Article

Idiopathic pericarditis and cardiac tamponade in two cows

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract

Idiopathic pericarditis is an uncommon diagnosis in cattle with cardiac tamponade. Two cows were examined for clinical signs of right-sided congestive heart failure, including tachycardia, venous distention, and peripheral edema. Muffled heart sounds were detected in one of the cows. Echocardiography in both cows revealed voluminous anechoic pericardial effusion and compression of the right atrium and right ventricle. Cytologic analysis of the pericardial fluid revealed hemorrhagic inflammation but no evidence of a septic or neoplastic condition such as traumatic reticulopericarditis or lymphoma, respectively. Pericardial drainage and lavage accompanied by treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs were curative in both cows. It is important to differentiate cows with idiopathic pericarditis from cows with more common septic pericarditis because the prognosis for the former disease appears to be good with appropriate treatment.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

... The most common disease of pericardium is traumatic pericarditis [16,17] followed by pericarditis secondary to pleural or lung infection [18,19] , neoplastic effusion secondary to a lymphoma or mesothelioma [20,21,22] and idiopathic aseptic pericarditis [23,24] . Tamponade secondary to rupture of coronary artery following traumatic injury due to hardware disease are uncommon and fatal pericardial disorders [25] . ...
... In buffaloes, increase in total protein concentration, hypoalbuminemia, hypergammaglobulinemia and increased free fatty acid were observed [29] . Cardiac specific marker i.e. cardiac troponin T (CTnT), cardiac troponin I (CTnI), creatinine kinase isoenzyme (CKMB) [15,23,56] , nitric oxide [15] are elevated in pericarditis and can indicate pericarditis in early stage [15] . ...
... Clinical signs of lymphoma are lymphadenopathy, weight loss, melena, exophthalmia or posterior ataxia. These clinical signs can be absent in cases of congestive heart failure secondary to cardiac neoplasia [21,23] . Other bovine heart tumors noted are rhabdomyoma [98,99] , rhabdomyosarcoma [100] , haemangioma [101] , haemangisarcoma [30,99] , fibroma [102] , fibrosarcoma [102] , angiolipoma [103] , leiomyoma [99,100] , leiomyosarcoma [99] , adenomatoid tumor [104] , hamartoma [99] , mesothelioma [22] , myxoma [98] , mesothelioma [22] , lymphosarcoma [21] and malignant aortic body tumor [105] . ...
Article
Full-text available
Bovine animals suffering from cardiac diseases show non-specific clinical signs which largely depend upon the nature and severity of the disease process. Pericarditis is one of the most commonly recorded conditions in cattle and buffaloes. Myocardial disease can occur at any age and diagnosis of it is difficult unless in advanced stage. Endocardium is mostly affected with bacterial endocarditis and selection of antibiotic should be done on the ability of arresting valve destruction by the bacteria. The most common congenital heart disease in cattle is ventricular septal defect and till date no surgical protocol has been described in bovine. Cardiac auscultation should always be in routine practice for any case suspected for heart disease. Hemato-biochemical tests may aid to distinguish neoplastic from non-neoplastic conditions, bacterial endocarditis. Pericardiocentesis can be done in the standing animal under local anesthesia for harvesting samples to perform cell cytology and culture studies. Specific cardiac biomarker i.e. cardiac troponin I, cardiac tropinin T are found useful in the early diagnosis of traumatic pericarditis, myocarditis. Electrocardiography is useful to detect abnormalities of cardiac rate, rhythm and conduction system. Phonocardiography can be an adjunct to animal presented for cardiac murmur, split heart sounds, loud third heart sound or other sounds such as rubs, clicks, or snaps associated with heart beats. Echocardiography is the most sensitive of all the diagnostic modalities available for disease related to heart. Prognosis in cardiac diseases in bovine generally ranges from guarded to poor. The treatment of cardiac diseases in bovine are being attempted to achieve short term goal of calving or superovulation.
... It is the most common sequelae of hardware disease in cattle caused by traumatic perforation of the wall of the reticulum by a sharp foreign body [2]. The classic presentation of constrictive pericarditis has been described in standard text books [2] and some recent case reports [3][4][5] as muffled heart sounds, bilateral jugular venous distention/pulsation, along with brisket, and pulmonary edema. Brisket edema has been reported to be the most common symptom associated with pericarditis. ...
... Constrictive pericardial effusion is expected to lead to the development of generalized venous congestion and edema, as it impairs venous return to the heart. Auricular compression is usually inevitable in the course of the events [2,4,7]. Accordingly, some authors [4] related the degree of jugular congestion and brisket edema to the degree of pericardial effusion. ...
... Auricular compression is usually inevitable in the course of the events [2,4,7]. Accordingly, some authors [4] related the degree of jugular congestion and brisket edema to the degree of pericardial effusion. This case presentation illustrates that cardiac tamponade may not always be manifested by venous congestion and brisket edema: the heifer had neither of these signs as part of her physical examination findings. ...
Article
Full-text available
The field diagnosis of constrictive pericardial effusion is often established on the pertinent pathognomonic physical examination findings, but the condition cannot be ruled out based on absence of these cardinal signs. Constrictive pericardial effusion is not always manifested by bilateral jugular venous distention and pulsation, brisket edema, and muffled heart sounds, all of which are considered the key points in the field diagnosis of pericardial effusion and hardware disease. This case will also document that the outcomes of hematology, serum biochemistry panels, and blood gas analysis can be totally inconsistent with passive venous congestion and constrictive pericardial effusion in cattle. Chest radiographic findings revealed radio dense, wire-like objects; the findings were suggestive but not conclusive for pericardial or pleural effusions, due to indistinguishable diaphragmatic outline and cardiopulmonary silhouette. Cardiac ultrasonography was found to be an excellent paraclinical diagnostic procedure for cases that potentially have traumatic pericarditis and constrictive pericardial effusion. Ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis was also a valuable diagnostic aid in establishing a definitive diagnosis.
... Most available reports deal mostly with heart disorders in which HF is a prominent feature. However, diagnostic tools are available to detect cardiac disease before signs of HF appear (Braun et al., 2001;Jesty et al., 2005;Buczinski, 2007;Buczinski et al., 2006a,c). Early diagnosis could allow early effective treatment in valuable cattle and help avoid financial losses in less valuable animals. ...
... Pericardial diseases include, in descending order of the number of reported cases, traumatic reticulopericarditis (TRP) (Roth and King, 1991;Braun et al., 2007), pericarditis secondary to pleural or lung infection (Bastianello and Jonker, 1981;Buczinski et al., 2004), neoplastic effusion secondary to a lymphoma or a mesothelioma (Schmitz and Seahorn, 1994;Ivany and Illanes, 1999;Takasu et al., 2006), and idiopathic aseptic pericarditis (Jesty et al., 2005;Firshman et al., 2006). Tamponade secondary to the rupture of a coronary artery following traumatic injury due to hardware disease (when the animal ingests a hard or sharp object) has also been mentioned as an uncommon and fatal pericardial disorder (Awadhiya et al., 1974). ...
... The most common dysrhythmia observed in this group of clinically normal cattle was sinus arrhythmia, which was more common in individuals with lower heart rates (Rezakhani et al., 2004a). Atrioventricular blocks, ventricular tachycardia, premature ventricular complexes and ventricular fibrillation have also been described in cattle (Tsuji et al., 1992;Gavaghan et al., 2001;Jesty et al., 2005;Machida et al., 2005). ...
Article
Heart disease in cattle remains medically challenging both to diagnose and to treat. This is in part due to its low incidence in the bovine species but also because the prognosis is typically guarded to poor. The majority of published data concerning bovine heart disease are case studies and case reports. The aim of this article is to review the evidence-based medicine on the principal heart diseases of cattle (pericarditis, bacterial endocarditis, congenital heart defects, cor pulmonale, dilated cardiomyopathy and heart neoplasms), with emphasis on their diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
... In cattle, pericarditis is usually caused by long, thin sharp foreign bodies (wire, needles, nails) that penetrate the reticulum, diaphragm and pericardial sac (Fig 1) resulting in traumatic pericarditis (Gründer 2002) and usually masked by signs of septicaemia (Gründer 2002). Idiopathic pericarditis, which is seen in humans, dogs and horses, is rare in cattle (Jesty et al. 2005). ...
... The clinical signs of traumatic pericarditis are described in detail in standard textbooks (Gründer 2002, Radostits et al. 2007) and in numerous recent case reports (Sojka et al. 1990, Ducharme et al. 1992, Moeller 1997, Grisneaux und Fecteau 2001, Schweizer et al. 2003, Jesty et al. 2005, Laureyns et al. 2005). Braun et al. (2007a) described 28 cattle with pericarditis. ...
... Sometimes the heart rate is only mildly elevated at 80 to 100 bpm; typically, however, the heart rate is severely increased with rates as high as 130 bpm (Fig 3;Table 1). The severity of tachycardia depends primarily on the degree of compression of the heart by pericardial effusion; in cows with idiopathic pericarditis, pericardiocentesis with removal of the fluid resulted in an immediate decrease in heart rate and cure (Jesty et al. 2005). The heart sounds are muffled because of pericardial effusion and fibrinous changes in the pericardial sac; asynchronous abnormal heart sounds are characteristically present. ...
Article
Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium with accumulation of serous or fibrinous inflammatory products. In cattle, it is almost always attributable to a reticular foreign body that has penetrated the reticular wall, diaphragm and pericardial sac. The lead signs of pericarditis are tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, asynchronous abnormal heart sounds, distension of the jugular veins and submandibular, brisket and ventral abdominal oedema. The glutaraldehyde test is an important diagnostic tool because it is positive in >90% of affected cattle. Other common laboratory findings are leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenaemia (indicating inflammation), and elevation of liver enzyme activity (reflecting hepatic congestion). Radiographs of the thorax and reticulum often show a foreign body cranial to the reticulum. In the majority of cases, massive fibrinopurulent adhesions obscure the cardiophrenic angle, cardiac silhouette and ventral diaphragm.Ultrasonography is the method of choice for diagnosis and characterisation of pericardial effusion. Echogenic deposits and strands of fibrin are seen on the epicardium, and the ventricles are compressed by the effusion. Severe pleural effusion is usually evident. In cattle with distension of the jugular veins and tachycardia, the differential diagnosis includes right-sided cardiac insufficiency attributable to other causes. Distension of the jugular veins without signs of right-sided cardiac insufficiency may occur with obstruction or compression of the cranial vena cava. The prognosis is poor, and pericardiocentesis or pericardiotomy are inadequate methods of treatment. Thus, prompt and humane euthanasia is indicated for cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Because a definitive diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis is not always possible based on clinical signs alone, radiography and ultrasonography of the thorax and reticulum are indicated in doubtful cases.
... The clinical signs of HF include syncope, dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis, congested mucous membranes, peripheral and pulmonary edema, jugular venous distension, jugular pulse, and cough not associated with pneumonia (7). Common cardiac disorders in cattle are bacterial endocarditis (BE) (2,4), pericarditis (3,8,9), congenital heart diseases (CHD), amongst which ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common entity (6,10), cor pulmonale (11), primary dilated cardiomyopathy (5), cardiomyopathy secondary to ionophore intoxication (12), vitamin E/selenium deficiency (13), bacterial (14) or viral infection (15), and more recently idiopathic hemorrhagic pericarditis (16)(17)(18). ...
... Most cases of pericarditis were associated with a reticulitis caused by a penetrating foreign body (n = 6). One case of pericarditis was associated with pneumonia while another was compatible with idiopathic hemorrhagic pericarditis (16)(17)(18). Females represented most cases of HD without HF (n = 40), most HD cases were Holsteins (n = 44); 2 Ayrshire calves and 1 crossbreed were also included. During the same period, there were 11 680 cattle referred to the CHUV, 10 024 of which were Holstein and 10 573 were female. ...
... Other clinico-pathologic evaluations are often useful to confirm ultrasonographic diagnosis. Ultrasound-guided pericardial drainage facilitates the procedure (16). Ultrasonographic findings in cases of cardiac neoplasms have been described, but the final diagnosis requires cytological analysis of the fluid. ...
Article
Full-text available
In this retrospective study, features of 47 cattle suffering from heart disease (HD) without clinical signs of heart failure (HF) were reviewed. The most common reasons for referral were respiratory problems (n =14), anorexia (n = 13), fever (n = 10), and lameness (n = 9). Thirty-nine animals were tachypneic. In 31 cases, cardiac auscultation revealed abnormalities. The final diagnoses were bacterial endocarditis (BE; n = 19), congenital heart disease (CHD; n = 18), pericarditis (n = 8), cardiomyopathy (n = 1), and lymphoma (n = 1). Echocardiography was performed in 39 cases. Gross pathology examination confirmed the echocardiographic diagnosis in 4 of 5 cases of pericarditis, 6 of 6 cases of BE, and 4 of 6 cases of CHD. Short-term prognosis was guarded with 19 cases (40.4%) being discharged. Premature death within 2 mo after discharge (n = 5), early culling because of poor breeding performance (n = 5), and normal productive life in the herd (n = 5) were observed in the cases that were followed. Echocardiography may be the most sensitive tool for the antemortem diagnosis of heart disease in cattle.
... The heart sounds are muffled because of pericardial effusion and fibrinous changes in the pericardial sac [36,37]. Additionally, edema of the brisket and ventral abdomen and various degrees of distension of the jugular veins depend on the degree of cardiac tamponade [36,38,39]. Animals with TRP in the present study showed inappetence, decreased or stopped milk production, increased body temperature, tachycardia, jugular pulsation in some animals, congestion of mucous membrane, tucked up appearance, and pain sensation on palpation. ...
... It was reported that the circulating cardiac troponin I (cTn I) and cardiac troponin T (cTn T) can be used to determine the myocardial cell damage in cattle with TRP. The potential relationship between the acute myocardial cell damage caused by TRP and circulating cTn has not been studied extensively [38]. However, the authors thought that the decrease of feed intake in animals with TRP for a long time may lead to a degree of dehydration and hypovolemia. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background In the livestock industry, Foreign Body Syndrome is a devastating disease condition. Feeding management, lacking of food discrimination, and eating chopped food increase the risk of swallowing sharp foreign bodies in bovine species. In addition to the honeycomb cells shape of the reticulum, the contractions of the reticular wall, gravid uterine pressure, and parturition efforts, foreign bodies can penetrate the reticular wall, causing cascade of problems including traumatic reticulitis, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, and traumatic pericarditis. The present study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic significance of cardiac troponin I rapid test cassette and other cardiac biomarkers including serum cardiac troponin I (cTn I), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme (AST), in confirmed cases of traumatic pericarditis (TP) and/or traumatic reticuleoperitonitis (TRP) in cattle and buffaloes. Methods A total number of 30 animals (22 cattle and 8 buffaloes) with different signs such as anorexia, jugular distension, brisket edema, and signs of pain (reluctance to move, arching back, and abduction of the forelimbs) were included in the present study. Based on case history, clinical signs, ferroscopic, pericardiocentesis, radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations, TP were confirmed in cattle (n = 10) and buffaloes (n = 8) while TRP were confirmed only in cattle (n = 12). Additionally, 20 clinically healthy animals (n = 10 cattle and 10 buffaloes) were used as a control group. Blood samples were collected for determination of blood level of Tn-I, and activity of CK-MB, LDH, and AST. Results The obtained results revealed a highly significant increase in serum cTn I in diseased cattle with TP and TRP (P = 0.00), while buffaloes with TP showed no significant changes in serum cTn I (P = 0.111). Both diseased cattle and buffaloes showed increased serum activities of CK-MB, AST, and LDH enzyme. On the other hand, cardiac troponin I rapid test cassette failed to detect cTn I in diseased animals. Conclusion The study concluded that the cardiac troponin I rapid test cassette did not have a diagnostic significance and could not be used as a point-of-care under field condition for diagnosis of TP and TRP in large ruminants. However, the serum troponin I level is helpful in diagnosis of TP and TRP in cattle. Although cardiac biomarkers have some diagnostic values in TP and TRP, the traditional diagnostic methods (clinical, radiography and ultrasonography examinations) are crucial for thorough evaluation of TP/TRP cases in bovine.
... Pericarditis is defined as inflammation of the pericardium resulting in accumulation of fluid or exudate between visceral and parietal pericardium and can be classified as traumatic pericarditis (TP), idiopathic haemorrhagic [1], neoplastic or septic [2,3]. Haematogenous spread of organisms, such as Colibacilli or Pasturella species which commonly originate from pleuropneumonia, are most commonly involved. ...
... In comparison to TP, idiopathic pericarditis is rare and in these cases pericardiocentesis is often haemorrhagic. Clinical signs may also improve with the pericardiocentesis, unlike with TP [1,28]. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Pericarditis in cattle can be classified as traumatic pericarditis (TP), idiopathic haemorrhagic, secondary to neoplasia or septic pericarditis due to haematogenous spread of organisms, such as Colibacilli or Pasturella. In cattle, pericardial disease most commonly develops from traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP). Bovine cardiac disease often has a poor prognosis, and this is worsened when clinical manifestations of heart failure are present. Euthanasia is the treatment of choice in many cases, but for pregnant or high value animals, treatment of disease is often the preferred option and an early diagnosis can provide a better prognosis in these cases. This chapter looks at the anatomy, physiology and presentation of TP. In addition, a more in depth look at cardiac troponin is presented alongside present and future diagnostic and prognostic methods, in addition to treatment options surrounding this clinically important problem.
... Clinical signs associated with traumatic reticulopericarditis includes distension of jugular veins, tachycardia, abnormal heart sounds, muffled heart sounds and edema of submandibular, brisket and ventral abdominal (Radostits et al., 2007;Braun et al., 2007, Abdelaal et al., 2009). The degree of jugular vein distension varies depending on cardiac tamponade (Jesty et al., 2005;Braun et al., 2007a). Tachycardia severity depend on compression of the heart by pericardial accumulation of fluids, however, in cows with idiopathic pericarditis, pericardiocentesis resulted in decreased heart rate (Jesty et al., 2005). ...
... The degree of jugular vein distension varies depending on cardiac tamponade (Jesty et al., 2005;Braun et al., 2007a). Tachycardia severity depend on compression of the heart by pericardial accumulation of fluids, however, in cows with idiopathic pericarditis, pericardiocentesis resulted in decreased heart rate (Jesty et al., 2005). The heart rate was elevated in this case due to the large volume of pus (12 liters) that has accumulated in the pericardial sac. ...
... Clinical signs associated with traumatic reticulopericarditis includes distension of jugular veins, tachycardia, abnormal heart sounds, muffled heart sounds and edema of submandibular, brisket and ventral abdominal (Radostits et al., 2007;Braun et al., 2007, Abdelaal et al., 2009). The degree of jugular vein distension varies depending on cardiac tamponade (Jesty et al., 2005;Braun et al., 2007a). Tachycardia severity depend on compression of the heart by pericardial accumulation of fluids, however, in cows with idiopathic pericarditis, pericardiocentesis resulted in decreased heart rate (Jesty et al., 2005). ...
... The degree of jugular vein distension varies depending on cardiac tamponade (Jesty et al., 2005;Braun et al., 2007a). Tachycardia severity depend on compression of the heart by pericardial accumulation of fluids, however, in cows with idiopathic pericarditis, pericardiocentesis resulted in decreased heart rate (Jesty et al., 2005). The heart rate was elevated in this case due to the large volume of pus (12 liters) that has accumulated in the pericardial sac. ...
Article
Full-text available
A 7 months pregnant Ayrshire cow raised in open fields in Dandora area, Nairobi was presented to the Large Animal Clinic, University of Nairobi, on 6/11/2017 with a history of being off feed for a week and constipated She had been treated for two weeks with Magnesium Sulphate oral drench and gentamycin injection without significant improvement. A week later, she deteriorated becaming completely anorexic and developed brisket oedema. General exam revealed good body condition, dullness and depression, predominant abdominal breathing, brisket oedema, careful gait, pronounced elbow abduction, distended jugular vein, grunting and teeth grinding. On physical examination the respiratory rate was 24 breathes per minute with a strong character, pulse rate of 92 beats per minute, temperature of 40.70 degrees Celsius, splashing heart sound, suppressed thoracic respiration and harsh lung sounds. Haematological analysis showed anaemia, evident by decreased haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count. Leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopaenia was also evident. A tentative diagnosis of terminal traumatic reticulo-pericarditis was made carrying a grave prognosis. Euthanasia was indicated but the cow died in the night of 8/11/2017. Post mortem revealed hydro-peritoneum, hydro-thorax, three (3) wires piercing through the reticula wall and diaphragm to the pericardial sac, fibrinous adhesions of reticulum, diaphragm and pericardium. The heart was atrophied with the pericardial sac holding 12 litres of creamy liquefied content with fibrin attachments. This report documents atrophied heart associated traumatic reticulo-pericarditis caused by several wires penetrating through the diaphragm in a cow raised in peri-urban area. In conclusion, the cow was from an urban farm and farming in such areas is more likely to predispose cattle to TRP due to uncontrolled grazing in urban centred which exposes them to unsafe foraging areas and fodder.
... Schober et al. (2002) indicated that serum cardiac troponin concentrations are associated with severity of ECG abnormalities and outcome ( Schober et al., 2002). Jesty et al. (2005) analyzed cardiac troponin I concentration in a cow with idiopathic pericarditis. They reported its value as 0.89 ng/mL ( Jesty et al., 2005). ...
... Jesty et al. (2005) analyzed cardiac troponin I concentration in a cow with idiopathic pericarditis. They reported its value as 0.89 ng/mL ( Jesty et al., 2005). Buczinski and Bélanger (2010) reported an increase of Serum cardiac troponin I at 3.52 ng/mL in bovine tricuspid endocarditis (Buczinski et al., 2010). ...
... Brisket edema in cases of pericarditis in cattle is also reported to be absent, if a foreign body tract is draining into the reticulum (Braun, 2009). A relationship of cardiac tamponade with the severity of brisket edema and jugular engorgement has also been reported in cattle (Jesty et al., 2005, Braun et al., 2007. Abdelaal et al. (2009) stated that signs of pain and systemic reactions were more commonly observed in pericarditis affected cattle compared to that in buffaloes. ...
... Abdelaal et al. (2009) stated that signs of pain and systemic reactions were more commonly observed in pericarditis affected cattle compared to that in buffaloes. Tachycardia has been reported as the primary clinical sign in cardiac disease and its severity is reported to be dependent on the degree of compression of heart by pericardial effusions (Jesty et al., 2005), however, no such relation was recorded in this study. ...
... The primary clinical sign in affected cattle is tachycardia depending primarily on the degree of compression of the heart by pericardial effusion [4,8]. The heart sounds are muffled because of pericardial effusion and fibrinous changes in the pericardial sac and asynchronous abnormal heart sounds are characteristically present [3,4]. ...
... With a predominance of fluid, there are splashing or gurgling sounds, which vary continuously in pitch, loudness, duration and point of maximal intensity. There is edema of the submandibular region, brisket and ventral abdomen and a varying degree of distension of the jugular veins depending on the degree of cardiac tamponade [8,9]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Traumatic Pericarditis in Cattle: Risk Factors, Clinical Features and Ultrasonographic Findings Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium with accumulation of serous or fibrinous inflammatory products. In cattle, it is always a common sequel to traumatic perforation of the reticular wall, diaphragm and pericardial sac by metallic and non-metallic sharp foreign body. A case series study was conducted between April, 2014 and December, 2015 in cattle herds in Mansoura, Egypt to determine the risk factors, clinical features and ultrasonographic findings of traumatic pericarditis. Forty cattle expressing clinical signs of cardiac problems were selected and thorough clinically examined. Statistical analysis using multivariable logistic regression showed that magnet administration, positive pain test, history of abrupt and sudden milk drop and hearing grunt were significantly associated with traumatic pericarditis in cattle.
... 3 The outcome of these cases was much more favorable than is typically associated with other forms of cardiac disease in adult cattle such as trau-matic septic reticulopericarditis, endocarditis, and cardiac neoplasia. [1][2][3] The heart is a common predilection site for lymphosarcoma in mature cattle. Identifiable cardiac tumors are present in 66 4 -89% 5 of lymphosarcoma cases. ...
... At the time of initial presentation, the cattle of this study had no peripheral lymphocytosis or cytologic evidence of exfoliative cardiac lymphosarcoma, despite being BLV positive. Testing and documentation of BLV status was not consistently performed in all previous reports, although several cows were documented to be BLV negative [1][2][3] . Thus, it is hard to draw conclusions on whether or not BLV status might influence the cytology of the pericardial fluid. ...
... For these reasons, ancillary tests are required to confirm the diagnosis. Anechoic pericardial effusion has been mentioned in both lymphoma and idiopathic hemorrhagic pericarditis (7,8,11). No other anomaly was found except a focal thickening of the right atrioventricular junction which could be a nonspecific manifestation of cardiac tumor (12). ...
... Increased lactate production has also been mentioned in the pericardial fluid in cases of heart neoplasms (18), but has never been reported in bovine pericardial disease. Further studies are needed to determine the usefulness of this cowside diagnostic test as an ancillary test in bovine pericardial diseases especially for distinguishing neoplastic from idiopathic effusion since the macroscopic findings can be the same (7)(8)(9), and the cytologic findings may not be discriminatory (19). ...
Article
Full-text available
Maintaining a good quality of life for cows with cardiac manifestation of lymphoma may be valuable, especially in high-producing cows. This report describes the medical management of cardiac lymphoma in a cow by means of repeated pericardiocentesis. The cow survived for 34 days and was productive.
... fluid may help the clinician distinguish traumatic pericarditis from IHP. Anechoic pericardia! effusion may be observed in IHP. 13 Echocardiographic findings in traumatic pericarditis cases consist of hypoechoic to echoic pericardia! fluid with echogenic fibrin clots that can be observed in the epicardium or in the pericardia! ...
Article
A two-year-old Holstein heifer with clinical signs of right-sided heart failure which appeared two weeks after calving, including tachycardia and muffled heart sounds was presented. Pericarditis was diagnosed using echocardiography. Pericardiocentesis revealed hemorrhagic pericardial fluid and cytologic findings were compatible with idiopathic hemorrhagic pericarditis. Pericardial drainage and lavage was suggested, but the owner refused. A rumen magnet was administered to the cow, and penicillin was given for seven days. Two months after the initial diagnosis, clinical examination of the cow was normal, including normal echocardiographic findings.
... This is in partial harmony with the findings of Raji et al. (2010) [18] as 6.3 per cent. Macroscopically heart showed discoloration and congested blood vessels (Fig.1) [11] . On microscopic examination the pericardium showed infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells (Fig.2) [21] . ...
Article
The study was conducted to elucidate the pathological findings of inflammatory conditions i.e. pericarditis, myocarditis and endocarditis related to heart of sheep (Ovis aries). Cardiovascular system was examined with total 587 samples, irrespective of age, breed and sex. Out of these, suspected 147 specimens of heart with pathological abnormalities were processed for histopathological examination. Inflammatory conditions i.e. myocarditis, endocarditis and pericarditis were recorded in 11 cases with occurrence of 7.48 per cent. In cases of pericarditis macroscopically heart showed discoloration and congested blood vessels. On microscopic examination the pericardium showed infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells. In cases of myocarditis, macroscopically red discoloured areas on the ventricles were seen. Microscopically, severe infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells was seen in myocardium. In cases of endocarditis macroscopically haemorrhagic areas were seen on endocardial layer of ventricles. On microscopic examination, infiltration of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells was seen in endocardium.
... This is in partial harmony with the findings of Raji et al. (2010) [18] as 6.3 per cent. Macroscopically heart showed discoloration and congested blood vessels (Fig.1) [11] . On microscopic examination the pericardium showed infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells (Fig.2) [21] . ...
... Troponin I concentrations are sensitive parameters used in the investigation of cardiac injuries in humans and animals. In the current study, there were no differences between groups and moments, and their values remained close to the references cited in healthy cattle by Jesty et al. (2005), ranging from 0.00 to 0.04 ng/mL and within the normal limits cited by Basbugan et al. (2010), from 0 to 0.23 ng/mL. Regarding the serum activity of CK-MB, a less sensitive and specific cardiac marker than Troponin I (SANTOS et al., 2010), there were also no differences between groups and moments. ...
Article
Full-text available
The current study aimed to characterize the effects of diet based on whole corn grain on the dynamics of clinical parameters and biochemical metabolites of confined cattle. Twenty young mixed-breed cattle, with a mean weight of 332 kg, were used, divided into two experimental groups. The experimental group (G1; n=15), composed of animals fed only Max Beef Whole Grain diet and the control group (G2; n=5), composed of animals fed with sugarcane bagasse and the Max Beef Grain Whole grain diet, in the ratio 30:70. Blood samples were taken for analysis of different biomarkers of the energy, protein and enzymatic activity. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System program, and for all analyzes, the 5% probability level was adopted. The cattle in the G1 group showed characteristic clinical manifestations of ruminal acidosis. Inference from the G1 diet on some analyzed variables occurred, highlighted in the energy profile, without putting the animals' health at risk. However, for the use of this type of diet, careful food planning is recommended, especially during the animals' adaptation period.
... Idiopathic pericardial effusion is a common finding in cattle. 3,4,7 CMH appears to be a common lesion in the hearts of adult cattle; we found CMH in 20 of 20 diagnostic submissions and 51 of 53 rendered carcasses. Although there is, to date, no evidence in cattle or other species to suggest that CMH is clinically significant, it is an important lesion to recognize to prevent misdiagnosis. ...
Article
Cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia forming pale plaque lesions on the epicardial surface is a common incidental finding in the hearts of aged humans. A similar phenomenon with a more papillary appearance has also been reported as an incidental finding in dogs and mice. These lesions are believed to occur in response to friction between the epicardium and overlying pericardium. We investigated this lesion in adult cattle, a phenomenon that has been associated with bovine leukemia virus infection and epicardial lymphoma. We examined 73 hearts from adult cattle, predominantly of dairy breeds: 53 from a rendering facility and 20 from a state diagnostic laboratory. Cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia was much more prevalent in cattle than in other reported species (97% of examined hearts). The most common distribution was overlying the great vessels in a dark red papillary pattern. Cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia was also variably observed on all 4 cardiac chambers and the pericardium. Occasionally these lesions took on a smooth plaque-like appearance resembling those observed in humans. The lesions varied from 0.25 cm2 to covering 90% of the epicardial surface. No association was observed between cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia and bovine leukemia virus infection or cardiac lymphoma. Cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia was a common incidental finding in bovine hearts that must be distinguished from neoplasia and acute or chronic inflammation.
... Pericarditis, defined as inflammation of the pericardium with an accumulation of serous or fibrinous exudates,Pericarditis of haematogenous origin occurs less frequently ,it may be a concomitant finding in cattle with colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis or anaerobic infections, but the signs are usually masked by signs of septicaemia [1] Pericarditis is generally cause by foreign materials, fine, rough long (wire, nails, prick) that go into the reticulum, diaphragm and pericardial sac follow-on in traumatic pericarditis [2] Pericarditis attributable to hematogenous spread of infectious diseases (such as colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and anaerobic infections) is much less common and is usually masked by signs of septicaemia [3] . unknown causes of pericarditis, which is observed in humans, dogs and horses, is un common in cattle [4] .Although reticulopericarditis isknown tooccur in cattle, it is rarely observed in small ruminants. [5] . ...
... Some previous studies suggested that circulating cTn-I might be used for the diagnosis of cattle suffering from MD due to FMD (12,29), travmatic reticuloperitonitis (11), idiopathic pericarditis (14), bacterial endocarditis (7). Troponin is one of the major regulatory components of thin filament in the heart muscle. ...
Article
The aim of this study was to determine the expression of cTn-I with immunochromatographic strip kits, the concentrations of serum cTn-I in myocardial degeneration due to foot and mouth disease (FMD) with these parameters in beef cattle. For this purpose sixtynine cattle with acute FMD (Group I), mean age 12.4±0.5 months old and 20 clinically healthy cattle (Group II), mean age 10.4±0.6 months old were used. Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities , cTn-I concentrations and expression of cTn-I were determined in both groups. Mean CK-MB, LDH activities and cTn-I concentration were found as 795.1±70.8 U/L, 1305.9±51.4 U/L and 3.6±0.3 ng/ml respectively in cattle with FMD. The mean of the same parameters were 306±20.5 U/L, 1084.7±43.2 U/L and 1.1±0.02 ng/ml in Group II, respectively. These parameters in Group I were statistically higher than those of control group (p<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of cTn-I kits for the diagnosis myocardial degeneration were 100% and 76.9%, respectively. Cardiac Tn-I tests were positive in the only five cattle with FMD, but these tests were negative in blood samples collected from healthy cattle. Macroscobic findings, serum cTn-I concentrations and positive cTn-I results were correlated with FMD cases suffering from myocardial degeneration. In conclusion, both quantitative cTn-I analysess and qualitative cTn-I expressions may be sensitive and specific marker for the determination of mortality rate in cattle with FMD, and can be used to predict the future cardiac disorders in cattle.
... Troponin is a globular protein complex localised on thin filaments of striated muscle and consists of three subunits; Tn-T, Tn-I and Tn-C; all three subunits are integrally involved in the contraction and relaxation of the myofibrils (27). Troponin complex proteins have been determined in the heart muscle and blood of domestic animals (28). A previous study suggested that circulating cTn might be used for the diagnosis of cattle suffering from myocardial degeneration due to foot-and mouth disease (29), but the potential relationship between the acute myocardial cell damage caused by TRP and circulating cTn has not been studied extensively. ...
Article
Full-text available
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is a sporadic disease of ruminants that is caused by perforation of the reticulum by ingested foreign materials; it is a common reason for abdominal surgery in cattle. The disease may appear in forms of local and acute peritonitis, local chronic peritonitis and as unspecific form Anorexia, decrease in milk production, fever, ruminal stasis or ruminal hypo motility, tachypnea, grinding of teeth, reluctance to move and stance with an arched back and abducted elbows. The diagnoses are based on clinical examination, hematological examination, and other techniques.
... Hematogenous pericarditis that due to spread of infectious diseases (such as colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and anaerobic infections) is much less common and is usually masked by signs of septicemia (Gründer, 2002). Furthermore, idiopathic pericarditis is rare in cattle (Jesty et al., 2005). Traumatic pericarditis is extremely common in developing countries, possibly due to unregulated small-scale farming and unsatisfactory standards of animal management and feeding (Misk et al., 1984). ...
Article
Full-text available
Objectives of the study were to provide information on the changes in oxidative stress indices, as well as to describe the possible pathological changes in cattle affected with traumatic pericarditis (TP). Twenty-six cattle with TP were included in the current study. Nine clinically healthy cattle were enrolled as controls. Blood serum samples were collected and stored at -20ºC. Measurement of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and other biochemical parameters were done within one week from sampling. Postmortem and histopathological examinations were carried for dead or euthanized cases. The mean values of NO, MDA, creatinine, total bilirubin, globulins, blood urea nitrogen, and total proteins were significantly higher in the diseased group (P<0.05), while the mean values of TAC, glucose and albumin were significantly lowered in TP group (P<0.05). The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were higher in affected cattle than healthy ones. In cattle with TP, a strong significant positive association was found between serum concentrations of NO and MDA. Postmortem examinations of the dead animals revealed severe thickening of the pericardium and accumulation of pericardial effusions either mild or severe in the pericardial sacs. Regarding the recorded histopatholgical changes; Organized fibrinous pericarditis (constrictive pericarditis), necrosis of the myofiber with congestion and hemorrhage in the myocardium, chronic venous congestion of the liver, and hemosiderosis of the spleen were clearly observed. Furthermore, hemorrhage and interstitial fibrosis of the lung, various degrees of degeneration and hyalinization of the renal tubules were prominently featured. In conclusion, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation may be involved in the complications of traumatic pericarditis in cattle.
... Hematogenous pericarditis that due to spread of infectious diseases (such as colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and anaerobic infections) is much less common and is usually masked by signs of septicemia (Gründer, 2002). Furthermore, idiopathic pericarditis is rare in cattle (Jesty et al., 2005). Traumatic pericarditis is extremely common in developing countries, possibly due to unregulated small-scale farming and unsatisfactory standards of animal management and feeding (Misk et al., 1984). ...
Article
Full-text available
Objectives of the study were to provide information on the changes in oxidative stress indices, as well as to describe the possible pathological changes in cattle affected with traumatic pericarditis (TP). Twenty-six cattle with TP were included in the current study. Nine clinically healthy cattle were enrolled as controls. Blood serum samples were collected and stored at -20ºC. Measurement of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and other biochemical parameters were done within one week from sampling. Postmortem and histopathological examinations were carried for dead or euthanized cases. The mean values of NO, MDA, creatinine, total bilirubin, globulins, blood urea nitrogen, and total proteins were significantly higher in the diseased group (P<0.05), while the mean values of TAC, glucose and albumin were significantly lowered in TP group (P<0.05). The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were higher in affected cattle than healthy ones. In cattle with TP, a strong significant positive association was found between serum concentrations of NO and MDA. Postmortem examinations of the dead animals revealed severe thickening of the pericardium and accumulation of pericardial effusions either mild or severe in the pericardial sacs. Regarding the recorded histopatholgical changes; Organized fibrinous pericarditis (constrictive pericarditis), necrosis of the myofiber with congestion and hemorrhage in the myocardium, chronic venous congestion of the liver, and hemosiderosis of the spleen were clearly observed. Furthermore, hemorrhage and interstitial fibrosis of the lung, various degrees of degeneration and hyalinization of the renal tubules were prominently featured. In conclusion, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation may be involved in the complications of traumatic pericarditis in cattle.
... Hematogenous pericarditis that due to spread of infectious diseases (such as colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and anaerobic infections) is much less common and is usually masked by signs of septicemia (Gründer, 2002). Furthermore, idiopathic pericarditis is rare in cattle (Jesty et al., 2005). Traumatic pericarditis is extremely common in developing countries, possibly due to unregulated small-scale farming and unsatisfactory standards of animal management and feeding (Misk et al., 1984). ...
Article
Full-text available
ABSTRACT. Objectives of the study were to provide information on the changes in oxidative stress indices, as well as to describe the possible pathological changes in cattle affected with traumatic pericarditis (TP). Twenty-six cattle with TP were included in the current study. Nine clinically healthy cattle were enrolled as controls. Blood serum samples were collected and stored at -20ºC. Measurement of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and other biochemical parameters were done within one week from sampling. Postmortem and histopathological examinations were carried for dead or euthanized cases. The mean values of NO, MDA, creatinine, total bilirubin, globulins, blood urea nitrogen, and total proteins were significantly higher in the diseased group (P<0.05), while the mean values of TAC, glucose and albumin were significantly lowered in TP group (P<0.05). The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were higher in affected cattle than healthy ones. In cattle with TP, a strong significant positive association was found between serum concentrations of NO and MDA. Postmortem examinations of the dead animals revealed severe thickening of the pericardium and accumulation of pericardial effusions either mild or severe in the pericardial sacs. Regarding the recorded histopatholgical changes; Organized fibrinous pericarditis (constrictive pericarditis), necrosis of the myofiber with congestion and hemorrhage in the myocardium, chronic venous congestion of the liver, and hemosiderosis of the spleen were clearly observed. Furthermore, hemorrhage and interstitial fibrosis of the lung, various degrees of degeneration and hyalinization of the renal tubules were prominently featured. In conclusion, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation may be involved in the complications of traumatic pericarditis in cattle.
... Incidence of foreign body associated pericarditis higher in buffalo than in cattle (Misk et al., 2001). Among animals, dogs and horses are usually affected by idiopathic fibrinous pericarditis (Jesty et al., 2005). This is infrequently seen condition in buffalo especially Nili-Ravi buffalo (Summet et al., 2012). ...
Article
Full-text available
An unusual case of idiopathic fibrinous pericarditis in Nili-Ravi buffalo was presented at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (CMS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The clinical signs and postmortem findings were suggestive of idiopathic fibrinous pericarditis which are discussed in detail.
... cTn I was reported to be 0-0.25 ng/ml in healthy cattle and 0.1-1.3 ng/ml in cattles with pericarditis 31 , Jesty et al. 32 reported a value of 0-0.04 ng/ml for healthy cattles, and Gunes et al. 17 reported cTn I levels as 0.052 ng/ml for healthy cattles and 0.39-7.74 ng/ml for cattles with pericarditis. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study aimed to investigate the cardiac troponin (cTn I and cTn T) levels in healthy ruminants. The study involved 30 cattle (15 male, 15 female), 30 Akkaraman sheep (15 male, 15 female) and 30 goats (15 male, 15 female) and all animals were clinically healthy. The study animals were grouped as 0-6 months, 6-12 months and 12 months and over. Blood samples were obtained from jugular vein and cardiac troponin I and T levels, and biochemical parameters (CK, CK-MB, AST and LDH) were measured. Troponin T values were found as negative in all three species. Troponin I values were 0-0.23 ng/ml (mean 0.18 ng/ml) in cattle, 0-0.21 ng/ml (mean 0.15 ng/ml) in sheep and 0-0.24 ng/ml (mean 0.20 ng/ml) in goats. It was also found that the values were in declared limits for cattle and sheep. Although CK, CK-MB, AST and LDH values were in normal ranges AST levels were higher in cattle and sheep of 0-6 months of age and, LDH levels were higher in sheep and goat at 6-12 months of age. In conclusion, obtained troponin values in this study could be values for healthy ruminants.
... Outra enfermidade que causa derrame pericárdico é a pericardite hemorrágica idiopática (PHI) que foi mencionada como uma causa incomum de derrame pericárdico, possuindo bom prognóstico para bovinos (FIRSHMAN et al., 2006). Os achados ecocardiográficos em casos de PHI consistem em derrame pericárdico que varia de anecóico (Figura 10) a hipoecoico com ou sem coágulos ecogênicos de fibrina (JESTY et al. 2005). Como a IHP e a pericardite séptica podem ter os mesmos aspectos ultrassonográficos, o diagnóstico definitivo sobre a origem do derrame pericárdico ainda precisa ser confirmado pela pericardiocentese e exame do fluido pericárdico (FIRSHMAN et al. 2006). ...
Article
Full-text available
RESUMO As enfermidades cardíacas em bovinos repercutem em elevados prejuízos econômicos, por afetarem diretamente os índices de produção dos animais acometidos. O diagnóstico das cardiopatias pode ser complementado pelo uso de ferramentas auxiliares como o ecocardiograma. A ecocardiografia é um exame não invasivo com elevada aplicabilidade na clínica de bovinos, com capacidade de fornecer informações sobre a morfologia cardíaca e a função hemodinâmica. Devido à variada aplicabilidade desse exame na buiatria, objetivou-se com essa literatura, agrupar e discutir aspectos relacionados ao seu uso na clínica de bovinos, abordando os parâmetros de normalidade e os achados ecocardiográficos encontrados nas principais enfermidades do coração de bovinos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: cardiopatias, ruminantes, ultrassom. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CATTLE CLINIC ABSTRACT Heart disease in cattle are causes of high economic losses by rebound in animal production rates affected by these diseases, which can have the diagnosis facilitated through tools such as echocardiography. Echocardiography is a diagnostic test with high applicability in cattle clinic to diagnose cardiopathies obtaining information on cardiac morphology and hemodynamic function, non-invasively. Because of the wide applicability of this examination in Buiatrics aimed with this literature, group and discuss aspects related to its use in bovine practice, addressing the normal parameters and echocardiographic findings in major cardiopathies of the bovine species.
... Pericarditis attributable to hematogenous spread of infectious diseases (such as colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and anaerobic infections) is much less common and is usually masked by signs of septicaemia (Braun 2009a,b;Buczinski 2009). Idiopathic pericarditis, which is seen in humans, dogs and horses, is rare in cattle (Jesty et al., 2005). ...
Article
Full-text available
This study was carried out to demonstrate the value of sonography, echocardiography and postmortem in the diagnosis of traumatic pericarditis (TP) in cows. Owner complaint was anorexia, recurrent tympany, presternal and ventral edema, and diarrhea. Laboratory findings were a neutrophilia, elevated total protein concentration and hypergammaglobulinemia. Ultrasonographic findings were moderate to severe corrugation of the reticular wall with reduced reticular contractions. Deposits of fibrin interspersed with fluid pockets were frequently seen between reticulum, dorsal ruminal sac and diaphragm. Pericardial effusions were imaged as mild or massive anechoic accumulations, containing fibrin threads or homogenous. Abdominal ultrasonography showed perireticular and splenic abscessation, echogenic deposits between reticulum, and spleen. Thoracic ultrasonographic findings showed mediastinal abscessation. Lesions had a well-developed capsule, which appeared as an echogenic line that demarcated the contents of the abscess from the heart or the lung. Diagnosis was confirmed by centesis and aspiration of pus from the lesion. Electrocardiographic recordings showed decreased amplitude and irregular QRS and T waves. At postmortem examination, fibrinous adhesions were seen between reticulum and diaphragm, reticulum and spleen or between rumen and left abdominal wall. Pus and fibrin were detected in the pericardium. Other postmortem findings included splenic abscessation and pleural effusions where the foreign body was seen. Echocardiography can be of tremendous help in the diagnosis of cattle with TP.
... ng/mL, All cTnI concentrations in clinically healthy dairy cows are found to be ≤0.03 ng/mL, resembling those concentrations reported by others in cattle ( resembling those concentrations reported by others in cattle (JESTY et al., 2005;MELLANBY JESTY et al., 2005;PEEK et al., 2008PEEK et al., et al., 2007PEEK et al., 2008). The half-life of troponin and its complex in the circulation ). ...
Article
Full-text available
Salinomycin is an ionophore with antimicrobial properties. It is a dietary additive used as a growth promoter for ruminants and as a coccidiostat in chickens. However, over-dosage or misuse situations can lead to a series of toxic syndromes. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is the part of the troponin complex (I, C and T) within the sarcomere in myocardial cells that regulates contraction of the heart muscle. cTnI is released from injured myocardiocytes into circulation, so it can be a specififi c biomarker in myocardial necrosis. The purpose of this study is to propose cTnI for diagnostic cardiac degeneration induced by experimental toxicosis with salinomycin in sheep. Twenty Iranian mixed breed adult female fat-tailed sheep (BW: 33.3 ± 3.4 kg) were used in this study. The sheep were randomly divided in to fifi ve equal groups. Group I (control) received 20 mL normal Saline. Groups II, III, IV and V were orally administered 1 mg/kg (twice a day for two days), 2, 3 and 4 mg/kg (once a day for two days) salinomycin, respectively. Following drug administration, blood samples were collected at different time intervals (2, 5, 8, 14 and 21 days) in order to determine various biochemical parameters (cTnI, CK, LDH, ALT and AST). In all groups, the heart sounds of the animals were carefully heard and electrocardiogram (ECG) was taken to determine the type of probable arrhythmia. The results illustrated a signififi cant increase in the activity of cTnI. Numerous arrhythmias were recorded, such as: sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia and supraventricular premature contraction. All animals with arrhythmias showed a signififi cant increase in the activity of cTnI. Cardiac muscle necrosis observed macroscopically on post mortem examination revealed myocardial degeneration. Overall, the results of this study indicate that cTnI may be considered as a valuable biomarker in diagnosing cardiac degeneration due to salinomycin toxicosis.
... Pericarditis attributable to hematogenous spread of infectious diseases (such as colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and anaerobic infections) is much less common and is usually masked by signs of septicaemia (Braun 2009a,b; Buczinski 2009). Idiopathic pericarditis, which is seen in humans, dogs and horses, is rare in cattle (Jesty et al., 2005). Ultrasonographic examination of the normal bovine heart has been described by Braun et al. (2001) and is performed on standing cows using a 5.0 MHz sector or convex transducer from the third to fifth intercostal spaces in the cardiac region on both sides of the thorax. ...
Article
Full-text available
Abstract. A benign cartilaginous tumor, chondroma, occurred in a 3.5 year-old ewe that was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University. The tumor mass was in the form of a massive hard swelling at the right shoulder region. The ewe was not able to bear weight on the right forelimb that was abducted laterally. Exploration of that swelling revealed blood tinged serous fluid. The ewe was euthanized on owner’s request. At necropsy, the swelling measured approximately 53cm in length, 37cm in width and 25cm in depth and extending from the right forelimb to the thoracic cage. The contoured borders were covered by fibrous tissue capsule and the tumor was difficult to cut through. On cut surface, the tumor was yellowish in color with small cartilaginous multilobular structure and contained one compartment filled with blood tinged serous fluid. The case was diagnosed histopathologically as a chondroma. Key Words: Benign, Tumor, Chondroma, Sheep
... 9 Therefore, it is anticipated that antibodies against human cTnI used in commercially available immunoassays will cross-react with bovine cTnI. 8 Increased blood concentrations of cTnI were reported in cattle with idiopathic pericarditis, 10 traumatic reticuloperitonitis, 11,12 endocarditis, caudal vena cava thrombosis, 11 monensin toxicosis, 13 in calves with foot and mouth disease, 14,15 and experimentally induced endotoxemia. 16 In such studies, various immunoassays, developed for use in humans, were used for the measurement of cTnI. ...
Article
Full-text available
Theileria annulata is a blood parasite affecting ruminants. Hemolytic anemia, secondary hypoxia, and vasculitis are the most important features of tropical theileriosis. Evaluation of electrocardiographic findings and changes in cardiovascular biochemical markers including cTnI concentrations in cattle naturally infected with theileriosis in the absence of acute cardiac failure. Ninety adult Holstein cattle (>1 year) with clinical and laboratory evidence of theileriosis and 30 healthy cattle served as controls. Case-control study in which blood samples were collected and randomized after clinical, hematologic, parasitologic examination and laboratory confirmation and electrocardiographic recording on all animals, serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) were evaluated. Serum concentration of cTnI was significantly higher in cattle with theileriosis (mean: 0.028 ng/mL; range: 0.005–0.21 ng/mL; control mean: 0.011; range: <0.005–0.09 ng/mL; P = .003). There was significant correlation between serum level of cTnI and PCV (r = −0.257; P < .001) and also between cTnI and parasitemia (r = 0.515; P < .001). Mean serum activities of AST and CK-MB were 107 ± 46 and 301 ± 103 U/L in sick animals, which were significantly higher than healthy cattle (P = .002 and P = .041, respectively). There were no pathologic arrhythmias detected in sick animals. Theileriosis is a risk factor for elevation of cardiac biomarkers in naturally infected Holstein cattle. Severity of anemia and parasitemia might contribute to the pathophysiology of myocardial damage. The prognostic significance of increased serum cardiac troponin I concentrations in cattle with hemolytic anemia merits further investigation.
... Being a major challenge in bovine cardiology, pericarditis has been discussed in great detail [5][6][7][8][9]; however, very few ultrasonographic studies on pericarditis have been published until now [10,11]. In the present study, ultrasonographic examinations of the thorax and abdomen were carried out in cows with pericarditis, in order to determine the extent of the lesions and to assess better the prognosis. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study was conducted on 5 cows diagnosed with late-stage pericarditis based on a combination of clinical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, and postmortem examinations. On clinical examination, all the cows were found to be depressed, dyspnoeic, and moderately to severely tachycardic. The main radiographic findings were poor thoracic details and indistinguishable cardiophrenic silhouette. Ultrasonographically, the pericardial sac contained varying quantities of hypoechogenic exudate and echogenic fibrin shreds, which had caused physical compression of the cardiac chambers. The clinical and radiographic findings did not allow a definitive diagnosis of pericarditis, because all of the characteristic signs were not present in every case. Thoracic and abdominal ultrasonography played an important role in the early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
Article
Full-text available
The aim of the study was to document the prevalence and diagnosis of thoracic cavity disorders (TCD) in cattle. All the selected animals subjected to detailed anamnesis; physical, clinical haemato-biochemical, electrolytes, cardiac biomarker, thoracic radiography and ultrasonographic examination were performed. The prevalence of TCD was 0.76%, among these; cardiac disorders (CD) was in 37.0%, lung disorders (LD) in 22.0%, lung and cardiac disorders (LCD) in 22.0% and diaphragmatic hernia (DH) in 19.0%. Highest prevalence of thoracic cavity disorders was recorded in Jersey cross bred cattle (62.0%). More than 3 years of age and pregnant animals were the mostly affected. The most predominant clinical signs was recorded in the order of grunting, dyspnea, abduction of elbow, brisket edema, jugular vein engorgement, jowl edema, rumen hypo-motility and muffled heart sound. Haematology revealed significant reduction of Hb, PCV and RBC. Significant decrease in the mean values of serum TP, albumin, glucose, cholesterol and increases in ALP and AST levels were observed. Significant increase in the cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, LDH and cTnI) was noticed. The presences of foreign body, DH and pericardial effusion were in radiographic examination. Ultrasound examination revealed anechoic fluid (37.50%), mixed echogenic fluid (18.75%), echogenic fibrinous strands (21.85%) on both of respiratory and cardiac disorders. Comprehensive approaches could facilitate early diagnosis of thoracic cavity disorders, as well as to assess the diseases status and to initiate appropriate therapeutic protocols in cattle.
Article
Une vache Prim’Holstein de 3 ans, est référée le 17/11/2022 aux hôpitaux de médecine des animaux d’élevage d’Oniris pour suspicion de péricardite traumatique par corps étranger évoluant. Les signes évoluent depuis un mois et demi, avec dans un premier temps une chute en lait et un avortement à 7 mois de gestation. L’examen clinique met en évidence des signes marqués d’insuffisance cardiaque congestive droite, une atténuation bilatérale des bruits cardiaques, une matité des bruits respiratoires à droite crânio-ventralement, une diarrhée liquide malodorante sans éléments figurés et des signes de douleur ou d’inconfort. Une échocardiographie révèle un épanchement péricardique anéchogène, de 10 cm de profondeur et une tamponnade. La mise en place d’un drain péricardique permet l’écoulement progressif de 5,5 litres d’un épanchement hémorragique inodore. Les analyses cytologiques et bactériologiques mettent en évidence un exsudat de type hémopéricarde inflammatoire aseptique pouvant correspondre à une péricardite idiopathique ou un traumatisme vasculaire au niveau du péricarde. Une échographie pulmonaire met en évidence un épanchement pleural focal anéchogène en portion crânio-ventrale à droite. L’analyse révèle un exsudat aseptique compatible avec une insuffisance cardiaque droite. L’évolution est favorable : augmentation de l’appétit, disparition de la diarrhée en 3 jours, et réduction des signes d’insuffisance cardiaque droite après 10 jours. Les contrôles échocardiographiques montrent un épanchement stable de 2 cm de profondeur et une disparition de la tamponnade. Après un gain d’environ 30 kg, la vache est abattue, avec absence de saisie.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop is susceptible to various insect pests of which whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) is the most predominant. Damage caused by whitefly may be directly through phloem feeding, or indirectly by transmission of viruses such as Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus(TYLCV). Besides the feeding damage, this insect also exudes honey dew which favours the development of sooty mould. In severe infestation, this black coating is so heavy that its interference with the photosynthetic activity of the plant resulting in stunted growth. The incidence and spread of the Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (TLCV) was directly correlated with whitefly population on tomato field. The incidence of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) population always remained higher on upper crop canopy of the tomato plant recording 58.37 % population followed by middle canopy (28.07% population) and lower canopy (13.56% population). Whitefly was most densely populated in the new young leaves of tomato plant on upper canopy. So sprays should be carefully taken on the upper canopy. Eight treatments were taken including one untreated control. Extracts of plant parts were done in methanol following standard method. Highly toxic chemical insecticides should not be used in tomato pest control as tomato is consumed as raw or after little cooking.From overall observation Imidacloprid resulted the best suppression of whitefly population (81.48% suppression) followed by avermectin (73.33%) and mixed formulation of azadirachtin with Spilenthes (71.65%) extracts and another mixed formulation azadirachtin with garlic (60.83% suppression). Three days after spraying, Imidacloprid resulted best suppression of whitefly population (82.17 % suppression) followed by avermectin (81.07 %) and mixed formulation azadirachtin with extract Spilanthes extracts (73.42 %) against whitefly. Azadirachtin individually did not produce higher results but when mixed with botanical extracts gave higher results of whitefly control. This may be recommended for general farmers’ use. The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of microbial toxin, the plant extracts against whitefly and to formulate suitable control measure. Microbial toxin and botanicals are bio-pesticides having lower hazardous effects on human health and environment, and therefore, they can be incorporated in organic farming and Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Keywords: Bio-pesticides neem, avermectin, Spilanthes, , organic farming References: Ghosh, S.K. (1999). Studies on the pest constraints of brinjal and their management under terai region of West Bengal. Doctoral thesis, BCKV, Mohanpur, India. Ghosh, S.K.(2012) Integrated field management of Bemisia tabaci infesting ladysfinger. Proceedings of conference on Agriculture, Science and Engineering. Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 1(1):118-121. Ghosh, S.K. (2013) Incidence of Tetranychus urticae on Abelmoschus esculentus and their sustainable management. Current Biotica 7: 40-50. Ghosh, S.K.(2014) Incidence of Bemisia tabaci and their sustainable. Publisers: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut RAHMANN G & AKSOY U (Eds.) Building Organic Bridges. 2:623-626. Ghosh, S.K., Laskar, N., Basak, S. N. and senapati, S.K.(2004) Seasonal fluctuation of Bemisia tabaci on brinjal and evaluation of pesticides. Environment and Ecology. 22(4): 758-762. Ghosh, S.K., Mandal, T., Biswas, S. and Chakraborty, K. (2012) field evaluation of cultivars and bio-efficacy of insecticides against pest complex of ladysfinger . J. appl. Zool. Res. 23(2): 121-128. Mandol, T., Ghosh, S.K. and Chakraborty, K. (2016) Seasonal incidence of Thrips tabaci infesting Machilus bombycina and their management. Intl. J. Sci. Environ. Technol.. 5 (4): 2245-2256. Subba, B., Pal, S., Mandal, T. and Ghosh, S.K. (2017). Population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci Infesting tomato and their sustainable management. Intl. J. Entomol. Zool.5(3): 879-883. Thakoor, P., Ghosh, S.K., Nihal, R. and Ramya Sri, N. (2019) Effect of abiotic factors on seasonal incidence and bio-efficacy of newer insecticides against Aphis gossypii in tomato. Intl. J. Entomol. Zool.7(3): 513-516. Thakoor, P., Ghosh, S.K., Bala, S.C. (2020) Effect of abiotic factors on seasonal incidence and bio-efficacy of newer insecticides against white fly on tomato. Intl. J. Entomol. Zool. 8(3): 267-271.
Chapter
Cytology is an underutilized diagnostic tool in bovine medicine. Though general principles of collection, handling, and interpretation are similar across species, bovine‐specific collection techniques are described. Cytology can be used to diagnose inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic conditions in cattle in a variety of organ systems. As cytology can be a rapid, inexpensive, and often minimally invasive technique, its use should be considered more frequently in the diagnostic evaluation of cattle.
Article
Full-text available
A 41-month-old Holstein cow with the chief complaint of anorexia exhibited edema of the lower jaw and dewlap, jugular venous engorgement and diarrhea, therefore traumatic pericarditis was suspected. Echocardiography revealed an increased amount of pericardial fluid without fibrin deposition and compression of the heart. Pericardial fluid was blood-like, and cytology findings ruled out neoplastic disease. Blood and blood-chemical examination did not suggest strong inflammation. After removing 5 l of pericardial fluid using pericardiocentesis, the general condition of the patient rapidly improved with a decrease of edema, ascites, pleural effusion and pericardial fluid. As a ventricular septal defect was found by auscultation and echocardiography, the cow was euthanized on Day 29. No lesions related to blood-like pericardial effusion were found by necropsy, thus the diagnosis was idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion. Pericardiocentesis is thought to be a treatment option for idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion in cattle.
Article
This review emphasises on the ancillary tests that are available for the diagnosis of bovine heart diseases. Some of these tests such as echocardiography are easy to perform under field condition. Other procedures such as pericardiocentesis, cardiac markers assessment and thoracic radiographs may help the clinician to diagnose heart disease. However, some tests and heart disorders require an experienced operator and can only be performed in a referral practice. Correct diagnosis of the etiology of heart disease can easily be found with minimal investigations (blood myocardial enzymes, pericardiocentesis, echocardiography...). Even if some of these tests have a prognostic importance in other species, there is a lack of well defined prognostic data concerning these diagnostic tools in cattle.
Article
Aseptic idiopathic pericarditis can be thought of as a new bovine disease. Return to production is possible unlike for cases foreign body reticulo-peritonitis. The method of diagnosis for cardiac diseases should be re-assessed in light of the emergence of this new entity. Pericardiocentesis, which is simple and inexpensive to perform, should be done systematically in cases of suspected pericardial effusion in order to distinguish septic and aseptic pericardites. In the aseptic form, the fluid collected has a normal odour and always has a haemorrhagic aspect. It contains relatively few neutrophils, no bacteria, and an average quantity of protein.
Article
A unique case of idiopathic fibrinous pericarditis in a Nili-Ravi buffalo was presented. The clinical observations, diagnostic procedure and necropsy findings are discussed in detail.
Article
Full-text available
Reports of the identification and successful clinical management of mediastinal masses in adult cattle are uncommon. A two-year-old Holstein heifer presented with tachycardia, muffled heart sounds and oedema, similar to a cow with traumatic reticulopericarditis. Following several diagnostics including thoracic ultrasonographic examination, a cranial mediastinal mass was identified. An empirical antibiotic treatment was attempted without resolution of clinical signs. Successful treatment required an ultrasound-guided drainage of the mass and antibiotic therapy based on culture and sensitivity. This case is interesting because each of the likely differentials that could explain the physical exam findings on initial presentation is associated with a poor prognosis for recovery. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade secondary to mediastinal obstruction of pericardial drainage in any domestic species. The report supports the use of an uncomplicated, systematic approach to cases of thoracic disease in adult cattle.
Article
Full-text available
Analysis of cardiac troponin I (cTn I) and T (cTnT) are considered the "gold standard" for the non-invasive diagnosis of myocardial injury in human and animals. It has replaced traditionally used cardiac biomarkers such as myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB due to its high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of myocardial injury. Cardiac troponins are proteins that control the calcium-mediated interaction between actin and myosin, allowing contraction at the sarcomere level. Concentration of the cTn can be correlated microscopic lesion and loss of immunolabeling in myocardium damage. Troponin concentration remains elevated in blood for 1-2wks so that wide window is available for diagnosis of myocardial damage. The cTn test has >95% specificity and sensitivity and test is less time consuming (10 to 15 minutes) and less costly (INR 200 to INR 500).
Article
Objective: To assess a commercially available point-of-care assay for measurement of bovine cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration in blood and plasma samples. Sample: Prepared bovine plasma standard samples with known concentrations (0 to 1.0 ng/mL) of cTnI and blood and plasma samples obtained from 28 healthy 2.5-month-old Holstein calves. Procedures: Coefficients of variation were calculated for concentrations of cTnI in prepared standards determined with the point-of-care assay, and values were compared with the known concentrations. The cTnI concentrations in blood samples obtained from calves determined with the point-of-care assay were compared with cTnI concentrations in plasma samples obtained from those animals determined with a validated immunoassay. Results: The coefficients of variation of cTnI concentrations determined for prepared standards by use of the point-of-care assay were low (< 20%) for standards with cTnI concentrations ≥ 0.025 ng/mL. The blood cTnI concentrations determined with the point-of-care assay were not significantly different from the plasma cTnI concentrations determined with the validated immunoassay. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Results of this study indicated the point-of-care assay had high precision for determination of cTnI concentrations in most evaluated prepared bovine plasma standard samples. The point-of-care assay may be useful for determination of circulating concentrations of cTnI in cattle.
Article
Objective: To describe echocardiographic and clinical findings in cattle with cardiac manifestation of lymphoma. Design: Retrospective case series. Animals: 7 adult Holstein dairy cows with cardiac lymphoma. Procedures: Medical and necropsy records of all cows that underwent transthoracic echocardiography from January 2007 through April 2010 because of clinical signs of cardiac diseases or bovine lymphoma were reviewed. The diagnosis of cardiac manifestation of lymphoma was confirmed by necropsy examination or cytologic evaluation of pericardial fluid obtained by pericardiocentesis. Results: Most commonly, cows had clinical signs of right-sided congestive heart failure secondary to cardiac tamponade with moderate to severe anechoic pericardial effusion (5/7 cows). In 2 cows, tachycardia was the only clinical sign in relation to cardiac disease and a heterogenic mass was observed protruding into the right atrium. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The use of transthoracic echocardiography aided in the diagnosis of primary cardiac lymphoma in cows. Transthoracic echocardiography may help to quantify the severity of pericardial effusion and to orient needle placement for pericardiocentesis to determine a final diagnosis. A mass within the right atrium was also suggestive of cardiac lymphoma and should be differentiated from mural bacterial endocarditis.
Article
Traumatic pericarditis is one of the most significant bovine cardiac diseases. The authors describe the use of intraoperative echocardiography and successful surgical treatment of a case of traumatic pericarditis. A seven-year-old Hungarian Simmental dairy cow in late pregnancy showed severe oedema of the throat region and brisket, as well as jugular distension. Cardiac auscultation demonstrated tachycardia with a normal cardiac rhythm. The heart sounds were muffled, but no cardiac murmur or splashing sounds were heard. A large amount of echogenic fluid with some strands of fibrin was seen in the pericardial and right pleural cavities by ultrasonography. Ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis demonstrated the presence of a thick, fetid and purulent exudate. Pericardiotomy was performed in standing position with sedation and local anaesthesia. After costal resection, intraoperative echocardiography was performed. It showed an echogenic tract between the caudal pericardium and diaphragm, but no foreign body was seen. Two weeks after the surgery, the cow delivered a healthy bull-calf. Intraoperative echocardiography - not reported earlier - can be applied to evaluate the entire bovine pericardial sac and heart. The report also demonstrates that surgical treatment of traumatic pericarditis can be successful in carefully selected cases.
Article
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, die ultrasonographischen Befunde bei 22 Rindern mit Pericarditis traumatica zu beschreiben. Bei allen Rindern wurde mit einem 5.0 MHz-Linearschallkopf eine ultrasonographische Untersuchung des Thorax, der Haube und der Leber durchgeführt. Bei 17 Rindern wurde ein hochgradiger Pleura- und bei 13 Rindern ein hochgradiger Perikarderguss festgestellt. Bei 7 Rindern waren auf dem Epikard echogene Auflagerungen und Fibrinzotten zu sehen. 18 Kühe wiesen an der Haube für eine Reticuloperitonitis sprechende Befunde und 11 Kühe einen Aszites auf. Als Folge der Herzinsuffizienz wiesen 14 Kühe eine stark vergrösserte Stauungsleber und 15 Kühe eine Dilatation der Vena cava caudalis auf. Die Untersuchungen zeigen die Nützlichkeit der Ultrasonographie zur Abklärung der Befunde in Thorax und Abdomen bei Rindern mit Pericarditis traumatica.
Article
Full-text available
Twenty-seven cows with antibodies to bovine leukemia virus were bled before, during and after calving. All serum samples were tested quantitatively for bovine leukemia virus antibodies using both the agar-gel immunodiffusion test with a glycoprotein antigen and the radioimmunoprecipitation assay with an internal p24 protein antigen. A significant fall (P less than 0.001) in bovine leukemia virus-antibody titer was demonstrated with both tests at the time of calving, with a subsequent rise in antibody titer within one month of parturition. Bovine leukemia virus antibodies were not detectable using the agar-gel immunodiffusion test in two of these cows at the time of calving.
Article
Full-text available
An 18-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was evaluated because of sudden onset of ventricular tachycardia and signs of colic. Three years earlier, a diastolic decrescendo murmur, consistent with aortic regurgitation, had been detected, but the horse continued to perform well and compete successfully. Cardiac ultrasonographic examination revealed a defect in the interventricular septum below the aortic root, and serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were higher than those measured in clinically normal horses. Repeated development of tachyarrhythmia during hospitalization prompted a decision to euthanatize the horse. A ruptured endocardial jet lesion below the aortic valve with formation of a cleft into the interventricular septum was found on necropsy. This report of increased serum cTnI concentrations in a horse with myocardial disease and our other findings suggest that assessment of cardiac troponin concentrations may be a useful tool in the evaluation of horses with suspected myocardial disease.
Article
A Standardbred filly was admitted for evaluation of pleuritis and pneumonia. Heart rate was 80 to 120 beats/min, and the pulse was barely palpable. Thoracic and abdominal ultrasonography and echocardiography revealed substantial pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade, fibrinous pericarditis, pleural effusion, and ascites. Initial electrocardiography revealed normal sinus rhythm with decreased amplitude of the QRS complexes consistent with pericardial effusion. Following thoracentesis, echocardiogram-guided pericardiocentesis was performed. Bacterial culture yielded no growth from any of the fluids, and bacteria were not seen on cytologic examination. Initial treatment included broad-spectrum antibiotic treatments, IV fluid therapy, and anti-inflammatory agent administration. On the basis of negative culture results, an immune-mediated cause was considered, and dexamethasone was instituted in a decreasing dosage regimen. Pericardial effusion, ventral edema, and ascites began to resolve within 3 days after beginning dexamethasone treatment. Thirty days following discharge, the filly was reexamined, and at that time, the prognosis for athletic performance was considered good so the horse was returned to race training. The final diagnosis in this case was idiopathic, effusive, nonconstrictive pericarditis with tamponade. Early identification, clinical understanding, and application of knowledge of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of pericarditis in horses, combined with use of diagnostic aids such as ultrasonography and aggressive therapy consisting of effusion drainage, pericardial lavage, antibiotics that penetrate the pericardium, and corticosteroids when indicated are critical for a successful outcome in horses with pericarditis.
Article
Cardiac diseases of cattle may involve valvular structures, myocardium, pericardium, or blood vessels and are manifested by the clinical signs of cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac murmurs, generalized edema, muffled heart sounds, jugular venous distention, jugular venous pulsations, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, or ascites. Digoxin, quinidine, and furosemide can be used effectively to control signs of CHF and cardiac arrhythmias. Combination antimicrobial therapy can be successful for cows with infective endocarditis and thrombophlebitis. Pericardial fluid drainage may temporarily improve cattle with traumatic pericarditis or lymphosarcoma so that short-term goals may be reached.
Article
Records of 6 horses with pericarditis were reviewed. Septic pericarditis was suspected in all horses, based on historic and clinical findings. In horses 1, 2, and 4, cytologic examination of the pericardial effusion revealed acute inflammation with severe neutrophil degeneration. In horses 3 and 5, cytologic examination of pericardial fluid revealed subacute inflammation with degenerated neutrophils, and in horse 6, chronic active inflammation, with well preserved neutrophils. In horses 1 and 3, bacteria were identified on cytologic examination of pericardial fluid. Results of microbiologic cultures of pericardial fluid were positive in horse 3. All horses were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. An indwelling pericardial catheter was used to lavage and directly administer antibiotics into the pericardial sac. Horses 1, 4, 5, and 6 survived, horse 2 died of unrelated causes, and horse 3 was euthanatized at the owner's request. Surviving horses returned to athletic performance.
Article
Troponin I (TnI) is the inhibitory subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity. We have determined the amino acid sequence of TnI from adult bovine cardiac muscle. This protein is a single polypeptide chain of 211 amino acids with an acetylated amino terminus, a calculated molecular weight of 23,975, and a net charge of +17 at neutral pH. There was no evidence for heterogeneity of the sequence. Comparison with other available TnI sequences shows an amino-terminal extension of 27-33 residues which is present in cardiac but not skeletal TnI. The remainder of the polypeptide is common to both cardiac and skeletal TnI. In the amino-terminal half of the common polypeptide, only 29% of the residues are invariant in all sequences. The carboxyl-terminal half (residues 124-210) is much more highly conserved, with 66% invariant residues. Bovine cardiac TnI and rabbit cardiac TnI are very similar in sequence: only 12 of 26 residues are identical in the amino-terminal segments, but the remaining residues of the proteins are 97% identical.
Article
A 6-month-old crossbred calf was examined as representative of a herd of calves experiencing dyspnea and death, with few other clinical signs of illness. Physical examination of the calf identified pleural and peritoneal effusion and poor body condition. The calf did not respond to supportive treatment, and necropsy of it and another calf from the herd identified congestive heart failure as the cause of death. Gossypol toxicosis was the cause of congestive heart failure in this herd; the source of the toxin was a cottonseed meal and cottonseed hull ration fed by the owner.
Article
Pericarditis and pericardial effusion are considered to occur rarely in the horse. The clinical and laboratory features of idiopathic pericarditis with effusion diagnosed in 10 horses over a seven-year period were reviewed. Consistent physical findings included tachycardia, ventral oedema, jugular venous distention and diminished heart sounds. Electrocardiographic features included diminished voltages and electrical alternans, and the effusion was identified by echocardiography in the six horses in which it was performed. Pericardiocentesis relieved clinical signs in nine horses. Laboratory analysis of pericardial fluid samples classified six cases as aseptic serofibrinous, three cases as eosinophilic, and one case as histiocytic. One horse died and three were destroyed. The remaining six horses recovered following pericardiocentesis (performed once or twice) with or without corticosteroid treatment, and were alive one month to seven years after diagnosis.
Article
Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea), when fed to calves at high elevations, increased the prevalence and severity of congestive heart failure. Forced exercise did not increase the prevalence of congestive heart failure, but it did increase severity. Calves consuming locoweed at high elevations developed signs and gross lesions of congestive heart failure and microscopic lesions of congestive heart failure and locoweed poisoning. Calves fed locoweed at low elevations developed only signs and lesions of locoweed poisoning.
Article
Suspected monensin toxicosis was seen in feedlot cattle aged 6 to 9 months. Twenty cattle died following inclusion of monensin in the feed at 400g/tonne, which was 13 times the recommended level. The deaths occurred over 2 weeks. Clinical signs were inappetance, respiratory distress and sudden death. Post-mortem features were those of right-sided heart failure and included dependent subcutaneous oedema, ascites, hydrothorax, and periancinar hepatocyte congestion and necrosis. However, in contrast to previous reports no myocardial necrosis was found, but focal skeletal muscle necrosis was observed. Additional findings were marked pulmonary oedema accompanied by fibrin and erythrocyte exudation into alveoli and interlobular lymphatics. From these findings it appears that monensin, as well as affecting both cardiac and skeletal muscle, has a primary effect on lung vasculature.
Article
Surgery of the bovine chest is rarely attempted; however, there are distinct indications and procedures available to treat both pericarditis, suppurative pleuritis and pleural effusions. Open lavage of the pericardial sac or pleural space has proven successful in carefully selected cases. The surgical procedures for pericardiotomy and thoracotomy are discussed.
Article
New clinical requirements for triaging chest pain patients challenge the abilities of the current cardiac markers. Serial measurements of myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme MB (CKMB) mass, or CK isoforms in emergency rooms help to rapidly rule out acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, within the first 3 to 4 h from chest pain onset, their sensitivities are too low to contribute significantly to AMI diagnosis during this period. CKMB and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme 1 are not heart-specific, which hampers reliable diagnosis in patients with concomitant skeletal muscle damage. By contrast, the regulatory proteins troponin I and troponin T are expressed in three different isoforms: one for slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers, one for fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers, and one for cardiac muscle (cTnI, cTnT); cardiac-specific cTnI and cTnT assays are already available for routine use. cTnT and cTnI are the most promising markers for risk stratification in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Recent reports on increased cTnT in patients with renal failure or myopathy without evidence of myocardial injury and undetectable cTnI suggest that cTnT could be reexpressed similar to CKMB and LDH-1 in chronically damaged human skeletal muscle. Therefore, cTnI is probably the most heart-specific marker. Among the recently proposed new markers for early AMI diagnosis: glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (GPBB), fatty acid binding protein, phosphoglyceric acid mutase isoenzyme MB, enolase isoenzyme alpha beta, S100a0, and annexin V, GPBB is the most promising because it increases as early as 1 to 4 h from chest pain onset and its early release appears to be essentially dependent on ischemic myocardial injury.
Article
To identify a blood test that can differentiate cardiac from skeletal muscle injury in animals, we compared tissue reactivities for various species with the use of an immunoassay for human cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Tissue reactivity varied as a function of the homology of tissue troponin with human cTnI. Cardiac reactivity in large mammals was equivalent to cTnI, 9.8 +/- 0.6 mg/g, and was 2-fold, 10-fold, and 100-fold greater than in small mammals, birds, and fish, respectively. Skeletal muscle reactivity was equivalent to cTnI, 5.1 +/- 0.6 micrograms/g, in all species except fish, in which it was 50% lower. The ratio of reactivities of cardiac and skeletal muscle was: 1800 in large mammals, 1100 in small mammals, 230 in birds, and 43 in fish. We conclude that cTnI is a powerful candidate in mammals, a possible candidate in birds, but unlikely to be of use in fish as a sensitive and tissue-selective diagnostic test for cardiac injury.
Article
To determine clinical signs of pericarditis in horses and to determine whether there were any relationships among clinical signs, echocardiographic findings, treatment, and outcome. Retrospective study. 18 horses. Physical examination was performed on 16 horses. Cardiovascular abnormalities included tachycardia (n = 16), pericardial friction rub (10), venous distention (7), murmur (7), muffled heart sounds (6), weak arterial pulse (6), jugular pulse (6), and edema (5). Twelve horses also had respiratory abnormalities; the most common was dull lung sounds, ventrally, suggestive of pleural effusion (10). Echocardiography was the most important tool for diagnosis of pericarditis. Detection of clinical signs of right-sided heart failure was significantly associated with severe accumulation of pericardial effusion and with detection of cardiac compromise. Severe accumulation of pericardial effusion was also significantly associated with echocardiographic detection of cardiac compromise. Pericarditis was idiopathic in 6 horses, and bacterial in 5. Five horses had nonseptic pericarditis associated with bacterial respiratory disease, and 2 had nonseptic pericarditis associated with viral respiratory disease. Fourteen of the 18 horses were treated specifically for pericarditis; 10 received antimicrobials and 6 with suspected immune-mediated pericarditis received corticosteroids. Pericardial drainage and lavage were performed on 6 horses in which pericardial effusion or fibrin accumulation was compromising cardiac function. Pericarditis resolved in all 14 horses that were treated, and all 14 returned to their prior intended use. With early detection of disease and aggressive treatment, the prognosis for horses with pericarditis is good.
Pericardial disease and cardiac neoplasia. In: Small animal cardiovascular medicine
  • Kittleson Md
  • Kienle
Kittleson MD, Kienle RD. Pericardial disease and cardiac neoplasia. In: Small animal cardiovascular medicine. St Louis: Mosby Inc, 1998;413–430.
Atrial fibrillation in a cow with post-partum cardiomyopathy: case report
  • Lacuata Aq
  • H Yamada
  • Hirose
Lacuata AQ, Yamada H, Hirose T. Atrial fibrillation in a cow with post-partum cardiomyopathy: case report. J Vet Med 1980;19: 97–99.
Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine
  • Dh Spodick
  • Pericardial
Spodick DH. Pericardial diseases. In: Braunwald E, Libby P, Zipes D, eds. Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2001;1823–1872.
Acquired diseases of the heart Current veterinary therapy 3. Food animal practice
  • B Welker
Welker B. Acquired diseases of the heart. In: Howard JL, ed. Current veterinary therapy 3. Food animal practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1993;973–977.
Electrocardiographic abnormalities in pericar-dial disease. In: The pericardium: a comprehensive textbook
  • Dh Spodick
Spodick DH. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in pericar-dial disease. In: The pericardium: a comprehensive textbook. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997;40–64.
Diseases of the cardiovascular sys-tem Large animal internal medicine
  • Reef Vb Mcguirk
  • Sm
Reef VB, McGuirk SM. Diseases of the cardiovascular sys-tem. In: Smith BP, ed. Large animal internal medicine. 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby Inc, 2002;443–478.