecznych z tradycyjnym, chłopskim stylem życia. Dynamicznie rozwijana w ostatnim czasie i niezwykle regularna działalność amatorskich klubów piłkarskich oraz rozwój mediów elektronicznych przyczyniły się do ekspansji na obszarach wiejskich kultury „futbolowej”. Artykuł jest próbą ogólnej deskrypcji immanentnego składnika tej kultury tj. zjawiska kibicowania. Osią rozważań jest analiza związków fanów z klubem piłkarskim i społecznością lokalną oraz przejawów kibicowskiej aktywności w realiach małych, wiejskich wspólnot. Autorzy, opierając się na materiałach zebranych w toku wieloletnich badań klubów piłkarskich w centralnej Polsce, próbują wskazać miejsce nowych, zglobalizowanych elementów kultury futbolowej w społeczno-kulturowej przestrzeni polskiej wsi. Chcą również odpowiedzieć na pytanie o możliwy wpływ futbolizacji na rozwój społeczności lokalnych w warunkach wolnego rynku oraz określić prawdopodobny kierunek dalszych przeobrażeń zjawiska kibicowania na wsi.
Purpose
In the contemporary globalized sports industry, it is crucial for sport employees to cultivate an essential capability – cultural intelligence (CQ) – to excel in culturally diverse sport environments. The purpose of this study is to propose a comprehensive conceptual framework of sport employees' CQ for enhancing management practices in sport organizations.
Design/methodology/approach
By conducting a thorough literature review of relevant business and sport management literature, this research offers a synopsis of CQ and advocates for the advancement of a developed conceptual framework for sport employees' CQ (CQ-SE).
Findings
The conceptual framework of CQ-SE is proposed to facilitate employees’ effective integration into diverse environments within sport organizations. This framework identifies predictors that enhance sport employees’ CQ, moderating factors to provide deeper insights into these relationships and outcomes at individual, group and organizational levels. We additionally elaborate on the anticipated benefits for stakeholders, given the services provided by sport practitioners.
Originality/value
This study is one of the initial endeavors to conceptualize the concept of CQ for sport employees. This study contributes to the literature on sport organizational culture and human resource management by emphasizing the pivotal role of sport employees’ CQ in promoting greater inclusivity in sport organizations. We encourage sport management researchers to explore the application of CQ in sport contexts and empirically test the relationships proposed in this framework.
This article develops a counterintuitive view of the reunification of Germany. Normally, the unification process was shaped by the East followed the example of the West – but the example of football fan cultures shows the reverse process. In the “other reunification” of German football fan culture, affiliations were negotiated not only between East and West, but also in a transnational context. Regional, generational and gender-specific affiliations were closely interwoven with group- and club-related identifications. The renegotiation of often precarious masculinities in the fan milieu are described as a “subcultural hierarchy struggle” between different football scenes in East and West. In these conflicts the supporters of the sporting declassed eastern clubs often successfully portrayed themselves as “harder” or more “masculine” than the West German fan scenes. In the course of the 2000s, the East German groups studied finally turned their gaze away from the supposedly effeminate West and more strongly towards the violence-oriented ultra scenes in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.
This article advances sociological work on globalization processes. It concerns itself with conceptualizations of how the local and global ‘clash’, utilizing Ulrich Beck's work on globalization, cosmopolitanism and power. By employing Brazil's 2014 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) men's World Cup as a case, this article seeks to build on Beck's theorizations, into the field of football; using the General Law of the World Cup as a symbolic representation for the global/local, interest‐driven interactions between Brazil and FIFA. In particular, this article is concerned with how FIFA's requirements, standards and norms, as imposed on the host nation, were framed within local media and journalistic discourses. The article extends Beck's insights by problematizing how global demands meet local socio‐spatial, legal and cultural contexts and how these demands, seeking to regulate and secure consumption, are resisted by various domestic and localized actors situated within a power game.
The Saudi Arabian Kingdom is currently undergoing significant socio-cultural changes, primarily driven by Vision 2030, a strategic document outlining the nation's future development. This initiative includes efforts to enhance sports participation and physical activity levels across various sectors of the country. This paper represents one of the first attempts to understand the effects of the Vision on domestic sports/physical activities policy through the lens of selected actors in the field. with a special interest in youth sports. Based on extensive fieldwork that took place within the country, including qualitative semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from various organisations within Saudi sports, we identify several key facets seen as crucial enablers or obstacles for the field of sports and physical activities. The individual facets form two main groups-activities of state authorities in Saudi Arabia, specifically the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Sports, and informal practices influenced by broader cultural changes oscillating between the traditional views and contemporary demands. Amongst the identified cultural facets, gender takes a crucial discursive position. As we examine these processes through the lens of concepts of soft power and rightful resistance, we identify formal and informal legitimation practices used by stakeholders to achieve and potentially surpass the goals set by Vision 2030 for the Kingdom's sporting landscape.
Proper nutrition plays a vital role in modulating oxidative status. There is an increasing popularity of plant-based dietary patterns among athletes. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the plant-based diet index (PDI) score among male footballers and their non-athlete controls, as well as its relationship with oxidative biomarkers by evaluating the urinary excretion of F2alpha-isoprostane (F2a-IP) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). A group of footballers (n = 45) and a healthy non-athlete group (n = 45) were selected. The two groups were matched based on body mass index (BMI) and age. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of the subjects was 22.88 (2.41) years, and their BMI was 22.08 (1.35) kg/m². Anthropometric indices were evaluated, and fasting morning urine samples were analyzed to measure oxidative biomarkers. The PDI, unhealthy plant-based diet index (uPDI), and healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI) were calculated using valid food frequency questionnaire data. Generalized estimating equation models were used for all analyses. Compared to the non-athlete group, the PDI score was significantly greater in the footballer group (β = 9.8; P < 0.001), while the differences between the two groups in uPDI and hPDI scores were not significant. Overall, footballers consumed more plant-based foods. By examining the relationship between dietary indices and oxidative biomarkers, only a negative association was observed between PDI score and F2a-IP level (β = −1.25; P = 0.03). Based on the results, footballers were more adherent to a plant-based diet than non-athletes. In addition, it seems that following plant-based diets (the higher PDI) may exert beneficial effects on lowering F2a-IP levels due to improving the body's antioxidant status.
The concept of post-Westernization has been used to explain recent challenges to the structural, spatial, symbolic, and indeed sporting dominance of Western (for which, read: North Atlantic) nations by emergent forces and interests of non-Western nations and alliances thereof. As a result, numerous global sport organizations such as the International Olympic Committee, International Cricket Council, and FIFA have been the site of sporting geopolitical struggles. This has resulted in global sport’s foundational Western centre of gravity being challenged, and at times, usurped by non-Western actors and interests, to the extent that Maguire (1999) described post-Westernization as the fifth stage of sportization. This chapter examines the long-standing, at times haphazard, yet nonetheless processual and complex globalization of Formula 1, from the North Atlantic origins of its inaugural championship season in 1950 (wherein races were held in Britain, Monaco, the United States, Switzerland, Belgium, France, and Italy), to the subsequent spatial distribution of Formula 1 races across the globe (specifically in regard to the contemporary structure of the sport as directed by its owners, the US media company, Liberty Media). This discussion examines the complex, and at times contradictory, organizational, economic, and ecological motivations behind the sport’s current global expansion, and the characteristics of the most recent of discernible geospatial phases in the post-Western transformation of elite motor racing.KeywordsF1GlobalizationUber-sportSpectacleSustainabilityAssemblageNon-placesCarbon footprintDigitalizationCircuit of circuits
When the nation-state loses many of its traditional powers, Daniele Archibugi argues, democracy requires a cosmopolitan political authority above it. But current 'humanitarian' interventions do not fulfil such higher norms-they betray them, as the self-arrogated prerogatives of the few.
What is the position of the UK economy in the international system? In this article we draw attention to the peculiarities of the UK case as compared to the other G7 economies. We argue that the UK represents an 'over-internationalized economy in an under-globalized world'. Far from the UK lagging behind a rapidly integrating world economy, it is way ahead of the game. The historical nature of the UK's heavy engagement with the international system is highlighted and the contemporary significance of its integration is analysed. This is done in respect to both the real and the financial sides of the economy. Finally, we ask whether it is possible to re-domesticize the UK economy - to stimulate indigenous economic activity at the expense of excessive overseas production and investment. This article draws attention to the special case of the UK in a preliminary manner without pursuing all its theoretical, empirical, or policy implications. At this stage we are concerned to highlight a series of potential issues and problems rather than fully to explore their determinants and consequences.
Acknowledgements. Glossary. Foreward. 1. The Essence of Football: the historical and social bases of the global game. 2. The Twentieth--century Sport: football, class and nation. 3. Spectator Cultures: passion at play in Europe and Latin America. 4. Football Grounds: emotional attachments and social control. 5. The Price of Victory: football finance and the television revolution. 6. Footballa s Players: from local heroes to international stars. 7. The Goal of Winning? football, science, tactics and aesthetics. 8. The Cultural Politics of Play: ethnicity, gender and the a post--fana mentality. Afterword. Notes. References. Index.
This article challenges the idea that globalization is an inexorable free market pro- cess that fundamentally changes the nature of economic competition. Using evi- dence on hiring practices from the English football league (1946-95) it presents a case study of a labour market where globalization might reasonably be expected. In finding that the market is characterized by a process of internationalization, the article goes on to show how this process is influenced by a range of econ- omic, social and political factors that have distinctly national or British origins. More specifically, it argues that the recent expansion in overseas recruitment is shaped by the risk averse way in which employers deal with that which makes labour unique as a commodity: its variability and plasticity. Consequently, English clubs tend to draw heavily on those foreign sources that most resemble local sources in terms of climate, culture, language and style of football (for example, Scotland, Ireland, Australia and northern Europe, especially Scandinavia). Accordingly, the article concludes that radical notions of labour market globalization are funda- mentally flawed since they fail to account for the ways in which labour market behaviour is socially embedded.
What is the position of the UK economy in the international system? In this article we draw attention to the peculiarities of the UK case as compared to the other G7 economies. We argue that the UK represents an 'over-internationalized economy in an under-globalized world'. Far from the UK lagging behind a rapidly integrating world economy, it is way ahead of the game. The historical nature of the UK's heavy engagement with the international system is highlighted and the contemporary significance of its integration is analysed. This is done in respect to both the real and the financial sides of the economy. Finally, we ask whether it is possible to re-domesticize the UK economy - to stimulate indigenous economic activity at the expense of excessive overseas production and investment. This article draws attention to the special case of the UK in a preliminary manner without pursuing all its theoretical, empirical, or policy implications. At this stage we are concerned to highlight a series of potential issues and problems rather than fully to explore their determinants and consequences.
If globalization is to be a benefit and not a burden to humankind, it must be governed by global institutions that are perceived by all people to be democratic and just. But before we can create such institutions, we must imagine them, and that requires a rethinking and extension of normative political theory. Global Justice and Transnational Politics encourages and advances that work.
The book's first part, "Weak Universalism," contains essays by Amartya Sen and Leif Wenar that offer constructive developments of John Rawls's statement of the principles a liberal polity might reasonably propose to govern its relations with other peoples. The second part, "Strong Universalism and Transnational Commitments," contains essays by Jürgen Habermas, David Luban, Martha Nussbaum, and Thomas Pogge examining the normative sources and possible types of cross-border commitments. In the third part, "Transnational Politics and National Identities," Habermas discusses the possibility of a democratic political order developing within the institutional framework of the European Union; Thomas McCarthy draws on Kant to show how cosmopolitanism might be reconciled with the legacy of nationalism; and Craig Calhoun tries to retrieve a positive aspect of the tradition of nationalism, namely that it provides large populations with a powerful way of imagining political community across space and time.
Over the last two or three decades, the concept of brands and branding has developed almost out of all recognition. In the fifties and sixties, if you had asked a typical consumer to give some examples of brands, they would probably have responded with the names of household products: Ivory Soap, Fairy Liquid, Kellogg’s Cornflakes. Now, they are just as likely to reply with the names of companies, like Nike or Body Shop. In another ten years’ time, what will people be saying? Will they be giving the names of rock groups, actors or sports stars as brand names? We still speak of ‘the branded goods arena’. Will that become anachronistic as all goods come to be considered as possible brands?
Since the late 1970s, there has been a marked change in the models of government economic management across the world. The deteriorating economic performance and the political disillusionment with the ‘corporatist’ models of economic management which dominated the so-called ‘Golden age of capitalism’ in OECD countries have led to the rise of Neo-Liberalism (for a more detailed account and assessment of Neo-Liberalism, see Chang and Rowthorn, 1995, introduction). The Neo-Liberals sought to reduce the scope of the state through budget cuts, deregulation, privatization, and the introduction of more commercial principles in the provision of goods and services by the state, on the one hand, and to subject the economy more to the discipline of international market forces through the removal of restrictions in the international flows of trade, (direct and portfolio) investment, and technology (but, let us note, not the restrictions on international mobility of labour).1 In the developing world, the massive external macroeconomic shocks since the late 1970s, especially the Debt Crisis of the 1980s, forced many countries to abandon their previous models of economic management that relied on extensive state intervention and adopt policy reforms which were intended, again, to reduce the role of the state and, more importantly than in the case of the OECD economies which were already much more open than the developing countries, to open up the economy. The rise of Neo-Liberalism reached its peak with the collapse of the Communist system and the full embrace of the Neo-Liberal policy reform package by many ex-Communist countries since the late 1980s.
Wie könnte man eine Analyse von Globalisierung und Fußball anders beginnen als mit der ebenso richtigen wie heutzutage banalen Feststellung, daß dieses Spiel wahrhaftig das wichtigste und populärste kulturelle Phänomen auf dieser Erde ist? Eine aktuelle Umfrage ergab, daß 250 Millionen Menschen sich aktiv am Fußball beteiligen, während rund 1,4 Milliarden sich für den Sport interessieren.1 Gesellschaftlich betrachtet gibt es kein anderes kulturelles Phänomen, das es erlaubt, Debatten, Streit, Humor und Ironie mit Angehörigen verschiedener Gesellschaften auf so einfache Weise zu teilen. Als lingua franca der interkulturellen Beziehungen stellt Fußball ein metaphorisches Prisma dar, durch welches Menschen eine große Zahl sozialer, moralischer und existentieller Fragen betrachten und reflektieren (Archetti 1997). Im Bereich der internationalen Beziehungen wurde den sozialen Beziehungen, die den Fußball durchdringen, gleichzeitig ein unmittelbarer Zusammenhang mit den Ursachen (in Zentralamerika) und dem Aufschub (während des ersten Weltkrieges und des nigerianischen Bürgerkrieges) von militärischen Konflikten zugeschrieben (Kapuscinski 1992; Murray 1996). In modernen Gesellschaften zeigt sich die soziale Bedeutung des Fußballs in rivalisierenden Thesen, in welchen Fußball einmal zum zentralen Ort politischer Indoktrination wird, andererseits aber auch als zentrale kulturpolitische Ausdrucksform eines breiten Widerstandes von unten verstanden wird. Führende Fußballprofis und Institutionen werden von Regierungs-2 und Nichtregierungsorganisationen3 herangezogen, um politische Führer, politische Programme und internationale Hilfsmissionen zu unterstützen. Es ist unmöglich den Anteil des Fußballs an der Weltwirtschaft genau zu schätzen, er bewegt sich jedoch im Bereich von Milliarden von Mark. Im Jahr 1998 kontrollierte die FIFA Verträge im Wert von etwa 12 Milliarden Mark. Allein diese Schätzung zeigt, daß die Gewinne, die mit Fußball erzielt werden, diesen unter die weltweit führenden transnationalen Wirtschaftszweige einreihen. Vielleicht noch relevanter ist jedoch die zentrale Bedeutung des Fußballs für das tägliche soziale Leben — ständig taucht er in Gesprächen, in der lokalen und globalen Zeichenkultur (etwa in fußballbezogener Kleidung) sowie in den Massenmedien auf. Hartnäckig bestimmt er die Gedanken, Ängste und Sehnsüchte vieler Einzelpersonen. Diese zentrale Stellung des Fußballs zeigt sich auf globaler Ebene, wenn die Weltmeisterschaft vor einem weltweiten Fernsehpublikum von 40 Milliarden Menschen ausgetragen wird.4
The all-purpose G-word, as slogan and euphemism, needs taking apart. Fredric Jameson dismantles its different components-technological, political, cultural, economic and social-and reassembles them into a coherent target for collective resistance.
There is some evidence that the leaders of three key institutions of our world society, the nation State, the trade unions and the firm, have begun to take cognisance of the world scale of events. While the earth is hardly a ‘global village’ as Marshall McLuhan would have it, the nature and pace of scientific and technological advance in aerospace, in communications and transportation, have revolutionised concepts of distance, and imposed a sense of political and economic interdependence the planet Earth has never known. Raymond Aron called our age ‘The Dawn of Universal History’, which Lord Acton explained as:
‘... distinct from the combined history of all countries, which is not a rope of sand, but a continuous development, and is not a burden on the memory but an illumination of the soul.’
‘It moves in a succession to which nations are subsidiary. Their story will be told, not for their own sake, but in reference and subordination to a higher series, according to the time and the degree in which they contribute to the common fortunes of mankind ...’
Multinational enterprises (MNEs) have a long history and have long had an influence on the development of the economies in which they operate. Their impact is on the ‘home country’ (where they originate), on ‘host countries’ (where they extend their business operations), and on ‘third countries’ (to which the contribution spread). In this paper, I will concentrate on the impacts on host countries (or more simply ‘hosts’). MNEs serve to integrate the world economy in a manner different from trade or finance per se; they form a tissue linking economic activities in home, host, and third countries. There is not the mere transfer of goods or personnel or intangibles or capital; rather there is an ongoing, continuing relationships. MNEs are and have long been significant actors on the world stage.1
Professional football is one of the most popular television 'genres' worldwide, attracting the support of millions of fans, and the sponsorship of powerful companies. In A Game of Two Halves, Sandvoss considers football's relationship with television, its links with transnational capitalism, and the importance of football fandom in forming social and cultural identities around the globe. He presents the phenomenon of football as a reflection postmodern culture and globalization.Through a series of case studies, based in ethnographic audience research, Sandvoss explores the motivations and pleasures of football fans, the intense bond formed between supporters and their clubs, the implications of football consumption on political discourse and citizenship, football as a factor of cultural globalisation, and the pivotal role of football and television in a postmodern cultural order.
It was mid-afternoon on the humid, sunny eve of the UEFA Cup final in Seville, and I was walking back along the Avenue de la Constitucion in the host city's centre. Awaiting ahead round the corner was Flaherty's Irish bar, across from the city's cathedral, and the main congregation point for hundreds of Celtic fans. From that direction emerged two elegant, East Asian couples, all in late middle age. They stopped and turned their attention to two green-and-white Celtic shirts that the men had just acquired from a street-trader. Upon adorning the shirts, the two men gained joking approval from their spouses; suitably hooped, they continued their stroll through the historic centre of the Andalucian capital. Football's record books note that Celtic lost the 2003 UEFA Cup final in a dramatic 3-2 extra-time defeat to Porto, the Portuguese champions. But the occasion had wider sociological significance in terms of Celtic supporters' social and cultural identity, and the club's international location. In this discussion, I focus on three dimensions of the Seville excursion. First, it is important to reflect on the club's achievement in reaching the final, and on its capacity to draw an exceptionally large and diverse support to Seville. Second, the final provides for some wider sociological observations regarding Richard Giulianotti is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Aberdeen. He is the author of Football: A Sociology of the Global Game (Polity Press 1999), and the co-editor of several books, notably Fear and Loathing in World Football (Berg 2001), and Football Culture: local conflicts, global visions (Frank Cass 1999).
Branding is currently one of the most exciting subjects around; business people everywhere are waking up to the fact that brands are a huge source of value. But it is only by understanding the real value that brands bring to consumers that brand owners and manufacturers can truly learn to exploit that value. Brands no longer operate only in the traditional packaged goods markets; the techniques of good branding are just as vital in the business-to-business and utilities sectors, and are increasingly being applied even in non-commercial areas, from charities to football clubs. This comprehensive and authoritative book looks at branding from a wide range of perspectives: from the creation of a new brand, through the development of brand names and packaging designs, to advertising international brands. It explores the hot topics of brand valuation and brand licensing, as well as studying the increasingly important role of the corporate brand. This book is a must for anyone with an interest in brands.
Adopting new and much more comprehensive concepts of both power and politics, The Retreat of the State develops a theoretical framework to show who really governs the world economy. It goes on to explore some of the non-state authorities, from mafias to the Big Six accounting firms and international bureaucrats, whose power over who gets what in the world encroaches on that of national governments. The book is a signpost, pointing to some promising new directions for the future development of research and teaching in international political economy. Its originality and scope make The Retreat of the State of great importance for scholars and students of international relations, business and management.
'Globalization’ is one of the key concepts of our time. It is used by both the right and the left as the cornerstone of their analysis of the international economy and polity. In both political and academic discussions, the assumption is commonly made that the process of economic globalization is well under way and that this represents a qualitatively new stage in the development of international capitalism. But is there in fact such a thing as a genuinely global economy? Globalization in Question investigates this notion, providing a very different account of the international economy and stressing the possibilities for its continued and extended governance. The new edition of this best-selling text has been thoroughly revised and updated to take into account new issues which have become salient in the period since the first and second editions were published. Several new chapters have been added and others combined or re-written to assess the growing supra-national regionalization of the international economy, the emergence of India and China as new super-powers, and the possibilities for the continued governance of the global system. A new author has been added to strengthen the analytical embrace of the book given the untimely death of Paul Hirst in 2003. Globalization in Question's third edition is a continuing intervention into current discussions about the nature and prospects of globalization. The book has far-reaching implications which will be of interest to students and academics in a number of disciplines including politics, sociology, economics and geography, as well as to journalists and policy-makers.
Globalization is now widely discussed, but the debates often focus on economic issues. A lucid and engaging writer, John Tomlinson goes far beyond traditional discussions to analyze the wide-ranging cultural, social, and moral aspects of globalization. Tomlinson begins this ambitious project by studying the relationship between globalization and contemporary culture, explaining the importance of time and space concerns, cultural imperialism, "deterritorialization," the impact of the media and communication technologies, and the possible growth of more cosmopolitan culture. We come to understand how someone may face unemployment as a result of downsizing decisions made at a company's head office on another continent, or how the food we find in our grocery stores is radically different today from twenty years ago. He discusses the uneven nature of the experience of global modernity in relation to first and third world countries, and concludes that a genuinely cosmopolitan culture is unlikely to emerge unless we respect cultural differences and share a common sense of commitment about the world.
This collection of essays charts the contours of contemporary capitalism, analyses the role of the business firm in the new context of innovation and competitiveness, discuses the impact of globalisation, and considers new capitalism.
This paper draws on recent research to explore the changing cultures of racism in English football. Starting from a critical analysis of key themes in the literature on football it seeks to show that existing analytical frameworks need to be reworked if they are going to adequately account for the complex forms through which racism is expressed in contemporary football cultures. In the course of this analysis we question some of the ways in which the issue of racism in football is collapsed into broader accounts of 'hooliganism' and other forms of violence among football fans. From this starting point the paper draws on some elements of our empirical research in order to outline an alternative way of framing the issues of racism and multicultrralism in football.