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The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviralactivity against viral aemorrhagicsepticaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV)
Abstract
A commercial plant extract derived from olive tree leaf (Olea europaea) (LExt) and its major compound, oleuropein (Ole), inhibited the in vitro infectivity of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), a salmonid rhabdovirus. Incubation of virus with LExt or Ole before infection reduced the viral infectivity to 10 and 30%, respectively. Furthermore, LExt drastically decreased VHSV titers and viral protein accumulation (virucidal effect) in a dose dependent manner when added to cell monolayers 36 h post-infection. On the other hand, both the LExt and Ole were able to inhibit cell-to-cell membrane fusion induced by VHSV in uninfected cells, suggesting interactions with viral envelope. Therefore, we propose that O. europaea could be used as a potential source of promising natural antivirals, which have demonstrated to lack impact on health and environment. In addition, Ole could be used to design other related antiviral agents.
... Oleuropein, the main chemical in the olive leaves extract, has been shown to have antiviral properties against the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) [7], herpes mononucleosis, hepatitis virus, rotavirus, bovine rhinovirus, canine parvovirus, feline leukemia virus [8], and HIV-1 [7,9,10]. In addition, respiratory viruses, including the syncytial virus and type 3 parainfluenza virus were significantly inhibited by olive leaves [11]. ...
... Oleuropein, the main chemical in the olive leaves extract, has been shown to have antiviral properties against the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) [7], herpes mononucleosis, hepatitis virus, rotavirus, bovine rhinovirus, canine parvovirus, feline leukemia virus [8], and HIV-1 [7,9,10]. In addition, respiratory viruses, including the syncytial virus and type 3 parainfluenza virus were significantly inhibited by olive leaves [11]. ...
There is still a great global need for efficient treatments for the management of SARS-CoV-2 illness notwithstanding the availability and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations. Olive leaf is an herbal remedy with a potential antiviral activity that could improve the recovery of COVID-19 patients. In this work, the olive leaves major metabolites were screened in silico for their activity against SARS-CoV-2 by molecular docking on several viral targets such as methyl transferase, helicase, Plpro, Mpro, and RdRp. The results of in silico docking study showed that olive leaves phytoconstituents exhibited strong potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 selected targets. Verbacoside demonstrated a strong inhibition against methyl transferase, helicase, Plpro, Mpro, and RdRp (docking scores = -17.2, -20, -18.2, -19.8, and -21.7 kcal/mol.) respectively. Oleuropein inhibited 5rmm, Mpro, and RdRp (docking scores = -15, -16.6 and -18.6 kcal/mol., respectively) respectively. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside exhibited activity against methyl transferase and RdRp (docking score = -16.1 and -19.4 kcal/mol., respectively) while Luteolin-7-O-glucoside inhibited Plpro and RdRp (docking score = -15.2 and -20 kcal/mol., respectively). The in vitro antiviral assay was carried out on standardized olive leaf extract (SOLE) containing 20% oleuropein and IC50 was calculated. The results revealed that 20% SOLE demonstrated a moderate antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 of 118.3 μg /mL. Accordingly, olive leaf could be a potential herbal therapy against SARS-CoV-2 but more in vivo and clinical investigations are recommended.
... To search for pharmacological substances of different origins that are effective against fish rhabdoviruses, researchers have extracted several mixtures from marine microalgae, brown alga (Eisenia bicyclis), red alga (Polysiphonia morrowii), algal (Ecklonia cava), fungus (Bacillus subtilis), and herbal or plants, such as the Celosia cristata and Raphanus sativus, olive leaf, Cassia alata, and Phyllanthus acidus [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] (Table 1). These extracts have been applied to treat cultured fish cells (in vitro) or inject fish (in vivo) in order to detect their anti-VHSV or anti-IHNV activities, respectively. ...
... Unexpectedly, although the extract mixture from Celosia cristata and Raphanus sativus roots had no effect when added after viral inoculation in fish, it was able to induce the gene expression involved in the innate immune response, which might mediate the antiviral activity of the extracts against VHSV [26]. Recently, two organic mixtures extracted from olive leaf and Cassia alata and Phyllanthus acidus, were confirmed to inhibit cell-to-cell membranes and virus absorption against VHSV and IHNV in vitro [27,28], respectively. Future work should examine the determining compositions and antiviral ingredients in the above-described mixture extracts. ...
Fish rhabdoviruses are harmful single-stranded RNA viruses with high mortality rates which cause considerable economic losses in aquaculture. It is imperative to explore and develop new antiviral compounds against them. In recent years, in addition to inorganic antiviral substances, more than 50 different organic compounds have been confirmed to be effective in the prevention and treatment of rhabdovirus infection and its dissemination in fish. The main types of extracts or agents and their trial designs are here considered for review. This review reveals the reported antiviral activities of extracts from organisms, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, coumarin derivatives, arctigenin derivatives, and other antiviral organic molecules against fish rhabdoviruses, respectively. Additionally, their antiviral mechanisms of action include direct virucidal effects, inhibiting virus-induced host cell apoptosis, the blocking of the viral replication cycle, affecting gene expression and innate antiviral immune responses, and so on. This review also gives perspectives on how to comprehensively explore the potential applications of the candidate molecules, which lay the foundation for the future development of new compounds or strategies for the prevention and control of fish rhabdoviruses in aquaculture.
... To find safe and efficient natural antiviral products, Olea europaea extracts were evaluated for their activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Preincubation of the virus with O. europaea extracts before the infection and administration after infection showed in-vitro potency to inhibit viral infectivity in a dose-dependent manner [147]. The authors suggested that O. europaea extracts can directly interact with the viral envelope by interacting with the surface of a phospholipid bilayer [148], enhancing drastic alterations on the membrane surface and, consequently, inhibiting the early fusion steps [147]. ...
... Preincubation of the virus with O. europaea extracts before the infection and administration after infection showed in-vitro potency to inhibit viral infectivity in a dose-dependent manner [147]. The authors suggested that O. europaea extracts can directly interact with the viral envelope by interacting with the surface of a phospholipid bilayer [148], enhancing drastic alterations on the membrane surface and, consequently, inhibiting the early fusion steps [147]. These results indicate that polyphenols and other bioactive compounds isolated from medicinal plants can be used as a promising source of antiviral agents for aquaculture (Fig. 2). ...
This handbook focuses on the use of antibiotic alternatives in poultry and fish feed. Chapters in the book cover a range of natural ingredients in feed and the impacts of these natural feed additives on growth, production, reproduction and health status of poultry and fish. All chapters give a holistic approach to how organic feed additives (herbal plants and their extracts, probiotics, peptides, etc.) can positively impact animal health and production.
Key Features:
- presents 13 chapters contributed by 38 experts and scientists of animal, poultry and fish nutrition, poultry and fish physiology, toxicology, pharmacology, and pathology
- highlights the significance of herbal plants and their extracts and derivatives, cold-pressed and essential oils and fruits by-products
- covers the effects of special ingredients such as immunomodulators, antimicrobial peptides, and probiotics
- provides the reader an updated perspective on the use of additives in poultry and fish industry as growth promoters and their role in developing bacterial resistance to antibiotics
- covers the main poultry species, egg-laying hens, quails, geese, ducks, turkey, and commercial fish
- includes references for advanced readers
This book will be useful for poultry and fish keepers and researchers in animal nutrition, pharmacology, and veterinary sciences. Professionals involved in the poultry and fish feed industry will also find the information useful for product development.
... Moreover, OLE can protect low-density lipoprotein from oxidation and has shown a hypotensive activity in experimental animals. [8][9][10] Based on the involvement of oxidative stress and formation of oxygen free radical in the mechanism of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity and antioxidant activity of the OLE, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of OLE against cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. ...
Introduction. Olive leaves are traditionally used in the Mediterranean basin in many medical conditions for its potent antioxidant activity. Cyclosporine A, a well-known immunosuppressant, can induce nephrotoxicity through oxidative stress. This study investigated the effect of olive leaf extract (OLE) on cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods. Thirty Wistar rats (180 g to 200 g) were classified into 5 groups, each containing 6 rats. The first group received normal saline and served as control. The second group was treated with cyclosporine, 25 mg/kg for 21 days for nephrotoxicity induction. Groups 3 to 5 were treated with cyclosporine, 25 mg/ kg in addition to different doses of OLE (40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg, and 120 mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. After 21 days, the rats' body weights were recorded and the rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected and the animals were necropsied. Both kidneys were removed, one for histopathological and one for antioxidant activity evaluations. Results. Cyclosporine significantly reduced body weight and kidney weight; serum total protein, albumin, and sodium levels; and renal glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. It also increased serum urea, creatinine, and calcium levels as compared to the control group. Groups 4 and 5 showed a significantly greater body weight and kidney weight; higher serum sodium, total protein, and albumin levels; greater glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase; and lower serum urea, creatinine, and calcium levels as compared to group 2. Conclusions. Treatment with OLE can alleviate cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity when used in a proper dose.
... Folk healers used the olive oil mixed with lime juice to treat gallstones. The novel metabolite extracted from the leaf of Oleaeuropaea is used for the treatment of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV [4,132,133]). ...
Plants are crucial medicinal resources, with 80 % of people relying on them for primary healthcare. The search for natural antiviral compounds is increasing, especially in semi-arid ecosystems where abiotic stress promotes the production of beneficial secondary metabolites. This review highlights semi-arid plants with the potential as functional foods to combat viral diseases and other illnesses. Literature was searched in databases like ScienceDirect to gather information on novel compounds from stress-tolerant semi-arid plant species. These compounds have potential uses in treating viral infections and other health issues such as diabetes and high blood pressure. The review screened 61 semi-arid plants known for their antiviral metabolites. Eight plants were identified with novel antiviral compounds. Key metabolites include agathisflavone, pectic arabinogalactan, azadirachtin, aloin, aloe-emodin, aloesaponarin I, allicin, terpenoids, chlorogenic acids, curcumin, chromones, β-sitosterol, lupeol, oleuropein, carissol, β-amyrin, and ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Stress-tolerant semi-arid plants are significant sources of metabolites for treating infectious diseases and boosting immune systems. Further research on these metabolites in animal models is needed to verify their efficacy for treating human diseases during endemic and pandemic outbreaks, such as COVID-19.
... Oleuropein, a immunomodulator derived from the olive tree, was found to prolong survival against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al., 2006). A commercial plant extract derived from olive tree leaf and its derivate, oleuropein, successfully controlled fish viruses namely salmonid rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (Micol et al., 2005). Extract preparation of many medicinal plants for which an ability to increase immune system and protective effect against diseases has been demonstrated include OLE (Pereira et al., 2007); cinnamon extract (Shan et al., 2011); Echinacea angustifolia extract (Morazzoni et al., 2005); garlic extract (Kyo et al., 2001;Dash et al., 2014); Euphorbia hitra extract (Pratheepa & Sukumaran, 2014); Polygonum minus leaf extract (Veerasamy et al., 2014) and Muscari cumosum extract (Baba et al., 2014) in several fish species and other animals. ...
This study investigated effects of dietary olive leaf extract (OLE) on growth performance, hematological parameters and resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout. Four groups were designed including a control diet and OLE added in fish feed at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ml/100 g feed, which were administered for 30 days. The weight gain (WG), specific and absolute growth rate (SGR and AGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of rainbow trout fed with OLE were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) differed compared with control. Fish fed 1.0 ml/100g feed OLE supplemented diet significantly improved (p < 0.05) WG, AGR and SGR. The lowest FCR was observed with 1.0 ml OLE/100 g diet. An enhancing effect of OLE on hematological parameters occurred, as shown by the significant increase in red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and haematocrit (Ht) parameters in fish fed with 1.0% OLE. Haemoglobin (Hb) level of fish fed the 1.5% added OLE diet was significantly lower than those fed the 0.5 or 1.0% added OLE diet and control groups. Mortality at 14-day post-challenge with Y. ruckeri significantly decreased at all the dietary OLE groups. Dietary OLE at the level of 1.0 and 1.5 ml/100 g feed showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher relative percentage survival (RPS) (73.91 and 78.26%, respectively) against Y. ruckeri infection. The present results suggest that diets supplemented with OLE feed level positively enhance the growth parameters and affords protection from Y. ruckeri.
... The inclusion of herbs gave fish a defense against certain viruses and Vibrio. An in vitro study using oleuropein, a bioactive ingredient from olive (Olea europaea) leaves, showed a significant reduction in the development and propagation of the salmonid rhabdovirus known as the hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) (Micol et al. 2005). It has been demonstrated that adding herbal feed additives to aquatic species can improve their growth performance. ...
Rhizophora is one of the incredibly potent medicinal mangrove plants with abundant store of secondary metabolites. This study is directed towards the effect of Rhizophora mucronata leaf extract against Penaeus stylirostris penstyldensovirus I (PstDVI)/ Infectious hypodermal hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), a common potential aquaculture pathogen in shrimp, listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The antiviral property of R. mucronata extract was confirmed through in vitro studies in PmLyO-Sf9 cell line and in vivo studies in P. monodon post larva conducted in batches of 20 post larvae (Juveniles) of 15-mm size for a period of 40 days in a rearing system having the gross parameters such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, and nitrite measured and regulated. IHHNV-free status of experimental animals was confirmed by selecting random animals from the pool and testing them for IHHNV genes by diagnostic PCR. The extract showed virucidal property and inhibited virus attachment and replication both in PmLyO-Sf9 cells and P. monodon post larva. A significant reduction in IHHNV capsid gene expression was observed through qPCR analysis. All the three concentrations studied (1 mg mL⁻¹, 0.5 mg mL⁻¹, 0.25 mg mL⁻¹) showed virus replication inhibition. Virus attachment inhibition was prominent at 1 mg mL⁻¹ and 0.5 mg mL⁻¹, but ineffective at 0.25 mg mL⁻¹ plant extract. Meanwhile, virucidal property of the extract was significant at 1 mg mL⁻¹ of the plant crude extract. Transmission electron microscopy images (TEM) of P. monodon larval tissue treated with the extract followed by the IHHNV infection did not show any cytological changes as the cells remained apparently normal. GC–MS profiling of the crude extract showed the presence of 28 phytochemicals which have contributed to the activity. From the study, it is evident that R. mucronata methanolic extract contains discrete compounds/molecules having anti-IHHNV property and can potentially serve as a source of natural therapeutics against the pathogen.
... Olive leaves with OLE as the main active ingredient have traditionally been used to treat malaria and its complications (Rishmawi et al., 2022). Recent studies suggest that OLE has multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory (Somerville et al., 2019), antiviral (Micol et al., 2005), antibacterial (Guo et al., 2023) and antioxidant (Lee & Lee, 2010) properties. Given the excellent antibacterial and antioxidant abilities of OLE, Tranter et al. (1993) proposed the possibility of applying OLE as a food additive for food preservation. ...
The stability, microstructure and antioxidant capacity of the composite coating solution of chitosan (CS) and oleuropein (OLE, 0.08–0.32%, w/v) were estimated by zeta potential, rheological properties, scanning electron microscope and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. Effects of the composite coating on refrigerated chicken breasts were evaluated by microbial, chemical and sensory assays. The results revealed that the coating solutions were stable, intact and exhibited good antioxidant activities. When chicken samples were stored at 4 °C for 12 days, the microbial population treated with CS + OLE decreased to 5.43–7.59 log CFU g⁻¹ compared with the control (8.41 log CFU g⁻¹). The increase in pH values, total volatile base nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances contents, and drip loss rate of chicken samples had also been deferred. Overall, the results indicated that it was feasible to apply CS with OLE to extend the shelf life of chicken breasts.
... The term "olive leaf" describes a mixture of leaves and twigs preserved during olive tree pruning and olive cleaning and picking and contains up to 10% of the total olive weight at olive oil mills. Olive leaf as biowaste is a rich source of natural bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, secoiridoids, phenylethanoids and others with many positive biological effects such as anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antihypertensive, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic properties [180][181][182][183][184][185]. When combining microwave-assisted extraction with DESs in the extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaves, choline chloride:ethylene glycol (1:2) proved to be the most effective at optimal extraction conditions of 79.6 °C, 43.3% water and 16.7 min of irradiation time [186]. ...
Global food waste has a huge impact on the environment, as it is a source of greenhouse gas emissions and wasted natural resources. Across the world, over 30% of food is lost or wasted each year. Aside from this, the food industry, as well, is one of the biggest sources of agro-industrial waste and by-products, which can be valorized and used for different purposes. Such waste is a good source of bioactive organic compounds that can be extracted without altering their properties, where deep eutectic solvents can serve as green solvents and as an excellent replacement for volatile organic solvents. Isolated compounds can be used in innovative food production, chemical production, cosmetics and other industries. Deep eutectic solvents have attracted extraordinary attention due to their advantages such as environmental friendliness, availability and easy preparation, easy handling and utilization of non-toxic components for their formation. Due to these properties, they are a greener alternative to classic organic solvents for many processes, including extractions. In this paper, we review the utilization of deep eutectic solvents as potential green media for the extraction of organic compounds such as polyphenols, carbohydrates, proteins and alkaloids from by-products of the food industry and from agro-industrial waste.
... The term ʺolive leafʺ describes a mixture of leaves and twigs preserved during the pruning of the olive trees and the cleaning and picking of the olives and contains for up to 10% of the total weight of the olives at olive-oil mills. The olive leaf has been postulated as a good source of natural bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, secoiridoids, phenylethanoids and other with many positive effects as antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-tumor, antithrombotic and hypocholesterolemic [166][167][168][169][170][171]. A new methodology was developed for the extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaves, which includes microwave assisted extraction techniques MAE in DESs. ...
Global food waste has a huge impact on the environment, as it is a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and wasted natural resources. Across the world, over 30% of food is lost or wasted each year. Aside from this, food industry, as well, is one of the biggest sources of agro-industrial waste and by-products, which can be valorized and used for different purposes. Such waste is a good source of bioactive organic compounds which can be extracted without al-tering their properties, where deep eutectic solvents (DESs) can serve as green solvents and excel-lent replacement for volatile organic solvents. Isolated compounds can be used in innovative food production, chemical production, cosmetics and other industries. DESs have attracted extraordi-nary attention due to their advantages such as environmental friendliness, availability and easy preparation, easy handling and utilization of non-toxic components for their formation. Due to those properties, they are a greener alternative to classic organic solvents for many processes, in-cluding extractions. In this paper, we review the utilization of deep eutectic solvents as potential green media for the extraction of organic compounds such as polyphenols, carbohydrates, pro-teins, alkaloids from by-products of the food industry and agro-industrial-waste.
... Olive leaves with oleuropein as the main bioactive component have traditionally been used in the treatment of urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal diseases, and bronchial asthma. In recent research, oleuropein was confirmed to have multiple biological activities, such as antitumor [6], antiviral [7], antidepressant [8], and cardioprotective [9] effects. In addition, previous research has recorded that oleuropein exhibited antibacterial impacts on various microorganisms. ...
Staphylococcus aureus has posed a huge threat to human health and the economy. Oleuropein has antibacterial activities against various microorganisms but research on its effect on the S. aureus biofilm is limited. This research aimed to estimate the antibiofilm activities of oleuropein against S. aureus. The results suggest that the minimum inhibitory concentration of oleuropein against S. aureus ATCC 25923 was 3 mg/mL. The biomass of biofilms formed on the microplates and coverslips and the viability of bacteria were significantly reduced after the treatment with oleuropein. The scanning electron microscopy observation results indicated that the stacking thickness and density of the biofilm decreased when S. aureus was exposed to oleuropein. It had a bactericidal effect on biofilm bacteria and removed polysaccharides and proteins from mature biofilms. The effects of oleuropein on the biofilm could be explained by a reduction in bacterial secretion of extracellular polymeric substances and a change in bacterial surface hydrophobicity. Based on the above findings, oleuropein has the potential to be used against food pollution caused by S. aureus biofilms.
... In addition, olive leaves were shown to have an antibacterial action against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, and were particularly effective against Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, two bacterial taxa that represent severe resistance problem (25,28). A recent U.S. patent claims that oleuropein effectively inhibits the replication of herpes mononucleosis virus, hepatitis virus, rotavirus, bovine rhinovirus, canine parvovirus, and feline leukaemia virus (29). ...
Whole grains play a crucial role in the human diet. Despite being cultivated in distinct regions, they are shipped everywhere, therefore making biosafety and security essential throughout the grain industry, from harvest to distribution. Phytopathogens, which have an impact on crop yield, induce grain spoiling and reduce grain quality in a number of ways, providing a constant danger to crop storage and distribution. Chemical control approaches, such as the use of pesticides and fungicides, are detrimental to the environment and hazardous to human health. The development of alternative, environmentally friendly, and generally acceptable solutions to ensure increased grain yield, biosafety, and quality during storage is crucial in order to guarantee sufficient food and feed supplies. As a means of self-defense against microbial infection and spoilage, plant matrices feature antimicrobial natural chemicals, which have led to their widespread usage as food preservatives in recent decades. Olive tree extracts, known for their high polyphenol content, have been widely used in the food preservation industry with great success, and are highly welcomed by people all over the world. In addition to their well-known health advantages, polyphenols are a valuable plant secondary metabolite because of their great antibacterial capabilities as natural preservatives. This article discusses the promising usage of polyphenols from olive trees as a natural alternative preservative, while also highlighting the future of olive eaves in the food industry.
... Immunostimulants are used to successfully manage a variety of fish diseases. Employing substances like oleuropein (Ole), which is derived from the leaves of the Olea europaea plant, it is possible to successfully manage viral infections such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and Salmonid rhabdovirus (Micol et al., 2005). Shrimp treated with butanolic extract of Withania somnifera efficiently suppressed V. damsela and Vibrio parahaemolyticusinfection. Seaweed extracts in shrimp Penaeus indicus boosted immunity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Praseetha, 2005). ...
Immunomodulators (both immunostimulants and immunosuppressant) have gained much attention in recent years in the aquaculture industry. It is believed that the bioactive pigments in the natural substances (e.g., ginger, turmeric, etc.) and chemically synthesized molecules (e.g., drugs) are capable of boosting immunity in living organisms, though their implications to alter and enhance the immunological effects in fish have been investigated in recent times. Research including epigenomics, microbiomics, gene expression, proteomics, and metabolomics have advanced our understanding of the action mechanism of these immunomodulators on a fish's immunological state. This chapter is a detailed description of the various immunomodulators and immunoadjuvants used in aquaculture for fish welfare, their underlying mode of action, and efficacy. Additionally, the later part of the chapter summarizes the limitations and negative effects of the same and linked with the technological advancement in research and development to further enhance the fish health status using them.
... Outcomes showed that both extract and oleuropein observed no cellular toxicity as well as after 3 days of treatment with olive leaf extract, level of viral infection was markedly reduced. This information stated the importance of olive extract in the growth of septicemia cause by rhabdovirus[43].Gilling et al. suggested the role of oregano and its active constituent carvacrol (79) against murine norovirus infection. In the work, 4% oregano oil and 0.25%, 0.5% of carvacrol were used to evaluate the antiviral effects against culture media infected with murine norovirus in a 0.25 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h time line. ...
... Predominantly olive fruits and olive oil, but also olive leaves, have been used in traditional medicine to treat cancer, hypertension, arrhythmia and intestinal muscle spasms (Khayyal et al. 2002;Özcan and Matthäus2017) and are thought to be the source of several phytochemicals which have antioxidant, anti-in ammatory, antibacterial (Venditti et al. 2013;Borges et al. 2020), antiviral (Lee-Huang et al. 2003;Micol et al. 2005) and anti-tumor properties (Hamdi et al. 2005;Abaza et al. 2007). ...
Two wild olive subspecies fixed in this research: Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris and Olea europaea subsp. laperrinei despite its ecological value, the chemical composition of subsp. laperrinei oil remains unknown, the samples were harvested from the different geographical area. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis of subsp europaea var. sylvestris allowed the identification of 29 compounds oil with Nonanal (11.82%), theaspiranea A (9.81%), 3-hexen-1-ol,benzoate(9.31%) as a major constituents , while the subspecies of the Saharan region were resultedthe identification of 31 compounds where α-pinene (16%) , β-Ocimene (12.82%), dl-Limonene(8.20%) was the main components . The results of the disc diffusion method showed that the two volatile oils have efficient antibacterial activity but, subsp. laperrinei essential oil has a higher range of inhibition, in which P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis showed extreme sensitivity, while the K. pneumoniae bacterium shows great resistance to the two essential oils.
... One of the many components of naturally occurring olive extract (OE) is phenolic compounds, which have been shown to potentially improve cardiovascular health, contain anti-inflammatory properties, provide neuroprotection, and possess antimicrobial activity [6][7][8][9]. Other phytochemicals found in OE are oleuropein and flavonoids; these phytochemicals have been shown to be antioxidants and reduce cancer cell proliferation even at low molecular concentrations [10]. ...
Background
Cervical cancer is the second deadliest for women between the ages of 20 and 39 years. Even with prevention tactics for screening, incident rates and mortality of cervical cancer remain high. Olive has been shown to have many beneficial effects in humans concerning cardiovascular disease and inflammation. Despite these promising benefits, little is known about its effect on cervical cancer. This study examined the effects and mechanism of effects of olive extract (OE) on the HeLa cervical cancer cell line.
Methodology
We utilized clonogenic survival assay, quick cell proliferation assay, and caspase-3 activity to investigate the effect of OE on the proliferation and apoptosis of the cervical cancer cell line HeLa. To investigate the mechanisms behind these findings, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were performed.
Results
OE inhibited the growth and proliferation of HeLa cells. In comparison to the control, the percentage of colonies, as well as the optical density of the cervical cancer cells, was found to be decreased. In addition, the relative activity of caspase-3, a marker for apoptosis, was increased after treatment with OE. The anti-proliferative effect of OE on HeLa cells correlated with the increase of an anti-proliferative molecule p21. However, the pro-apoptotic effect of OE was not correlated with the change in major pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic molecules examined in this study.
Conclusions
Our study suggests that OE inhibits the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cells by upregulation of p21. Further investigation of the effects of OE on cervical cancer and other cancers is warranted by these results.
... The Olea europaea is an important medicinal plant whose leaves have antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial effects (Wang et al., 2008;Abugomaa and Elbadawy, 2020;Elbadawy et al., 2021). Previous studies on the olive leaf extract reported its antiviral activity against viral hemorrhagic septicemia rhabdovirus and Newcastle disease virus, as it has a lot of polyphenols, especially oleuropein, rutin, verbascoside, apigenin-7-glucoside, and luteolin-7-glucoside, which may be related to these properties (Micol et al., 2005;Salih et al., 2017). Hence, it could be a source of antiviral agents. ...
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a viral disease that causes serious economic losses in the broiler industry. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Olea europaea leaves and propolis extracts (OLP) mixture at a rate of 400 µg and 100 mg/mL, respectively, in curing IB in broiler chickens. One-day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomized into four groups (G) of twenty-one chicks; G1 (control negative; no infection and treatment); G2 (no infection, treatment only), G3 (control positive; infection only and no treatment), and G4 (infection and treatment) that infected with IBv (10 6 EID50/mL) at 21 days old. The OLP treatment was applied for birds in G2 and G4 at a dose of 0.5 mL/liter drinking water for three successive days. The growth performance, clinical and pathological examinations, and viral shedding were evaluated. The use of the OLP resulted in protection from IB infection through the significant improvement of performance parameters such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio, decrease in mortality rate, lowering disease severity, and rapid recovery from the observed clinical signs (mainly respiratory signs), gross and microscopic lesions in the trachea, lung, and kidneys as compared to those in the positive control (G3). Moreover, the viral shedding in the OLP-treated chicks (G4) was significantly decreased in tracheal and cloacal swabs to a rate less than 3×10 3 IBv genome copy number and became not detectable at 14-days post-infection (dpi) in their cloacal swabs. In conclusion, OLP can potentially display an antiviral effect against IB in broiler chickens. Therefore, adding OLP to the chicken drinking water is recommended to prevent and control IB.
... This reveals that C. citratus infusion composites are capable to reduce inflammation and peripheral pain in vivo (Garcia et al. 2015). However, the inhibition is still high which is may be due to cytotoxicity of the extract (Micol et al. 2005). ...
This study was designed to evaluated the anti-cancerous, antiviral and antibacterial effects of Cymbopogon citratus aqueous leave extracts. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) staining assay has been applied to detect the cytotoxicity and the antiviral properties against measles virus (MV) using cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). The antibacterial potency of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus (staph. aureus) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kleb. pneumoniae) was determined using disc diffusion method by means of agar overlay assay. The results showed that C. Citratus extract effectively destroyed Hela cell line after 72 h of exposure. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for the extract was found to be 500 µg mL-1 which exhibited the concentration of 600 µg mL-1 potent antivirus activity. The extract demonstrated antibacterial potency against Staph. aureus with mean inhibition zone 16.4 mm which was higher than that produced by Kleb. pneumoniae with mean inhibition zone of 10.7 mm. C. citratus was a favourable candidate as a natural herb to treat cervical cancers in vitro, restricted the MV replication and has potent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria isolated from the respiratory tract.
... Regarding OO by-products, squalene content reaches 300 mg/100 g DR in both olive pulp and OS, 25 mg/100 g DR in the case of OMWW (Maestri et al. 2019;Otero et al. 2021), and varies from 500 to 6000 mg/Kg in OP oil (Mateos et al. 2019). Squalene is an interesting bioactive substance that provides several benefits to skin tissue, including antioxidant properties at the dermal layer against solar radiation, thus serving as a biological screen for singlet oxygen (Micol et al. 2005). Furthermore, squalene can also function as a sink for highly lipophilic xenobiotics, favoring their removal from the body (Ghanbari et al. 2012). ...
Research of new bioactive compounds from natural raw materials, the by-products of the olive tree, attracts considerable attention due to their high potential as a source of useful molecules. The therapeutic virtues of olive tree by-products have been known since antiquity, it is mainly olive oil, and leaves are the most used in traditional medicine and recently in phytotherapy. The beneficial effects on human health of these two derivatives are multiple: antioxidants, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and anticancer. Although studies on the biological activities of other olive by-products (pruning wood, oil mill waste, and pomace) remain limited, these by-products are characterized by their richness in bioactive molecules. Indeed, studies have shown that the biological potentialities are related to the presence of monounsaturated fatty acids (especially oleic acid: C18:1) as well as other bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, carotenoids, phospholipids, and phenolic compounds (hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleuropein). Moreover, phytosterols are among the most interesting molecules of these coproducts that need to be studied in depth. This brief overview presents state of research on useful bioactive compounds from olive tree by-products.
... Some of these compounds (coumaric, vanillic, protocatechuic, caffeic syringic, ferulic acids, phydroxybenzoic acid) are known for their antimicrobial effect on Pcc. The majority of the compounds identified in the products of O. europaea L. and the leaves of P. lentiscus L. are known for their antimicrobial potential, as shown by the work of Rodriguez-Vaquero et al. (2007) and Bammou et al. (2015) for the different compounds isolated from the leaves of P. lentiscus L. and Micol et al. (2005) for the compounds isolated from the leaves of O. europaea L. ...
... Our previous study reported that OESA has a noticeable effect on the scavenging of free radicals and exhibits high antioxidant activity and a protective effect against lipid peroxidation during Epstein Barr virus lytic cycle induction [15]. Moreover, the antiviral activity of olive leaf extracts towards ILTV virus [50], VHSV virus [51], HIV-1 [52], and HSV-1 was previously reported [16,41]. Complementing these previous studies, we characterized the antiviral effects of OESA and OESY in a HeLa cancer model, demonstrating that treatment with both extracts significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the infectious viral particle production ( Figure 4) affecting viral DNA synthesis ( Figure 5), but the effect was greater for OESA than for OESY. ...
The present study aims to assess the antioxidant and antiviral effectiveness of leaf extracts obtained from Olea europaea L. var. sativa and Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris. The total antioxidant activity was determined via both an ammonium phosphomolybdate assay and a nitric oxide radical inhibition assay. Both extracts showed reducing abilities in an in vitro system and in human HeLa cells. Indeed, after oxidative stress induction, we found that exposition to olive leaf extracts protects human HeLa cells from lipid peroxidation and increases the concentration of enzyme antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase. Additionally, OESA treatment affects viral DNA accumulation more than OESY, probably due to the exclusive oleuropein content. In fact, subtoxic concentrations of oleuropein inhibit HSV-1 replication, stimulating the phosphorylation of PKR, c-FOS, and c-JUN proteins. These results provide new knowledge about the potential health benefits and mechanisms of action of oleuropein and oleuropein-rich extracts.
... from olive, Olea polygama and dasyscyphin C (-255.83) from false daisy Eclipta prostrate. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus infection was successfully controlled by oleuropein (Ole), a significant compound in olive tree leaf (Olea europaea) extract (Micol et al., 2005). The antiviral activity of dasyscyphin C extract of leaves of Eclipta prostrata was demonstrated against grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV) in vitro (Krishnan et al., 2010). ...
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN), caused by the nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is one of the marine finfish culture’s most
serious viral diseases. There are no successful and proven treatment measures to control this infection. In silico approach
aids in identifying novel antiviral compounds that can be analyzed further to fight VNN infection. The present study
aimed to build a 3D model of the NNV capsid protein by in silico approach and explore the protein-ligand binding of
various commercial and herbal antiviral compounds by molecular docking. The protein sequence NNV capsid protein
was retrieved from the UniProt database and analyzed its structural and functional properties. The homology modelling
was carried out using SWISS-MODEL. The 3D structure of capsid protein was used as a receptor in HEX docking
software against antimicrobial herbal and commercial antiviral compounds taken as ligands. The capsid protein was
soluble, stable, hydrophobic and thermostable. The predicted model’s Z-value was acceptable as it lies within the range of
identical native protein scores. In molecular docking, the top antimicrobial herbal compounds that gave the least E-value
were myricitrin (Myrica nagi) >nimbin (Azadirachta indica) > oleuropein (Olea polygama) and the top commercial compounds
with the least E-value were monensin> bafilomycin A1 > chloroquine. The docking results showed that these herbal
compounds can be used as potential anti-NNV agents in marine aquaculture.
... A commercial plant extract derived from olive tree leaf (Olea europaea), LExt, and its major compound, oleuropein (Ole), inhibited the in vitro infectivity of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a salmonid rhabdovirus. Both the LExt and Ole were able to inhibit cell-to-cell membrane fusion induced by VHSV in uninfected cells, suggesting interactions with viral envelope (Micol et al., 2005). Direkbusarakom et al. (1996) established antiviral activity of 18 herbs (C. ...
Nanotechnology is an area of science, engineering, and technology that deals with nanoscale dimensions and tolerances, specifically the manipulation of single atoms and molecules with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Carbon-based nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles are some of the numerous types of nanoparticles that can be classified on the basis of their size, shape, physical, and chemical properties. Probiotics are live, nonpathogenic bacteria that are given to help maintain microbial balance, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. These probiotics, which can be found in fermented foods and come in the form of capsules, pills, packets, or powders, are made up of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, as well as Saccharomyces boulardii yeast. The applications of biosynthesis of nanoparticles from marine sources such as marine plants, marine animals, and marine microbes are discussed in this chapter. Probiotics can be found in a variety of forms, including dietary supplements, medicines, and medical foods. For more effective probiotic therapy for microbiota-related ailments, a greater understanding of the interplay between genetic, microbial, and environmental impacts within individuals is expected.
... A commercial plant extract derived from olive tree leaf (Olea europaea), LExt, and its major compound, oleuropein (Ole), inhibited the in vitro infectivity of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a salmonid rhabdovirus. Both the LExt and Ole were able to inhibit cell-to-cell membrane fusion induced by VHSV in uninfected cells, suggesting interactions with viral envelope (Micol et al., 2005). Direkbusarakom et al. (1996) established antiviral activity of 18 herbs (C. ...
Recent Advances in Aquaculture Microbial Technology emphasizes various topics on microbiology related technology for aquaculture development and discusses different types of microbiological applications, thus serving as an all-inclusive reference which consolidates microbial technologies adopted in the field. The book covers the history and development of microbial technology in aquaculture as well as aquaculture microbiology, diversity and the role of microbes in aquaculture systems. In addition, it presents the beneficial microbial communities in aquaculture and varying methods employed to study bacterial association in fish, microbes and fish diseases. This resource will help improve research experiments and accomplishments in the area of aqua-culturally relevant microbial technology, making it useful for researchers and scientists in the field.
Therapeutic Insights into Herbal Medicine through the Use of Phytomolecules offers a comprehensive exploration of the pharmacological potential of plant-derived compounds. The book provides an in-depth look at the therapeutic applications of phytomolecules in various health conditions. It begins with an analysis of bioactive phloroglucinol compounds and progresses to cover plant-based approaches for managing rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, cancer, neurological disorders, and antiviral activity. The volume also covers the molecular mechanisms of flavonoids, the preclinical pharmacology of Indian medicinal herbs, and the neuroprotective role of andrographolide in Parkinson's disease. Designed to inform and inspire, this book is ideal for researchers, clinicians, and students interested in the therapeutic potential of natural products.
Herbal feed additives in fish feed are natural substances derived from plants or botanical sources that are added to the diet of fish to improve growth, health, and overall performance. These additives are used as alternatives to synthetic additives or antibiotics, aiming to enhance various aspects of fish farming while promoting sustainability and reducing environmental impact. Many diseases are treated, growth is aided, stress is lessened, immunity is boosted, and infections are avoided in cultured fish by the addition of herbs and herbal products to the feed. The inclusion of herbs and herbal products in fish diets is inexpensive and environment friendly. They are superior to numerous vaccines and antibiotics that are used to treat diseases in aquaculture; which are more expensive and have side effects such as antimicrobial development. It is important to note that the effectiveness of herbal additives can vary depending on the species of fish, specific herbs used, and the formulation of the feed. The importance of adding herbs and herbal products to fish feed to improve fish production is highlighted in the current chapter.
This study represents an attempt to document information on the antiviral plants that are found in North-Central Nigeria. A compiled check list of these plants including their local names, families, parts used, medicinal uses, and name in different Nigerian states is the main purpose of this study. The study revealed that traditional medicinal practices adopted through the use of these indigenous plants have a wide acceptability among the Nigerian people, probably because they believe in its effectiveness. The medicinal plant uses are varied, and the plant parts that are used ranged from leaves, roots, stem, bark to fruits only, or a combination of two or more in a species or with those of other species. Enduring and sustainable conservation efforts should be implemented to safeguard these important medicinal plants.Viruses are one of the main hazards for both humans and animals. They enter into the living body and redirect the body‘s metabolism to produce large copies of their genome and proteins. Diseases caused by these viruses are difficult to tackle with the help of currently available antiviral drugs. The aim of this study is to explore the plants with reported antiviral activity found in North-Central Nigeria, to get a better understanding for better control of these viruses. Prominent modes of action against these viruses were inhibition of viral entry and its replication in host cell. Against RNA viruses‘ plants mainly targeted their Reverse Transcriptase (RT) enzyme (like HIV) or protease (mostly found against hepatitis C virus). A range of active compounds have been identified which could be the potential antiviral agents for future drug development. Detailed study of their phytochemicals and mode of action against these viruses could be helpful for more effective control of hazardous viruses. Among several other ailments, viral infections, particularly infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and 2 (HIV-2), and newly emerging infectious viruses have challenged mankind‘s survival. Of importance, a variety of plants have shown promise to treat a number of viral infections, and some of them possess broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Development of vector-based strategies, in which non-infectious molecular clone of a virus could be used for antiviral screening purposes, and advancement in separation technologies offers promise for medicinal plants usage in modern drug discovery.
The aquaculture industry is suffering from significant financial setbacks due to an increasing frequency of disease outbreaks, posing a threat to the sector’s sustainability. Various bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal pathogens have led to massive mortalities in farmed fish worldwide. Throughout the years, the management of fish diseases has predominantly centered around the utilization of conventional antibiotics and chemicals. Nevertheless, their indiscriminate use has given rise to serious implications, including an increase in resistant pathogens, disruptions in the metabolic processes of fish, degradation of the aquatic environment, the presence of drug residues in aquatic products, and a potential threat to human health. Various effective bio-based and immunoprophylaxis alternative therapies have been developed to overcome these impediments. Recent alternative therapeutic approaches to fish diseases encompass a range of strategies, including phytotherapeutics, nanotherapeutics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, phage therapy, vaccination, quorum quenching, antimicrobial peptides, biosurfactants, bacteriocins, stem cells, and diagnostic-based therapy. Advancements in biotechnology have significantly enhanced the efficacy of these therapies. However, additional research is essential to refine the utilization of these therapeutic approaches. Critical concerns, such as efficacy, cost, risks, availability, and adverse effects on fish and the ecosystem, need to be addressed to establish guidelines for their sustainable application in aquaculture. This review will increase aquaculturists’ awareness of recent therapies used in fish farming, their mechanisms, challenges, and impacts while promoting the sustainability of commercial aquaculture.
Over the years, the olive oil market has increased considerably due to its organoleptic features and increasing awareness of the beneficial properties of olive products for human health. However, the olive oil production processes generate a variety of wastes and by-products that create serious environmental concerns because of their high phytotoxicity, but also represent an extraordinary potential source of functional compounds, such as polyphenols. This review explored the application of olive by-products as possible functional feed ingredient in rabbit nutrition. The available literature indicates that the manipulation of the rabbit diet is very reliable in producing "enriched meat" and that the bioactive fractions of olive by-products can be used to enhance meat microbial quality, fatty acid profile, and can increase the presence of compounds with natural antioxidant effect, which can exert beneficial effects on gut microbiota and animal welfare. Therefore, supplementing the diet of rabbits with olive by-products could present a sustainable option for valuable biomass, reduce the costs associated with animal feeding, and provide an "eco-green" improvement of meat quality.
The ongoing coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) still urgently requires effective treatments. The 3C-like (3CL) protease of SARS-CoV-2 is a highly conserved cysteine protease that plays an important role in the viral life cycle and host inflammation, providing an ideal target for developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. Herein, we describe the discovery of a large number of herbs mainly produced in Heilongjiang Province, China, that exhibited different inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. We confirmed that Syringa reticulata, which is used for clinical treatment of chronic bronchitis and asthma, is a specific and potent inhibitor of 3CL protease. A 70 % ethanol extract of S. reticulata dose-dependently inhibited the cleavage activity of 3CL protease in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay with an IC50 value of 0.0018 mg/mL, but had minimal effect in pseudovirus-based cell entry and luciferase-based RNA-dependent RNA polymerase assays. These results suggest that S. reticulata will be a potential leading candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
Two wild olive subspecies are fixed in this research: Olea europaea L.var. sylvestris and Olea europaea subsp. laperrinei despite its ecological value, the chemical composition of subsp. laperrinei oil remains unknown. The samples were harvested from the different geographical area. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis of Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris allowed the identification of 29 compounds oil with Nonanal (11.82%), theaspiranea A (9.81%), 3-hexen-1-ol,benzoate(9.31%) as a major constituents, while in the subspecies of the Saharan region 31 compounds were separated, where α-pinene (16%), β-Ocimene (12.82%), dl-Limonene (8.20%) were the main components. The results of the disc diffusion method showed that the two volatile oils have efficient antibacterial activity but, subsp. laperrinei essential oil has a higher range of inhibition, in which P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis showed an extreme sensitivity, while the K. pneumoniae bacterium shows a great resistance to the two essential oils.
Immunostimulants in feed additives have a crucial function in maintaining fish wellness and fostering systemic development by giving resistance to diseases that harm cultured fish. Innate immunity is essential for fish larvae to survive. Afterward, innate immunity is helpful in modulating acquired immune system response and regulation via numerous receptor proteins. On fish and shrimp, glucan, chitin, lactoferrin, and levamisole have been shown to have immunostimulatory effects. There have also been claims that nutritional components such as vitamins and hormones can stimulate the immune system. These immunostimulants primarily improve phagocytic cell activity and heighten their bactericidal actions. Enhanced defence against infectious disease is linked to the activation of various immune processes. Different pathways for the initiation of protective immune responses are activated as a result of different pathogen recognition receptors‘ differential identification of invading pathogens. Consequently, there is a growing desire to combat the debilitating consequences of illnesses rather than using harmful drugs or chemicals. Numerous immunostimulants are used to boost immunological reaction and protein expression levels via different signalling pathways, exploring potential alternatives to the use of toxic agents in the management of fish illnesses. This chapter's goal is to provide an overview and assessment of the current study of different immunostimulants and the immunological responses they induce in fish. Finally, immunostimulants help lessen disease-related losses in aquaculture. They might not be effective against all ailments, though. When using immunostimulants, it is important to consider the schedule, dosage, route of administration, and physiological status of fish.
Currently, in addition to the use of olive oil in cosmetics, the use of olive-derived bioactives and their incorporation into cosmetics is a growing trend. The olive oil industry produces vast quantities of by-products, such as olive mill wastewater, olive pomace and leaves from which new ingredients may be obtained for cosmetic use. In this way, by-products are revalorized, which contributes to the implementation of a sustainable economy or upcycling. This review intends to provide a detailed overview of the different extraction techniques reported in order to obtain the bioactive compounds of cosmetic value that can be found in olive by-products: fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, phytosterols and squalene. Different extraction techniques are presented, including some traditional techniques (solid–liquid extraction) and more novel or “greener” ones: ultrasound, microwave, supercritical extraction, pressurized fluids and deep eutectic solvents. Additionally, different applications of olive by-products in skin care products are explored: emollient, antioxidant, anti-age, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial, and the perspective of consumers is also considered since they increasingly demand products formulated with natural ingredients.
Olive leaves are an immense source of antioxidant and antimicrobial bioactive constituents. This study investigated the effects of dietary incorporation of olive leaf extract (OLE) on the growth performance, hematobiochemical parameters, immune response, antioxidant defense, histopathological changes, and some growth- and immune-related genes in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total of 180 fish were allocated into four groups with triplicate each. The control group received the basal diet without OLE, while the other three groups were fed a basal diet with the OLE at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%, respectively. The feeding study lasted for 8 weeks, then fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The results revealed that the group supplied with the 0.1% OLE significantly exhibited a higher final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG%), and specific growth rate (SGR) with a decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). An increase in immune response was also observed in the fish from this group, with higher lysosome activity, immunoglobulin (IgM), and respiratory burst than nonsupplemented fish, both before and after the A. hydrophila challenge (p < 0.05). Similarly, the supplementation of the 0.1% OLE also promoted the C. carpio's digestive capacity pre- and post-challenge, presenting the highest activity of protease and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05). In addition, this dose of the OLE enhanced fish antioxidant capacity through an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation end products (malondialdehyde—MDA), when compared to the control group, both pre- and post-infection (p < 0.05). Concomitantly with the superior immune response and antioxidant capacity, the fish fed the 0.1% OLE revealed the highest survival rate after the challenge with A. hydrophila (p < 0.05). A significant remarkable upregulation of the hepatic sod, nrf2, and protein kinase C transcription levels was detected as a vital approach for the prevention of both oxidative stress and inflammation compared to the infected unsupplied control group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, HPLC and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses recognized that oleuropein is the main constituent (20.4%) with other 45 compounds in addition to tentative identification of two new compounds, namely oleuroside-10-carboxylic acid (I) and demethyl oleuroside-10-carboxylic acid (II). These constituents may be responsible for the OLE exerted potential effects. To conclude, the OLE at a dose range of 0.66–0.83 g/kg w/w can be included in the C. carpio diet to improve the growth, antioxidant capacity, and immune response under normal health conditions along with regulating the infection-associated pro-inflammatory gene expressions, thus enhancing resistance against A. hydrophila.
Nowadays, theoretical chemistry has experienced a great advance in the search for drugs for the treatment of various human and animal pathologies. Although it is expected that medicinal plants constitute a great source for the research of compounds, the present study has been carried out to provide a list of important plants that can be explored in the research of antiviral compounds. The main objective is to search for medicinal plant(s) that can be used to treat various viral pathologies; in other words, the search for broad spectrum antiviral plants. Thus, several articles of synthesis, original research, systematic review on antiviral plants from different countries are consulted in this study. A total of 694 species of medicinal plants from 152 families were extracted from the literature against 17 virus families including Adenoviridae, Alloherpesviridae, Arteriviridae, Birnaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Herpesviridae, Nimaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Togaviridae. The most cited families of plants are Fabaceae (11.38%), Lamiaceae (5.90%), Asteraceae (5.61%), Rubiaceae (3.45%) and Euphorbiaceae (3.02%). The three (3) most cited species that can treat several viral diseases are Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica and Zingiber officinale. These plants can be a starting point for antiviral drug research and the compounds already isolated from these plants can be subject to molecular docking in order to explore their antiviral potential.
Aquaculture is an important source of high‐quality protein and plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security. However, viral diseases have caused significant damage to aquaculture production, making it necessary to develop effective measures to treat them. Although drugs are commonly used to treat viral diseases, recent studies have shown that crude extracts of medicinal plants and their active ingredients have potential applications in the treatment of aquatic viral diseases. Furthermore, natural small molecule compounds from herbs could be used as lead compounds to develop more potent anti‐aquatic virus derivatives. As such, there is an urgent need to develop and apply drugs for the treatment of viral disease outbreaks in aquaculture. In this review, we summarize previous studies on the efficacy of different agents used as antiviral drugs in aquaculture, with a focus on their protective effects. Additionally, we highlight the potential of active natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants, which could serve as lead compounds for developing aquatic‐specific drugs. However, the relationship between the structure of a compound and its antiviral activity in aquaculture has not been clearly elucidated, posing a challenge for further drug optimisation. Therefore, this study also analyses the structure–activity relationship of several reported lead compounds and their derivatives in aquaculture, providing a reference for subsequent drug development efforts.
Leaves of the Olea europaea L. species are frequently utilized in both folk and modern medicine.In nowadays are strongly valuable for their beneficial effects to treat a multitude of bacterial and inflammation-type diseases, two wild olive subspecies fixed in this research: the widespread Mediterranean Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris and the endemic Olea europaea subsp. laperrinei from Saharan region, Despite its ecological value, the chemical composition of subsp. laperrinei oil remains unknown, the samples were harvested from the different geographical area. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis of subsp europaea var. sylvestris allowed the identification of 29 compounds oil with Nonanal (11.82%), Theaspiranea A (9.81%), 3-hexen-1-ol,benzoate(9.31%), β-damascenone (6.87%), α-pinene (6.32%), Farnesol (6.10%) as a major constituents, while the subspecies of the Saharan region were resultedthe identification of 31 compounds where α-pinene (16%), β-Ocimene (12.82%), dl-Limonene(8.20%), Nonanal (8.18%), was the main components .The Monoterpene hydrocarbons represented the most abundant class in the two essential oils samples. The results of the disc diffusion method showed that the two volatile oils have efficient antibacterial activity but, subsp. laperrinei essential oil has a higher range of inhibition, in which P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis showed extreme sensitivity, while the K. pneumoniae bacterium shows great resistance to the two essential oils. These results demonstrated the medicinal value of olive leaves, as well as the impact of climate on the volatiles produced.
Plant-based extracts possess biological potential due to their high content of phytochemicals. Nevertheless, photosynthetic pigments (e.g., chlorophylls) that are also present in plant extracts could produce undesirable pro-oxidant activity that might cause a negative impact on their eventual application. Herein, the phenolic content of olive leaf (OLE) and green tea (GTE) extracts was assayed, and their antioxidant and anticancer activities were evaluated before and after the removal of chlorophylls. Regarding phenolic content, OLE was rich in hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol as well as oleuropein, whereas the main compounds present in GTE were gallocatechin, epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallocatechin gallate, and caffeine. Interestingly, fresh extracts’ antioxidant ability was dependent on phenolic compounds; however, the elimination of chlorophyll compounds did not modify the antioxidant activity of extracts. In addition, both OLE and GTE had high cytotoxicity against HL-60 leukemic cell line. Of note, the removal of chlorophyll pigments remarkably reduced the cytotoxic effect in both cases. Therefore, our findings emphasize the remarkable antioxidant and anticancer potential of OLE and GTE and suggest that chlorophylls are of paramount importance for the tumor-killing ability of such plant-derived extracts.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Sauropus androgynus is a medicinal shrub used for the treatment of fever in ethnomedical traditions in various Southeast Asian countries.
Aim of the study: This study was aimed to identify antiviral principles from S. androgynus against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a major mosquito-borne pathogen that re-emerged in the last decade, and to unravel their mechanism of action.
Materials and methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of S. androgynus leaves was screened for anti-CHIKV activity using cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The extract was subjected to activity guided isolation and the resultant pure molecule was characterized by GC-MS, Co-GC and Co-HPTLC. The isolated molecule was further evaluated for its effect by plaque reduction assay, western blot and immunofluorescence assays. In silico docking with CHIKV envelope proteins and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) analyses were used to elucidate its possible mechanism of action.
Results: S. androgynus hydroalcoholic extract showed promising anti-CHIKV activity and its active component, obtained by activity guided isolation, was identified as ethyl palmitate (EP), a fatty acid ester. At 1 μg/mL, EP led to 100% inhibition of CPE and a significant 3-log10 reduction in CHIKV replication in Vero cells at 48 h post-infection. EP was highly potent with an EC50 of 0.0019 μg/mL (0.0068 μM) and a very high selectivity index. EP treatment significantly reduced viral protein expression, and time of addition studies revealed that it acts at the stage of viral entry. A strong binding to the viral envelope protein E1 homotrimer during entry, thus 58 preventing viral fusion, was identified as a possible mechanism by which EP imparts its antiviral effect.
Conclusions: S. androgynus contains EP as a potent antiviral principle against CHIKV. This justifies the use of the plant against febrile infections, possibly caused by viruses, in various ethnomedical systems. Our results also prompt more studies on fatty acids and their derivatives against emerging viral diseases.
Surprisingly little overlap has been found in the studies of the several hundred plant and herb species with promise as new antiviral medicines. Given the rise in migration, international travel, and urbanization today, viral infections are one of the leading causes of disease around the world. Researchers are looking to the plant world as a source of potential novel antiviral treatments due to the numerous adverse effects of synthetic medicines and the growing problem of resistance. For their various therapeutic purposes, a large number of biologically active compounds have been discovered. Over the past few decades, thorough research into phytochemicals’ antiviral properties has gained relevance. This chapter demonstrates the abundance of potentially beneficial medicinal plants and herbs that are only waiting to be assessed and used for therapeutic applications against genetically and functionally varied plant and viral families.
Olive oil production is a significant source of economic profit for Mediterranean nations, accounting for around 98 percent of global output. Olive oil usage has increased dramatically in recent years, owing to its organoleptic characteristics and rising knowledge of its health advantages. The culture of olive trees and the manufacture of industrial and table olive oil produces enormous volumes of solid waste and dark liquid effluents, involving olive leaves, pomace, and olive oil mill wastewaters. These by-products cause an economic issue for manufacturers and pose major environmental concerns. As a result, partial reuse, like other agronomical production wastes, is a goal to be achieved. Because these by-products are high in bioactive chemicals, which, if isolated, might denote components with significant added value for the food, cosmetic, and nutraceutical sectors, indeed, they include significant amounts of beneficial organic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, and phenolic materials, which are distributed differently between the various wastes depending on the olive oil production method and table olive agronomical techniques. However, the extraction and recovery of bioactive materials from chosen by-products is a significant problem of their reasonable value, and rigorous detection and quantification are required. The primary aims of this review in this context are to outline the vital bioactive chemicals in olive by-products, evaluate the main developments in extraction, purification, and identification, and study their uses in food packaging systems and safety problems.
Disease outbreaks have resulted in significant losses in aquaculture. Antibiotics, although typically effective in treating fish diseases, can accumulate in the environment as antibiotic residues or in fish tissues over time, leading to the growth of antibiotic-resistant strains. Vaccines are often too costly and time-consuming for widespread use in fish farms, and each vaccine is effective only against one form of pathogen. For thousands of years, medicinal plants have been used as immunostimulants. Aquaculture may benefit from the use of medicinal plants as natural and safe compounds as an alternative to antibiotics and immunoprophylactics. Since they are simple to prepare, inexpensive, and have few undesirable effects on animals and the climate, there has been a surge in interest in these plants around the world. Herbs, seaweeds, herbal extract compounds, spices, commercial plant-derived products, and traditional herbs are all sources of medicinal plants. Active compounds such as alkaloid, terpenoid, pigments, polyphenol, quinone, lectin, tannins, essential oils, and polypeptide compounds have been shown to have antimicrobial properties, the ability to promote growth and strengthen the immune system, as well as stimulate appetite and possess antistress properties in fish, and others are effective alternatives to antibiotics, chemicals, and vaccines. They are often used as a source of nutrition for fish.
A oliveira (Olea europaea) é uma árvore característica da Região Mediterrânea, conhecida mundialmente pelo seu fruto, a azeitona. É um dos cultivos mais antigos, principalmente devido a fácil adaptação às adversidades ambientais. No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, seu cultivo teve início em 1948 e vem apresentando grande destaque. Entre outros compostos produzidos pela oliveira, os fenólicos, especialmente os polifenóis hidroxitirosol e a oleuropeína, demonstraram ação antimicrobiana in vitro, porém existem poucos relatos sobre a atividade antifúngica. O objetivo desta revisão foi relatar a atividade antimicrobiana de O. europaea e comparar os resultados dos testes realizados com as distintas variedades e extratos. Foram selecionados onze trabalhos publicados entre os anos de 2000 e 2018. Os experimentos avaliados neste estudo permitiram concluir que os diferentes extratos da oliveira, preparados através de uma extração simples, apresentaram uma satisfatória atividade antimicrobiana in vitro. A variedade Arbequina e o método de difusão em ágar foram os mais utilizados nos experimentos analisados. Os extratos da oliveira têm demonstrado resultados promissores relacionados a efeitos anti-inflamatórios, antioxidantes e antimicrobianos. Estudos in vivo são necessários para confirmar a atividade terapêutica dos diversos compostos da árvore.
The rhabdovirus causing viral haemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), an important disease of salmonids, induced formation of large syncytia in fish cell monolayers by cell fusion. For maximal percentage of fusion, not only was a pH of 5.6 needed but also a temperature of at least 14 degrees C. The fusion was dependent on the G protein of VHSV as shown by inhibition of fusion with specific anti-G polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Part of the region of the G protein involved in fusion was mapped to amino acids 82 to 109 because anti-peptide antibodies binding to that region also inhibited fusion. The fusion assay described here can be useful for studying the functionality of the G protein of fish rhabdoviruses in the early steps of infection and this information can, in turn, help to designing effective vaccination and/or therapeutic strategies against fish rhabdoviruses. The described fusion assay could also be applied to other fish rhabdoviruses such as infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV).
Trials to determine the efficacy of trifloxystrobin (75 and 100 g ai/ha) and azoxystrobin (100 g ai/ha), on the control of black Sigatoka disease caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet (M. fijiensis), in small randomized plots of banana and plantain treated from the ground and in commercial banana fields treated from the air, were carried out between 1997 and 1999. Trifloxystrobin at 75 g ai/ha showed a similar efficacy to propiconazole at 100 g ai/ha and benomyl at 150 g ai/ha and was superior to azoxystrobin (100 g ai/ha). Azoxystrobin show a similar efficacy to propiconazole against M. fijiensis populations sensitive to DMIs. The ED50 (ascospore germinative test) of five wild type M. fijiensis populations of different localities to azoxystrobin were between 0.03 and 0.8 μg/ml. Results suggest that monitoring for strobilurin resistance may be conducted using 5 μg/ml as the threshold concentration.
The oligomerization state of the rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (G protein) was determined using electron microscopy and sedimentation analysis of detergent solubilized G. Most of the detergents used in this study solubilized G in a 4 S monomeric form. However, when CHAPS was used, G had a sedimentation coefficient of 9 S. This high sedimentation coefficient allowed its further separation from M1 and M2. Using electron microscopy of negatively stained samples, we studied the morphology of G on virus and after detergent extraction. End-on views of G on virus clearly showed triangles consisting of three dots indicating the trimeric nature of native G. End-on views of CHAPS-isolated G showed very similar triangles confirming that, using this detergent, G was solubilized in its native trimeric structure. Electron microscopy also showed that G had a "head" and a "stalk" and provided the basis for a low-resolution model of the glycoprotein structure.
To evaluate the genetic diversity of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), the sequence of the glycoprotein genes (G) of 11 North American and European isolates were determined. Comparison with the G protein of representative members of the family Rhabdoviridae suggested that VHSV was a different virus species from infectious haemorrhagic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV). At a higher taxonomic level, VHSV, IHNV and HIRRV formed a group which was genetically closest to the genus Lyssavirus. Compared with each other, the G genes of VHSV displayed a dissimilar overall genetic diversity which correlated with differences in geographical origin. The multiple sequence alignment of the complete G protein, showed that the divergent positions were not uniformly distributed along the sequence. A central region (amino acid position 245-300) accumulated substitutions and appeared to be highly variable. The genetic heterogeneity within a single isolate was high, with an apparent internal mutation frequency of 1.2 x 10(-3) per nucleotide site, attesting the quasispecies nature of the viral population. The phylogeny separated VHSV strains according to the major geographical area of isolation: genotype I for continental Europe, genotype II for the British Isles, and genotype III for North America. Isolates from continental Europe exhibited the highest genetic variability, with sub-groups correlated partially with the serological classification. Neither neutralizing polyclonal sera, nor monoclonal antibodies, were able to discriminate between the genotypes. The overall structure of the phylogenetic tree suggests that VHSV genetic diversity and evolution fit within the model of random change and positive selection operating on quasispecies.
Antibody linear epitopes of the glycoprotein G (gpG) of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), a rhabdovirus of salmonids, were mapped by pepscan using overlapping 15-mer peptides covering the entire gpG sequence and ELISA with polyclonal and monoclonal murine and polyclonal trout antibodies. Among the regions recognized in the pepscan by the polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) were the previously identified phosphatidylserine binding heptad-repeats (Estepa & Coll 1996; Virology 216:60-70) and leucocyte stimulating peptides (Lorenzo et al. 1995; Virology 212:348-355). Among 17 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), only 2 non-neutralizing MAbs, 110 (aa 139-153) and IP1H3 (aa 399-413), could be mapped to specific peptides in the pepscan of the gpG. Mapping of these MAbs was confirmed by immunoblotting with recombinant proteins and/or other synthetic peptides covering those sequences. None of the neutralizing MAbs tested reacted with any of the gpG peptides. Previously mapped MAb resistant mutants in the gpG did not coincide with any of the linear epitopes defined by the pepscan strategy, suggesting the complementarity of the 2 methods for the identification of antibody recognition sites.
A marine isolate of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) (860/94) was passaged in triplicate through sequential batches of rainbow trout via an intra-peritoneal infection route, without amplification in tissue culture. Following 5 passages, the VHSV glycoprotein gene was amplified directly from fish tissue homogenates and the consensus sequence compared to that of the original tissue culture isolate. Virus was also recovered directly from pools of kidney and spleen material after 5 passage events, and its virulence compared to that of unpassaged material by intra-peritoneal infection. Following passage in rainbow trout, isolate 860/94 exhibited a higher virulence for rainbow trout than unpassaged material. Sequence comparisons identified no difference in the consensus sequence of the glycoprotein gene following in vivo passage. The mechanisms responsible for the observed increase in virulence of isolate 860/94 following passage in rainbow trout thus remain unknown. The possibility that viral isolates may exhibit an increased virulence following passage in novel host species does, however, have important implications with regard to the epidemiology of this important fish pathogen.
The fusion-related properties of segments p9, p3, p4, and p9 + p2 surrounding the p2 phospholipid-binding domain of the protein
G (pG) of the salmonid rhabdovirus of viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) (Nuñez, E., Fernandez, A. M., Estepa, A., Gonzalez-Ros,
J. M., Gavilanes, F., and Coll, J. M. (1998)Virology 243, 322–330; Estepa, A., and Coll, J. M. (1996) Virology 216, 60–70), have been studied at neutral and fusion (low) pH values by using its derived peptides. Cell-to-cell fusion,
translocation of phosphatidylserine, and inhibition of fusion of pG-transfected cells defined the p9 + p2 (fragment 11, sequence
56–110) as a fragment with higher specific activity for anionic phospholipid aggregation than the previously reported p2.
While fragment 11, p2, and p3 showed interactions with anionic phospholipids, p9 and p4 showed no interactions with any phospholipids.
When added to a cell monolayer model at low pH, fragment 11 induced pH-dependent cell-to-cell fusion and translocated phosphatidylserine
from the inner to the outer leaflet of the membrane. At low pH and in the presence of anionic phospholipids, fragment 11 showed
more than 80% β-sheet conformation (IR and CD spectroscopies). Finally, anti-fragment 11 antibodies inhibited low pH-dependent
pG-transfected cell-to-cell fusion. All of the data support the conclusion that fragment 11 is a primary determinant of some
of the viral cell fusion events in VHSV.
Six secoiridoid glucosides, lucidumoside C (1), oleoside dimethylester (2), neonuezhenide (3), oleuropein (4), ligustroside (5) and lucidumoside A (6), isolated from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum (Oleaceae), were examined in vitro for their activities against four strains of pathogenic viruses, namely herpes simplex type I virus (HSV-1), influenza type A virus (Flu A), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza type 3 virus (Para 3). Antiviral activities were evaluated by the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibitory assay. The purpose was to check if the antioxidative potency of these glucosides correlated with their antiviral potency. Results showed that none of the glucosides had any significant activity against HSV-1 and Flu A. Oleuropein, however, showed significant antiviral activities against RSV and Para 3 with IC50 value of 23.4 and 11.7 microg/ml, respectively. Lucidumoside C, oleoside dimethylester and ligustroside showed potent or moderate antiviral activities against Para 3 with IC50 values of 15.6-20.8 microg/ml. These results also documented that the anti-oxidative potency of these secoiriodoid glucosides was not directly related to their antiviral effects.
To search for enhancers and/or inhibitors of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV, a salmonid rhabdovirus) infectivity, a total of 51 peptides from a pepscan of viral envelope protein G, a recombinant peptide from protein G (frg11) and 80 peptide mixtures from an alpha-helix-favoured combinatorial library were screened. However, contrary to what occurs in many other enveloped viruses, only peptides enhancing rather than inhibiting VHSV infectivity were found. Because some of the enhancer pepscan G peptides and frg11 were derived from phospholipid-binding or fusion-related regions identified previously, it was suggested that enhancement of virus infectivity might be related to virus-cell fusion. Furthermore, enhancement was significant only when the viral peptides were pre-incubated with VHSV at the optimal low pH of fusion, before being adjusted to physiological pH and assayed for infectivity. Enhancement of VHSV infectivity caused by the pre-incubation of VHSV with peptide p5 (SAAEASAKATAEATAKG), one of the individual enhancer peptides defined from the screening of the combinatorial library, was independent of the pre-incubation pH. However, it was also related to fusion because the binding of p5 to protein G induced VHSV to bypass the endosome pathway of infection and reduced the low-pH threshold of fusion, thus suggesting an alternative virus entry pathway for p5-VHSV complexes. Further investigations into VHSV enhancer peptides might shed some light on the mechanisms of VHSV fusion.
Rabbit neutrophil peptide-1 (NP-1), a prototypic α-defensin, protects cells in vitro from infection by clinical and laboratory
isolates of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Incubation of concentrated virus stocks for 1 h with noncytotoxic concentrations
of NP-1 reduces subsequent infection by >98%. Pretreating cells with NP-1 for 1 h prior to inoculation with untreated virus
also prevents infection. NP-1, a cationic peptide, does not compete with viral envelope glycoproteins for binding to cellular
heparan sulfate receptors, but it prevents viral entry. No VP16, a major viral tegument protein, is transported to the cell
nucleus in the presence of NP-1. Infectious center assays demonstrate that NP-1 also inhibits cell-to-cell viral spread. Thus,
NP-1 prevents virally mediated fusion events, entry, and cell-to-cell spread. This unique mechanism of anti-HSV activity,
coupled with established antibacterial and possible anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activities of defensins, render
this family of compounds excellent candidates for further development as topical microbicides.
The anti-HIV-1 activity of aromatic herbs in Labiatae was evaluated in vitro. Forty five extract from among 51 samples obtained from 46 herb species showed significant inhibitory effects against HIV-1 induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells. In particular, the aqueous extracts of Melissa officinalis, a family of Mentha x piperita "grapefruit mint," Mentha x piperita var. crispa, Ocinum basilicum cv "cinnamon," Perilla frutescens var. crispa. f. viridis, Prunella vulgaris subsp. asiatica and Satureja montana showed potent anti-HIV-1 activity (with an ED of 16 mu g/ml). The active components in the extract samples were found to be water-soluble polar substances, not nonpolar compounds such as essential oils. In addition, these aqueous extracts inhibited giant cell formation in co-culture of Molt-4 cells with and without HIV-1 infection and showed inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
The main reaction products obtainable by the hydrolysis of commercially available oleuropein by hyperthermophilic beta -glycosidase were purified and structurally characterized by UV and H-1 and C-13 NMR analyses. Their antioxidant activity, in particular their capacity to inhibit the fatty acid peroxidation rate, was studied. The molecular structures assigned revealed the presence of two elenolic acid forms presenting different antioxidant abilities closely correlated to their molecular structures, as well as an unstable elenolate which is a rearrangement product of the oleuropein aglycon. This molecule, under the reaction conditions (pH 7.0, 60 degreesC) required for beta -glycosidase activity, rapidly gives rise to 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylethanol (hydroxytyrosol).
Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, two phenolic compounds contained in olives and olive oil, are known to possess several biological properties, many of which may be related, partially at least, to their antioxidant and free radical-scavenger ability. Hence, together with their scavenging activity against the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH test), we have investigated the antioxidative effect of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in a model system consisting of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/linoleic acid unilamellar vesicles (DPPC/LA LUVs) and a water-soluble azo compound as a free radical generator (LP–LUV test). The results obtained were also interpreted in the light of biophenol interactions, studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles as a biological membrane model. Our results obtained in the DPPH and LP–LUV tests confirm the good scavenger activity and antioxidant effect of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. However, while both compounds exhibit comparable effectiveness in the DPPH test (hydroxytyrosol being slightly more active than oleuropein), oleuropein seems, in the LP–LUV test, a better antioxidant than hydroxytyrosol. Besides oleuropein shows a better antioxidant activity in the membranous system than in homogenous solution. Furthermore, oleuropein, but not hydroxytyrosol, interacts with DMPC vesicles, causing shifts, toward lower values, of the calorimetric peak temperature (Tm), associated to the gel to liquid-crystal phase transition, typical for DMPC multilayers. The hypothesis will be discussed that hydroxytyrosol can serve as scavenger of aqueous peroxyl radicals near the membrane surface, while oleuropein acts also as a scavenger of chain-propagating lipid peroxyl radicals within the membranes.
A description of the types of viral vaccines that are being developed for fish is presented in this review. All three types of vaccines, i.e. killed, attenuated, and subunit vaccines, have worked to some extent in fish under controlled laboratory conditions. However, with the exception of a killed vaccine for spring viremia of carp, there are no commercially available viral vaccines for fish. The introduction of these vaccines to aquaculture will require an understanding of immune recognition in fish and the development of cost-effective ways of producing a safe, immunogenic vaccine. A review of available information on vaccines for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, spring viremia of carp virus, and channel catfish virus is presented. These are the main viruses that have been investigated for vaccine development. Very little information is available on vaccines for other viral diseases of fish.
A cell line, named Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) and originating from carp epidermal herpes virus-induced hyperplastic lesions, was esta blished and has now given rise to more than 80 subcultures. It grows within a wide temperature range (15–33°C), survives between 7 and 10°C for several months without alterations in its further virus susceptibility and growth characteristics, and degenerates at 37°C. Its karyotype is 2n=96. It propagates most of the systemic infection viruses of the fish families Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, Anguillidae and Esocidae, as well as Indiana-type vesicular stomatitis virus.
With increasing interest in novel descriptors of hedonic-sensory (HS) and functional (F) quality, scientific documentation of the dietary habits associated with the Mediterranean Aliment Culture (MAC) lifestyle, shows low risk for many chronic diseases. This has been interpreted as the F effect of widespread plant antioxidant intake. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of some of the most typical biophenols (BPs) contained in table olives (TOs) and olive oil, such as extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), was revealed through biomimetic experiments on the scavenging effects of chain-propagating lipid peroxyl radicals within membranes, and for human skin protection. Dietary intake of TO and EVOO BPs might lower the risk of degenerative diseases and microbial infections for consumers, Homo consumans (Hc). MAC foodstuffs, also referred to as ‘life-stage foods’, could emerge as ‘F products’, engineered to tackle the specific dietary requirements of the aged population.
The purpose of this study was to identify the main phenolic compounds present in an olive leaf extract (OL) in order to delineate the differential antioxidant activities of these compounds through the extent of their abilities to scavenge the ABTS+ radical cation and to clarify the structural elements conferring antioxidant capacity in aqueous systems. The results show that the relative abilities of the flavonoids from olive leaf to scavenge the ABTS+ radical cation are influenced by the presence of functional groups in their structure, mainly the B-ring catechol, the 3-hydroxyl group and the 2,3-double bond conjugated with the 4-oxo function. For the other phenolic compounds present in OL, their relative abilities to scavenge the ABTS+ radical cation are mainly influenced by the number and position of free hydroxyl groups in their structure. Also, both groups of compounds show synergic behaviour when mixed, as occurs in the OL.
Plants in the Mediterranean basin, such as vine and olive trees, have developed an array of antioxidant defences to protect themselves from environmental stress. Accordingly, the incidence of coronary heart disease and certain cancers is lower in the Mediterranean area, where olive oil is the dietary fat of choice. As opposed to other vegetable oils, extra virgin olive oil, which is obtained by physical pressure from a whole fruit, is rich in phenolic components that are responsible for the particular stability of the oil. We have investigated the scavenging actions of some olive oil phenolics, namely hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, with respect to superoxide anion generation, neutrophils respiratory burst, and hypochlorous acid. The low EC50s indicate that both compounds are potent scavengers of superoxide radicals and inhibitors of neutrophils respiratory burst: whenever demonstratedin vivo,these properties may partially explain the observed lower incidence of CHD and cancer associated with the Mediterranean diet.
The antiviral activity of natural phloroglucinols and of synthesized mono- and diacylphloroglucinols, and 2,6-diacyl-4,4-dialkylcyclohexa-1,3,5-triones was investigated. A correlation between the acyl chain length and inhibitory activity against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was observed. Potent antiviral activity was found in di-isovalerylphoroglucinol. 2,6-Diacyl-4,4-dialkylcyclohexa-1,3,5-triones inhibited replication of the virus with low cytotoxicity.
The effect of different concentrations of calcium elenolate (molecular weight, 522.22) in varying conditions of assay on the DNA polymerase activity of purified Moloney leukaemia virus [MuLV(M)] was determined as reported earlier6'7 (Fig. 1).
The gene encoding the envelope glycoprotein of a recent Danish isolate of a salmonid rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) has been cloned and sequenced at the cDNA level. When compared with the deduced sequence of a French isolate of VHSV, it was noted that there were 13 amino acid substitutions in the Danish virus. Amino acid homologies with the glycoprotein of a North American salmonid rhabdovirus (infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus) indicate a high degree of structural similarity between the two fish rhabdovirus glycoproteins. Results from partial enzymatic deglycosylation of the viral protein indicate that all four NXT/S sites found in the sequence are N-glycosylated in the virus. The glycoprotein, without the N-terminal leader sequence and C-terminal hydrophobic anchor segment, was expressed in Escherichia coli as a factor Xa protease-cleavable fusion protein. The purified and renatured viral part of the recombinant protein was able to elicit VHSV-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibody activity in serum when injected into rainbow trout.
The binding of labeled phosphatidylserine (PS) to a collection of synthetic 15-mer peptides covering full-length glycoprotein G (G) of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a salmonid rhabdovirus, showed three dominant overlapping reactive peptides. This major PS-binding region was contained in a 28-mer peptide (p2; aa 82-109) with consecutive hydrophobic amino acid a-d heptad repeats (putative amphipathic alpha-helix) and 2 carboxy-terminal arginines. This 28-mer peptide showed a 10-fold higher apparent specific activity for PS binding than the 15-mer peptides. Binding to PS was also detected with virion-purified protein G but was not detected with other viral proteins. The highest apparent specific activity for PS binding was found with purified VHSV particles by both solid-phase and liquid assays. In contrast to the pH-independent PS binding to peptide p2, binding to virions was optimal at pH 5.6. PS binding to purified VHSV was greatly reduced by protease or detergent treatments that removed protein G, by treatment at pH 7.6, or by anti-p2 mouse antibodies at pH 5.6. The PS-binding region seems to be related to viral-host cell fusion since anti-p2 mouse antibodies inhibited VHSV-infected cell to cell fusion (fusion from within) and the pH profile of the VHSV-infected cell to cell fusion was similar to the pH profile of PS binding to VHSV. Comparative analysis showed that sequences similar to the major PS-binding domain of VHSV were also present in other fish rhabdoviruses and in rabies and vesicular stomatitis viruses.
An enzyme-immunohistochemical procedure was employed to facilitate neutralization/diagnostic tests for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), a significant pathogen in trout farms throughout Europe. The method described can be used for trout or mice antibodies; increases speed (1 day), simplicity, and minimizes the use of reagents compared to other neutralization assays. Furthermore, the test requires a minimum handling of the cell cultures under sterile conditions, decreasing frequent contamination due to the non-sterile conditions of the fish pathological samples. Foci of 5-20 infected epithelioma papillosum carp (EPC) cells are detected and counted with an inverted microscope in under 16 h after infection of EPC monolayers using a high titre anti-N VHSV monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2C9. MAb 2C9 recognizes different viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus serotypes and VHSV isolates from different host species (trout, salmon and barbel) and Spanish geographical locations. The high titre and specificity of MAb 2C9 favour its conjugation to peroxidase and also make it possible to use in direct immunoperoxidase staining of the VHSV infected EPC monolayers. This neutralization/immunoperoxidase assay should improve diagnostics that use currently agarose or methylcellulose plaque reduction neutralization assays.
Extracts of dried flowers from Calendula officinalis were examined for their ability to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Both organic and aqueous extracts were relatively nontoxic to human lymphocytic Molt-4 cells, but only the organic one exhibited potent anti-HIV activity in an in vitro MTT/tetrazolium-based assay. In addition, in the presence of the organic extract (500 micrograms/mL), the uninfected Molt-4 cells were completely protected for up to 24 h from fusion and subsequent death, caused by cocultivation with persistently infected U-937/HIV-1 cells. It was also found that the organic extract from Calendula officinalis flowers caused a significant dose- and time-dependent reduction of HIV-1 reverse transcription (RT) activity. An 85% RT inhibition was achieved after a 30 min treatment of partially purified enzyme in a cell-free system. These results suggested that organic extract of flowers from Calendula officinalis possesses anti-HIV properties of therapeutic interest.
The anti-HIV-1 activity of aromatic herbs in Labiatae was evaluated in vitro. Forty five extract from among 51 samples obtained from 46 herb species showed significant inhibitory effects against HIV-1 induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells. In particular, the aqueous extracts of Melissa officinalis, a family of Mentha x piperita "grapefruit mint," Mentha x piperita var. crispa, Ocimum basilicum cv "cinnamon," Perilla frutescens var. crispa f. viridis, Prunella vulgaris subsp. asiatica and Satureja montana showed potent anti-HIV-1 activity (with an ED of 16 microg/ml). The active components in the extract samples were found to be water-soluble polar substances, not nonpolar compounds such as essential oils. In addition, these aqueous extracts inhibited giant cell formation in co-culture of Molt-4 cells with and without HIV-1 infection and showed inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Folk medicinal plants are potential sources of useful therapeutic compounds including some with antiviral activities. Extracts prepared from 10 South American medicinal plants (Baccharis trinervis, Baccharis teindalensis, Eupatorium articulatum, Eupatorium glutinosum, Tagetes pusilla, Neurolaena lobata, Conyza floribunda, Phytolacca bogotensis, Phytolacca rivinoides and Heisteria acuminata) were screened for in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex type I (HSV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and poliovirus type 1. The most potent inhibition was observed with an aqueous extract of B. trinervis, which inhibited HSV-1 replication by 100% at 50-200 micrograms/mL, without showing cytotoxic effects. Good activities were also found with the ethanol extract of H. acuminata and the aqueous extract of E. articulatum, which exhibited antiviral effects against both DNA and RNA viruses (HSV-1 and VSV, respectively) at 125-250 micrograms/mL. The aqueous extracts of T. pusilla (100-250 micrograms/mL), B. teindalensis (50-125 micrograms/mL) and E. glutinosum (50-125 micrograms/mL) also inhibited the replication of VSV, but none of the extracts tested had any effect on poliovirus replication.
Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of seven plant species used in the traditional medicine of Bolivia have been tested for their antiviral activity against herpes simplex type I (HSV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and poliovirus type 1. The aqueous extracts of most of the species investigated showed antiviral activity. Two of these plants-namely, Satureja boliviana and Baccharis genistelloides-were active against two different viruses-HSV-1 and VSV.
In order to find antiviral substances from basidiomycetes, two water soluble substances, GLhw and GLlw, and eight methanol soluble substances, GLMe-1-8, were prepared from carpophores of Ganoderma lucidum. These substances were examined for their activities against five strains of pathogenic viruses such as herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), influenza A virus (Flu A) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) Indiana and New Jersey strains in vitro. Antiviral activities were evaluated by the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay and plaque reduction assay. Five substances, GLhw, GLMe-1, -2, -4 and -7 significantly inhibited the cytopathic effects of HSV and VSV. In the plaque reduction assay, GLhw inhibited plaque formation of HSV-2 with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of 590 and 580 microg/ml in Vero and HEp-2 cells, and its selectivity indices (SI) were 13.32 and 16.26. GLMe-4 did not exhibit cytotoxicity up to 1000 microg/ml, while it exhibited potent antiviral activity on the VSV New Jersey strain with an SI of more than 5.43. These results indicate the possibility of development of antiviral agents from basidiomycetous fungi.
Epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence of heart disease and certain cancers is lower in the Mediterranean region. This has been attributed to the high consumption of olive oil in the Mediterranean diet, which contains polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Although many in vitro studies have been performed to elucidate mechanisms by which these compounds may act, there are virtually no data relating to their fate after ingestion. Therefore, we decided to investigate the intestinal absorption of one of the major olive oil polyphenolics, oleuropein. To do this, a novel in situ intestinal perfusion technique was developed, and the absorption of oleuropein was studied under both iso-osmotic and hypotonic luminal conditions. Oleuropein was absorbed, with an apparent permeability coefficient (P:(app)) of 1.47 +/- 0.13 x 10(-6) cm/s (+/-SE) observed under iso-osmotic conditions. The mechanism of absorption is unclear but may involve transcellular transport (SGLT1) or paracellular movement. Under hypotonic conditions, the permeability of oleuropein was significantly greater (5.92 +/- 0.49 x 10(-6) cm/s, P: < 0.001). This increase is thought to be due to an increase in paracellular movement facilitated by the opening of paracellular junctions in response to hypotonicity. Overall, we determined that the olive oil polyphenolic oleuropein can be absorbed, albeit poorly, from isolated perfused rat intestine. Therefore, it is possible that it or its metabolites may confer a positive health benefit after the consumption of olive oil, most likely via an antioxidant mechanism.
In the course of our search for plant natural products as antiviral agents, extracts of ten plants from the Iberian Peninsula were tested for antiviral activity against herpes simplex type I (HSV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and poliovirus type 1. Aqueous extracts of five of these medicinal plants, namely Nepeta nepetella (150-500 microg/mL), Nepeta coerulea (150-500 microg/mL), Nepeta tuberosa (150-500 microg/mL), Dittrichia viscosa (50-125 microg/mL) and Sanguisorba minor magnolii (50-125 microg/mL), showed a clear antiviral activity against two different DNA and RNA viruses, i.e. HSV-1 and VSV. Only the medicinal plant Dittrichia viscosa was active against an additional virus, poliovirus type 1.
A preparation of water soluble components (EA) was made from carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst and its in vitro antiviral activity on vesicular stomatitis virus [(Indiana serotype, VSV(IND)] was investigated by plaque reduction assay. EA exhibited potent antiviral activity on VSV(IND) growth and negligible cytotoxicity on Vero cells, 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 104 microg/ml and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 3,793 microg/ml, respectively. Selectivity index (SI, CC50/EC50) of EA on Vero cell and VSV(IND) was about 36.5. EA did not display either a direct virucidal effect on VSV(IND) or induction of antiviral substance by Vero cells upon its treatment. Thus, the mode of antiviral activity of EA was studied at steps of viral adsorption onto cell. When both EA and virus were added to cell monolayers, titer of cell-free virus in culture supernatant increased in ca. 30-40% compared with that of control group and titer of cell-associated virus was 60-100% higher than that of control group. These results suggested that antiviral activity of EA on VSV(IND) might be due to the hindrance of viral entry to cells at either endocytosis or loss of envelope.
A rhabdoviral disease occurred in farmed populations of market sized Japanese flounder (hirame) Paralichthys olivaceus in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan in 1996. The causative agent was identified as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) based on morphological, immunological, and genetic analyses. Diseased fish that were artificially injected with a representative virus isolate showed the same pathological signs and high mortality as observed in the natural outbreak. This is the first report of an outbreak of VHSV infection in cultured fish in Japan. Clinical signs of diseased fish included dark body coloration, an expanded abdomen due to ascites, congested liver, splenomegaly, and a swollen kidney. Myocardial necrosis was most prominent and accompanied by inflammatory reactions. Necrotic lesions also occurred in the liver, spleen and hematopoietic tissue, and were accompanied by circulatory disturbances due to cardiac failure. Hemorrhagic lesions did not always appear in the lateral musculature. Transmission electron microscopy revealed many rhabdovirus particles and associated inclusion bodies containing nucleocapsids in the necrotized myocardium. The histopathological findings indicated that the necrotizing myocarditis could be considered a pathognomonic sign of VHSV infection in Japanese flounder.
A 17-mer peptide (SAAEASAKATAEATAKG, p5) was selected by screening a combinatorial library for its ability to enhance in vitro the infectivity of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a salmonid rhabdovirus. Preincubation of VHSV samples with p5 at micromolar concentrations led to up to 5-fold increase of viral titers compared to untreated samples, as measured by a 1-day post-infection immunochemical focus assay. Treatment with p5 also increased VHSV titers when using the more traditional plaque and end-point dilution assays. Preincubation of p5 with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (another rhabdovirus of salmonids), but not with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (birnavirus) also led to a similar increase in sensitivity. These results indicate that the addition of p5 may be used to improve the sensitivity of diagnostic tests for salmonid rhabdoviruses.