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Home Water Treatment by Direct Filtration with Natural Coagulant
Abstract
Seeds of the plant species Strychnos potatorum and Moringa oleifera contain natural polyelectrolytes which can be used as coagulants to clarify turbid waters. In laboratory tests, direct filtration of a turbid surface water (turbidity 15-25 NTU, heterotrophic bacteria 280-500 cfu ml(-1), and fecal coliforms 280-500 MPN 100 ml(-1)), with seeds of S. potatorum or M. oleifera as coagulant, produced a substantial improvement in its aesthetic and microbiological quality (turbidity 0.3-1.5 NTU, heterotrophic bacteria 5-20 cfu ml(-1) and fecal coliforms 5-10 MPN 100 ml(-1)). The method appears suitable for home water treatment in rural areas of developing countries. These natural coagulants produce a 'low risk' water; however, additional disinfection or boiling should be practised during localised outbreaks/epidemics of enteric infections.
... Natural coagulants are derived from a variety of plant and animal sources. Some examples of natural coagulants include Moringa oleifera seeds, mesquite beans, potatorum seeds, nirmali seeds, Cactus latifaria, Cactus mucilage, chitosan, plant tannins, plant starches, and algal alginate (Ali et al., 2010;Babu & Chaudhuri, 2005;Mohd-Asharuddin et al., 2018;Vijayaraghavan et al., 2011). ...
... For instance, Al-Wasify et al. (2019) reported a maximum antibacterial percentage of 93.0% using M. oleifera seed coagulant against bacterial indicators (TBC, total coliforms, and E. coli) from slaughterhouse wastewater. Babu and Chaudhuri (2005) also investigated the use of seed extracts as natural coagulants in the direct filtration process, employing two plant species (Strychnos potatorum and Moringa oleifera) to remove heterotrophic bacteria and fecal coliforms from home water to produce ''low-risk" drinking water. They reported the ability of these natural coagulants to remove bacteria, as evidenced by the decrease in heterotrophic bacterial count from 280 to 500 cfu/mL to 2-20 cfu/mL and fecal coliforms from 280 to 500 MPN/100 ml to 5-10 MPN/100 ml. ...
... Global diabetes prevalence has more than doubled over the last three decades, with prevalence rates far exceeding modeled projections; even after allowing for improved surveillance. Nearly 1 in 10 adults worldwide are now affected with diabetes [6][7][8] The World Health Organization estimated that over 86% of the people in developing countries rely on traditional remedies such as herbs for their daily needs and about 855 traditional medicines include crude plant extracts (6). DM is one of the world's leading causes of death, with over 150 million diabetic cases worldwide (9). ...
... Global diabetes prevalence has more than doubled over the last three decades, with prevalence rates far exceeding modeled projections; even after allowing for improved surveillance. Nearly 1 in 10 adults worldwide are now affected with diabetes [6][7][8] The World Health Organization estimated that over 86% of the people in developing countries rely on traditional remedies such as herbs for their daily needs and about 855 traditional medicines include crude plant extracts (6). DM is one of the world's leading causes of death, with over 150 million diabetic cases worldwide (9). ...
The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing globally and it is a major source of concern. This study was undertaken to assess the antidiabetic effect of the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera, Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina. Sixty adult Wistar rats with body weight of 120-150 g were randomly assigned to groups of five rats each (n=12). Groups 1 served as normal control; Groups 2-5 were diabetic groups; group 2 served as negative control; group 3-5 received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of triherbal formula respectively. The body weight (BW) and fasting blood glucose level (FBSL) of the rats were monitored weekly. At the end of the experiment, all the rats were anaesthetized intraperitoneally (I.P) and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. There was an increase in the BW of the control group and varying doses of tri-herbal formation. It caused 88.0% decrease in FBSL; 371.7%, 386.6% and 296.0% with respect to 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Sub-chronic study of the effect of the extract showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in packed cell volume (PCV), white blood counts in rat induced diabetes. The histological studies showed that the diabetic rats with the architecture of the pancreas distorted, was restored to normal by the extract. Its LD50 was found to be greater than 1000 mg/kg indicating its safety in rats. This study has shown that triherbal formula has hypoglycemic and haematogical effects.
... These notable uses include use in the pharmaceutical industries as well as in water treatment. It is duly noted that S. potatorum has natural polyelectrolytes which makes it an important coagulant as well as potentially a disinfectant (Babu and Chaudhuri 2005;Mohamed et al. 2014;Vishali and Karthikeyan 2014;Arunkumar et al. 2019;Rajalakshmi et al. 2021). Additional key metabolites found in the plant are strychnine, diaboline, isomotiol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and compresterol, which are common in the Loganiaceae family (Sanmugapriya and Venkataraman 2006; Mallikharjuna et al. 2007;Chattopadhyay et al. 2022). ...
Strychnos potatorum (Clearing nut tree) is a deciduous tree with well-known pharmaceutical, medicinal and anthropological uses. Historically, the use of Strychnos potatorum as a medicinal plant is well documented in Asianic communities of Eastern India and Myanmar as well as some in Sub-Sahara Africa. Various parts of the plant from seeds to leaves are used to treat different conditions from gastropathy and bronchitis to diabetes, conjunctivitis, and even ulcers. The seeds of Strychnos potatorum are also known to be effective in water treatment and purification realms as an effective coagulant and an antimicrobial agent in the treatment of contaminated surface and underground waters. The ripe fruit pulp of Strychnos potatorum is also in some areas used as a washing detergent. This makes the plant an untapped vessel for sustainable use in regions where it is abundantly available especially in Sub-Sahara Africa. In this review, the focus is to bring to light the applications of this species and document its uses as well as look at the physicochemical characteristics that suit the plant to these various applications. This is an important natural wealth to the region where the plant is prevalent, in the Chobe and Ngamiland areas in Botswana and northern Limpopo in South Africa .
Graphical Abstract
... The justification for this work involves the fact that Moringa oleifera has become popular in Mexico and around the world as a dietary supplement due to its nutritional properties [63][64][65][66][67]. Moringa oleifera is a tree native to the subtropical and tropical regions of South Asia, although it is also grown in other parts of the world due to its climatic adaptability [68]. Moringa oleifera leaves contain high levels of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and proteins, including iron, calcium, and potassium, as well as essential amino acids [69][70][71][72][73]; some studies have reported its bioactive components and health benefits [74]. ...
Featured Application
The simulation of processes in the agricultural sector is necessary; this work studied a real production system. The results contributed to improving productivity in the processing of Moringa oleifera capsules, addressing an area of knowledge with limited research. This model can be used by new companies intending to invest in this area of agricultural products for human consumption. The results indicated that production is feasible at a commercial level.
Abstract
The production of Moringa oleifera capsules has emerged as a promising agricultural activity in Mexico, driven by the plant’s well-documented health and nutritional benefits. In response, farmers have begun producing Moringa oleifera as a dietary supplement, using artisanal methods with minimal production controls. This study aimed to estimate the processing times of the Moringa oleifera production system using simulation modeling with Arena® software and to evaluate the economic feasibility of capsule production. Methodologically, it was approached as a case study in the state of Veracruz, and processing times were estimated through systematic sampling and modeled with Arena simulation software. Three simulation scenarios were considered to select a technically and economically viable alternative for agricultural producers, as follows: one with a 200-capsule encapsulator (1E200C), another with two 200-capsule encapsulators (2E200C), and a third with an 800-capsule encapsulator (1E800C). For the initial diagnosis, a research stay was conducted for 180 days, and the production capacity was set at 24,000 capsules due to raw material limitations. Results indicated that the 1E800C scenario reduced processing time by 60% compared to the 1E200C scenario and by 35% compared to the 2E200C scenario. Additionally, the 1E800C model required only Arena simulation software version 162 days (16 h) of work, while the 2E200C required 4 days (32 h) and the 1E200C required 7 days (56 h). In terms of production costs per unit of 90 capsules, the 1E200C was USD 3.93, the 2E200C was USD 3.64, and the 1E800C was USD 3.45. This study concluded that due to raw material limitations, the company can produce 12,800 units of 90 capsules per year. It is recommended to adopt the 1E800C encapsulator, which would lower the overall production costs by 12.23%, representing USD 0.48 per unit produced and resulting in an additional profit of USD 6150.50. Over a five-year evaluation period, the benefit–cost ratio was 5.03, the NPV was 922,370.11, and the IRR was 42.09%, indicating that this type of agribusiness in Mexico is both technically and economically feasible.
... The Justification for this work involves the fact that moringa oleifera has become popular in Mexico and around the world as a dietary supplement due to its nutritional properties [63][64][65][66][67]. Moringa oleifera is a tree native to subtropical and tropical regions of South Asia, although it is also grown in other parts of the world due to its climatic adaptability [68]. Moringa oleifera leaves contain high levels of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and proteins, including iron, calcium, and potassium, as well as essential amino acids [69][70][71][72][73], some studies have reported its bioactive components and health benefits [74]. ...
The production of Moringa oleifera capsules has emerged as a promising agricultural activity in Mexico, driven by the plant’s well-documented health and nutritional benefits. In response, farmers have begun producing Moringa oleifera as a dietary supplement, using artisanal methods with minimal production controls. This study aimed to estimate the processing times of the Moringa oleifera production system using simulation modeling with Arena® software, and to evaluate the economic feasibility of capsule production. Methodologically, it was approached as a case study in the state of Veracruz, processing times were estimated through systematic sampling and modeled with Arena simulation software. Three simulation scenarios were considered to select a technically and economically viable alternative for agricultural producers: one with a 200-capsule encapsulator (1E200C), another with two 200-capsule encapsulators (2E200C) and a third with an 800-capsule encapsulator (1E800C). For the initial diagnosis a research stay was conducted for 180 days, and the production capacity was set at 24,000 capsules due to raw material limitations. Results indicated that the 1E800C scenario reduced processing time by 60% compared to the1E200C scenario, and by 35% compared to the 2E200C scenario. Additionally, the 1E800C model required only 2 days (16 hours) of work, while the 2E200C required 4 days (32 hours), and the 1E200C required 7 days (56 hours). In terms of production costs per unit of 90 capsules, the 1E200C was 3.93 USD the 2E200C 3.64 USD and the 1E800C 3.45 USD The study concluded that due to raw material limitations, the company can produce 12,800 units per year of 90 capsules. It is recommended to adopt the 1E800C encapsulator, which would lower overall production costs by 12.23%, representing 0.48 USD per unit produced, resulting in an additional profit of 6,150.50 USD Over a five-year evaluation period, the benefit-cost ratio was 5.03, the NPV was 922,370.11 and the IRR was 42.09%, indicating that this type of agribusiness in Mexico is both technically and economically feasible.
... Therefore settlement or filtration is needed after the process. Studies show that this technology can reduce fecal coliforms of 280 -500 MPN/ 100 mL to 5 -10MPN /100 mL (Babu & Chaudhuri, 2005). 20 ...
This thesis examines the bacteriological removal efficiency of different Household Water Treatment (HWT) technologies. Tests were conducted according to guidelines laid out by World Health Organization (WHO). Bacterial removal efficiencies of Ceramic Filters, Chlorination, Ultra-violet disinfection and Coagulation and Sedimentation were tested in a controlled environment by using two types of Test Water as per WHO requirement. Each of these options were tested using the two types of test water. The tests were conducted in the IUT Environmental Lab. E.Coli bacteria was used as the test organism to determine the removal efficiencies of these HWT methods before and after treating the test waters. Physicochemical parameters of the water samples were also measured along with the bacterial removal efficiencies. For all the methods of household water treatment systems, two types of test waters were used as per WHO guideline for household water treatment systems (HWTS) Ceramic Water Filters (CWF) have gained immense popularity over the recent years especially in developing countries. CWF implements porous ceramic and activated carbon to treat water at households. They have been identified as one of the most promising and accessible technologies for treating water at the household level. (Thomas F. Clasen). 8 filters of different companies were set up in the laboratory for control experiment to determine the efficiency of CWF in removing bacteria (E.Coli). A total of 1000 liters of water were passed and the bacteria removal efficiencies at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of water passage was measured. A total of at least 20 liters of water were passed per filter each day in order to replicate the water requirement of an average household size of approximately 5 people in Bangladesh. (Health Bulletin 2012). The physicochemical parameters of the water samples before and after filtration were recorded on a weekly basis. It was found that the effectiveness of the filters slowly declined with time. Laboratory results showed that after every cleaning process the efficiency of the filters increased. Chlorination is a chemical disinfection method that uses various types of chlorine or chlorinecontaining substances for the oxidation and disinfection of what will be the potable water source. Test waters were subjected to treatment by chlorination and it was found that this method had a v very high bacteria removal efficiency. Physicochemical data were also recorded for every experiment. A chlorine solution of 0.1N was used as the chemical disinfectant. Coagulation and sedimentation is the process in which a coagulant is added to water and mixed thoroughly to cause sedimentation. In this experiment 0.1N alum solution was used. The coagulant produces positive charges to neutralize the negative charges on the particles. Then the particles can stick together, forming larger particles which are more easily removed. Alum concentration was varied and for each concentration the bacteria removal was measured. For lower concentrations the removal efficiency was very poor but showed gradual improvement with increasing concentration. However the increased alum dosage rendered several unwanted physicochemical properties to the water which caused the water to lose its drinking water characteristics. Though this method yielded favorable results in removing bacteria, it showed unsatisfying results in physic-chemical studies. It was found that the dosage that is needed to remove E. coli completely from the sample water, creates acidic condition in the water. The pH level was found to be 3.85. So the method can’t be used to remove E. coli from water. Ultra Violet Radiation has been found to have disinfecting abilities and recent studies show that they may implemented as an effective method of disinfecting contaminated water. UV Water Purification systems use special lamps that emit UV light of a particular wavelength that have the ability, based on their length, to disrupt the DNA of micro-organisms. These UV light waves are also referred to as the Germicidal Spectrum or Frequency. The frequency used in killing micro-organisms is 254 nanometers (nm). As water passes through a UV water treatment system, living organisms in water are exposed to UV light which attacks the genetic code of the microorganism and rearranges the DNA /RNA, eliminating the microorganism's ability to function and reproduce. According to studies it has been found that this process removes 99.99% of harmful microorganisms. From laboratory experiment it has been found that all the E. coli was removed from the sample water within 30 minutes for both type 1 and type 2 water. All the physic-chemical behavior was satisfactory. So the method can be used to remove E. coli in household level.
... 399 Exploring the natural flora as an alternative means to 400 treating water is practised in some parts of Africa. ( Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005 ). 423 Apparently, the use of S. potatorum seeds for treating wa-424 ter has been practised in India for more than 4,0 0 0 years 425 ( Packialakshmi et al., 2016 ). S. potatorum is effective in 426 clarifying turbid water ( Kumar et al., 2016 ). ...
... Herbal plant phytobiotics are becoming increasingly popular in animal nutrition for a variety of reasons, including their galactogogue, immunological modulating, highly antioxidant, and antibacterial qualities. Moringa's potential qualities, such as those of an antibacterial agent, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-diabetic, and anticancer agent, among others, have led to its widespread use (Abdull Razis et al., 2014;Arora et al., 2013;Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005). ...
The present investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on haematology
and biochemical parameters of Murrah buffaloes reared under loose housing system. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were
assigned to three dietary treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) resulting in six lactating buffaloes per treatment based on parity following factorial completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted for a period from 21 days before calving (pre-partum) to 5 months of lactation (postpartum) to find the effect of supplementation of moringa in following treatments,
namely, T1 (control) - Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013), T2
- 75 g MOLM/animal/day in addition to control feeding and
T3 - Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013) + 150 g MOLM/animal/day in addition to control feeding. The findings of study revealed that haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin (g/dl) WBC, monocytes (%), basophils (%), eosinophils (%) levels
of T3 treatment group were higher than T2
and T3 but did not differ significantly among various treatment groups. Lymphocytes level of T3 treatment group was significantly higher than T1 and but did not differ significantly with T2 treatment group. SGOT concentration (IU/L), SGPT concentration (IU/L), Plasma cholesterol concentration (mg/dl) and Plasma iron concentration (µg/dl) were better in supplemented groups but did not show any significant difference in different treatment groups.
... • Strychnos potatorum Commonly known as Nirmali seeds or clearing nuts, is natural coagulant which has been studied by researchers for treatment of water and wastewater. Various other natural coagulants have been of interest, but Nirmali seeds have been proven to reduce turbidity [18]- [21]. ...
Natural disasters frequency has increased over the past decades. These disasters lead to substantial loss of life and property and render the affected population homeless many times with little or no resources for survival. The short-term effects of the disasters can last for 1–2 weeks, but the long-term effects can last for months. Water is one of the most important requirements for survival in case of a disaster. For the people to survive, they urgently need food and water. Drinking water and water for general use like washing, cooking and maintaining hygiene are essential for the survival. Under normal circumstances water requirement may be more, but in case of emergency, certain minimum amount of water is required for every individual. Availability of adequate quantity of water is crucial for survival, to maintain adequate hygiene and to avoid ill health. Coagulation is one of the most widely used treatment process for removal of suspended solids. Batch coagulation-based water treatment system like the Oxfam up-flow clarifier has been used by relief organizations on various occasions for emergency treatment. In this study the performance of commercially available chemical coagulants, poly-aluminium chloride (PAC), alum (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate) and natural coagulant, Strychmos Potatorum was studied. These coagulants were studied for their effectiveness in treatment of highly turbid water. The effective optimum dosage of PAC was 10–20 mg/L, alum was 70–80 mg/L and Strychnos Potatorum was 30 mg/Lfor treatment of water under different turbidity ranges under laboratory conditions. PAC was found to be the best coagulant among the three studied. PAC effectively reduced the turbidity of raw water by 99% and was found to be best suited for use for emergency water treatment.
... Sedimentation is a method used in water purification which adopts the settling of particulate matter which includes organisms, as a means to remove them. This method may be adopted jointly with fibre media for the physical removal of the flocs (Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005). Combination (multi-barrier) treatment method deals with the combination of two or more of the above-mentioned technologies used together, either at the same time or successively, for water purification (WHO, 2011). ...
Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are globally employed as point-of-use water treatment technology.
There is no comprehensive explanation of the function of CWFs in terms of biological and
physicochemical correction. Therefore, understanding the chemical characteristics of the CWFs can
serve as the basis for the description of the filter’s effectiveness. An efficiency model of the CWF is
very crucial for the setting of standard parameters for the acceptance or otherwise of the filters. This
study developed an efficiency model for CWF by considering both the chemical characteristics and
mechanical behaviour of three filters: ball filter (BF+AC), candle filter (CF) and pot filter (PFcs). To
achieve that, the elemental and mineral oxide compositions of the selected CWFs were analysed with
x-ray fluorescence method. The filtrate from CWFs for three water sources were analysed for
physicochemical, metal ion removability and microbial correction. Water Quality Index (WQI) scores
were computed using physicochemical parameters of the filtrates to rank the effectiveness of the
filters. Also, the flow rate of the CWFs were estimated and the adsorptioncharacteristics of the
selected CWFs were assessed. To statistically set the optimum conditions for an efficient CWF, an
optimisation experiment was conducted. From the results, the major mineral oxide compositions of
all CWFs were alumina (Al2O3) and silica (SiO2). Also, the CWFs ability to reduce total coliform in
water samples was BF+AC>CF>PFcs for the “more turbid water” (MTW) sample. Therefore BF+AC
was more effective in total coliform removability for surface water compared to other CWFs.
Furthermore, it was observed that the BF+AC was more efficient in the physicochemical correction
of all water samples ‘less turbid water’ (LTW) and MTW compared to the selected CWFs. Also, WQI
score for filtrate from CWFs were in the order BF+AC>CF>PFcs of effectiveness. The adsorption
characteristics of the CWFs in the study fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich
isotherm models. Thermodynamic (∆G°, ∆H° and ∆S°) and kinetic study of the adsorption behaviour
of the compositions of the CWFs indicated that the process of sorption between the Cu2+ ions and
CWFs was chemisorption while the thermodynamic properties suggest the process was favourable,
feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. From the experimental results, an efficiency model
of CWF was developed and the model developed considered the chemical characteristics and
mechanical properties of the CWF. To statistically optimise the efficiency of the CWF, optimum
conditions as selected were Rf (1.7-2.1 L/h), KD (0-0.4 kg/L), TB (0-5 NTU), pH (6-8.5) and TC (0-
1) which gave predicted values for WQI in the range of 3.74-11.76 for Tap water (TP) and 18.5 to
25.96 for MTW. This implied that when a CWF obeys the above optimum values and gives a
computed WQI <25, the filter is efficient and subsequently could be accepted by users. Therefore, it
is proposed that the method could be adopted for the standardisation of CWFs in the country.
... Various techniques have been used to remove organic contaminants from water, but the most basic one is biodegradation which is time consuming (Vandermeulen et al., 2022). Others include precipitation (high processing cost and toxic wastes) (Peligro et al., 2016;Benalia et al., 2022;Saleh et al., 2022), degradation (costly and time consuming) (Velempini et al., 2021;Li et al., 2022aLi et al., , 2022b, electrochemical oxidation (requires sludge treatment) (Li et al., 2016a;Ganiyu et al., 2021;Hassani et al., 2022); filtration (frequent replacements, disposal and efficiency issues) (Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005;Li et al., 2021;Ma et al., 2022), ozonation (byproducts with short half-life) (Lam et al., 2018;Lim et al., 2022;Zhu et al., 2022), photocatalytic oxidation (lacks solar sensitivity with least adsorptive efficiency) (Al-Shannag et al., 2015;Pan et al., 2022;Chen et al., 2022;Geng et al., 2020;Tan et al., 2017) and adsorption (most effective method due to its excellent efficiency, simplicity and low energy consumption) (Huang et al., 2017;Lin et al., 2022;Khader et al., 2022). ...
... Studies have been conducted to evaluate the coagulation efficiency of many plant materials including extract of Moringa seeds (Ndabigengesere et al., 1995;Ndabigengesere and Narasiah, 1998;Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005); Ghebremichael et al. 2005;Bhuptawat et al. 2007; okra and nirmali seeds (Al-Samawi and Shokrallah, 1996), tamarind seeds (Bhole, 1995), extracts of Prosopis juliflora and Cactuslatifaria (Diaz, et al., 1999) and vegetable tannins (Ozacar and Sengil, 2003). According to Jahn (1984) crude extract of M. Oleifera seed is the most extensively studied natural coagulant. ...
The use of synthetic chemicals like aluminium sulphate (alum), polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and chlorine for the removal of turbidity and pathogens in water treatment have adverse effect on human health. Aluminium compounds causes Alzheimer's disease, produces non-biodegradable sludge sediment which pollutes the environment, while the disinfection by-products of chlorine causes cancer. Balanites aegyptiaca seed, a potential natural coagulant was processed and characterized through the X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscope and proximate analysis.The XRF analysis of the crushed balanites aegyptiaca seed revealed the element presence of Fe2O3, SiO2, CaO which stabilises the pH of the water and Ag2O, MoO3 and ZnO gives the disinfection properties of the seed. The SEM of the backscattered detector (BSD) images of the crushed balanites aegyptiaca seed indicating that the specimen is in particle structures as it was prepared in finely ground powder, it showed the irregular granule units, rough surface with peaks and pores(Chen et al., 2015). The single point, Langmuir and BET surface areas are 5.111901 m 2 /g, 24.905256 m 2 /g and 11.224953 m 2 /g respectively, which is quite small. The single point adsorption total pore volume is 0.003008 cm 3 /g. Proximate analysis revealed the seed's moisture, oil, protein, ash, nitrogen and carbon contents as 3.65, 41, 36.6, 3.76, 5.85 and 9.7% respectively. Conventional jar test apparatus was used to carry out the coagulation-flocculation of the sample raw water using the processed balanites aegyptiaca seed powder. The results obtained revealed that balanites aegyptiaca seed has coagulation and disinfection property as it effectively reduces the water turbidity by 96.8% and 100% removal of bacteria of the sample water, with an optimum dosage and contact time of 0.5g/l and 20 minutes respectively. The seed has a wide pH range from 7.09-8.17 during coagulation, hence no need for pH adjustment.
... Natural coagulants exhibit various benefits which include reduction in production of sludge, lower cost, restrain variations in the pH of treated water, innocuity and provide greater biodegradability [7][8][9][10]. Researchers on biological originated coagulants that have been studied include okra [11], nirmali plant [12], Moringa Oleifera [13] and chitosan [14]. In addition, Jahn (2001) has also conducted experimental study on the performance of apricot, peach kernel and beans in clarifying water [15]. ...
Coagulation is an effective, simple and widely practiced water treatment method. However, the usage of chemical coagulant pose detrimental effect on living organism and human health as well as producing large amount of toxic sludge. This study describes the utilization of banana peel as a natural coagulant for the treatment of household wastewater. The natural coagulant extracted from banana peel was prepared by using simple extraction method. Synthetic wastewater was used in this study to imitate the medium strength household wastewater. The parameters investigated in this study were pH of wastewater, coagulant dosage, and solvent of extraction. The effectiveness of the natural coagulant was evaluated based on the reduction of turbidity during the treatment process. The treatment of synthetic wastewater using banana peel coagulant was found to be the most effective at pH 1 and dosage of 100 mg/l whereas the most effective solvent to extract this type of fruit waste is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In present work, it can be concluded that the banana peel coagulant was highly feasible in removing turbidity of the synthetic wastewater with removal efficiency of 88% under optimum condition.
... It is a perennial softwood tree with timber of low quality, but which for centuries has been advocated for traditional medicinal and industrial uses. [1][2][3][4] Because of its high nutrient values [1,3,[5][6][7], high bioactivity [4,[8][9][10][11][12], and its coagulability in water [11,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], the moringa tree has become one of the miracle trees for humans in the world. It has been used for nutrition, traditional medicine, nutraceutical purposes, water purifying, and industrial uses. ...
... This is because many bioactive substances with therapeutic potential are contained in plants and they possibly work on multi-targets to ameliorate the disorder (9). Pharmacological actions and the use of Moringa oleifera in the traditional treatment of diabetes mellitus have been adequately reported (8,10). Diabetic rats treated with Moringa seeds powder showed reduction in the levels of all the parameters that tended towards the negative control values and restored the normal histology of both kidney and pancreas compared with that of the diabetic positive control group (11). ...
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most
of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts has been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various
disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of
Moringa oleifera tablets and compare the activity with those of Moringa oleifera crude extract in alloxan-induced
diabetic rats’ model. Alloxan (120 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes in rats and the blood glucose levels were
examined using glucometer. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique using 2% of hydroxyl
propylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and acacia gum respectively as binders. They were evaluated using unofficial and
official Pharmacopeia methods. The Moringa oleifera extract and tablets were administered to diabetic rats for 5 days
at a dose of 400 mg/kg rat. The extract and tablets produced marked reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.
These results showed that the extract and formulated tablets exhibited anti- diabetic property in diabetic rats.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera seeds, aqueous extract, anti-diabetic tablets, alloxan, Wistar rats
... [3] Research has shown that most of the parts of the plant hold hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activity. [4] Furthermore, the hypocholesterolemic activity of M. oleifera crude extract was reported. [5] Furthermore, N. sativa Linn. ...
Background
Numerous medicinal plants have been explored as therapy for hyperlipidemia which could be induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).
Aims and Objectives
The ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera oil and Nigella sativa oil and their safety on diet-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats were examined.
Materials and Methods
Thirty Wistar rats were distributed into six groups of five each. Group 1 was the control group while the other groups were fed with HFD. Groups 3–6 were treated using 1 ml/kg BW of M. oleifera oil, 0.5 ml/kg BW M. oleifera oil, 1 ml/kg BW N. sativa oil, and 0.5 ml/kg BW N. sativa oil, respectively, for 10 days. The plasma total and tissue cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were analyzed.
Results
M. oleifera oil and N. sativa oil (1 ml/kg BW and 0.5 ml/kg BW) showed significant reduction at ( P < 0.05) in total plasma cholesterol and lipid levels compared to the control group but had no significant effects on the activities of AST, ALT, and ALP.
Conclusion
The study proved that M. oleifera and N. sativa oil ameliorate diet-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats by reducing plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and increasing HDL levels and show no adverse effects on the activities of the liver enzymes.
... Most of the parts of the plant have been proven to possess antimicrobial activity (Rockwood et al., 2013). They are known for their pharmacological actions and are also used in the traditional treatment of diabetes mellitus (Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005), hepatotoxicity (Anupama et al., 2013), rheumatism, venomous bites and also for cardiac stimulation (Anupama et al., 2013). ...
The anti-diabetic potential of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaf was evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The rats were grouped into five (5) groups of 10 animals each namely: the Control group, Tween 80-treated, Glibenclamide-treated and Moringa oleifera-treated orally at 700 and 900 mg/kg body weight respectively. The results revealed that the extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced the fasting blood sugar level as well as the postprandial rise in blood glucose after a heavy glucose meal in normoglycaemic rats. Also administration of the extract reduced fasting blood sugar level. The extract also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the serum total cholesterol and triglyceride level but caused an increase in HDL level. It significantly (P<0.05) increased the body weight of extract-treated diabetic rats. Sub-chronic study of the effect of the extract showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in packed cell volume (PCV), white blood counts in rat induced diabetes which however, attain basal level. The histological studies showed that the diabetic rats with the architecture of the pancreas distorted, was restored to normalcy by the extract. Its LD 50 was found to be greater than 1000 mg/kg indicating its safety in rats. The result therefore suggests that aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaf is safe for use via the oral route and also has anti-diabetic potential.
... However, the tree of M. oleifera has been used to treat diabetes mellitus and also for other pharmacological purposes. (Bhishagratna, 1991;Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005). ...
... Natural polyelectrolytes of plant origin have been used for many centuries in developing countries for clarifying turbid water (Babu & Chaudhuri, 2005). For home water treatment, the materials have to be used in the form of powder or paste, 90% of which consists of natural substances other than the polyelectrolytes. ...
Moringa oleifera seed solution was used in this study to treat municipal wastewater that were used as the treatment in this study. There were 3 treatments used; treated wastewater, normal tape water and untreated wastewater. The wastewater were collected at main drainage at Batu 7 (5 o 52'57.2''N 118 o 02'39.7"E) and diagnosed based on the pH and EC. Data on plant height (cm), number of leaves, leaves length (cm), chlorophyll, and number of primary branches were taken every week until week 4. For root length (cm), fresh weight (g), dry weight (g) and moisture were taken after the harvesting. The data collected were analyzed by using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.4 computer program with experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The means were separated and compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05 significant level. M. oleifera seeds solution treated irrigation exhibited positive outcomes for most of the parameters recorded, but response of different vegetables were also different on varied parameters. The increase of pH from untreated waste water (6.40) to sanitized/treated waste water (6.73) and reduction of EC from untreated waste water (367.9) to sanitized/treated waste water (359.1) is the proof of making nutrients more available for plants uptake. From the overall study it is proved that M. oleifera seeds are suitable as the replacement and an alternative besides chemical coagulant to treat wastewater which is cheaper, eco-friendly and sustainable to be used in agricultural irrigation based on all the parameters evaluated in this study.
... These populations sometimes use water for household chores that may come from rivers, streams, ponds and wells. The quality of these waters can be improved by home treatment with natural plant-based substances with coagulant activity [5][6][7]. Goal 6, one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals adopted in 2015 as part of the United Nations 2030 agenda, suggests "ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all", [8]. As part of the implementation of this goal, we are undertaking investigations on the research of natural coagulants of plant origin, to have scientific data on natural substances of plant origin with coagulant activity; to be able to expand the range of natural coagulants of plant origin and also to contribute to the improvement of water quality for people in rural areas of developing countries [9][10][11]. ...
The aim of this study was to characterize the amino acids in the seeds of Citrullus lanatus, Vigna unguiculata and Zea mays; and the proteins in the coagulating solutions of the seed powders of these 3 plants. Amino acids were separated by ion exchange chromatography and determined by ninhydrin reaction with photometric detection. Proteins were characterized by steric exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) on a Superdex column in the range of 10 kDa to 500 kDa and on a Shodex column in the range of 204 Da to 35000 Da. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) was also performed. The results obtained showed that the most abundant amino acid in the seeds of the 3 plant species is glutamic acid, a negatively charged side chain amino acid at neutral pH. The respective contents are 6150 mg/100 g in Citrullus lanatus seeds; 4030 mg/100 g in Vigna unguiculata seeds and 1820 mg/100 g in Zea mays seeds. The percentage of protein constituents with a molecular weight less than 10 kDa is 87.3%; 74.1% and 61.6%; for Citrullus lanatus, Zea mays and Vigna unguiculata coagulant solutions respectively. The percentage of protein constituents with a molecular weight between 1000 Da and 1500 Da is 24.9%;20.4% and 29.2%; respectively for the coagulant solutions of Vigna unguiculata, Zea mays and Citrullus lanatus. A percentage of 25.8%, between 800 and 1000 Da, is also noted for Citrullus lanatus. The study of the coagulant activity showed percentages of turbidity reduction higher than 80%.
... Whether chitosan-pretreated and cloth filtered water causes bacteria regrowth was not investigated in this study and to our knowledge has not been studied by others. Additionally, it should be noted the aforementioned specific plant species used as coagulants are not always abundantly and readily available in some geographic regions [24], while chitosan is abundantly available worldwide. ...
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 2.1 billion people lack access to safely managed water. Cloth filtration is often employed in rural and developing communities of South Asia for point-of-use water treatment, but bacteria and viruses are too small for efficient removal by this filtration method. Chitosan is a biodegradable, cationic, organic polymer derived from the chemical treatment of chitin that acts as a coagulant and flocculant of contaminant of microbes and other particles in water, thereby facilitating filtration of microbes. This research 1) evaluated the use of chitosan acetate as a pre-treatment coagulation-flocculation process followed by cloth filtration for microbial reductions and 2) assessed floc particle size under three stirring conditions. E. coli KO11 bacteria and MS2 coliphage virus removals were quantified using culture-based methods. Chitosan acetate coagulation-flocculation pre-treatment of water, followed by cloth filtration, met or exceeded the protective (2-star) WHO performance levels for bacteria (2 log10 reduction) and viruses (3 log10 reduction), and filtrate turbidity was consistently reduced to < 1 NTU, meeting United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and WHO targets.
... In this study, the effect of alum and MOSE showed a lot of potential in terms of water treatment especially with respect to bacteriological and physico-chemical quality. Turbidity reduction is one of the major noticeable features in this research work (Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005). The decrease in turbidity in samples treated with M. oleifera might be correlated to the deed of M. oleifera as a coagulant. ...
Aluminum sulphate (alum) is widely used water coagulant. The conventional methods used in water purification raises a lot of concerns over its environmental safety. So, this study aims to embrace new approaches for drinking water treatment. The use of environmental coagulants of plant origin is a conservational, significant potential and low cost method for water treatment. The competence of Moringa oleifera seed extract as a coagulant for conjugal water purification was investigated using the Jar Test and compared with alum as a control. Assessment of physicochemical and biological parameters was done for both raw and treated water. Consensuses of this study render that concentration of ammonia increased in the most purified water treated with Moringa extract. Turbidity, chlorides, iron, manganese, total algae count and total coliform were decreased in most concentrations. These findings suggested that Moringa can be used as a biocoagulant for water treatment. While, it is favorable instead of using the seed powders for water clarification; one could use only the driven water soluble proteins that extracted from the Moringa seeds. These proteins are more resourceful in ammonia and nitrates exclusion which increased in the water samples treated with Moringa seeds.
... These populations use water for household tasks, which can come from rivers, streams, ponds and wells [2]. The quality of this water can be improved by treating it at home with natural substances with coagulant activity and derived from plants in their environment [3,4]. Goal 6, one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, suggests "ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all [5]". ...
The aim of this study was to improve the quality of protein extracts from Cucumeropsis mannii Naud. and Arachis hypogaea L. The evolution of protein content and microbiological quality of aqueous extracts of A. hypogaea, C. mannii and M. oleifera seed powders were monitored over time during protein extraction. The protein contents of the extracts subjected to decantation and those subjected to centrifugation were determined by the Kjeldahl method. The microbiological quality of the different aqueous extracts was evaluated according to the standards NF EN ISO 7932, NF V 08-059 and NF EN ISO 4833-1. The results obtained show protein contents of 40.6 % for A. hypogaea, 25.4 % for C. mannii and 36.5 % for M. oleifera, after 24 h of decantation. The protein contents of the centrifuged aqueous extracts were higher and 55.9%, 36.7% and 37.6% for A. hypogaea, C. mannii and M. oleifera extracts respectively. The results of the microbiological analysis showed that the aqueous extracts of M. oleifera contain little microbial load. Significant growth of aerobic flora and Bacillus cereus was observed in the decanted extracts of C. mannii and A. hypogaea from 4 h to 24 h of decantation. Extracts obtained by centrifugation have a lower microbial load, because the treatment time was shorter. The aqueous protein extracts of A. hypogaea and C. mannii seed powders obtained by centrifugation were of better quality than those obtained by decantation, because they have higher protein contents and lower microbial loads. The water solubility of A. hypogaea and C. mannii seed proteins was also studied on protein suspensions at 2% at pH 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The results obtained showed that adjusting the pH to 7 and 8 could improve the degree of protein extraction for A. hypogaea and C. mannii seeds.
... Anti-hyperglycemic effect: Diabetic patients exhibit a stage of chronic hyperglycemia as well as glucose tolerance impairment [23]. M. oleifera is used to treat diabetes mellitus because of its pharmacological actions [24]. ...
... However, the tree of M. oleifera has been used to treat diabetes mellitus and also for other pharmacological purposes. (Bhishagratna, 1991;Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005). ...
Moringa oleifera belongs to the Moringaceae family, which consists of 13 species. Moringa is associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease with a higher dietary intake of monounsaturated fatty acid (primarily oleic acid). People all over the world use this multipurpose herb both as food as well as for medicinal purposes. Researchers have described it as a plant with various health benefits, including nutritional and medicinal benefits. The important factors responsible for the medicinal use of M. oleifera are attributed to its wide range of vital antioxidants, antibiotics, vitamins, and minerals.
... The use of each of these methods depends on different factors, the most important of factors are the pollutants in the wastewater and the desired level of reduction of these pollutants. Various works have been done in the field of wastewater treatment using coagulants [4][5]. In addition, nanotechnology involves tailoring of materials at the atomic level to achieve unique properties, which can be suitably manipulated for some desired applications. ...
... People that suffer from diabetes exhibit glucose intolerance, and possess severe hyperglycemia (Tiwarand Roa, 2002). M. oleifera has been used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes (Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005;Bharali 2003). Research by Ajit et al., (2002) confirmed that Moringa oleifera extracts could reduce blood glucose levels. ...
Tropical neglected diseases (TNDs) are a group of parasitic infections that prevail in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting more than one billion people who live predominantly in developing countries. The poorest and marginalized populations suffer the most because of TNDs. These diseases strongly impact the local economy since billions of dollars are spent each year on public health strategies to treat or prevent these diseases. For this reason, they are often neglected by governments. Different tissues of the tree Moringa oleifera Lam. contain a set of metabolites, including proteins, vitamins, and minerals, with nutritional, pharmacological, and biotechnological potential. Several studies have described the activities of extracts and compounds isolated from the seeds, flowers, leaves, and roots of M. oleifera. Of these, lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins), protease inhibitors, and the thiocarbamate glycoside niazinin stand out for their potential use in combating vectors and/or etiologic agents of TNDs such as dengue, African human trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, Buruli ulcer, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis. Here, we provide a brief review of each of these diseases, and of the metabolites of M. oleifera with a potential to treat or prevent the spread of TNDs.
... People that suffer from diabetes exhibit glucose intolerance, and possess severe hyperglycemia (Tiwarand Roa, 2002). M. oleifera has been used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes (Babu and Chaudhuri, 2005;Bharali 2003). Research by Ajit et al., (2002) confirmed that Moringa oleifera extracts could reduce blood glucose levels. ...
Moringa oleifera Lam. is a tree species with high food, medicinal, and industrial values, being widely cultivated and used in treatment of water for human consumption. The use of M. oleifera is increasing and its commercialization has driven the search for scientifically proven information about safety and therapeutic effectiveness. Natural compounds can trigger risks to human health, being essential the evaluation of the safe use of plants for humans and animals. This work aimed to carry out a review on the progress of researches related to the toxicological assessment of M. oleifera preparations, providing an overview of the investigation of the safety of this plant use in the last 11 years. This review was designed to address different toxicology models and consists of a collection of 77 articles describing studies on M. oleifera toxicity. The efficiency of M. oleifera preparations in reaching specific cellular targets has been highlighted by in vitro studies, indicating a high potential of this plant against cancer cell lines. Investigations of the acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity of moringa preparations have demonstrated the absence of toxicological effects depending on the tested concentration, route of administration, time of exposure, plant tissue or organ, extraction method and animal model. Other data have also demonstrated the low genotoxic and mutagenic potential of M. oleifera and its relevant protective activities against DNA damage. The researches developed until today have focused mainly on leaves and seeds, but studies involving other parts of this plant are needed, since all of them are used for some purpose.
... In a batch mode coagulation study employing Strychnos potatorum, a protein responsible for coagulation and removal of pollutant from sewage water was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by Vishali et al. (2019) [18] . Seeds of the plant species Strychnos potatorum and Moringa oleifera contain natural polyelectrolytes which can be used as coagulants to clarify turbid waters (Raveendra Babu and Chaudari, 2005) [16] . Thus in the present study also Strychnos potatrum offered a ray of hope in desalination of saline water. ...
... Moringa oleifera is a plant that is mostly used as a natural coagulant. M. oleifera is used to treat turbid water [8,9,10], peat water [11], and wastewater [12,13,14]. Other natural coagulants like common bean [15], chitosan [16], plantago ovata seed [17], and psyllium husk [18] are proven to have higher efficiency for water turbidity removal. ...
Coagulation is a key process in water treatment. The ability of two coagulants, aluminium sulphate (alum) as inorganic coagulant and Lemna perpusilla as natural coagulant was assessed using standard jar test measurement. Both coagulants were evaluated with turbidity, Total Organic Matter (TOM) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) parameters. The results showed that both coagulants were able to remove 100 % of water turbidity with initial turbidity 13.56 NTU. However increasing the coagulants doses, also will increase the concentration of TSS. The use of alum and L. perpusilla as a coagulant will increase concentration of TSS by 12.68% and 252.11% respectively. Application of alum tends to reduce the concentration of TOM by 20.25%, while L. perpusilla will actually increase the concentration of TOM by 74.85%. Although not as effective as alum, L. perpusilla showed sufficient removal capability for treatment of turbid waters from Cibuntu Lake. The optimum dose of L. perpusilla should be considered to minimize side effects on produced water such as increasing TOM and TSS concentration.
... The roots of the plant hold the soil intact and therefore good to be planted around areas gullible to erosion [35]. A preliminary study on Jatropha curcas as coagulant in wastewater treatment conducted by [5] found Jatropha seed to be an effective coagulant with more than 96 % of turbidity removal at pH 1-3 and pH 11-12. At pH of 3, the turbidity at the highest level was recorded using a 120mg/L dosage. ...
Natural materials must be introduced as common as possible into the coagulant-flocculation process. Literature has indicated that it is worth developing and if possible turning natural material into commercial material. However, natural coagulants themselves are not adequate as the key treatment as their efficiency is restricted by growing constraints. Emerging technology and comprehensive studies actually contribute to the production of these limited conditions as well as to chemicals' success. Additionally, natural coagulants are widely used alongside artificial coagulants as coagulant aids. This analysis involves the form of coagulants used in the treatment of waste-water coagulation, in particular in the use of natural coagulants. This analysis paper also describes natural materials' potential for future growth as aids and their potential as sustainable composite coagulants.
... Special Issue (2020) al., 2014). Almond soaked beans were used in the sixteenth century in Egypt and Sudan to improve water quality (Babu & Chaudhuri, 2005;Libanius, 2008). Synthetic polymers arose later after World War II, but began to be used effectively after the 1960 (Libanius, 2008;Richter, 2009). ...
... MO is known for its medicinal values in hepatotoxicity [4], wound healing [5], inflammation (rheumatism) [6], and venous bites [7]. Besides, it also possesses antitumor [6] and antimicrobial activities [8][9][10][11][12]. ...
Background. The cases of diabetes increase day by day due to unhealthy lifestyle, food habit, and less food intake. Novel drugs for the treatment of diabetes are urgently needed. Most researchers are looking for alternative drugs (plant-based drugs) for the treatment of diabetes. Objective. The current experiment was designed to examine the hepatic and renal beneficial effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) extract in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Methods. Antidiabetic potential of the MO extract was estimated in terms of blood glucose levels, plasma insulin, hexokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate. Antihyperlipidemic effects of MO extract were evaluated through the estimation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very LDL (VLDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level whereas the antioxidant effects were evaluated through estimation of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in diabetic rats. Results. Dose-dependent treatment using MO extract significantly increased the body weight, hexokinase, plasma insulin, HDL, SOD, CAT, and GPx levels (P < 0.001) and significantly decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose, TC, TGs, LDL, VLDL, MDA, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, and glycated hemoglobin in STZ-induced diabetic rats (P < 0.001). Conclusion. MO can be used as a therapeutic agent in the management of elevated blood glucose levels through the alterations in the blood glucose level, plasma level of insulin, and various biochemical parameters.
... Several plant coagulants have been identified by scientists in several parts of the world [8]. Some natural bio-polymers commonly used as primary or auxiliary water clarification process includes Cactáceos, Nirmali (Strychnos potatorum Linn.), Tannins and Moringa oleifera [9,10,8,11]. Among these biopolymers, the use of Moringa oleifera has received the widest attention from researchers. ...
Developing countries are currently facing intense drinking water shortages due to paucity of funds to set-up potable water treatment plants. This has led to the outbreak of water-borne diseases resulting in huge medical spending for the government. Employing natural biopolymers (Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) [CS] extracts and de-oiled Jute seed (Corchorus olitorius) [JS]) for surface water treatment presents an alternative to improving the quality of drinking water in rural communities. This study was therefore aimed at comparing the effectiveness of the two natural bio-polymers for improving surface water quality. The oils were extracted using n-hexane as extractor solvent (with water at about 40-70°C) for six (6) hours and the seed residues were used to prepare extract stock solutions for the water treatment. Measured water samples (100 ml) were treated using the bio-polymer extracts employing different doses (10, 20, 30, and 40 ml). Physico-chemical analysis of the treated samples using CS and JS extracts yielded optimum treatment values of 7.2 and 6.89 for pH; 24.45 and 19.48 NTU for turbidity; 92.41 and 0.52 μs/cm for conductivity; 120.55 and 149.67 mg/l for BOD while 208.82 and 237.32 mg/l were recorded for COD. These corresponds to total reduction efficiencies of 14.98 and 34.31% (pH); 32.19 and 58.37% (Conductivity), 55.5% and 64.56% (turbidity), 36.86 and 60.4% (BOD) and 52.34 and 64.40% (COD) for CS and JS respectively. These results show the potentials and limitations of the two biopolymers as alternative coagulants if applied at optimum concentrations. They can be utilized to reduce waterborne diseases in rural communities lacking basic water treatment facilities.
The working conditions during the preparation and extraction of solvents from various plant parts significantly improved plant-based coagulants used in water treatment. The study reviews the performance of plant-based coagulants in reducing turbidity, total hardness, heavy metals, and microorganisms, emphasizing dosage variations across different plant types. Utilizing specific keywords for searching plant-based coagulants status and organizing data into descriptive analysis were applied. The preparation process results of plant-based coagulants involved particle size, mixing speeds, drying temperature and time were presented. Again, performance results of the plant-based coagulants indicated the average turbidity removal performance ranged between 78 and 87.3%, heavy metal removal ranged from 59 to 98%, hardness reduction ranged from 15.45 to 43.3%, and microbial elimination ranged from 91 to 92% using solid dosage levels ranged from 0.5 to 10.3 g/L and liquid dosage level ranged from 2 to 54 mL/L, respectively. The actionable suggestions for implementing plant-based coagulants for up scaled in water treatment systems were presented. Therefore, the findings would support the optimization of dosage level from various plants for commercialization in water treatment applications.
Centralized drinking water systems benefit many households, but do not reach the most disadvantaged populations such as rural communities. Therefore, initiatives for providing universal access to drinking water must focus on the implementation of simple and easy-to-implement technologies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a multi-stage high-rate filtration (MSHRF) system as a decentralized strategy for household drinking water supply in developing areas. For which, a MSHRF was implemented in the field consisting of five PVC columns with a diameter of 110 mm and height of 2 m, whose filter media were gravel (GF), quartz (QF), coarse sand (CSF), fine sand (FSF), and anthracite (AF). The tests were divided into two phases: (a) filtration without prior coagulation and (b) filtration with prior coagulation using Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC). In turn, different turbidities of raw water were tested in each phase, as well as different filtration rates (FR); likewise, the filtration runs and the optimal washing time of each filter were evaluated. For evaluating the efficiency of this system, the removal of turbidity, colour, and fecal coliforms were measured in each one of the stages. The results indicated the following: (a) when coagulation is not performed prior to filtration, it is necessary the operation of the five columns for obtaining turbidities less than 5 NTU and (b) when prior coagulation is used, it is sufficient to implement the GF and QF columns for obtaining turbidities less than 5 NTU, complying with Ecuadorian
standards and the recommendations of the World Health Organization. The MSHRF maintained its ability for treating raw water with high turbidity and filtration rate, providing a significant amount of water for one family. This system represents a potential novel and effective solution for treating drinking water in homes and communities without access to drinking water.
Investigators increased interest in composites with novel natural fibers beholds significant progress globally over the past decade. Moringa oleifera seed filler is among the few newly known novel fiber‐rich in cellulose and meagrely used in commercial industries. This research article used a broad characterization of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine 1‐oxyl (TEMPO)‐modified Moringa oleifera cellulosic nanoreinforcement/epoxy composites to verify its potential as a feasible substitute for synthetic fibers in polymer composites. Composites were fabricated at a fixed filler size of 300–500 nm with a loading of 15 wt% untreated and alkali‐treated composites through the two processes: hand lay‐up followed by autoclave curing. The properties, such as, static and dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability, have been studied for untreated and treated composites. Composites with 5 wt% alkali treatment TEMPO ‐modified nano‐cellulosic filler (TMCF) loading possesses superior water resistance, interfacial surface chemistry, and mechanical property compared to autoclaved epoxy and the untreated composite. Four isoconversional methods, Friedman, Coats‐Redfern, Broido, and Kissinger, were utilized to investigate the degradation behavior and kinetic parameters like activation energy of composites. Composites that have been 5 wt% mercerized exhibit greater thermal resilience and activation energy of 250 kJ/mol, which is 20% greater than the untreated sample. This study validates the 5 wt% alkali treated TMCF as a novel sustainable and bio‐reinforcement in polymer composite for semi‐structural applications.
A brief study on the experimental investigation for the treatment of industrial waste water (washing water) had been carried out for the analysis of better treatment of water by using natural coagulants. While treatment, natural coagulant such as Strychnospotatorum (nirmali seeds), Eirchorrniacrassipes (water hyacinth) are used for waste water treatment. This includes the various parameters such as pH, sulphates, chlorides, total solids, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), acidity, alkalinity, optimum coagulant dosage (jar apparatus), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand(COD).These natural coagulants, when used for treatment of waters with low to medium turbidity range (50-500 NTU), are comparable to their chemical counterparts in terms of treatment efficiency. The test results indicated that the natural coagulants give better results which can be used as either separately or in combination with chemical coagulant alum. The natural coagulant produces lesser floc, hence the cost of sludge treatment is reduced. From the natural coagulants used, water hyacinth gives better result than nirmali seed. The natural coagulants can be used for treatment of textile waste wherever it is available in plenty.
Water treatment (WT) is currently among the major areas of research due to the depletion of water resources and fearmongering regarding environmental pollution, which has compelled the upgrading of conventional WT technology towards recycling and reuse. This review aims to provide the current state of natural coagulants and their application in the purification of surface water as sufficient clean water is required for household needs, health security, and environmental safety. A thorough and systematic review of the existing literature was performed, and the information related to water treatment using natural coagulants was compiled from 237 articles under various sections using a computerized bibliographic search via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CAB Abstracts, and several websites. The work provides explicit information related to natural coagulants and their merits and limitations, outlines methods to increase their coagulation performance, and highlights their coagulation mechanism, efficacy, valorization potential, and sustainability. From the information obtained, it can be concluded that although chemical coagulants are efficient in WT, they are usually expensive, toxic, associated with health issues, and thus non-sustainable. A sustainable alternative is the use of natural coagulants, which are readily available, economical, easy to use, biodegradable, non-toxic, eco-friendly, effective, and generate lower sludge volumes. They work via an adsorption process that involves polymeric bridging or neutralization of the charge. The WT efficiency of natural coagulants ranges from 50–500 nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs), which is similar to chemicals. Thus, they can be deployed in WT regimes and can contribute to the health security of rural populations in developing countries. It is unfortunate that, despite the known benefits of natural coagulants, their acceptance, commercialization, and widespread industrial application across the globe are still low. Therefore, there is a need for more exhaustive investigations regarding the mode of action, adoption, and commercialization of natural coagulants as a sustainable alternative to chemicals for a circular economy.
The earth is covered by 70% of water in which only 1% accounts to fresh water which is largely polluted due to rapid urbanization and irresponsible waste management. The freshwater bodies are Lakes, Rivers, Underground water table etc, all these water bodies have underground water channels connecting each other allowing transfer of effluents. Modern filtration methods mainly consist of chemical filtration (chlorination and ozonation) which have proven to be hazardous to the human life, in an attempt improve existing filtration methods we have employed the use of bio-adsorbents to treat industrial wastewater in an eco-friendly and economical way. Understanding of deterioration in quality of the lake water due to the excessive presence of microbial activity. Understanding the application and use of UltraViolet Radiation (UV) in the reduction and prevention of growth of the microbes present in water. Along with the utilization of existing UV technology and Thermal energy storage methods to reduce microbial reactivation and other polluting factors. Review the various methods and techniques that can be used for the integrated application of the fruit peels, plant coagulants and UV in the purification process of the polluted water and analysing the uses and benefits of various fruit peels in their forms (original and alternate) in the removal of metallic and non-metallic wastes and impurities from polluted/waste water. Utilization of renewable and sustainable energy sources for the purification process of the polluted water. Evaluation and selection of suitable ingredients and processes based on the factor of availability and economical expenses.
The present investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of Moringa oleifera supplementation on performance of lactating Murrah buffalo under loose housing system. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were assigned to three dietary treatment groups (T 1 , T 2 and T 3 ) resulting in six lactating buffaloes per treatment based on parity following factorial completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted for a period for 150 days postpartum (days in milk) to find the effect of supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in following treatments, namely, T 1 (control)- Feeding of lactating buffaloes as per Indian Council of Agricultural Research standards (2013), T 2 -75 g MOLM/animal/day in ration,T 3 - 150 g MOLM/animal/day in ration. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher milk yield (kg), 6% FCM (kg), and lactose (%) were reported in T3 treatment group as compared to T 1 . Significantly (P < 0.05) higher milk fat (%) and solid Not Fat (%) and total solids (%) were reported in T 2 and T 3 treatment group as compared to T 1 while milk protein (%) remain unchanged. Peak milk yield was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in T 3 treatment groups as compared to T 1 (control) but Days taken to attain peak milk yield did not differ significantly among different dietary treatments. Persistency period of peak milk yield were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in T 3 treatment groups as compared to T 1 (control). It is inferred that MOLM supplementation in ration up to 150 grams increases milk production and production traits as well as improved milk composition.
A brief study on the experimental investigation for the treatment of industrial waste water (washing water) had been carried out for the analysis of better treatment of water by using natural coagulants coagulants Subject Category: Chemicals and Chemical Groups
People in Mexico speak of the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera (“moringa”), but they know less about its nutritive properties. A qualitative, participatory approach was utilized to explore the use of moringa as a vegetable in Agua Caliente Nueva, Jalisco, by enrolling 14 female participants (mothers over 18) who were nutritional gatekeepers of the family and were responsible for preparing family meals using moringa leaves. Participants prepared meals with moringa and participated in semi‐structured interviews to record their perceptions of foods, shopping habits, and knowledge and experience using moringa. The study objectives were to assess the regional acceptability and feasibility of introducing a readily available and nutritious plant into diets, and to examine whether moringa could potentially serve as part of a solution to the double burden of malnutrition in Mexico. Findings suggest that given its ability to thrive in this dry tropical region, moringa has the potential to be recognized as a viable component in the traditional diet in this small “ejido” communal farming community. People in Mexico speak of the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera (“moringa”), but they know less about its nutritive properties. A qualitative, participatory approach explored its use as a vegetable in Agua Caliente Nueva, Jalisco, assessing regional acceptability and feasibility of introducing this readily available and nutritious plant into diets, and examining whether moringa could potentially serve as part of a solution to the double burden of malnutrition in Mexico.
Growing population, increased economic activity and industrialization has not only created an increased demand for fresh water but also resulted in severe misuse of this natural resource. Suspended and colloidal matter such as clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, plankton and other microscopic organisms are responsible for turbid water. Aluminum and iron salts are commonly used as chemical coagulants. Natural macromolecular coagulants show bright future and are concerned by many researchers because of their abundant source, low price, innocuity, multifunction and biodegradation. In this study Opuntia ficus indica, a species of the cactus and the Hyacinth Bean peels are used as natural coagulants. Water, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, lignins and chlorophyll are the main constituents of cactus. Hyacinth bean peels have a moderate concentration of protein (17.1 ± 1.5%). The optimum dosage of NC1 and NC2 was found to be 20 mg/L, respectively for synthetic water. The optimum pH of Cactus and Hyacinth Bean peels was found to be 9.0 and 9.5, respectively for synthetic water. The optimum dosage of NC1 and NC2 was indicated 20 mg/L, respectively for Kukkarahalli lake water. The Turbidity removal efficiency was 89.03% and 77.10% after treatment with NC1 and NC2, respectively and percentage reduction in the bacterial count was found to be 20.15% and 11.52% after treatment with NC1 and NC2, respectively.
The quality of water is superior for the stability of the ecosystem. Institutional wastewater contains pollutants and exceed the level of contaminants beyond standards. Applications of natural coagulants are widely in practice due to abundant source, low price, environment-friendly and rapid biodegradable as compared to inorganic based coagulants. This study traces the potential removal of pollutants from institutional wastewater by coagulation-flocculation processes. Alum as primary coagulant and cassava peel starch as natural coagulant aid was used for removal of pollutants. The use of alum dose in wastewater treatment plant has harmful effects on human health and water drainage system, on the one hand and on the other hand, a process that alum coagulant dose used in wastewater treatment plant with a high processing cost. In this study, the use of cassava peels starch (CPS) (as a natural coagulant) instead of alum dose to treat wastewater to remove turbidity from institutional wastewater. The study samples were taken from the Tun Fatimah-UTHM. Experimental runs were carried out for three hours per run over weekend period with turbidities ranging from 20 to 400 NTU. Proven results of the study that by using natural coagulant CPS (which is a naturally contains potentials) instead of alum does not carry any impact on human health and has high efficiency up to 81% in the removal of turbidity from institutional wastewater at pH 8. The turbidity ranges during most of the test run satisfied the WHO and water quality standards (A & B) for potable water supplies.
Seeds of the pan tropical tree, Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) contain water soluble, positively charged proteins that act as an effective coagulant (molecular weight 13 kDa and isoelectric pH 10-11). Treatment studies are reviewed using the extracts of the crushed seed kernel and of the presscake (solids residue remaining after oil extraction). M. oleifera seed was incorporated into a pilot scale treatment system as a primary coagulant to clarify river water of 400 NTU in the wet season. Over 90% turbidity removal was achieved in the sedimentation stage at a dosage of 100 mgL-1. The filtrate turbidity was maintained well below 5 NTU. Subsequent trials were conducted in an adjacent works operating at 60 m3h-1. Treatment performance was comparable to that of using aluminium sulphate. Inlet turbidities of 270-380 NTU were consistently reduced to below 4 NTU. A comprehensive study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of using M. oleifera coagulant within a contact flocculation filtration (CFF) pilot rig. A wide range of operating conditions was evaluated in order to establish the useful “working envelope” for this process combination (filtration rates 5-20 mh-1, initial turbidities 20-50 NTU). Principal results are presented. As a coagulant within chemically enhanced primary sedimentation (CEPS) of a mixed wastewater, M. oleifera dosed at 150 mgL-1 gave additional removals (compared to a plain sedimentation control) of 40% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and in excess of 80% for suspended solids (SS). Subsequent laboratory work coupled an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) to CEPS. M. oleifera coagulant in the CEPS pre-treatment unit beneficially increased the ratio of soluble COD to volatile SS by a factor of ten compared to plain sedimentation and by a factor of three when dosing ferric chloride. The UASB yielded more biogas and gave enhanced COD removal. Recent work on the extraction and purification of the active coagulant components is reviewed and the prospects for commercialisation are considered.
Examples of inappropriate technology in developing countries abound. Rather than transferring technology from the industrialized world to the developing world, engineers from the industrialized world might well learn something of the simplified practices that have been found satisfactory in the developing world. These simplified technologies are often appropriate to the local situation and give considerably more promise for successful operation and maintenance. This paper explores some of the technology appropriate to the developing world which should be part of the armamentarium of engineers who would practice in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Two technologies are selected for discussion; namely self-backwashing declining rate filters; and natural coagulants and coagulant aids. These serve as illustrative examples of the kinds of treatment which are practical for communities in developing countries.
CRUSHED SEEDS of the tree Moringa oleifera Lam. (M.oleifera) are a viable replacement coagulant for proprietary chemi-cals such as aluminium sulphate (alum) in developing countries. The tree is a multi-provider that grows pantropically and its uses, global distribution and some vernacular names are given. Results of full scale treatment trials using M.oleifera as the sole coagulant are presented. The study was con-ducted in February 1994 at the Thyolo treatment works in southern Malawi under the auspices of the Ministry of Works Water Department. The works comprises flocculator-clarifiers, rapid gravity filters followed by chlorination. Imported alum and soda ash are the coagu-lants normally used on the works. When replaced by M.oleifera seed solution comparable treatment perform-ance was achieved. This is the first time that any naturally derived material has been successfully used as a primary coagulant on such a scale (works flow 60 m 3 /hour) with the treated water entering supply. Inlet turbidities during the trials ranged between 270 and 380 NTU. Finished water turbidity was consistently below 4 NTU. M.oleifera seeds yield a vegetable oil high in oleic acid and thus of high market value for cooking and soap manufacture. The presscake remaining after oil extrac-tion contains the active components effecting coagula-tion. The economic case for adoption of this natural coagulant in Malawi is overwhelming and a brief sum-mary is presented. The implications of this study are not specific to Malawi but directly relevant to many coun-tries in Africa, Asia and South America.
A few traditional plant flocculants such as those found in Moringa seeds have been observed to act as primary coagulants and have been recommended for domestic water treatment in rural areas of Africa and Asia, where people cannot afford conventional coagulants. Once a plant has been shown to possess outstanding clarifying properties, applied taxonomy and selective breeding can help in the identification of sources of even more potent flocculants and in the production of the best "flocculant crop" for a particular situation. The process of identifying potential natural flocculants and of managing crops, as well as methods of optimizing simplified water coagulation with plant materials, are described. Algunos floculantes de plantas tradicionales tal como esos que se encuentran en semillas de Moringa han sido observados actuar como coagulantes primarios y han sido recomendados para tratamiento de agua doméstica en áreas rurales de Africa y Asia, a donde gente no tiene como pagar para coagulantes convencionales. Una vez que una planta ha sido mostrado tener accesorios claríficos salientes, taxonomía aplicada y crianza selectiva puede ayudar en la identificación de recursos de floculantes más potente y en la producción de la "cosecha de floculantes" mejor para una situación particular. Los procesos para identificar floculantes potenciales naturales y para manejar cosechas, tal como métodos para optimizar coagulación simplificada de agua con materia de plantas, estan descrito.
If procedures that simulate treatment plant conditions are followed, jar testing can produce important information quickly and economically, and the data are directly applicable to plant design, modification, and operation. The procedure offers greater flexibility and economy than the traditional pilot plant test for pretreatment. It has shown excellent scale-up correlations with plant operating records.
The efficiency of whole-seed suspensions of M. stenopetala and M. oleifera was determined using model clay, clay/bacteria and diluted sewage suspensions. Results have shown that both seed types are effective at removing turbidity from waters with high initial turbidities. -from Authors
A model turbid water was treated by coagulation-flocculation and sedimentation, with Moringa oleifera seeds as a coagulant, using jar tests. The quality of the treated water was analyzed and compared with that of the water treated with alum. Experiments were conducted at various dosages of the crude 5% water extract of both dry, shelled and non-shelled Moringa oleifera seeds. Measurements of pH, conductivity, alkalinity, cation and anion concentrations, showed that coagulation with Moringa oleifera seeds did not significantly affect the quality of the treated water. However, concentration of organic matter in the treated water increased considerably with the dosage of Moringa solution. Since this organic matter might exert a chlorine demand and also act as precursor of trihalomethanes during the disinfection with chlorine, it is suggested that Moringa oleifera seeds be used as a coagulant in water and wastewater treatment, only after an adequate purification of the active proteins.
Seeds of the pan tropical tree, Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) contain water soluble, positively charged proteins that act as an effective coagulant (molecular weight 13 kDa and isoelectric pH 10-11). Treatment studies are reviewed using the extracts of the crushed seed kernel and of the presscake (solids residue remaining after oil extraction). M. oleifera seed was incorporated into a pilot scale treatment system as a primary coagulant to clarify river water of 400 NTU in the wet season. Over 90% turbidity removal was achieved in the sedimentation stage at a dosage of 100 mgL-1. The filtrate turbidity was maintained well below 5 NTU. Subsequent trials were conducted in an adjacent works operating at 60 m3h-1. Treatment performance was comparable to that of using aluminium sulphate. Inlet turbidities of 270-380 NTU were consistently reduced to below 4 NTU. A comprehensive study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of using M. oleifera coagulant within a contact flocculation filtration (CFF) pilot rig. A wide range of operating conditions was evaluated in order to establish the useful "working envelope" for this process combination (filtration rates 5-20 mh-1, initial turbidities 20-50 NTU). Principal results are presented. As a coagulant within chemically enhanced primary sedimentation (CEPS) of a mixed wastewater, M. oleifera dosed at 150 mgL-1 gave additional removals (compared to a plain sedimentation control) of 40% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and in excess of 80% for suspended solids (SS). Subsequent laboratory work coupled an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) to CEPS. M. oleifera coagulant in the CEPS pre-treatment unit beneficially increased the ratio of soluble COD to volatile SS by a factor of ten compared to plain sedimentation and by a factor of three when dosing ferric chloride. The UASB yielded more biogas and gave enhanced COD removal. Recent work on the extraction and purification of the active coagulant components is reviewed and the prospects for commercialisation are considered.
Natural coagulants -a sustainable approach
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An English translation of Sushruta Samhita based on the original Sanskrit text
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Nirmali seed as a coagulant
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Filtration with a natural coagulant
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Low-cost installation for clean water treatment using kelor (Moringa oleifera) seeds. Presented at the International Seminar on Use of Natural Coagulants in Water Treatment 1982 Laboratory methods for the growth and detection of animal viruses
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Polymer application methods in direct filtration
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Low-cost installation for clean water treatment using kelor (Moringa oleifera) seeds. Presented at the International Seminar on Use of Natural Coagulants in Water Treatment
- L M Setyawaty
- Yogyakarta
- Indonesia
- E M Smith
- C P Gerba
Setyawaty, L. M. 1989 Low-cost installation for clean water
treatment using kelor (Moringa oleifera) seeds. Presented at
the International Seminar on Use of Natural Coagulants in
Water Treatment, 2-7 October 1989., Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Smith, E. M. & Gerba, C. P. 1982 Laboratory methods for the
growth and detection of animal viruses. In: Methods in
Environmental Virology (Gerba, C. P. & Goyal, S. M., eds).