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Effects of Fragrance on Emotions: Moods and Physiology
Abstract
Smelling a delightful aroma can be a very pleasurable experience, but can it be measured scientifically? Over the past 20 years International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (IFF) has been working to refine its methods of measuring both the subjective and physiological effects of aromas and fragrances on emotions. We have developed a selfreport method called Mood Mapping™ that reliably measures the mood associations of aromas, whether simple ingredients or finished fragrances in consumer products (Warrenburg, 2002). Mood Mapping provides a choice of eight mood categories to panelists, who are asked to smell the aroma of a sample and ‘pick the mood category that best matches the aroma of the sample’. We found that this straightforward voting technique results in clearer and more reliable differentiation among aromas than do techniques that require respondents to rate each mood for each sample being evaluated. The resulting mood profiles of each aroma can be mapped by multidimensional scaling or principal component analysis. Figure 1 displays the voting results for clementine, a citrus aroma, versus vanilla. Both are equally pleasant, but the former is more stimulating and the latter more relaxing. The Mood Map reflects these differences by their positions in the Arousal (Y) dimension, yet also shows their hedonic similarity on the Positive/Negative (X) dimension. The other points are other aromas that evoke different patterns of the eight moods. Measurement of moods in this way can be conducted in combination with consumer research of fragranced (or flavored) products. When these results are mapped we have found that the four positive moods identify the major dimensions of the map. Thus, positive consumer reactions tend to reflect the major mood dimensions of happiness, stimulation, relaxation and sensuality that underlie a wide variety of specific attributes identified as applying to such products. Furthermore, we have found that this is true in populations tested around the world. We have built a database for our creative staff, called the Consumer Fragrance Thesaurus, that catalogs the moods, attributes, colors and other qualities of fragrances tested in different areas of the world (Warrenburg, 1999). One of our principal interests has been to discover whether fragrance can be used as a stress-relief agent in a consumer product. Stress is a global affliction, a fact that is not only acknowledged anec
... While smell is often considered a secondary sense [48], emerging research suggests that we use it more than we think. For example, previous work has shown that humans have scent-tracking abilities similar to dogs [42] and can detect emotions through the olfactory channel [59] (e.g., fear [14]). Moreover, prior studies show that scents not only regulate behavior [54] and evoke pleasant or unpleasant experiences [20], but also modulate mood [59], attention [29], stress [37], and memories [25]. ...
... For example, previous work has shown that humans have scent-tracking abilities similar to dogs [42] and can detect emotions through the olfactory channel [59] (e.g., fear [14]). Moreover, prior studies show that scents not only regulate behavior [54] and evoke pleasant or unpleasant experiences [20], but also modulate mood [59], attention [29], stress [37], and memories [25]. Supported by this evidence, the sense of smell is gaining increasing attention in several design contexts. ...
... It has long been known that the optimal design of products, systems, and experiences benefits from the broad consideration of all the senses [59]. Building on CC research allows us to think beyond single sensory stimulation and promotes the use of crosssensory associations in design. ...
It has long been known that our sense of smell is a powerful one that affects emotions and behaviors. Recently, interest in the sense of smell has been growing exponentially in HCI. However, the potential of smell to inspire design is still underexplored. In this paper, we first investigated crossmodal correspondences between scents and selected features relevant for design (clustered in sensory, bodily, and qualitative features). Then, we created a set of cards (EssCards) to visually summarize the key findings to inspire designers. We carried out two preliminary design exploration sessions using the EssCards. Based on our findings, we discuss how to inspire and challenge design opportunities around the sense of smell and reflect upon applications for smell as inspirational material for designing future interactions and experiences.
... While smell is often considered a secondary sense [48], emerging research suggests that we use it more than we think. For example, previous work has shown that humans have scent-tracking abilities similar to dogs [42] and can detect emotions through the olfactory channel [59] (e.g., fear [14]). Moreover, prior studies show that scents not only regulate behavior [54] and evoke pleasant or unpleasant experiences [20], but also modulate mood [59], attention [29], stress [37], and memories [25]. ...
... For example, previous work has shown that humans have scent-tracking abilities similar to dogs [42] and can detect emotions through the olfactory channel [59] (e.g., fear [14]). Moreover, prior studies show that scents not only regulate behavior [54] and evoke pleasant or unpleasant experiences [20], but also modulate mood [59], attention [29], stress [37], and memories [25]. Supported by this evidence, the sense of smell is gaining increasing attention in several design contexts. ...
... It has long been known that the optimal design of products, systems, and experiences benefits from the broad consideration of all the senses [59]. Building on CC research allows us to think beyond single sensory stimulation and promotes the use of crosssensory associations in design. ...
It has long been known that our sense of smell is a powerful one that affects emotions and behaviors. Recently, interest in the sense of smell has been growing exponentially in HCI. However, the potential of smell to inspire design is still underexplored. In this paper, we first investigated crossmodal correspondences between scents and selected features relevant for design (clustered in sensory, bodily, and qualitative features). Then, we created a set of cards (EssCards) to visually summarize the key findings to inspire designers. We carried out two preliminary design exploration sessions using the EssCards. Based on our findings, we discuss how to inspire and challenge design opportunities around the sense of smell and reflect upon applications for smell as inspirational material for designing future interactions and experiences.
... 21.3 Development of a methodology for measuring feelings in response to odors via verbal reports: a crosscultural approach 21.3.1 Methods from the literature and rationale of the approach Different emotional scales and emotional lexicons have been developed because emotional responses can highly depend on the product of interest, and more important, on the context of use. These tools are available in the literature and are related to food-specific domains (e.g., EsSense Profile Ô from Bhumiratana, Adhikari, & Chambers, 2014;Chaya et al., 2015;Ferrarini et al., 2010;King & Meiselman, 2010;Laros & Steenkamp, 2005;Ng et al., 2013aNg et al., , 2013bPineau, Rytz, Hudry, Maier, & Alexander, 2010;Rousset et al., 2005;Spinelli, Masi, Dinnella, Zoboli, & Monteleone, 2014;Thomson & Crocker, 2013) or to odors and fragrances (e.g., Berezina, 2014;Churchill & Behan, 2010;Desmet & Schifferstein, 2008;Rétiveau et al., 2004;Warrenburg, 2005; Geneva Emotion and Odor Scale from; Chrea et al., 2009;UniEOS from;ScentMoveÒ scale from;Porcherot et al., 2010). A more systematic comparison between existing food-and odor-related emotional lexicons was recently made by Gmuer, Guth, Runte, and Siegrist (2015). ...
... Results showed that the CATA method could be applied by using the terms provided by UniGEOS with more discrimination, especially when the within-subject randomization of terms was applied (by product and by subject randomization). The CATA approach has been applied by other authors (Jaeger, Cardello, & Schutz, 2013;Jiang, King, & Prinyawiwatkul, 2014;King, Meiselman, & Carr, 2013;Ng et al., 2013a;Warrenburg, 2005). King et al. (2013) found that this approach provided more differentiation at the higher levels of emotional frequency for a few select emotions, and the rating scale provided differentiation for more attributes at the lower levels of emotional response. ...
... King et al. (2013) found that this approach provided more differentiation at the higher levels of emotional frequency for a few select emotions, and the rating scale provided differentiation for more attributes at the lower levels of emotional response. Warrenburg (2005) suggested another approach consisting of picking only one of the emotional categories that best matches the feelings related to the fragrance and found more discrimination than by asking the consumers to rate each of the eight categories. This approach might, however, be too restrictive, as products may elicit multiple (mixed) emotions simultaneously rather than eliciting one single emotion (Desmet, 2003;Porcherot et al., 2010). ...
Personal and home care products are nowadays similar in terms of hedonic value and performance. In this context, the consideration of their emotional value, in harmony with consumer expectations, can be a differentiating factor for fragrance development. This chapter aims at providing examples that show how emotional responses to odors, personal products, and home care products can be measured. After describing the strong influence of olfaction on emotional processing and the role of associative learning, we propose a definition of emotion and feelings. We focus on the verbal report of feelings, or the verbalization of the subjective experience of emotions, by mainly referring to the conscious part of the emotional response elicited by odors and fragranced products. Although the unconscious part of the emotional response related to physiological and behavioral responses should not be underestimated, this topic is covered in part 1 of the book, which is dedicated to the basic studies of emotions. The current chapter provides a review of a methodology developed to measure food-elicited feelings or fragrance- elicited feelings, with consideration of cross-cultural differences. Fundamental ques- tions and critical choices that arise when such an approach is undertaken are also highlighted. A series of results is presented to illustrate the use of this methodology in sensory settings for product development. In this context, we propose that in- vestigations should be undertaken into the effects of changing the product label, packaging, and color of fragranced products on consumer emotional expectations and on the overall emotional response when the product is experienced in real-life situa- tions. Finally, we present measures other than verbal reports that examine the existence of automatic associations between odors and subtle emotions, with the caveat that we should continue asking about feelings in any fundamental or applied research.
... Our results show an increased SoA when participants were exposed to the pleasant scent compared to the unpleasant and neutral scents. These findings support that smell produces not only physiological responses [90] and modifies emotions [86,91] but also show for the first time that smell affects the feeling of agency. ...
... Odors not only evoke strong experiences of pleasure or displeasure [35], but also modulate mood [91], attention [53,89], stress [3,69] and memories [47]. Different scents have been shown to elicit specific physiological responses or emotional states. ...
... The fragrances we used are 100% pure essential oils not diluted. For positive emotion, we chose lavender scent (available in Plush Folly [76]) as it has been widely employed to produce pleasant emotions [90,91]. For negative emotion, we chose civet scent (available in Holland & Barret [10]) which is often used for perfumes base, and in its pure state, is considered unpleasant since it is the perineal gland secretion produced by the civet cat [50,82]. ...
The Sense of Agency (SoA) is crucial in interaction with technology, it refers to the feeling of 'I did that' as opposed to 'the system did that' supporting a feeling of being in control. Research in human-computer interaction has recently studied agency in visual, auditory and haptic interfaces, however the role of smell on agency remains unknown. Our sense of smell is quite powerful to elicit emotions, memories and awareness of the environment, which has been exploited to enhance user experiences (e.g., in VR and driving scenarios). In light of increased interest in designing multimodal interfaces including smell and its close link with emotions, we investigated, for the first time, the effect of smell-induced emotions on the SoA. We conducted a study using the Intentional Binding (IB) paradigm used to measure SoA while participants were exposed to three scents with different valence (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral). Our results show that participants? SoA increased with a pleasant scent compared to neutral and unpleasant scents. We discuss how our results can inform the design of multimodal and future olfactory interfaces.
... The most common motivation for designing with smell is to create more immersive experiences, mainly referring to concepts such as the sense of presence, immersion, and realism [3,50,64,105]. In addition, we see attempts to study the effect of scent stimuli on emotions (e.g. to reduce stress [2,127]) and behaviour (e.g. reduce distraction, help multi-tasking [52,58,82]). ...
... Emotional scent classification frameworks proposed in psychology and neuroscience studied this emotional effect further, for example by linking the arousing and relaxing effect with the neural system (e.g. [122,127]), or by describing the effect of scents for inducing happy or sad emotions (e.g. [26,122]). ...
... For this specific application case we wanted a relaxing scent that reduces the stress of the user and helps improve the user's performance. Rose, rosemary, and lavender are suggested in the literature as being relaxing [122,127], and hence provide the designer with different options to consider in the implementation of a smell-based application. ...
The human sense of smell is powerful. However, the way we use smell as an interaction modality in human–computer interaction (HCI) is limited. We lack a common reference point to guide designers’ choices when using smell. Here, we map out an olfactory design space to provide designers with such guidance. We identified four key design features: (i) chemical, (ii) emotional, (iii) spatial, and (iv) temporal. Each feature defines a building block for smell-based interaction design and is grounded in a review of the relevant scientific literature. We then demonstrate the design opportunities in three application cases. Each application (i.e., one desktop, two virtual reality implementations) highlights the design choices alongside the implementation and evaluation possibilities in using smell. We conclude by discussing how identifying those design features facilitates a healthy growth of this research domain and contributes to an intermediate-level knowledge space. Finally, we discuss further challenges the HCI community needs to tackle.
... More specifically, lemon is known for its stimulating and exciting properties, and for its associated physiological measurements modulation (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2008;Kikuchi, Yamagughi, Tanida, Abe, & Uenoyama, 1992;Keville & Green, 1995;Warrenburg, 2005;Martin & Cooper, 2007), as well as for stress-alleviating effect (Komiya, Takeuchi, & Harada, 2006;Lehrner, Eckersberger, Walla, P€ otsch, & Deecke, 2000). Indeed, some empirical studies observed lemon oil's effects on mood using self-report standardized questionnaires (e.g., Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2008). ...
... After lemon inhalation, the participants reported higher level of self-alertness assessed via the KSS as compared to the resting state condition (but not as compared to the control condition), suggesting stimulating and exciting properties of the fragrance. This is consistent with previous empirical studies that have observed stimulating properties of the lemon (e.g., Keville & Green, 1995;Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2008;Kikuchi et al., 1992;Martin & Cooper, 2007;Warrenburg, 2005). We did not find differences regarding the level of alertness with the control condition, though. ...
Lemon fragrance is known for its stimulating properties, but its mechanisms of action are not well known yet. This study aimed to examine the effect of lemon essential oil inhalation on healthy participants' alertness level and their neural correlates using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty-one healthy men underwent functional MRI scans in different conditions: a resting state condition, a condition where they were exposed to passive lemon smelling (alternating exposure to lemon and breathing fresh air), and a control condition without lemon fragrance diffusion -the order of the last two conditions being randomized. Alertness levels were assessed immediately after each condition using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Voxel-wise whole-brain global functional connectivity and graph theory analyses were computed to investigate brain functional connectivity and network topology alterations. After lemon fragrance inhalation, we observed a higher level of alertness as compared to resting state -but not compared to control condition. During lemon fragrance inhalation, we found increased global functional connectivity in the thalamus, paralleled by decreased global connectivity in several cortical regions such as precuneus, postcentral and precentral gyrus, lateral occipital cortex and paracingulate gyrus. Graph theory analysis revealed increased network integration in cortical regions typically involved in olfaction and emotion processing such as olfactory bulb, hypothalamus and thalamus, while decreased network segregation in several regions of the posterior part of the brain during olfaction as compared to resting state. The present findings suggest that lemon essential oil inhalation could increase the level of alertness.
... It has been long known that the sense of smell influences how we experience the world around us and ourselves [41,80]. For instance, scents not only regulate approach and avoidance behavior [18] and evoke pleasant or unpleasant experiences [27], but also modulate mood [80], attention [45], stress [57], memories [39], and, as recently demonstrated, body image [12]. ...
... It has been long known that the sense of smell influences how we experience the world around us and ourselves [41,80]. For instance, scents not only regulate approach and avoidance behavior [18] and evoke pleasant or unpleasant experiences [27], but also modulate mood [80], attention [45], stress [57], memories [39], and, as recently demonstrated, body image [12]. The latter has been defined as the way we perceive our own body is not fixed, it changes continuously in response to sensory signals in the environment [76]. ...
Previous research has shown the influence of smell on emotions, memories, and body image. However, most of this work has taken place in laboratory settings and little is known about the influence of smell in real-world environments. In this paper, we present novel insights gained from a field study investigating the emotional effect of smell on memories and body image. Taking inspiration from the cultural design probes approach, we designed QuintEssence, a probe package that includes three scents and materials to complete three tasks over a period of four weeks. Here, we describe the design of QuintEssence and the main findings based on the outcomes of the three tasks and a final individual interview. The findings show similar results between participants based on the scent. For example, with cinnamon, participants experienced feelings of warmth, coziness, happiness, and relaxation; they recalled blurred memories of past moments about themselves and reported a general feeling of being calm and peaceful towards their bodies. Our findings open up new design spaces for multisensory experiences and inspire future qualitative explorations beyond laboratory boundaries.
... Beyond the aforementioned methodological and measurement issues, discrepancies may also emerge because activation properties of odors have been considered within different theoretical frameworks (e.g., Herz, 2009;Kaeppler & Mueller, 2013;Sowndhararajan & Kim, 2016). The circumplex model of affect (Feldman Barrett & Russell, 1998;Russell, 1980), is an influential model of emotion broadly used within the olfactory domain (Anderson et al., 2003;Bensafi et al., 2002;Chebat & Michon, 2003;Herz, Schankler, & Beland, 2004;Heuberger, Hongratanaworakit, Böhm, Weber, & Buchbauer, 2001;Jönsson, Olsson, & Olsson, 2005;Pössel, Ahrens, & Hautzinger, 2005;Schifferstein & Tanudjaja, 2004;Warrenburg, 2005). In this model, valence and arousal are thought of as two independent dimensions of emotions. ...
... The description of "Soothing-Peacefulness" and "Energizing-Cooling" as separate emotional dimensions leads to the possibility that Russell's arousal dimension might be thought of as a mixture of two independent dimensions rather than reflecting a single continuum ranging from relaxing to stimulating properties. So far however, only a few studies were designed to assess relaxing and stimulating properties of odors at the same time on two independent scales (e.g., strawberry, Porcherot et al., 2010; lily of the valley and hyacinth, Warren & Warrenburg, 1993;Warrenburg, 2002Warrenburg, , 2005. Interestingly, a strong positive correlation (r = 0.83) has been reported between soothing and energizing ratings for a large set of odors (Chrea et al., 2009), whereas a negative relationship would have been expected according to the unidimensional conception of relaxing/stimulating odor properties. ...
It is generally assumed that intensity can be used as a proxy of the arousing properties of odors: the more concentrated an odorant, the more intense an odor and the more stimulating and the less relaxing the odor. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate the relationship between relaxing and stimulating properties of odors when judged on two independent scales, for different levels of stimulus concentration. Thirty-three volunteers judged relaxing, stimulating, pleasantness, familiarity and intensity properties of four odors, namely strawberry, lavender, coffee, and lemon, at five concentrations. Our findings show that for all odors, higher stimulus concentration is associated with higher perceived intensity and higher stimulating judgments whereas it was not associated with lower relaxing judgments. On the contrary, lavender and strawberry were also judged more relaxing when stimulus concentration increased whereas coffee and lemon relaxing properties remained the same overall whatever the concentration. Odor familiarity increased with stimuli concentration as well as pleasantness (with the exception of coffee odor). Our results underline the need to use two separate unipolar scales when assessing the relaxing and stimulating properties of odors in self-report questionnaires. They also question the suitability of the commonly used bidimensional framework (valence vs. arousal) to describe olfactory emotions.
... In the second part of the questionnaire participants were asked to rate the valence of emoji, which provided the raw data for exploring emoji interpretation in regards to sentiment. The Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM: Bradley & Lang, 1994) (1) and happy, content and joyful feelings (9), respectively. ...
... Angry/Annoyed Anger, annoyed, irate, agitated angry 1,2,3,4 , annoyed 1,6,8 , irritated 2,3,5,6,9 , irate 4 , agitation 11,12,13 Bored Boredom, boring, dull bored 1,7,8,10 Confused Pain/Grief Suffering, painful, sorrow, agony, anguish grief 2 , misery 2 , pain 2 , sorrow 2 , anguish 11,12,13 Happy Happy mood, joy, cheerful, glad happy 1,2,3,4,7,9 , happy memory 8 , joyful 1,2,3 , glad 1,2 , merry 8 Table 3. Distribution of valence and arousal scores (1-9) among consumers from the USA expressed as percentages for 33 facial emoji obtained by Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). The emoji are listed according to average scores for valence and groupings following hierarchical cluster analysis are indicated by horizontal lines ("positive sentiment", "neutral/dispersed sentiment" and "negative sentiment", respectively). ...
Emoji are increasingly used for emotional expression in computer-mediated communications and represent a relevant source of information for consumer companies about consumer’ food-related attitudes and behaviours. However, given that emoji convey a wide range of meanings an in-depth understanding of how consumers interpret them is necessary to enable their use in food-related consumer research. The purpose of this research was to explore consumers' interpretations of facial emoji. In an online survey with 1084 adults from the USA, an open-ended question was used to uncover meanings associated to 33 common facial emoji (in Apple platform rendition iOS 6.0). Participants also evaluated the emotional valence and arousal of the emoji using Self-Assessment Manikins (SAM). The latter confirmed that facial emoji can span broad ranges of emotional valence and arousal and convey a corresponding range of different emotions. Although emoji conveyed their unique and intended meaning, semantic meanings were multiple and bestowed by associations of varying strength depending on the specific emoji being considered. This emphasised that emoji interpretation and use can be flexible, as also seen in internet resources dedicated to emoji meaning. Implications for food-related consumer research are discussed, as well as in social media research.
... Relaxing effect of lavender was shown in some other studies (Diego et al., 1998;Moss, Cook, Wesnes and Duckett, 2003;Ludwigson and Rottman, 1989). It is known that various moods (relaxed, calm, enthusiastic, sad ...) are influenced by different odors (vanilla, lavender, orange ...) in addition to these studies (Warrenburg, 2005). While lily of the valley can be comforting, mint flavor could be a more stimulating effect (Warm, Dember and Parasuraman, 1991). ...
... Hatta fareler üzerinde yapılan bir çalışmada lavanta kokusunun farelerde yatıştırıcı bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konmuştur (Buchbauer, Jirovetz, Jager, Dietrich ve Plank, 1991). Bunlar dışında da pek çok farklı duygudurum (rahat, sakin, coşkun, üzgün...) üzerinde farklı kokuların (vanilya, lavanta, portakal...) etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir (Warrenburg, 2005). ...
The sense of smell is used less than other senses in human life. Even though visual, auditory and tactile stimuli are largely examined in psychology literature, few studies, unfortunately, examine the influence of odor. The aim of this review was to examine studies related to the effects of aromatic odors on some behaviors. Studies have demonstrated that aromatic odors enhance retrieval of information, positive mood, and attention, and produce relieving effects. Amygdala and prefrontal cortex are related brain areas to aromatic odors. This study highlights some horizons for future studies.
... Facial expressions can be motioned by EMG, as they are caused by the contraction of facial muscles. Negative emotions make people frown, which can be reflected by the activities of the corrugator muscle, while positive emotions make people smile, which can be reflected by the activities of zygomatic muscles (Cacioppo et al., 1986;Dimberg, 1990;Lang et al., 1993;Laparra-Hern andez et al., 2009;Warrenburg, 2005). Facial EMG is particularly useful in studies of emotions that are so weak that it is difficult to visually detect changes in facial expressions so that facial action coding is insensitive (Cacioppo et al., 1986). ...
... EMG of the zygomatic muscles is neither sensitive (cannot distinguish emotions evoked by the five flavors) nor reliable (the Cronbach's a: .63). Previous researchers found that positive emotions make people smile and increase the activities of the zygomatic and levator muscles (Cacioppo et al., 1986;Dimberg, 1990;Lang et al., 1993;Warrenburg, 2005). However, in the present study, the EMG level at the zygomatic muscles does not correlate with emotion valence. ...
The flavor of foods or oral care products can affect consumers' emotions and experience. We compared different methods for measuring emotion evoked by flavors, including self-report measures (Self-Assessment Manikin, or SAM and EsSense), electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and cardiovascular measures (HR and HRV). The results indicate that the difference of α/β power spectral density (PSD) ratios at AF4 and AF3 EEG channels can reflect emotion valence and produce the most consistent result for the 3 repetitions of the same stimulus. P8 β PSD and HR are reliable and valid for measuring emotion arousal. The two self-report measures, Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) and selected items in EsSense Profile, can distinguish emotion evoked by five flavors. The divergent validity of self-reporting measures, however, is inadequate, which may be attributed to the halo effect, i.e., the strong perception of one emotional property influences people's perception of other emotional properties.
... In this study, two different scents, vanilla and menthol, were chosen for their clearly different connotations, being relaxing and energizing, respectively [25,26]. The participants were exposed to these odors while their brain (EEG) and electrodermal (EDA) activities were recorded. ...
It has been demonstrated that odors could affect humans at the psychophysiological level. Significant research has been done on odor perception and physiological mechanisms; however, this research was mainly performed in highly controlled conditions in order to highlight the perceptive phenomena and the correlated physiological responses in the time frame of milliseconds. The present study explored how human physiological activity evolves in response to different odor conditions during an ecological olfactory experience on a broader time scale (from 1 to 90 s). Two odors, vanilla and menthol, together with a control condition (blank) were employed as stimuli. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in four frequency bands of interest, theta, alpha, low beta, and high beta, and the electrodermal activity (EDA) of the skin conductance level and response (SCL and SCR) were investigated at five time points taken during: (i) the first ten seconds of exposure (short-term analysis) and (ii) throughout the entire exposure to each odor (90 s, long-term analysis). The results revealed significant interactions between the odor conditions and the time periods in the short-term analysis for the overall frontal activity in the theta (p = 0.03), alpha (p = 0.005), and low beta (p = 0.0067) bands, the frontal midline activity in the alpha (p = 0.015) and low beta (p = 0.02) bands, and the SCR component (p = 0.024). For the long-term effects, instead, only one EEG parameter, frontal alpha asymmetry, was significantly sensitive to the considered dimensions (p = 0.037). In conclusion, the present research determined the physiological response to different odor conditions, also demonstrating the sensitivity of the employed parameters in characterizing the dynamic of such response during the time. As an exploratory study, this work points out the relevance of considering the effects of continuous exposure instead of short stimulation when evaluating the human olfactory experience, providing insights for future studies in the field.
... Table 1. Types of scents and the sensations they evoke (Uslubaş ve Aydın, 2019;Warrenburg, 2005;Lehrner et al., 2000;Warm et al., 1991). ...
Temizkan, V. (2023). Scent Marketing. İ. Erdoğan Tarakçı and R. Aslan (Ed.), The Essentials of Today’s Marketing-2 into (ss.217-234), İstanbul, Efe Akademi Publishing.
... By changing this parameter cardiovascular stress can be regulated. Some of the physical exercises can be simulated 3) Fragrance [24], [25]. Smell remains one of the most important impact methods and can have significant relaxing or stimulating effect. ...
This paper states a description of the principles of measuring and increasing labor productivity using modern technologies and the author's concept of the socio-cyber-physical system named Smart Ergonomics and its technical implementation of decision making system Smart Ergonomics Management System (SEMS). The essence of this technology is the implementation of flexible planning of all processes of an employee's work time by dynamically adjusting the environment and applying individual methods of influencing an employee's physical and psychological condition, as well as maintaining employee's productive and relaxation phases and ensuring smooth transitions between them, using the collected in real-time data. As a result of the work, impact methods and information sources are analyzed and classified, the technologies used for collecting, storing and processing data, as well as the environment changing actors are described.
... They have been used for thousands of years for beneficial purposes, for physical and mental health. Nowadays, the importance of the sense of smell in the human species does not only relate to food, hygiene or beauty, but also plays a significant role in lived experiences [2]. An odour has the sensational ability to evoke a past experience that is dormant in our minds with extreme clarity, allowing us to materialise our memories, travel through time and bring back the moment when that particular scent struck us [3,4]. ...
“Seta e Ciliegia” and “Narguilé” fragrances were mixed to form a binary blend with chemically stable, non-volatile, odourless, simple bases of different lipophilicity widely used in skin care and hair care formulations, such as caprylic-capric triglyceride, glycerine, paraffin, dimethicone, isopropyl myristate and butylene glycol, with the objective to verify how the olfactory performance of fragrances can be influenced by skin or hair care ingredients. The semiquantitative approach applied in this study aims in providing a practical solution to appropriately combine a fragrance with cosmetic ingredients. Pure fragrance and binary blends were analysed by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS), based on the assumption that the solid phase microextraction is able to extract volatile compounds, mimicking the ability of the nose to capture similar volatile compounds. Fifty-seven and forty-four compounds were identified by SPME-GC/MS in pure fragrances “Seta e Ciliegia” and “Narguilé”, respectively. Once mixed with the bases, the analysis of the blends revealed that a qualitative modification in the chromatograms could occur according to the characteristics of the bases. In general, for both fragrances, blends with glycerin and butylene glycol, which are the most hydrophilic bases among the ones tested, were able to release most of the peaks, that were thus still present in the chromatograms. Differently, in the blends with caprylic-capric triglyceride, most of the peaks are lost. Blends with paraffine, dimethicone and isopropyl myristate showed an intermediate behaviour. These results were thus compared with the sensory evaluation made by an experienced perfumer, capable of assessing the different olfactory performances of pure fragrances and their different binary blends. The evaluation made by the perfumer fitted well with the analytical results, and in the blends where most of the peaks were revealed in the chromatogram, the perfumer found a similar olfactory profile for example with glycerin, butylene glycol, while a modification of the olfactory profile was highlighted when several peaks were not still present in the chromatogram, as it was the case with caprylic-capric triglyceride. Interestingly, when the most typical peaks of a fragrance were still observed in the blend, even if some of them were lost, the olfactory performance was not lost, as was the case of paraffin and isopropyl myristate. In the case of dimethicone, its high volatility was considered responsible for a certain decrease in the fragrance “volume”. The results achieved with this investigation can be used to hypothesize that the different compounds of a fragrance, characterized for the first time by different volatility and solubility, could be differently retained by the bases: the more lipophilic are strongly retained by the lipophilic bases with a consequently reduced volatility that limits the possibility of being appreciated by the nose and that corresponds to disappearance or a percentage reduction from the chromatogram. Therefore, in a more accurate and helpful view for a formulator, we could come to the conclusion that based on the results achieved by our investigation, the inclusion of a less lipophilic base can be more appropriate to exalt more lipophilic fragrances.
... Each approach captures a different type of signal, and each brings a number of various advantages and disadvantages depending on the used measurement technique. There are many studies around the world that used neuroimaging and biometric methods to demonstrate the effect of odors on brain activity, which analyzed human response using the EEG signal [28] or the effect on emotions from a mood and physiology perspective [29][30][31]. In general, consumer neuroscience has helped gain new insights into consumer research by examining the effects of different aromas on affective and cognitive processes [20,21,32]. ...
In the current era of a strongly competitive business environment, it is more difficult for companies to attract customers. Consumer neuroscience has growing potential here, as it reveals internal consumer preferences by using innovative methods and tools, which can effectively examine consumer behavior and attract new customers. In particular, smell has a great ability to subconsciously influence customers and, thus, support profitability. This paper examines the importance of consumer neuroscience and its modern technologies used for exploring human perceptions to influence customers and benefit from the aromatization of business spaces. We focused our analysis on various service sectors. Despite the potential of the examined issue, there are a limited number of studies in the field of service providers that use neuroscience tools to examine the effect of aromas on human emotions. Most studies took place in laboratory conditions, and the used methodological procedures varied widely. Our analysis showed that, in spite of the positive impact of aromatization in the majority of aromatized spaces, service companies still do not use the potential of consumer neuroscience and aroma marketing to a sufficient degree. Innovative methods and tools, in particular, are still very underused.
... Odors affect behavior (Bensafi et al. 2002a(Bensafi et al. , 2002b, mood, and well-being (Alaoui-Ismaïli et al. 1997;Rétiveau and Milliken 2004;Warrenburg 2005) as well as cognitive processes, such as memory and preference acquisition (Leppänen and Hietanen 2003). ...
The purpose of this paper is to advance the theory and contribute to the practice of luxury perfumes' shelf management by decoding the relationship between attention on the shelf, purchase decision-making, and brand recall. It employs an eye-tracking experiment to analyze attention spans and fixations, which is combined with a questionnaire to uncover recall and purchase intent. The research identifies attention patterns and the influence of attention on recall and purchase intention. It further reveals the main factors that influence attention on the shelf in the luxury perfume industry. This is a milestone for further elaboration on the benefits of the fashion mainstream for luxury perfumes and the debate regarding whether luxury perfumes should be treated similar to mainstream fashion or similar to any other product in basic shelf management rules. This study enables shelf managers and marketers to place the perfumes both on the shelf and in consumer minds to maintain a top-of-the-mind brand position. Managerial implications are significant and address perfume industry packaging as well as shelf positioning.
... Scientific research has revealed that a pleasant smell has an enormous effect on creating good moods and positive mental function (Leffingwell and Leffingwell 2011). Moreover, some of the smell used to make human beings feel better and relaxed the stress level of the brain and rejuvenate the body action (Warrenburg 2005). The pleasant fragrance has an importance in the living room, car, office, bedroom, washroom etc. Different synthetic essential oil (lavender, jasmine etc.) based fragrance packets are available in the market (Sowndhararajan and Kim 2016). ...
A cellulosic fibre based well-being fragrance packet has been developed by Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCOT). Inside the packet, three layers of cotton nonwoven (gram per square meter 100) have been used as core material. Fragrance based natural essential oil (citronella oil) has been incorporated in the middle non-woven layer of the cotton. Volatile active species of the essential oil infused in the cotton non-woven slowly has been diffused through the upper and lower non-woven layers in the surrounding atmosphere through the pores of the paper based sheath material. As per feedback report, a fragrance released from the packet is satisfactory up to seven days in the 25-30 square feet area. Mosquito repellency of the well-being packet also has been examined by following the standard cone test method. It has been observed that the smell release from the pack is capable to repel mosquitoes (100%) up to five days after opening the pack. The intensity of the active ingredients of fragrance released from the packet with time has been measured by gas chromatography analysis. The engineered pack has lightweight, is biodegradable, delivers well-being fragrance and repels mosquitoes up to one week. 123 Cellulose https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03974-9(0123456789().,-volV) (01234567 89().,-volV) Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
... Scientific research has revealed that a pleasant smell has an enormous effect on creating good moods and positive mental function (Leffingwell and Leffingwell 2011). Moreover, some of the smell used to make human beings feel better and relaxed the stress level of the brain and rejuvenate the body action (Warrenburg 2005). The pleasant fragrance has an importance in the living room, car, office, bedroom, washroom etc. Different synthetic essential oil (lavender, jasmine etc.) based fragrance packets are available in the market (Sowndhararajan and Kim 2016). ...
A cellulosic fibre based well-being fragrance packet has been developed by Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCOT). Inside the packet, three layers of cotton nonwoven (gram per square meter 100) have been used as core material. Fragrance based natural essential oil (citronella oil) has been incorporated in the middle non-woven layer of the cotton. Volatile active species of the essential oil infused in the cotton non-woven slowly has been diffused through the upper and lower non-woven layers in the surrounding atmosphere through the pores of the paper based sheath material. As per feedback report, a fragrance released from the packet is satisfactory up to seven days in the 25–30 square feet area. Mosquito repellency of the well-being packet also has been examined by following the standard cone test method. It has been observed that the smell release from the pack is capable to repel mosquitoes (100%) up to five days after opening the pack. The intensity of the active ingredients of fragrance released from the packet with time has been measured by gas chromatography analysis. The engineered pack has lightweight, is biodegradable, delivers well-being fragrance and repels mosquitoes up to one week.
Graphic abstract
... Hatta fareler üzerinde yapılan bir çalışmada, lavanta kokusunun farelerde yatıştırıcı bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konmuştur (Buchbauer ve ark., 1991). Bunlar dışında da pek çok farklı duygu durum (rahat, sakin, coşkun, üzgün) üzerinde farklı kokuların (vanilya, lavanta, portakal) etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir (Warrenburg, 2005). ...
... Hatta fareler üzerinde yapılan bir çalışmada, lavanta kokusunun farelerde yatıştırıcı bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konmuştur (Buchbauer ve ark., 1991). Bunlar dışında da pek çok farklı duygu durum (rahat, sakin, coşkun, üzgün) üzerinde farklı kokuların (vanilya, lavanta, portakal) etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir (Warrenburg, 2005). ...
... Hatta fareler üzerinde yapılan bir çalışmada, lavanta kokusunun farelerde yatıştırıcı bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konmuştur (Buchbauer ve ark., 1991). Bunlar dışında da pek çok farklı duygu durum (rahat, sakin, coşkun, üzgün) üzerinde farklı kokuların (vanilya, lavanta, portakal) etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir (Warrenburg, 2005). ...
... Hatta fareler üzerinde yapılan bir çalışmada, lavanta kokusunun farelerde yatıştırıcı bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konmuştur (Buchbauer ve ark., 1991). Bunlar dışında da pek çok farklı duygu durum (rahat, sakin, coşkun, üzgün) üzerinde farklı kokuların (vanilya, lavanta, portakal) etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir (Warrenburg, 2005). ...
... Multiple-choice formats, in which a list of emotion terms are presented and respondents have to choose only one (or X) from a list of Y terms have also been used to obtain emotion data. For example, Warrenburg (2005) presented 8 emotion/mood words (happy, relaxed, sensuous, stimulated, irritated, stressed, depressed, apathetic) that spanned a two-dimensional space from negative to positive and low to high arousal to consumers. Aroma stimuli (fragrance ingredients) were used as test products (clementine and vanilla bean) and the participants were instructed to "pick the mood (sic) category that best matches the aroma of the sample." ...
Product emotion research is a burgeoning area of research within academia and industry. The explosion in the number of methods for measuring emotions and the rapidly growing range of applications for emotion research has created a situation filled with both important measurement and methodological issues. In this chapter we describe the measurement techniques that are currently available to capture emotional responses to products using self-report questionnaires. In addition, we address the fundamental issues related to the application of these measurement techniques, including scale issues, reliability of methods, temporal capture of self-reports and issues related to stimulus formats, presenting the most relevant research that addresses these issues. In this way, it is our hope to provide actionable guidance and direction to new investigators coming into this area of research, as well as to stimulate thought and ideas for new avenues of research related to the self-report of emotions using questionnaires.
... According to Cash (1988) the use of cosmetic products affects not only social impressions but also self-image (for example, body image, self-perceptions, and mood states). Some approaches to the research problem considered the emotional dimension of consumer behavior in particular industry segments such as luxury cosmetics (Kang et al, 2020;Anderlova & Pšurny, 2020.) or the perfume industry (Chebat & Michon, 2003;Warrenburg, 2005). However, other authors have examined the emotions in the cosmetic industry regarding the context of impulse purchasing (Yang & Lee, 2016). ...
Regarding the importance of psychological processes in the consumer behavior, the article examines the influence of emotional motivators on purchase decisions in cosmetics industry. The empirical research was conducted from February to March 2020, on the sample of 125 respondents in Serbia. The participants answered the questions about the positive and negative emotions that occurred during the purchasing process. When defining the questionnaire, we started from the fact that emotions, which influence consumer behavior can be integral or incidental emotions.
The aim of the study was to identify the emotions that have the strongest effect on consumers when purchasing cosmetic products. During the statistical data processing,
the following techniques and methods were implemented: the descriptive statistical measures (frequencies and percentage, arithmetical midranges), the measures of variability, the correlation method. The survey indicated that the most dominant
emotions that affect consumer purchasing decisions related to cosmetics products in the Republic of Serbia are positive emotions. The majority of respondents recognized hope as the most important emotion in their buying behavior.
... According to Cash (1988) the use of cosmetic products affects not only social impressions but also self-image (for example, body image, self-perceptions, and mood states). Some approaches to the research problem considered the emotional dimension of consumer behavior in particular industry segments such as luxury cosmetics (Kang et al, 2020;Anderlova & Pšurny, 2020.) or the perfume industry (Chebat & Michon, 2003;Warrenburg, 2005). However, other authors have examined the emotions in the cosmetic industry regarding the context of impulse purchasing (Yang & Lee, 2016). ...
Regarding the importance of psychological processes in the consumer behavior, the article examines the influence of emotional motivators on purchase decisions in cosmetics industry. The empirical research was conducted from February to March 2020, on the sample of 125 respondents in Serbia. The participants answered the questions about the positive and negative emotions that occurred during the purchasing process. When defining the questionnaire, we started from the fact that emotions, which influence consumer behavior can be integral or incidental emotions. The aim of the study was to identify the emotions that have the strongest effect on consumers when purchasing cosmetic products. During the statistical data processing, the following techniques and methods were implemented: the descriptive statistical measures (frequencies and percentage, arithmetical midranges), the measures of variability, the correlation method. The survey indicated that the most dominant emotions that affect consumer purchasing decisions related to cosmetics products in the Republic of Serbia are positive emotions. The majority of respondents recognized hope as the most important emotion in their buying behavior.
... Pleasant fragrances tend to evoke positive moods, while unpleasant odors enhance negative moods [17][18][19]. Fragrances have reported stress-relief effects, as revealed using psychophysiological methods such as electromyography [20] and EEG [21]. Among all senses, olfaction closely interacts with emotion processing [22][23][24]. ...
During mid-life, women experienced not only physical but also neurological transition. Because of this, many women suffer from physiological and/or psychological menopausal symptoms. Although hormone therapy (HT) was broadly used to alleviate menopausal symptoms, HT showed inconsistent effects in case of psychological symptoms. Moreover, mid-life women's brains have distinct characteristics than in other periods of life, it is needed to study psychological symptoms in shifted brain network of mid-life women. As an alternative, inhalation of fragrances may alleviate psychological menopausal symptoms. To characterize the alleviation mechanism by fragrances, we tested the effect of fragrances on menopausal symptoms using electroencephalographic (EEG) methods. We hypothesized that fragrance could restore mid-life women's brain response to stressful situations. We tested six fragrance conditions, including no-odor condition (solvent only) in twenty-eight mid-life women (49.75 years±3.49). Our results showed that fragrances increased alpha power and decreased β/α ratio depending on the severity of menopausal symptoms in a stressful situation. Our study would be helpful in psychological menopausal symptom alleviation as well as fragrance screening for well-being in mid-life.
... Özellikle duygusal olarak pozitif anıları geri getirmede kokular görsel bir uyarandan bile daha işlevsel olabilir (Rubin, Groth ve Goldsmith, 1984 (Wang, LaBar ve McCarthy, 2006). Örneğin; la-vanta, portakal, vanilya, müge gibi bazı kokuların duygudurumu pozitif yönde etkilediğine dair pek çok çalışma bulunmaktadır (Diego ve ark., 1998;Field ve ark., 2005;Lehrner ve ark., 2000Lehrner ve ark., , 2005Ludvigson ve Rottman, 1989;Moss ve ark., 2003, Warrenburg, 2005. Hatta kokuların etkisi sadece duygudurum bağlamında sınırlı kalmaz. ...
Koku duyusu, sahip olduğumuz beş temel duyu içerisinde en geri planda tuttuğumuz ve diğerleri kadar kullanmadığımız bir duyudur. Belki de bir tanesini kaybetmek durumunda kalsak ve seçim bizim elimizde olsa neredeyse herkesin feda edeceği duyudur koku. Bu geri planda tutmanın bir kefareti olarak zaman zaman koku duyusuna çok ilginç atıflarda da bulunabiliyoruz. Ten kokusunun ne kadar önemli olduğu, bazı kokuların nasıl da anıları canlandırdığı ve hatta bir duygu seline neden olduğu gibi söylemler de günlük hayatın içerisinde karşılaştığımız manzaralar olabiliyor. Şöyle bir düşünürseniz, koku duyusu ile ilgili bir sohbet ortamı meydana geldiğinde büyük ihtimalle ortamdaki insanlar bu duyunun farklı farklı pozitif özelliklerini sıralayacaklardır. Peki bu duyu ile ilgili ne kadar bilgiye sahibiz? Neden diğer duyularımız kadar net bir duyudan söz edemiyoruz ve neden hakkında konuştuğumuz “bilgi”lerin çoğu aslında muğlak bilgiler. Bu yazının amacı biraz bu duruma değinmektir. Kokular ile ilgili “gerçek” ve “efsane” arasındaki çizgiyi biraz daha görünür hâle getirmektir. Bunun için de iyi bir yol önerisi olarak kokularla ilgili duymaya aşina olduğumuz söylemlerimiz üzerinden gidebiliriz. Yani bilimsel bulgulardan tek tek yola çıkarak bir tümevarım yapmaktansa hâli hazırda var olan olguları bilimsel bulgularla destekleyerek tümdengelim yapabiliriz.
... Sensory experiences beyond those inherent to the activity have also been shown to have a substantial impact on consumer experiences and purchasing behavior (e.g., Morrison, Gan, Dubelaar, & Oppewal, 2011;Warrenburg, 2005). Some retail stores, for example, add pleasant aromas to enhance shoppers' experiences. ...
We evaluated 4 “experience industry” strategies for enhancing the quality of immediate experiences for 4-H youth: theming, adding multisensory experiences, personalizing interactions, and providing memorabilia. These strategies are commonly used by theme parks, restaurants, resorts, attractions, and other experience industry organizations, but their application to youth services is sporadic. 4-H youth (n = 30) participated in a series of 8 outdoor recreation activity sessions. Each activity session, 1 per week for 8 consecutive weeks, was structured using a unique combination of the 4 strategies. Participants completed questionnaires measuring 5 dimensions of experience quality after each activity session. Theme and personalization of experiences were found to significantly increase experience quality.
... Self-report questionnaires may ask directly about participants' evaluation of a stimulus, or may use indirect, or implicit, measures to evaluate participants' emotional responses without directly asking them (He, de Wijk, de Graaf, & Boesveldt, 2016). Physiological data can also be a valuable tool in examining emotional reactions, as changes in skin response, breathing, and heart rate may all reflect affective state (Herz, 2009;Marchand & Arsenault, 2002;Warrenburg, 2005). For the purposes of this study, two self-report measures were chosen: the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Interventions, 1988), and the Mood Signature Questionnaire (Jin, Haviland-Jones, Simon, & Tepper, 2018). ...
qPODs (Portable Olfactive Devices, Curion) are novel olfactory delivery systems which allow for sampling of a wide variety of stimulus types. Participants evaluate odors by opening a port at the top of the qPOD and sampling a controlled air stream. Though they are often used in marketing studies, their potential use in empirical research has yet to be investigated. We asked participants to smell citral, citronellol, geraniol, PEA, nonalactone, and vanillin delivered via qPODs and by traditional sniff jars, and compared both hedonic and emotional responses. Across four sessions, 31 participants evaluated the pleasantness and intensity of each odor in qPODs and sniff jars. Their emotional reactions to the odors were captured with the PANAS (Positive And Negative Affect Schedule) at the beginning of each testing session, and then again after exposure to each odor. They also completed the newly developed Mood Signature Questionnaire, which asks participants to assign a mood to each odor, rather than reporting how it makes them feel. Though odors presented in the sniff jars were rated significantly more intense (p < 0.001), there were no differences between presentation types for perceived pleasantness, changes in positive or negative mood following odor exposure, or which emotional descriptors (Mood Signatures) participants assigned to the odors. Our results suggest that responses to odor stimuli presented using qPODs are comparable to traditional sniff jars, thus establishing the qPOD as a potential new tool for studies employing a range of olfactory stimuli.
... Before each trial, the room was circulated by opening windows and allowed to keep fresh air. The reason for using mandarin odor was that citrus scents were common odors and rated as pleasant for people (Lehrner, Eckersberger, Walla, Potsch, & Deecke, 2000;Porcherot et al., 2010;Warrenburg, 2005). The mandarin odor was obtained from a local market and its emotions were assessed before these experiments. ...
Brainstorming is a widely used method for generating creative ideas. There is an interest in various techniques contributing to it; nevertheless, research examining the influence of an aromatic odor as a facilitator has been scarce. Two experiments were conducted for this purpose. In Experiment I, a mandarin odor was presented with either stimulating (relevant) or non-stimulating (irrelevant) words prior to the brainstorming session, then re-presented during it. The findings showed that re-presenting the odor during brainstorming increased flexible and unique ideas through retrieval of stimulating words from memory. Flexibility also played a mediator role between mandarin odor and unique ideas. In Experiment II, odor presentation times were changed. It was presented prior to brainstorming, during it or both. The first odor presentation enhanced idea generation only when there was a second odor presentation. The findings suggested that it was the combination of the odors, presented before (and alongside a list of stimulating words) and during brainstorming, that contributed to the use of stimulating words during brainstorming. These two experiments revealed the role of mandarin odor on flexible thinking and idea generation via memory retrieval. Moreover, the odor increased recalling performance, even when the stimuli were given implicitly and recently learned.
... The ability of scents to elicit specific emotional reactions has been long recognized in many disciplines including HCI (e.g., (Ghinea and Ademoye, 2012;Willander and Larsson, 2007;Kaye, 2004;Murray et al., 2016)). Our sense of smell is often defined as an emotional system due to the shared brain areas (i.e., amygdala) involved in the processing of both smell and emotions (Warrenburg, 2005;Vernet-Maury et al., 1999). Smell has been shown to be particularly effective in priming emotional changes because the pleasantness (valence) of the scent is the primary dimension which impacts our initial emotional reaction (Delplanque et al., 2017). ...
Interactive technologies are transforming the ways in which people experience, interact and share information. Advances in technology have made it possible to generate real and virtual environments with breath-taking graphics and high-fidelity audio. However, without stimulating the other senses such as touch and smell, and even taste in some cases, such experiences feel hollow and fictitious; they lack realism. One of the main stumbling blocks for progress towards creating truly compelling multisensory experiences is the lack of appropriate tools and guidance for designing beyond audio-visual applications. Here we focus particularly on the sense of smell and how smell-based design can be enabled to create novel user experiences. We present a design toolkit for smell (i.e., OWidgets). The toolkit consists of a graphical user interface and the underlying software framework. The framework uses two main components: a Mapper and Scheduler facilitating the device-independent replication of olfactory experiences. We discuss how our toolkit reduces the complexity of designing with smell and enables a creative exploration based on specific design features. We conclude by reflecting on future directions to extend the toolkit and integrate it into the wider audio-visual ecosystem.
... New brands/attractions may want to use the background scent strategies to create pleasurable experiences which do not distract. Although research of scents in experience creation has been rather fragmented, there are studies which consider them mostly in relation to different aspects of marketing (Chebat & Michon, 2003;Bone & Jantrania, 1992;Mitchell, Kahn & Knasko, 1995;Morrin & Ratneshwar, 2000;Spangenberg, Crowley & Henderson, 1996;Michon, Chebat & Turley, 2005) but also those in relation to their effect on emotions (Warrenburg, 2005;Sellaro et al., 2014). The latter type of studies detects different impacts of individual scents (cinnamon, lavender, peppermint, mint, lemon, rosemary, etc.) on emotions and moods, which is a useful resource for experience creation. ...
... Two additional target words were used in this experiment: "vanilla" and "mint". Vanilla and mint labels were selected based on their odors' ratings of respectively high relaxing and energizing evoked feelings in previous studies (e.g., Ilmberger et al., 2001;Porcherot et al., 2012;Warrenburg, 2005). ...
The extent to which automatic associations exist between relaxing and energizing feelings and odors is unclear. To investigate this question, we used a modified version of the Implicit Association Test. In this task, participants had to make speeded discrimination responses between stimuli and words related to energizing vs. relaxing feelings. These stimuli were either visual stimuli (i.e., vanilla vs. mint labels in Experiment 1) or olfactory (vanillin vs. menthol in Experiment 2, and two fine fragrances in Experiment 3). In compatible blocks, purportedly related items (e.g., vanillin and a label related to relaxing feelings) shared the same response key, while in incompatible blocks they did not (e.g., vanillin and a word related to energizing feelings). In the three experiments, the participants responded significantly faster in the compatible blocks than in the incompatible ones. The stronger the association between purportedly related items, the faster the participant responds in compatible blocks and the slower in incompatible blocks. Consequently, this differential speed of response supports the existence of associations between the stimuli that were considered to be compatible. This argues for the existence of automatic associations between relaxing/energizing feelings and odors, associations that can influence behavior.
... Regulating fragrance is controversial because many consumers enjoy fragrance: it is bought as an end in itself in perfumes and used as a product attribute, an agent for promotional efforts and an ambient cue (Nibbe and Orth 2017). It has also been shown that fragrance can lead to stress relief (Warrenburg 2005). Regulating fragrance in laundry detergents means regulating the pleasure consumers obtain from the smell of fresh laundry. ...
Fragrance allergy is a lifelong condition, and the probability of being affected increases with frequent exposure to fragrance. Currently, fragrance-free laundry detergents are not common in supermarkets. We used a contingent valuation among Austrian consumers in a within-respondent treatment to estimate how willingness to pay is influenced by health information. We found that higher income groups have a higher willingness to pay for fragrance-free detergents. Informing consumers about health impacts substantially increases this difference. Our simulation shows that lower-income groups benefit from health information only if low-priced fragrance-free detergents are available on the market.
... For example, peppermint has an awakening effect that enhances memory and alertness [24]. Citrus aroma and lavender are both pleasant, but the former one is more stimulating and have a high arousal effect, and the latter has a more active, fresher, relaxed effect [28,24]. Rosemary, on the other hand, is a spicy scent that rates high on confusion and bewilderment and create more tension [4]. ...
Scentery proposes a novel approach to create calming multisensory environments by displaying visualizations, reproducing audios and activating olfactory sensations. By the use of recent literature, we introduce an initial Emotive Design Taxonomy that intersects emotions, and colors, sounds and scents. Scentery's users switch between different multisensory scenarios that promote calm sensation. The first VR scenario immerses the user into the scenery of lavender field, which bursts into a carnival of purple, a lavender scent and ambient instrumental sound. The other scenario is the scenery of raining forest, a ylang-ylang scent and nature sound. Scentery was developed with Unity 3D for creating the 3D scenarios, Unity Remote for the camera control and viewer's perspectives, and a microcontroller for triggering the scents in the vaporizer.
... 2000;Porcherot vd. 2010;Warrenburg 2005). Kullanılan mandalina kokusunu hazırlamak için 20 gram ağırlığındaki mandalina kabukları, 100 mililitre sıvı azot içerisinde dondurulmuş ve ardından ezilmiştir. ...
İnsan hayatını daha kolay hale getiren birçok yeni programın, teknolojinin ve materyalin üretilmesinin ardında insanlar tarafından üretilen düşünceler yatmaktadır. Düşünce üretimini artırmayı amaçlayan bir teknik olan beyin fırtınası, teorik ve uygulamalı olmak üzere yaygın olarak çalışılan bir konudur. Beyin fırtınasında düşünce üretimini artırmak için bugüne kadar birçok yöntem ve kolaylaştırıcı etmen uygulanmış olsa da koku sunumunun etkisi neredeyse hiç incelenmemiştir.
Bu amaçla gerçekleştirilen ilk deneyde koku ve bilişsel uyarımın beyin fırtınasında yaratıcılığa etkisi incelenmiştir. Katılımcılar bireysel beyin fırtınası gerçekleştirerek, bir satış temsilcisinin işindeki verimliliğinin artırılması için düşünceler üretmişlerdir. Bilişsel uyarım koşulunda olan katılımcılar, beyin fırtınasından önce problem ile ilişkili ipucu kelimeler almıştır. Koku sunumu ise bu bilişsel uyarılma esnasında gerçekleştirilirken, ikinci olarak da beyin fırtınası oturumunun ortasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Koku ile birlikte eşleştirilen bilişsel uyarılma, oturumun yarısından itibaren ikinci koku sunumu ile tetiklenmiş ve düşünce üretiminde artış gözlenmiştir.
Aynı zamanda koku sunumu alan katılımcıların toplam özgün düşünce sayıları ve esnek düşünme becerileri koku almayan katılımcılardan yüksektir. Bu bulgular kokuların bellekten geri getirme özelliği ve çağrışımsal bellekte sağladığı uyarımla açıklanmıştır.
Benzer bir işlem ile gerçekleştirilen ikinci deneyde bütün koşullarda ipucu kelime bulunmaktadır. İlk deneyden farklı olarak oturum öncesinde ve oturum ortasında olmak üzere koku sunum zamanları değişimlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak oturum öncesinde koku sunumu alan katılımcıların toplam esneklik puanları, diğer koşuldaki katılımcılardan yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca iki farklı zamanda koku sunumu alan katılımcıların özgün düşünce sayıları ikinci yarıdan itibaren daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, ilk deneydeki sonuçları doğrulaması ve koku sunumunun esneklik üzerindeki etkisi bağlamında açıklanmıştır.
... A good aroma can also be a mood enhancer [20]. For example vanilla aroma and flavour from an ice cream or citrus aroma from a beverage may induce pleasant feelings and thereby enhance mood. ...
Effective implementation of microencapsulation technique and cyclodextrin for the production of cosmetic textiles can be introduced as a technical textiles-based product. α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin can be applied for the aromatherapic textile as host molecule, because it exhibits qualities of controlled release which may be beneficial for the improvement of human lifestyle. Cyclodextrin molecules are capable of forming inclusion compounds with fragrances that fit into the cone-shaped hydrophobic cavity. As a result, the release-fragrance rates are greatly decreased. There are many possibilities for the development of new textile products with advanced properties based on cyclodextrin. Microencapsulation technology is an effective technique used to control the release properties of active ingredients that prolong the functionality of cosmetic textiles. Focusing on the field of cosmetic textiles, the major interest in microencapsulation is currently in the application of attractive fragrances, vitamins, essential oils, skin moisturizing agents, skin cooling agents etc.
Emotions and food products are intimately related. Individuals’ emotions modulate eating behaviors, and negative emotions may induce food disorders. On the other hand, the consumption of food or drink products may trigger different emotional states in individuals. Thus, the relationship between food or drink products and emotion is dynamic and complex. In this chapter, after describing the strong link between food products and emotions and the role of associative learning, we propose a definition of emotion and feelings. The chapter mainly focuses on the measure of verbal emotional responses triggered by food products. This measure refers to feelings, or the conscious verbalization of the emotional response. Although the unconscious emotional response related to physiological and behavioral responses should not be underestimated and is described, the chapter provides a broader review on a methodology developed to measure food-elicited feelings in consideration of cross-cultural differences. A series of examples is presented to illustrate the use of this methodology in sensory and consumer test settings for food product development. We also propose that investigations should be undertaken into the effects of changing the product label, packaging, and color on consumer emotional expectations and on the overall emotional response when the product is experienced. Finally, examples of research conducted in ecological settings and virtual environments are provided.Key wordsEmotionsFeelingsFoodsExpectationCulture
Spiking beverages with aroma molecules is one of the primary methods to investigate the contribution of individual volatile compounds to key sensory attributes such as primary descriptors, intensity, pleasantness, preference, persistence, and dominance. The purpose of this procedure is to outline basic steps for preparing stock solutions from pure molecule standards in liquid and solid state, perform dilutions adapted to representative concentrations in beverages, present samples to participants, and keep reagents in viable conditions.Key wordsAromasBeverageSpikingSensory evaluationDilutions
To support a healthy human mental state, controlling the environment is one of the best-known solutions. However, it is difficult to design an environmental control system because of the uniqueness of individual preferences and mental state fluctuations. Here, we propose “Buddy system” as an adaptive mental state support solution that controls devices in the environment, depending on the recognized user’s mental state at the time and how it could be improved, serving a role similar to a “buddy” to individuals. The recognition of mental states and the locus of actions to control one’s surrounding environment are implemented on the basis of a brain-derived theory of computation known as active inference and free-energy principles, which provide biologically plausible computations for perceptions and behavior in a changing world. For the generation of actions, we modify the general calculations of active inference to adjust to individual environmental preferences. In the experiments, the Buddy system sought to maintain the participants’ concentration while a calculation task was conducted. As a result, the task performance for most of the participants was improved through the aid of the Buddy system. The results indicated that the Buddy system can adaptively support to improve the mental states of individual users.
Encapsulation of fragrances into porous materials is a technique to preserve or mask the odor of aroma compounds as well as to enhance their thermal and oxidative stability. There is great interest in studying the potential of essential oil-derived fragrance carriers using low-cost materials such as zeolitic structures for healthcare, food, textiles or agricultural applications. Two zeolite structures, faujasite (FAU) and mordonite (MOR) were used as carriers for encapsulation of different fragrances present in essential oils, in order to prepare stable fragrance carriers. To this purpose, commercial vanillin (Van) was encapsulated in NaMOR, commercial D-limonene (Lim) and cinnamaldehyde (Cinn), extracted from cinnamon stick, were encapsulated into NaY and NaX, respectively, and methyl anthranilate (MA), a synthetized fragrance with a fruity grape scent, was encapsulated in NaY. The retention of fragrances in zeolite structures increased in the order NaX < NaY < MOR for cinnamaldehyde, limonene, methyl anthranilate or vanillin. The most promising fragrance carriers prepared, [email protected] and [email protected], were monitored for 24 months, and fragrances release was determined by TGA analysis, being 64.5 % for [email protected] and 63.2 % for [email protected] A zero-order desorption kinetic model was determined for both fragrance carriers.
Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is directly connected with emotional areas in the brain. It gives rise to perception linked to emotion both in everyday life and in memory-recall activities. Despite its emotional primacy in perception and its role in sampling the real physical world, olfaction is rarely used in clinical psychological settings because it relies on stimuli that are difficult to deliver. However, recent developments in virtual-reality tools are creating novel possibilities for the engagement of the sense of smell in this field. In this article, we present the relevant features of olfaction for relaxation purposes and then discuss possible future applications of involving olfaction in virtual-reality interventions for relaxation. We also discuss clinical applications, the potential of new tools, and current obstacles and limitations.
Emotions have a major role in social interactions (Russell et al., 2003; Sander et al., 2005) and in determining the consumption behavior. Emotion measurement often provides important information beyond the subject’s preferences, such as physiological and psychological characteristics and affective consumer’s state. The present chapter is focused on the most commonly used methods to investigate the emotions of nonfood products and concerns mainly advertising and marketing fields, design, cosmetics, fragrances, and odors. Medical and clinical applications were not approached.
Nowadays, the evaluation of fragrances is a key parameter to build or confirm the good performance of a product, especially when the product is dedicated to beauty. The fragrance sector covers a wide range of products: fine fragrance, personal care, home care, and oral care. Depending on the research objectives, odor quantification or characterization are needed to validate a change in the formula (perceptible or not), to characterize the fragrance, or to establish links between sensory and consumer data. Two approaches can be followed to support and validate the creation process of a scent: (1) sensory, such as descriptive analyses (with classic and alternative protocols) and discrimination testing, and (2) consumer, such as hedonic tests.
The affective appraisal of odors is known to depend on their intensity (I), familiarity (F), detection threshold (T), and on the baseline affective state of the observer. However, the exact nature of these relations is still largely unknown. We therefore performed an observer experiment in which participants (N = 52) smelled 40 different odors (varying widely in hedonic valence) and reported the intensity, familiarity and their affective appraisal (valence and arousal: V and A) for each odor. Also, we measured the baseline affective state (valence and arousal: BV and BA) and odor detection threshold of the participants. Analyzing the results for pleasant and unpleasant odors separately, we obtained two models through network analysis. Several relations that have previously been reported in the literature also emerge in both models (the relations between F and I, F and V, I and A; I and V, BV and T). However, there are also relations that do not emerge (between BA and V, BV and I, and T and I) or that appear with a different polarity (the relation between F and A for pleasant odors). Intensity (I) has the largest impact on the affective appraisal of unpleasant odors, while F significantly contributes to the appraisal of pleasant odors. T is only affected by BV and has no effect on other variables. This study is a first step towards an integral study of the affective appraisal of odors through network analysis. Future studies should also include other factors that are known to influence odor appraisal, such as age, gender, personality, and culture.
Emotions can be expressed by the five major external senses of human beings (i.e. vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste) via metaphors. Previous studies have mainly explored the relation between the five senses and emotions from the perspectives of physiology and cognition, and research on the five senses focuses on their semantic meanings. This paper attempts to investigate their relation based on corpus linguistics, centering on sensory verbs and emotional words. It is found that in Mandarin Chinese, five basic emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and surprise) can be expressed via olfactory, tactile, visual, and auditory modalities while among these five basic emotions, surprise cannot be expressed through taste.
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