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Ginger—An Herbal Medicinal Product with Broad Anti-Inflammatory Actions
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory properties of ginger have been known and valued for centuries. During the past 25 years, many laboratories have provided scientific support for the long-held belief that ginger contains constituents with antiinflammatory properties. The original discovery of ginger's inhibitory effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the early 1970s has been repeatedly confirmed. This discovery identified ginger as an herbal medicinal product that shares pharmacological properties with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ginger suppresses prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. An important extension of this early work was the observation that ginger also suppresses leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. This pharmacological property distinguishes ginger from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This discovery preceded the observation that dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase may have a better therapeutic profile and have fewer side effects than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The characterization of the pharmacological properties of ginger entered a new phase with the discovery that a ginger extract (EV.EXT.77) derived from Zingiber officinale (family Zingiberaceae) and Alpina galanga (family Zingiberaceae) inhibits the induction of several genes involved in the inflammatory response. These include genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and the inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2. This discovery provided the first evidence that ginger modulates biochemical pathways activated in chronic inflammation. Identification of the molecular targets of individual ginger constituents provides an opportunity to optimize and standardize ginger products with respect to their effects on specific biomarkers of inflammation. Such preparations will be useful for studies in experimental animals and humans.
... Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) is believed to be native to the Indian subcontinent and other regions of Southern Asia. It is a valuable plant with numerous ethnomedicinal and nutritional properties, and it is frequently employed all over the world as a spice, flavoring, and herbal remedy [200]. Ginger is rich in many bioactive substances, including phenolics and terpenes. ...
... The ginger extract obtained from Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga inhibited the expression of numerous genes associated with the inflammatory processes [200]. It reduced prostaglandin synthesis [211] by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2. ...
... It reduced prostaglandin synthesis [211] by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2. Additionally, it also blocks leukotriene synthesis by suppressing 5-LOX [200]. More recently, it was established that ginger extract enhances the immune system, and boosts the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of layers [211]. ...
Chronic stress is recognized as a secret killer in poultry. It is associated with systemic inflammation due to cytokine release, dysbiosis, and the so-called leaky gut syndrome, which mainly results from oxidative stress reactions that damage the barrier function of the cells lining the gut wall. Poultry, especially the genetically selected broiler breeds, frequently suffer from these chronic stress symptoms when exposed to multiple stressors in their growing environments. Since oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory damages are multi-stage and long-term processes, overshooting immune reactions and their down-stream effects also negatively affect the animal’s microbiota, and finally impair its performance and commercial value. Means to counteract oxidative stress in poultry and other animals are, therefore, highly welcome. Many phytogenic substances, including flavonoids and phenolic compounds, are known to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this review, firstly, the main stressors in poultry, such as heat stress, mycotoxins, dysbiosis and diets that contain oxidized lipids that trigger oxidative stress and inflammation, are discussed, along with the key transcription factors involved in the related signal transduction pathways. Secondly, the most promising phytogenic substances and their current applications to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation in poultry are highlighted.
... For instance, it has been demonstrated that a ginger extract (EV.EXT.77) obtained from Alpinia galanga and Zingiber officinale, was able to impede gene induction associated with inflammatory responses, which include genes encoding chemokines, cytokines and COX-2 [27]. Ginger extracts also retard beta-amyloid peptide-induced cytokine and chemokine expression in cultured THP-1 monocytes [28]. ...
... Galangal, greater galangal Indonesia, India, China, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Arabic gulf areas, Egypt rhi-zomes phenylpropanoids: 1'S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (galangal acetate), 1'S-1'-acetoxyeugenol acetate, 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate, p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde; curcuminoids: 1, 7-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-1, 4, 6-heptatrien-3-one, bisdemethoxycurcumin; monoter-penes: 1, 8-cineol, hydroxy-l, 8-cineol glu-copyranosides, α-fenchyl acetate, β-farnesene, β-bisabolene, β-pinene; flavonoids: galangin; sterols: β-sitosteryl diglucoside, β-sitosteryl arabinoside anti-inflammatory, antipyretic; emmenagogue, abortifacient, aphrodi-siac; carminative, anti-ulcer; antimicrobial, anti-fungal; anti-tumor, an-tioxidant, anti-diabetic; immunomodulating; diabetes; rheumatism, rheumatic pains, chest pain; bronchitis, microbial infections, HIV, chol-era, fever, coryza, inflammations; heart diseases; dyspepsia, gastritis, ulcers, chronic enteritis, burning of the liver; tumors; renal calculus, kidney disorders; otitis internal; eczema, pityriasis versicolor; culinary spice 27,85,87,88 Annona muricata L. ...
... Zingiberaceae Ginger indigenous to south-eastern Asia; culti-vated in U.S., Ja-maica, Nigeria, south and south-eastern Asia, China, other tropical regions rhizomes volatile oil (1-3%): zingiberene, arcurcu-mene, zingiberol, geranial, neral, β-bisabolene; phenylpropanoids: gingerols, gingerdiols, gingerdiones, dihydroginger-diones, zingerone, shogaols; diarylhep-tanoids: gingerenone A and B; starch; lip-ids antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, carminative, expectorant, diaphoretic, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic, antiflatulent; hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, posi-tively inotropic, antiplatelet aggregation, antithrombotic; antitussive, warming, immune system stimulation; antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anticancer; pro-motes secretion of saliva, gastric juices and bile; loss of appetite, morning and motion (travel) sickness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting; dyspeptic complaints, colic, flatulent intestinal colic, anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal distension and pyrexia; cough, colds, pharyngitis, shortness of breath; rheumatism, osteoarthritis, rheuma-toid arthritis, joint muscle pain; migraine headaches; natural source of food flavor-ing, culinary spice 19,27,30,31,85,86 ...
The study aims to review the involvement of differentdietary habits in Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamesepopulations in reducing COVID19 impact.Materials and Methods. The methods of collection,systematization, analysis and generalization of information data have been used. The analysis ofliterature in scientific databases and analytical platforms by the listed keywords has been performed; all relevant references in the found sources have also been reviewed.
Results and Discussion. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak is an ongoing pandemic caused by a highly pathogenic human coronavirus known as SARS-CoV2. Current epidemiology reported that more than 500 millio ncases of COVID-19 occurred in more than 180 countries worldwide. When the upper respiratory tract gets infected by low pathogenetic HCoVs, it typically triggers a mild respiratory disease. In contrast, when the lower airways get infected by highly pathogenic HCoVs, such as SARS-CoV2, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may occur and even fatal pneumonia. Such a situation causes the need for an urgent search of effective treatment measures.
A very low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in Laos and Cambodia, as well as low mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Vietnam and Laos, are extremely interesting, especially because of their early exposure to the virus, continuing ties to China, relative poverty, and high population density. The use of several spices and aromatic herbs as natural treatments for several illnesses, including viral infections, has been reported since a long time ago. The research reviewed three integral elements of Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese diets, such as special culinary spices and herbs, coconut oil, and palm oil-rich for saturated fatty acids as well as fermented shrimp paste. Environmental and population genetic causes may be forwarded but moreover local dietary habits may have even a role in this evidence. Therefore, all these items highlight the possibility of a significant contribution of local cuisine and diet into the impact on appropriate anti-inflammatory and immune-resistant mechanisms of the human population.
Conclusions. The review on Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos inhabitants' diet helped to suggest the dietary factor shaving the contributing potential of reducing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms.
... Animals treated with ginger showed significant reduction in synovial membrane hyperplasia, moderate improvement of the inflammatory cell infiltrate, and induction of the healing process in the form of tissue granulation. These observations are supported by reports confirming inhibition of inflammation via suppression of the proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Grzanna et al., 2005;Shishodia et al., 2005). Also, gingerols can inhibit in vitro synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes (Ali et al., 2008). ...
... Additionally, ginger extracts can reduce inflammation through inhibition of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, leukotrienes, the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-1β), May 2022 | Volume 20 | Article 17 Fatma El-Zahraa S. Yassin et al. Ginger and Curcuma in Arthritis and the proinflammatory chemokines (Nurtjahja-Tjendraputra et al., 2003;Grzanna et al., 2005;van Breemen et al., 2011). Curcumin reduces expression of angiogenesis-linked genes (MMP-9 and VEGF) that are responsible for the formation of new blood vessels . ...
Collagen-induced arthritis is the most used experimental model for rheumatoid arthritis. Using this model, we have appraised the histopathological effects of ginger and curcuma alone and their combination. Arthritis was induced by immunization with an emulsion of Freund's adjuvant mixed with alum-precipitated collagen. Half of the animals from each group were sacrificed on the 21st day of arthritis induction and the remaining on the 26th day. Bodyweight gain and erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed marked improvement in the treated groups (P < 0.001). A spectrum of intra-articular histopathological changes was assessed in groups II to V. The untreated arthritic rats in group II exhibited inflammation and vascularity in the synovium compared to the control rats in group I. The treated rats in groups III (ginger alone), IV (curcuma alone), and V (ginger and curcuma) showed an improvement of the hyperplastic synovium. These findings show that the combined use of ginger and curcuma may be a good option for the treatment of collagen-induced arthritis. This makes a case for a human clinical trial of the use of ginger and curcuma for arthritis.+
... In addition, many illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, can be controlled with ginger [9]. The antioxidant properties of ginger are enhanced by the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds [10]. Many tribes use the fragrant Zingiberaceae plant as sweetmeats [11]. ...
... Ginger contains the minerals calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Additionally, it has nutrients like vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin [10]. Type, variety, agronomic circumstances, curing techniques, drying and storage conditions, as well as other factors, affect the composition [19]. ...
Ginger is a flowering plant in the Zingiberaceae family (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). The most essential ingredient in our meal is ginger, which is utilized as a spice. One of the earliest recognized medicinal herbs, ginger has been used for centuries to treat a variety of human diseases. Sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, essential volatile oils (1–5%), and non-volatile pungent chemicals such gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerones are the primary components of ginger. Gingerol products can be use as antiparasitic, anti-microbial, radio protective, antiflarial and anti-cancer. Ginger regulates blood sugar levels using a variety of ways. Other suggested use for ginger includes the treatment of conditions like fever, indigestion, nausea, hypertension, dementia, and constipation. The antioxidant properties of ginger are enhanced by the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The antioxidant properties of ginger are enhanced by the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.
... The COX and LOX enzymes are inactivated by gingerols and shogaols [177]. Ginger extract, 6-shogaol, and 6-gingerol prevent COX-2 activation and PGE2 generation through various cell types, such as microglia and LPSstimulated colonic epithelial cells in vitro. ...
... In patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis, ginger supplementation prevents PG and LT production [181]. Ginger prevents the synthesis of PG and LT by inactivating the enzymes COX-1/2 and 5-LOX, respectively [177]. Double repression of PG and LT generation by ginger could mitigate hyperinfl ammation in COVID-19 patients. ...
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects other systems, including the digestive, circulatory, urogenital, and even the central nervous systems, as its receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) is expressed in several organs, such as lungs, intestine, heart, esophagus, kidneys, bladder, testes, liver and brain. Different mechanisms, in particular, massive virus replication, extensive apoptosis and necrosis of lung-related epithelial and endothelial cells, vascular leakage, hyperinflammatory responses, overproduction of proinflammatory mediators, cytokine storm, oxidative stress, the downregulation of ACE2 and impairment of the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Currently, COVID-19 is a global pandemic with no specific antiviral treatment. The favorable abilities of ginger were indicated in patients suffering from osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, respiratory distress, liver diseases, and primary dysmenorrhea. Ginger or its compounds exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant influences in numerous animal models. This review provides evidence regarding the potential effects of ginger against SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlights its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory impacts in an attempt to consider this plant as an alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of COVID-19.
... Several authors have observed that gingerols and shogaols present in the rhizome decrease hepatic markers of inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activity after consumption of a high-fat diet [68]. TNF-alpha inhibition leads to modulation of the inflammatory response, resulting in downregulation of the NF-κB signaling [69]. ...
... Several authors have observed that it increases the expression of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) in DDS-induced colitis in a mouse model. It has also been shown to reduce the expression of IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha [69,70]. However, the results are still scarce and in some cases contradictory, since in a pilot study of 45 patients with IBD, Van Tilburg et al. [71] observed that ginger did not have any beneficial effect when compared to a placebo group. ...
Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and lupus erythemato-sus are some of common inflammatory diseases. These affections are highly disabling and share signals such as inflammatory sequences and immune dysregulation. The use of foods with anti-inflammatory properties such as ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) could improve the quality of life of these patients. Ginger is a plant widely used and known by its bioactive compounds. There is enough evidence to prove that ginger possesses multiple biological activities, especially antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the bioactive compounds of ginger and their role in the inflammatory process and its signaling pathways. We can conclude that the compounds 6-shoagol, zingerone, and 8-shoagol display promising results in human and animal models, reducing some of the main symptoms of some inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. For lupus, 6-gingerol demonstrated a protective attenuating neutrophil extracellular trap release in response to phosphodiesterase inhibition. Ginger decreases NF-kβ in psoriasis, and its short-term administration may be an alternative coadjuvant treatment. Ginger may exert a function of supplementation and protection against cancer. Furthermore, when receiving chemotherapy, ginger may reduce some symptoms of treatment (e.g., nausea).
... [27] Zingiber officinale individually or as a combination with other herbs is effective in both infective and noncommunicable diseases. [28] It is being medicinally used from pre-historic period and its diverse medicinal actions have been described in a number of Unani pharmacopoeias. ...
... [31] Therapeutic uses Zingiber officinale has been used in cold, cough and digestive disorders, headache and rheumatism. [28] Maintaining proper circulation, nervous conduction, heart functions and balancing digestive and absorptive disorders through enhancing appetite is beneficial in enhancement of the immunity of the body. [32] Kalonji (Nigella sativa) Nigella sativa L. is an annual herb that belongs to the family Ranunculaceae and is most extensively investigated for its therapeutic purposes. ...
Unani is a traditional system of medicine developed during the medieval period, which employs natural drugs of herbal, animal and mineral origin for treatment. Basically, it is based on the humoral theory postulated by Hippocrates, according to him the state of body health and disease are regulated by qualitative and quantitative equilibrium of four humours i.e. Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile and Black bile. Amraz-e-Waba (epidemic diseases) is an umbrella term which is used in Unani medicine for all types of epidemics (smallpox, measles, plague, influenza etc.) mostly fatal in nature. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory infection, and the pathogenesis and clinical features resemble with those of Nazla-e-Wabaiya (influenza) and Zatul Riya (pneumonia) which were well described many years ago in Unani text such as high-grade fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, running nose, dry cough, respiratory distress, alternate and small pulse, asthenia, foul smell from breath, insomnia, frothy stool, syncope, coldness in both upper and lower extremities, etc. The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is close to Amraz-e-Wabai (epidemic diseases) which was described by Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, Razes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna, Jurjani etc. The present study focuses on some Unani drugs used in prevention, and management of COVID-19 in the light of Amraz-e-Waba (epidemic diseases) and Nazla-e-Wabaiya (epidemic influenza).
KEYWORDS: Unani system, Amraz-e-Waba, COVID-19 and Humours.
... [49]. The anti-inflammatory effects of ginger are the result of the inhibition of the induction of several genes involved in the inflammatory response (e.g., genes encode the inducible cyclo-oxygenase-2 enzyme, chemokines and cytokines) [50]. ...
Our study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and antioxidant effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) root capsule extract (GRCE) in addition to diclofenac (D) sodium treatment in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation (AI). Seven groups of eight Wistar-Bratislava white rats were included in the study. One group was the control (C), and AI was induced in the other six groups. The following treatments were applied: saline solution for C and AI groups, D for the AID group, GRCE for two groups and GRCE and D for another two groups. The GRCE was administered by gavage in two doses (100 mg/Kg b.w. or 200 mg/kg b.w.), while D was administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. The association of GRCE with this low dose of diclofenac reduced pain threshold and improved mobility with the best results for the dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. Moreover, this combination reduced, better than D alone, the serum levels of the evaluated pro-oxidant parameters (malondialdehyde, the indirect assessment of NO synthesis, total oxidative status and oxidative stress index) up to 78%, especially oxidative stress index (p < 0.0001). GRCE alone slightly improved the antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant capacity and total thiols), but when associated with, D the results were better, especially for total thiols as their plasma levels increased up to 50% (p < 0.0010), with the best results obtained for the 200 mg/kg b.w. dose of GRCE. In conclusion, ginger root capsules associated with diclofenac might offer additional antioxidant and analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in acute inflammation.
... It is included in the family of Zingiberaceae .This family covers up to 24 genus and around 300 species with the genus Zingiber having about 20 species. It possesses a perennial tuberous or rhizomatous root with an upright annual stalk (pseudo stem about 60-90cm tall) covered with flat sheaths that may be taken off as stalk with about 8-12 di stiches dark green leaves present on the stem [8,9 ].Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used in folk medicine for a long time. Its extract and juice have been shown to exhibit a variety of biological activities. ...
Aim: This study compares the effect of fresh and dry ginger juice on the lipid profile of albino rats. Methodology: Fifteen(15) albino rats with average weight of 150g divided into three groups of five (5) rats each were used for the study.5ml of the ginger juice was administered orally for 21 days using the gavage oral tube to the experimental animals. Blood samples were collected via cardiac Original Research Article Waribo et al.; J. 53 puncture after a chloroform anesthesia was given to the animals to a heparinized sample bottle. Plasma samples were analyzed for total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein using the colorimeter while and low-density lipoprotein level was calculated. Results: There was no significant difference in cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein levels (P>0.05) when the group 1(control group) was compared with group 2 (dry ginger group) and group 3 (fresh ginger group). Conclusion: Ginger juice in different preparation forms does not alter the lipid profiling in the experimental animals over a period of 21 days.
... It is widely used as a nutritional product. Ginger products have been widely used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine dating back to ancient times (51). Modern remedies also use it as an alternative therapy for treating and maintaining various diseases and health conditions, for instance, cancer, inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, especially hypertension, diabetes, and digestive disease (52)(53)(54)(55). ...
Background: Obesity is the underlying risk factor for major metabolism complications, including non-alcoholic-fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. The adipose tissue is a vital endocrine organ that plays a role in the synthesis and storage of lipid and, therefore, is a contributory factor to the development and progression of obesity. A growing interest in nutraceuticals suggests that natural products can alleviate the risk factors and may be effective in mitigating obesity. Aim: The objective of this study was to examine the underlying mechanisms of immature ginger on adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis in a 3T3-L1 cellular model. Methods: Ginger samples, extracted in 80% methanol, were dried and resuspended in DMSO at 50 μg/mL as stock solution. For analysis, the extracted samples were further diluted in media. Effects on adipogenesis were evaluated by determining lipid droplet and triglyceride accumulation, whereas effects on lipogenesis were determined by measuring triglyceride contents and fatty acid profile. The expression of key regulatory genes involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis was also determined. Results: Our data indicate that the intracellular lipid accumulation decreased significantly by 15 or 25% on treatment with 25 or 50 μg/mL of ginger extract. Consistent with these data, significantly reduced triglyceride levels by 30 or 50% were observed on 25 or 50 μg/mL treatment with ginger extracts, respectively. In addition, ginger treatment significantly inhibited the differentiation-induced de novo lipogenesis and Δ9 desaturase activity. Furthermore, ginger treatment reduced adipogenesis genes, C/ebpβ and C/ebpδ, expression by 47 or 64%, respectively, but significantly increased Pparγ expression by 60% and adiponectin by 75%. Ginger extracts had no effect on Fas genes but reduced lipogenesis genes, acyl CoA carboxylase (Acc) expression by two-fold, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase 1 (Pepck1) expression by 50%. Conclusion: Our findings suggest immature ginger can potentially inhibit lipogenesis pathways by limiting the channeling of glucose carbon in fatty acid synthesis by inhibiting the expression of ACC and glycerol production via inhibiting the expression of PEPCK, which consequently inhibits triglyceride formation.
... Three major biologically active compounds of ginger are shogaols, paradols and gingerols, these compounds have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. A large amount of Gingerols are located in fresh and new rhizomes but shogaols are present in dried and old roots largely (Grzanna et al., 2005). Ginger has anti-carcinogenic actions specially zerumbone, a sesquiterpene compound, 6-gingerols and 6-shogaols can prevent the growth of cancer cells. ...
The Handbook of Research on Advanced Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Drug Discovery examines the applications of bioactive molecules from a health perspective, examining the pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants, the phytochemical and biological activities of different natural products, and ethnobotany and medicinal properties. Moreover, it presents a novel dietary approach for human disease management. Covering topics such as computer-aided drug design, government regulation, and medicinal plant taxonomy, this major reference work is beneficial to pharmacists, medical practitioners, phytologists, hospital administrators, government officials, faculty and students of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.
... In addition, research has shown that ginger can induce estrogen activity (e.g., the chemoprevention of cancers) and the improvement of menopausal syndromes, osteoporosis, endometriosis, prostatic hyperplasia, and polycystic ovary syndrome [33,34]. In vitro studies have shown that the antiinfammatory efects of ginger are induced by the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism in both lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways [35], which may show fewer side efects than NSAID [36]. Another study has shown that ginger inhibits the production of the genes participating in the infammatory reactions (e.g., chemokines, genes encoding cytokines, and the inducible enzyme nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-II) [27,37]. ...
Peritoneal adhesions (PAs) occur and develop after abdominal surgery. Abdominal adhesions are common and often develop after abdominal surgery. Currently, there are no effective targeted pharmacotherapies for treating adhesive disease. In this regard, ginger is wildly used in traditional medicine because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and has been investigated for peritoneal adhesion treatment. This study analyzed ginger ethanolic extraction via HPLC to have a 6-gingerol concentration. Four groups induced peritoneal adhesion to evaluate ginger’s effects on peritoneal adhesion. Then, ginger extract (50, 150, and 450 mg/kg) was administered by gavage in various groups of male Wistar rats (220 ± 20 g, 6–8 weeks). After scarifying the animals for biological assessment, macroscopic and microscopic parameters were determined via scoring systems and immunoassays in the peritoneal lavage fluid. Next, the adhesion scores and interleukin IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-) α, transforming growth factor-(TGF-) β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were elevated in the control group. The results showed that ginger extract (450 mg/kg) notably decreased inflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α), fibrosis (TGF-β1), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), angiogenesis (VEGF), and oxidative (MDA) factors, while increased antioxidant factor glutathione (GSH), compared to the control group. These findings suggest that a hydro-alcoholic extract of ginger is a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for inhibiting adhesion formation. Also, it might be considered a beneficial anti-inflammatory or antifibrosis herbal medicine in clinical trials. However, further clinical studies are required to approve the effectiveness of ginger.
... It is a dietary supplement used to cure a variety of ailments such as cough, asthma, anorexia, indigestion, and constipation. [8]. Both ginger rhizome and C. asiatica leaves are popular nutritional ingredients. ...
... Controversial results of ginger consumption on blood sugar were also reported with both reduction in glucose level in diabetes patients [15] and no effect on either blood glucose or lipid [16]. As ginger is one of the most popular medicinal herb in traditional Chinese Medicine and Indian Ayurvedic System of Medicine [17]. In the present day, people around the world routinely use ginger for both food and herbal medicine with ranges from small kids to the aged for the treatment of numerous ailments [10]. ...
Gingers is widely used as the complimentary household herbal medicine since it promotes varieties of health-protective effects including anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a 30-day ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) ingestion on lipid and glucose profiles and blood pressures in hypertensive older women. The randomized double-blinded ginger consumption was designed in normotensive and hypertensive older women. Thirty-two female volunteers were randomly allocated into 4 groups of normotensives and hypertensives without and with ginger consumption, named as normotensive control (NC); normotensive with ginger consumption (NG); hypertensive control (HC) and hypertensive with ginger consumption (HG). On daily basis, the ginger-treated groups (NG and HG) ingested ginger powder at 75 mg/kgBW/day dissolved in 150 mL water after breakfast whereas control groups (NC and HC) received 150 mL water only for 30 days. Data were collected, in the morning, at pre- and post-intervention. Blood lipids, including cholesterol (chol), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and low density lipoproteins (LDL), glucose levels and blood pressures were evaluated and compared from pre- and post-interventions. The results showed that 30-day ingestion of ginger exerted no change in normotensive groups, where alterations of blood lipid profiles were found in hypertensive groups. Both hypertensive groups (HC and HG) showed the significant reductions in SBP (p < 0.05), however, HC showed significantly increase in blood TG and LDL. HG group showed the reduction in TG and unchanged in LDL. There were no significant differences in chol, HDL, glucose levels and health-related performance from either within or between-groups comparisons (p > 0.05). This study primarily shows the minimal duration of 30-day ingestion of dissolved ginger on lowering systolic blood pressure and triglycerides but plays no roles in glycemic control in hypertensive subjects. Ginger might possibly play an important alternative role in alleviating certain health risks in the hypertensive aged females. To build up confidence on its therapeutic effect, more sample size of this local herb is needed in further investigation. HIGHLIGHTS Ginger is widely reported in traditional medicine to relieve symptoms and certain diseases. This herb is popularly used and easily find in Oriental countries Ginger can be used to minimize the high prevalence of dyslipidemia and hypertension among Thai population, especially in the north and north-east regions The minimum 30 days of ginger ingestion shows some effectiveness on blood lipids and lowers systolic blood pressure in hypertensive elderly Ginger might possibly play additional important roles in alleviating certain health risk in the aged GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
... Previous studies have linked the anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, and antiinflammatory effects of ginger to its active ingredient (Thomson et al., 2002;Bhandari, Kanojia & Pillai, 2005). Ginger extract has been shown to exhibit antioxidant activity and reduce proinflammatory biomarkers (Grzanna, Lindmark & Frondoza, 2005). In addition, recent studies in patients with type II diabetes and hyperlipidemia have shown that ginger can reduce insulin resistance and serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations (Arablou et al., 2014;Shidfar et al., 2015). ...
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in children. Following earlier reports on an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity, NAFLD is now becoming increasingly common in children. Although no definitive cure exists, early management, early diagnosis, and treatment can reduce its complications. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of ginger and an anti‐inflammatory diet (AID) in children with obesity on fatty liver management. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 160 children with obesity aged 8–11 years, with a mean (SD) weight of 65.01 (9.67) kg, mean (SD) height of 139.87 (7.37) cm, and mean (SD) body mass index of 33.40 (5.59) kg/m2. The study duration was 12 weeks. Children were divided into four groups: ginger (G), AID, ginger plus an AID (GPA), and control. Ginger capsules comprised 1000 mg of ginger, whereas the AID comprised fruits and vegetables, fish, turkey, and chicken (without skin) with lean meat, omega‐3 sources, nuts, legumes, probiotic products, and elimination of inflammatory food. Following the intervention, serum fasting blood sugar and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels were significantly decreased in the AID (p = .006 and .002, respectively), G (p = .04 and <.001, respectively), and GPA (p <.001 in both cases, respectively) groups. Further, in the G and GPA groups, there was a significant decrease in body mass index (p = .04 in both cases, respectively), waist circumference (p = .009 and .003, respectively), waist‐to‐height ratio (p = .02 and .005, respectively), alanine aminotransferase (p = .004 and <.001, respectively), total cholesterol (p = .0002 and .0001, respectively) and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (p < .001 and <.001, respectively). Eventually, serum aspartate aminotransferase was decreased (p < .001) and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (p = .03) was increased significantly in the GPA group. As a main finding of this study, hepatic steatosis significantly decreased in the G and GPA groups. Ginger supplementation can effectively improve NAFLD in children, and its effectiveness was further increased when combined with an AID. Ginger as a nonmedicinal supplement can improve fatty liver in children with obesity, while adherence to an anti‐inflammatory diet will increase its overall effectiveness. This work is part of Negin Kamari's MSc thesis on children aged 8–11 with fatty liver. We investigated the effectiveness of ginger and an anti‐inflammatory diet after a 12‐week intervention period.
... Suppress pro-inflammatory compounds such as chemokines and cytokines [28,29] 12 ...
Being one of the mostly consumed alimentary condiments, Ginger’s medicinal properties are striking. With its
stimulating piquant flavor, ginger adds a special flavor in Asian cooking. Besides, it has been associated with multitude
of therapeutic potentials such as from beating motion sickness to better brain function. Zingiber officinale possess
numerous bioactive constituents such as vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals etc. In addition to that ginger also contains
phenolic constituents such as 6-gingerol, paradol, shogaol and zingerone. Ginger is used as a natural remedy for the
treatment of numerous ailments such as ulcers, hypertension and gastric discomforts thus making it therapeutically
potent
... According to research reports, anticancer activity of ginger can be linked to the presence of various pungent vallinoids such as (6)-paradol and (6)-gingerol and some other components like zingerone, shogaols (Grzanna, Lindmark, Frondoza, 2005;Shukla, Singh, 2007). Pakistani grown Ginger (P) and Chinese Ginger (C) ...
Abstract Current study compares the Therapeutic/nutra-pharmaceuticals potential and phenolics profile of Pakistani grown Pakistani and Chinese varieties of ginger. Crude yield of bioactive components from the varieties tested, using different extraction solvents including chloroform, ethyl acetate, ether, methanol, ethanol and distilled water. The crude bioactives varied from 14.1-82.5%. The highest extraction yield was noted for Pakistani species. The HPLC analysis revalued significant amounts of phenolics including vanillin, protocatechuic, vanillic, ferulic, sinapinic and cinnamic acids. The highest anti-inflammatory activity was shown by ethanolic extract of Pakistani variety (IC50: 26.5±1.8) whereas Chinese variety exhibited potent anticancer potential against MCF-7 cell line (Inhibition: 91.38 %). The Chinese variety in general showed higher phenolics and anticancer, while the Pakistani exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activity. Pakistani grown ginger and ethanolic extract of Chinese ginger showed highest antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18.0±0.02 & 15.00±0.02 mm respectively. Minimum results obtained with water for both varieties of ginger with range of 7.2±0.22 and 6±0.07 respectively. Moreover, the phenolics composition, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer activities of both tested varieties of ginger were notably affected as a function of extraction solvents. Our findings advocate selection of appropriate solvent for recovery of effective phenolic bioactive compounds from ginger verities to support the Nutra-pharmaceutical formulation.
... It belongs to the family Zingiberaceae, the largest family of the order Zingiberales with about 57 genera of 1600 species worldwide [2,3]. The eminent members of this family, such as Curcuma longa (turmeric) [4], Zingiber officinale (ginger) [5], Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) [6], and Zingiber zerumbet (bitter ginger), are used in folk medicine, agriculture, food condiments, and for ornamental purposes [7]. Among the member Zingiber zerumbet is commonly known as bitter ginger or shampoo ginger and is widely grown in both tropical and subtropical areas of the world [8]. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has arisen as a global concern in recent decades. Plant extracts used in combination with antibiotics are promising against AMR, synergistically. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the component of the bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) extract in different solvents using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in addition to evaluate the antibacterial activity of these extracts, in combination with their antibiotic potential against four multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus). Ethanol and the aqueous extracts of bitter ginger were prepared using a conventional solvent extraction method and were evaluated for their phytochemistry using HPLC, qualitatively and quantitatively. Moreover, the antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic isolates was determined. A disc diffusion assay was used to obtain the antimicrobial potential of the extracts alone and with antibiotics. Eight components were identified from the separation of the bitter ginger extract by HPLC. For AMR bacteria, the combination of the antibiotic solution with the bitter ginger crude extracts could improve its susceptibility of these antibiotics. This study indicates that the combination of an antibiotic solution with the bitter ginger crude extract exhibits potent antibacterial activities against MDR bacterial strains. Therefore, they can be used for the treatment of various diseases against the microbial pathogen and can be incorporated into medication for antibacterial therapy.
... Medical researchers have verified that ginger contain many active substances which actually share in keeping the body healthy (Abeer, 2009). Ginger has been used to treat a wide range of ailments (Grzanna et al, 2005). In this research work, the body weight statistics showed a decrease in body weight of rats treated with Ginger at dose level of 1g/kg and 2g/kg respectively as compared to MSG-treated rats which had an increase in body weigh initially at dose level of 4g/kg (Abeer, 2009). ...
Research findings have indicated cardiovascular disease (CVD) to be the major morbidity and mortality in adult man.The protective effect of ginger extract against Monosodium Glutamate-induced cardiotoxicity was evaluated in 48 wistar rats (weighing 150-250 g) classified into 6 groups (8 rats per group). The rats in control group (Group A) received distilled water for 21 successive days. The rats in treated (Group B) were treated with 4g/kg/day of MSG orally for 21 successive days, rats in treated group (Group C) were treated with 1g/kg/day of ginger extract orally for 21 successive days, rats in treated group (Group D) received 2g/kg/day of ginger extract orally for 21 successive days, rats in treated group (Group E) received 4g/kg/day of MSG and 1g/kg/day of ginger extract orally for 21 successive days, rats in treated group (Group F) received 4g/kg/day of MSG and 2g/kg/day of ginger extract orally for 21 successive days. Results show that MSG administration resulted in changes in body weight, significant increase in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and distortions to cardiac tissue as compared to rats treated with ginger extract. The cardiac tissues of the aqueous Ginger-treated rats showed preserved tissue compared with distorted cardiac in MSG-treated rats. Ginger extract improves the histological changes by induced by MSG in the cardiac muscle cells in comparison with the control. The study concluded that, ginger extract when used concomitantly with MSG protects the heart against the toxicity induced by this flavour enhancer.
... Ginger (Zingiber officinale), as an edible plant, is also considered as a traditional herbal medicine in China. Scientific evidence has demonstrated that ginger has broad anti-inflammatory properties through modulating cytokine production and other regulatory pathways [6][7][8][9]. Specifically, ginger exhibited a protective role against acute respiratory distress syndrome [10,11], the primary cause of mortality in severe COVID-19 cases. Moreover, bioactive compounds present in ginger, such as gingerol and shogaol, showed high affinity to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thus could potentially interfere with the spike protein and host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) interaction [12,13]. ...
Background
Evidence from previous studies has suggested that ginger extract exhibits the potential as an alternative treatment for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we want to investigate whether ginger supplement improves the clinical manifestation of hospitalized COVID-19 individuals.
Methods
A total of 227 hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 were randomized to either the control ( n = 132) or intervention group ( n = 95). The intervention group took ginger supplement orally at the dosage of 1.5 g twice daily, until they were discharged from the hospital. Both groups received the same standard of general medical care during hospitalization, and the length of stay was recorded and compared between groups.
Results
Among all participants, a significant reduction in hospitalization time (the difference between the treatment and control groups was 2.4 d, 95% CI 1.6–3.2) was detected in response to the ginger supplement. This effect was more pronounced in men, participants aged 60 years or older, and participants with pre-existing medical conditions, relative to their counterparts ( P-interactions < 0.05 for all).
Conclusion
Ginger supplement significantly shortened the length of stay of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19.
Trial registration: The trial was registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200059824).
... As reported in previous studies, ginger extract compounds are effective in prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer, which is mainly related with their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-mutagenic properties [6]. To date, there are over 300 different kinds of components have been discovered in ginger, including carbohydrates, lipids, terpenes, and phenolic compound [7]. One of the most famous ginger-derived compounds is zingerone [4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone]. ...
Ischemic stroke is one of the two main forms of cerebrovascular accident that ranks the second highest leading killer worldwide. An attack of ischemic stroke would lead to rapid death of neurons accompanied with inflammatory events in the brain, causing acquired disabilities for the survivors. Yet better drugs for ischemic stroke treatment are still in great need. In this literature review, three major compounds are mentioned and concluded that 6-shogaol, 6-paradol, and zingerone have neuroprotective potential and discussed the possibility to make them promising drugs for ischemic stroke treatment.
... Although most studies suggest that ginger's anti-inflammatory properties operate via inhibiting COX-2 enzymes, Grzanna found that ginger inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. In addition to these findings, ginger was found to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, which inhibits leukotriene production [143]. Nurtjahja-Tjendraputra et al. 2003 [144] also found that ginger inhibits COX-1 activity, showing that ginger's 8-paradol is a powerful COX-1 inhibitor. ...
Hyperglycemia is seen in approximately 68 percent of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). In many acute circumstances, such as myocardial infarction, brain, injury and stroke, it is an independent predictor of mortality. Hyperglycemia is induced by a mix of genetic, environmental, and immunologic variables in people with type 1 diabetes. These factors cause pancreatic beta cell death and insulin insufficiency. Insulin resistance and irregular insulin production cause hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients. Hyperglycemia activates a number of complicated interconnected metabolic processes. Hyperglycemia is a major contributor to the onset and progression of diabetes’ secondary complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts, periodontitis, and bone and joint issues. Studies on the health benefits of ginger and its constituent’s impact on hyperglycemia and related disorders have been conducted and gingerol proved to be a potential pharmaceutically active constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) that has been shown to lower blood sugar levels, because it possesses antioxidant properties and it functions as an antioxidant in the complicated biochemical process that causes hyperglycemia to be activated. Gingerol not only helps in treating hyperglycemia but also shows effectivity against diseases related to it, such as cardiopathy, kidney failure, vision impairments, bone and joint problems, and teeth and gum infections. Moreover, fresh ginger has various gingerol analogues, with 6-gingerol being the most abundant. However, it is necessary to investigate the efficacy of its other analogues against hyperglycemia and associated disorders at various concentrations in order to determine the appropriate dose for treating these conditions.
... Ginger preparations modify the onset of osteoarthritis, and they have protective and regenerating effects on articular cartilage. Due to the fewer side effects of ginger, there are clinical trials that take advantage of the anti-inflammatory effects of ginger compared to conventional NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen [30,31]. In other clinical studies, ginger was shown to reduce knee pain significantly, either alone [32] or together with Echinacea extract (15 subjects > 60 years of age, 25 mg of ginger and 5 mg of Echinaceae extracts for 30 days) [33]. ...
Inflammation is a protective reaction of the innate immune system as a response to imbalances caused by a specific stimulus, a disease or a pathogen. A prolonged inflammatory condition may lead to the development of metabolic syndrome, which affects more than one-fourth of the world’s population. This condition leads to the development of multi-organ disorders based on disrupted blood lipid and sugar levels, hypertension and oxidative stress. The review aims to present Zingiber officinale Rosc. as a plant that exhibits a variety of healing properties and restores the organism’s equilibrium. Ginger (GI) rhizomes have been commonly used in traditional medicine to treat arthritis, stomach ache, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatism, nervous system syndromes, asthma, diabetes and nausea caused by pregnancy or chemotherapy. This review gathers together data from in vivo experiments related to the application of ginger for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, obesity, diabetes and other related disorders as a consequence of metabolic syndrome, including the confirmed molecular mechanisms of action.
... The development of bacterial resistance towards many antibiotics resulted from the wrong use of these compounds, which increased the interest of specialists in natural materials that were previously used as treatment, in addition to the increase in the number of researches that prove the effectiveness of these materials and their sufficient ability to find a solution to the problem of resistance, and among these natural materials are the roots of Z. officinale. Alcoholic Z. officinale extract contains carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenes, and this agrees with most studies that dealt with the chemical composition of Z. officinale [5] that these compounds are effective against many germs and bacteria. ...
This study was conducted at the College of Science - Department of Life Sciences where it examined the effect of Zingiber officinale alcoholic extract and some antibiotics (Levofloxacin, Vancomycin, Nitrofurantion, Oxacillin) on isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, which were isolated from door handles in the College of Sciences, University of Tikrit, Department of Biology, and through the obtained results the S. aureus was sensitive to all three concentrations (25 – 50 – 75)% of the alcoholic extract, but it was differentially sensitive to the antibiotics as the strongest effect and the largest area of inhibition was for Levofloxacin 5 µg (LEV-5), the diameter of the inhibition zone was (22 mm) compared to the other antibiotics that showed clear and convergent inhibition zones, but less in diameter than LEV-5.
... ACE inhibitors prevent production of angiotensin II, which narrows blood vessels and release hormones which cause hypertension. Ginger also has an effect on several genes encoding cytokines , chemokines and the inducible enzyme cyclo-oxygenase -2 (Grzanna R et al 2005). The components of ginger have fewer side effects and are more effective than NSAIDs-non steroidal anti -inflammatory drugs (Grzanna R et al 2004). ...
The new coronavirus, COVID-19 has sent the world into a medical and economic crisis and if not contained can cause unprecedented damage to the human population.COVID-19 is a new pathogen and a new coronavirus that poses a global threat to healthcare system worldwide and has already devoured many lives in different parts of the world. Till date, there is no specific vaccine or effective antiviral therapy against COVID-19 disease. The only way to prevent oneself is to maintain social distancing, maintain proper hygiene and simultaneously enhance the individual’s immune response by incorporating immune boosters in daily diet, as health supplements and prophylaxis. Phytotherapy (herbalism) means usage of plants or herbs as medication to treat or prevent diseases and has a lot of potential. This phytomedicinal therapeutic approach proves to be cheaper and safer alternative and reduce the incidence of drug resistance and may modulate the immune system in preventing viral diseases. This traditional therapy has less side effects and bestow a general good health. It may suppress viral replication and reduce the clinical signs of viral diseases and can be promoted as immunomodulator. COVID 19 has been shown to engage the host cell ACE2 through its spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and natural phytochemical from plants have distinct effects on viral RBD and host ACE2 receptor complex. The present paper aims to present a comprehensive study of certain medicinal herbs to increase the immune potential and a promising option in the fore-front in healing COVID-19 ailments, concurrent with ICMR prescribed allopathic treatments.
... Zingiber Officinale Roscoe is the scientific name for ginger, which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family [11]. This spice has been used in Chinese and ayurvedic medicine for centuries [12]. The antioxidant properties of medicinal herbs are related to environmental conditions, weather, seasonal changes, geographical area, degree of ripe, growth, and many other factors during planting and harvesting [13]. ...
Objective
Diabetic kidney disease affects approximately 40% of diabetic patients and is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. As a result, preventing renal complications in diabetic patients is critical. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosco) is a popular spice and natral medicine. The present study was a systematic review focused on the existing evidence of the renoprotective effect of ginger extract on some features of diabetic kidney disease.
Methods
The literature was searched in online databases such as PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, ProQuest databases, and Google Scholar from inception to July 2022.
Results
This review included 41 articles that met the eligibility criteria. Ginger supplementation was found to be associated with a significant decrease in blood glucose in 28 studies. Nine studies showed a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) after supplementation. Also, seventeen studies showed decreased serum levels of creatinine. Fifteen studies reported a decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and fourteen studies showed a lowered triglycerides (TG) concentrations. In twenty-six studies, ginger reduced renal injuries due to diabetes.
Conclusion
Ginger may improve blood sugar indices, lipid profile, some inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and pathologic injuries in diabetic kidney disease. However, future well-designed clinical trials and meta-analyses are required for a solid consensus.
... and African medical systems [12] . ...
Cassia auriculata, Centella asiatica and Zingiber officinale are belongs to the family Leguminosae, Apiaceae and Zingiberaceae respectively. These herbs possess abundant remedial benefits and are used traditionally to treat numerous illnesses. The standardization of these crude drugs is essential to gain information on their identity and quality. WHO recommended parameters were used to standardize the plant materials. Dried raw powder of Cassia auriculata leaf, Centella asiatica leaf and Zingiber officinale rhizome were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic evaluation followed by physicochemical evaluations such as loss on drying, ash values and extractive values. Further, the plant materials were extracted with hydroalcoholic solvent (Alcohol: Water ratio is 70:30) by cold maceration process and subjected to qualitative phytochemical investigation. The identity and purity of the plant material had been proven by its organoleptic characteristics. Detailed structural characteristics were obtained from powder microscopy. Physico-chemical parameters displayed the quality of raw powder. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of various phytoconstituents. The pharmacognostical standardization has provided with a referential information on the identity, quality and purity of the crude drugs.
... Indeed, it has been shown that aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa calyces has many biological properties which are diuretic, diaphoretic, laxative, antihypertensive, vasorelaxant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and lipid-lowering activities [19][20][21][22][23]. Rhizomes of Z. officinale are widely used in traditional medicine and are prescribed for many ailments including nausea and indigestion [24]. In addition, its pharmacological effects are confirmed, particularly antiemetic [25], anti-inflammatory, antioxidant [26,27], hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic [28,29], and anticancer properties [30]. Mentha spicata leaves have long been used for medicinal purposes due to its healing, flavoring, antiseptic, and diuretic properties. ...
The world has already undergone several health-related upheavals that have drawn the attention among which obesity. It is an important public health problem as well in developed as in developing countries. In order to sustainably manage this disease and associated damages, medicinal plants could be an alternative solution to synthetic drugs which can present side effects. Thus, the present study aimed at screening In vitro and In vivo antioxidant and antiobesogenic properties of aqueous extracts of some local plant resources of Cameroon including Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces, Zingiber officinale rhizomes and Mentha spicata leaves. A phytochemical screening was performed on the aqueous extracts of the plants, and their In vitro antioxidant activity evaluated. In vivo antioxidant and antiobesogenic activities were assessed on male Wistar rats. 'Cafeteria' diet was used as obesity-inducer and Orlistat as standard treatment. Through the experiment, the extracts were orally administered at 1 g/kg bw per day for 28 days. In vivo antioxidant activity consisted of the evaluation of lipid peroxidation and some enzymes in serum, liver and kidneys. Antiobesogenic properties consisted of determining anthropometric parameters, food consumption pattern, blood lipids profile and glucose content. Hepatic and renal functions were also examined. The screening revealed numerous groups of bioactive compounds in the three tested extracts which also showed reasonable total phenolic content (338.67-1141.12 mgGAE/100g). They revealed excellent antioxidant activity through their good free radical DPPH scavenging potential, reducing power activity, significant decrease of tissue malondialdehyde content and increase of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Furthermore, they revealed antiobesogenic effect by their induction of significant reduction (p < 0.05) in body mass index, adipose tissue, food intake, blood contents of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, glucose and atherogenic index, while increasing HDL-cholesterol, all compared to untreated obese animals. They exhibited a relatively protective effect on hepatic and renal functions by remedying histopathological damages caused by high-fat diet and by reducing blood transaminases activity, creatinine and urea contents. These effects were comparable or even greater than those observed with Orlistat. The findings of the present research showed that the three plants could be used in the management of obesity and oxidative stress.
... Indeed, it has been shown that aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa calyces has many biological properties which are diuretic, diaphoretic, laxative, antihypertensive, vasorelaxant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and lipid-lowering activities [19][20][21][22][23]. Rhizomes of Z. officinale are widely used in traditional medicine and are prescribed for many ailments including nausea and indigestion [24]. In addition, its pharmacological effects are confirmed, particularly antiemetic [25], anti-inflammatory, antioxidant [26,27], hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic [28,29], and anticancer properties [30]. Mentha spicata leaves have long been used for medicinal purposes due to its healing, flavoring, antiseptic, and diuretic properties. ...
The world has already undergone several health-related upheavals that have drawn the attention among which obesity. It is an important public health problem as well in developed as in developing countries. In order to sustainably manage this disease and associated damages, medicinal plants could be an alternative solution to synthetic drugs which can present side effects. Thus, the present study aimed at screening In vitro and In vivo antioxidant and antiobesogenic properties of aqueous extracts of some local plant resources of Cameroon including Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces, Zingiber officinale rhizomes and Mentha spicata leaves. A phytochemical screening was performed on the aqueous extracts of the plants, and their In vitro antioxidant activity evaluated. In vivo antioxidant and antiobesogenic activities were assessed on male Wistar rats. ‘Cafeteria’ diet was used as obesity-inducer and Orlistat as standard treatment. Through the experiment, the extracts were orally administered at 1 g/kg bw per day for 28 days. In vivo antioxidant activity consisted of the evaluation of lipid peroxidation and some enzymes in serum, liver and kidneys. Antiobesogenic properties consisted of determining anthropometric parameters, food consumption pattern, blood lipids profile and glucose content. Hepatic and renal functions were also examined. The screening revealed numerous groups of bioactive compounds in the three tested extracts which also showed reasonable total phenolic content (338.67-1141.12 mgGAE/100g). They revealed excellent antioxidant activity through their good free radical DPPH scavenging potential, reducing power activity, significant decrease of tissue malondialdehyde content and increase of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Furthermore, they revealed antiobesogenic effect by their induction of significant reduction (p < 0.05) in body mass index, adipose tissue, food intake, blood contents of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, glucose and atherogenic index, while increasing HDL-cholesterol, all compared to untreated obese animals. They exhibited a relatively protective effect on hepatic and renal functions by remedying histopathological damages caused by high-fat diet and by reducing blood transaminases activity, creatinine and urea contents. These effects were comparable or even greater than those observed with Orlistat. The findings of the present research showed that the three plants could be used in the management of obesity and oxidative stress.
Keywords
Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Zingiber Officinale, Mentha Spicata, Obesity, Oxidative Stress
... Three major biologically active compounds of ginger are shogaols, paradols and gingerols, these compounds have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. A large amount of Gingerols are located in fresh and new rhizomes but shogaols are present in dried and old roots largely (Grzanna et al., 2005). Ginger has anti-carcinogenic actions specially zerumbone, a sesquiterpene compound, 6-gingerols and 6-shogaols can prevent the growth of cancer cells. ...
Medicinal plants are achieving favour and have shown exponential growth throughout the globe due to fewer side effects in comparison to allopathic medications and innate pharmacological effects and being present naturally. Humans show intimate association with nature and always utilize the components of their surroundings to get medicines and foodstuffs. Around 50% of medications utilized by humans emanated from plant parts. For preliminary healthcare in developing countries, more than 80% of humans rely on herbal drugs. Worldwide, India has been the most extensive developer for herbs that have medicinal importance. So, there is a necessity to review this priceless herbal knowledge. This chapter will assist in furnishing the advantageous usage of herbs in various infections. It is a big challenge to conserve biodiversity because of the involvement of political difficulties and social demurs. There is a requirement to conserve these plant species and nurture their farming.
... The low progesterone production observed in heat-stressed female rabbits impairs the embryo development by disrupting endometrial function (60, 61), while acyclicity and infertility as well as mammary gland development impairment in pregnant females have been associated with the increased prolactin in heat-stressed females (49). Cortisol is a stress hormone released by the adrenal gland and is important in enabling the body to deal with stressful situations by enhancing blood sugar production, converting fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into usable energy (62). However, an increase in levels of these hormones in this study has been observed following administration of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract. ...
Heat stress is reported to have deleterious effects on rabbit physiology by impairing reproductive performances arising from free radical production due to oxidative stress. Plant extracts have been listed among efficient and healthy strategies for alleviating the effects of free radicals in the body of an animal. Numerous studies have documented the medicinal value of Moringa oleifera on various body functional systems although most of these data have not been scientifically validated. The growing concern of heat stress owing to the effects of global warming has affected animal productivity and even reproductive health, yet mitigation measures are still scanty. To this end, we investigated the efficacy of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract on selected in the alleviation of morphofunctional impairments on functional systems of the body. Here, we quantified the effects of Moringa oleifera seed extracts on reproductive performances, hormonal profile, and ovarian histology in the management of heat stress in female rabbits. We were particularly interested in testing the hypothesis that Moringa oleifera seed extracts do not have medicinal value in the mitigation of oxidative stress accompanying heat-stressed animals and, therefore, affecting growth performance and reproductive value. Twenty-eight female rabbits aged 6 months and weighing between 2015.6 and 2322.7 g were randomly assigned to four treatment groups of temperature, relative humidity, temperature humidity index, and M. oleifera seed extracts as follows: T0: ambient temperature (18–24°C), 59 ± 0.48%, 23.6 ± 1.52; T1, T2, and T3: 35–36°C, 64 ± 0.6%, 32.5 ± 0.7, followed by 100, 200, and 0 mg/kg b.w of M. oleifera seed extracts. Artificial heat was introduced in each rabbit cage from 08:00 h to 16:00 h. Reproductive performances related to female rabbits and relevant biodata of their young ones were recorded. All animals were sacrificed at the end of 80 days of experiments, and blood was collected for hormonal assays and ovary tissues for histology. Data on hormones and reproductive parameters of adult females as well as parameters related to kid performance and milk yield were subjected to one-way ANOVA, and significant differences among treatment subjects were analyzed using Tukey's post-hoc test at 5% significance level. The results revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in food consumption, body weight, and body weight gain in pregnant and lactating female rabbits exposed to heat stress. A decrease in fur removal by mothers, litter size from birth to weaning, litter weight, kid body weight, and body weight gain in adult rabbits submitted to heat stress was observed. The findings were also reflected on weekly milk yield and daily milk efficiency as well as serum hormone levels. Following administration of M. oleifera seed extracts at 200 mg/kg b.w., there was significant increase (P < 0.05) in these parameters. On the contrary, an increase (P < 0.05) in the number of services per conception, milk intake, and serum progesterone level was initially observed in the same subjects, but upon administration of M. oleifera seed extracts, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) on these measures. Ovarian histology of animals at T0 and T2 treatments showed structural features comparable to those of controls. Overall, our results show that administration of M. oleifera seed extracts at 200 mg/kg b.w possesses therapeutic value to the effects of oxidative stress associated with heat stress. Further pharmacological evaluation on seed extracts of M. oleifera may yield the much-needed medicine in the treatment and management of poor animal productivity and reproductive health arising from severe weather associated with global warming.
... Gingerols (23-25%), shogaols (18-25%), and related ketone derivatives are bioactive constituents of ginger (Grzanna et al., 2005). Gingerols are aromatic phenolic structures composed of a series of structural analogs of 1-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) 3oxo-5-hydroxy-hexane, bearing different lengths of the unbranched alkyl side chain (Denniff et al., 1980;de Menezes de Lima et al., 2018;Li et al., 2019;Mao et al., 2019;Alolga et al., 2022). ...
Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is one of the most popular spices worldwide, known since ancient times, and used both as a spice and a medicinal plant. The phenolic compounds found in ginger are predominantly gingerols, shogaols, and paradols. Gingerols are the major phenolic compounds found in fresh ginger and contain mainly 6-gingerol as well as 4-, 5-, 8-, 10-, and 12-gingerols. Gingerols possess a wide array of bioactivities, such as antioxidant and anticancer, among others. Regarding the different array of biological activities and published data on the mechanisms underlying its action, the complex interaction between three key events, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and immunity, appears to contribute to a plethora of pharmacological activities of this compound. Among these, the immunomodulatory properties of these compounds, which attract attention due to their effects on the immune system, have been the focus of many studies. Gingerols can alleviate inflammation given their ability to inhibit the activation of protein kinase B (Akt) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, causing a decrease in proinflammatory and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, given their low bioavailability, it is necessary to develop new and more effective strategies for treatment with gingerols. In order to overcome this problem, recent studies have addressed new drug delivery systems containing gingerols. In this review, the immunomodulatory activities of gingerol and its underlying mechanisms of action combined with the contributions of developed nanodrug delivery systems to this activity will be examined.
... Ginger is composed of over 400 different chemical compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds. 7 The terpene compounds are formed by zingiberene, β-bisabolene, α-farnesne, β-sesquiphellandrene, and α-curcumene. 8 One of the most potent compounds in ginger is the phenol called shogaol. ...
... Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger), belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, has been commonly consumed as a spice and used as herbal medicine for a long time (20). From a pharmacological point of view, ginger demonstrated to share with NSAIDs the properties of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis and to be dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes; therefore, it can effectively reduce the synthesis of both prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) (21). Additionally, it can also reduce the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-8 (22,23). ...
Experimental evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key pathological event of many diseases affecting the nervous system. It has been well recognized that these devastating illnesses (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, and chronic pain) are multifactorial, involving many pathogenic mechanisms, reason why pharmacological treatments are unsatisfactory. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a vegetal mixture capable of offering a multiple approach required to manage the multifactoriality of neuroinflammation. A mixture composed of Zingiber officinale (150 mg kg ⁻¹ ), Echinacea purpurea (20 mg kg ⁻¹ ), and Centella asiatica (200 mg kg ⁻¹ ) was tested in a mouse model of systemic neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg kg ⁻¹ ). Repeated treatment with the vegetal mixture was able to completely counteract thermal and mechanical allodynia as reported by the Cold plate and von Frey tests, respectively, and to reduce the motor impairments as demonstrated by the Rota rod test. Moreover, the mixture was capable of neutralizing the memory loss in the Passive avoidance test and reducing depressive-like behavior in the Porsolt test, while no efficacy was shown in decreasing anhedonia as demonstrated by the Sucrose preference test. Finally, LPS stimulation caused a significant increase in the activation of glial cells, of the central complement proteins and of inflammatory cytokines in selected regions of the central nervous system (CNS), which were rebalanced in animals treated with the vegetal mixture. In conclusion, the vegetal mixture tested thwarted the plethora of symptoms evoked by LPS, thus being a potential candidate for future investigations in the context of neuroinflammation.
Introduction:
Ginger extract (GE) has sparked great interest due to its numerous biological benefits. However, it suffers from limited skin permeability, which challenges its transdermal application. The target of the current work was to develop transethosomes as a potential nanovehicle to achieve enhanced transdermal delivery of GE through the skin.
Methods:
GE-loaded transethosomes were prepared by cold injection using different edge activators. The fabricated nanovesicles were evaluated for particle size, ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The selected formulation was then laden into the hydrogel system and evaluated for ex vivo permeability and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in a carrageenan-induced rat-paw edema model.
Results:
The selected formulation comprised of sodium deoxycholate exhibited particle size of 188.3±7.66 nm, ζ-potential of -38.6±0.08 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 91.0%±0.24%. The developed transethosomal hydrogel containing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was homogeneous, pseudoplastic, and demonstrated sustained drug release. Furthermore, it exhibited improved flux (12.61±0.45 μg.cm2/second), apparent skin permeability (2.43±0.008×10-6 cm/second), and skin deposition compared to free GE hydrogel. In vivo testing and histopathological examination revealed that the GE transethosomal hydrogel exhibited significant inhibition of edema swelling compared to free GE hydrogel and ketoprofen gel. The animals that were treated with ginger transethosome hydrogel showed a significant decrement in reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin E2 compared to untreated animals.
Conclusion:
Transethosomes might be a promising new vehicle for GE for effective skin permeation and anti-inflammation. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first utilization of transethosomes laden into hydrogel as a novel transdermal delivery system of GE.
Purpose:
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease found in tropical areas, and it affects up to 12 million individuals globally. Chemotherapies now available include drawbacks such as toxicity, high cost, and parasite resistance. This work aimed to evaluate the antileishmanial properties of essential oils (EOs) extracted from aerial parts of Cupressus sempervirens (C. sempervirens), Tetraclinis articulata (T. articulata), and Pistacia lentiscus (P. lentiscus) trees.
Methods:
The EOs were obtained by hydro-distillation, and chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry at three phenological stages. The EOs were evaluated in vitro for antileishmanial activities against Leishmania major (L. major) and Leishmania infantum (L. infantum). The cytotoxicity effect was also tested against murine macrophagic cells (Raw264.7 lines).
Results:
Results showed that P. lentiscus and T. articulata EOs presented low and moderate antileishmanial activity against L. infantum and L. major. However, C. sempervirens EO from the fructification stage gave an important selectivity index (23.89 and 18.96 against L. infantum and L. major, respectively). This activity was more interesting than those of amphotericin chemical drugs. Antileishmanial activity for this EO was highly correlated with germacrene D content (r = 1.00). This compound presented a SI equal to 13.34 and 10.38 for the two strains. According to the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the distribution of the three phenological stages proved that the chemical composition of the EOs affected the antileishmanial activity. PCA revealed that SI was positively correlated with α-pinene, germacrene D and the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon class. Cupressus sempervirens EO can provide a source of germacrene D that can be used as a new alternative to chemical drugs for the treatment of antileishmanial diseases.
Conclusion:
C. sempervirens EO seemed to be a highly active antileishmanial agent and a natural alternative for chemical drugs to treat several leishmanial strains.
This research aimed to examine the need of adding hot water blanching pre-treatment on the drying of
ginger rhizomes using a hybrid solar-dryer with paraffin liquid as thermal storage infused into a copper
tube to form a compact heat exchanger. Blanching duration quickened the drying rate of the ginger
rhizomes and the average drying rate for blanching at 90 s, 60 s, 30 s and un-blanched ginger varied
between 0.0147 kg/h to 0.0245 kg/h at a sensible heat ratio of 4.12 x 10-5 to 2.53 x10-3. The optimal
drying rate varied from 0.01161kg/h to 0.0263kg/h for all treatment at a collector temperature range of
39.5 oC to 40.5 oC and collector efficiency range of 14.3 % to 30 %. The logarithmic model better
predicted the drying kinetics of un-blanched and blanching for 30 s with an R2 value of 0.9875 and
0.97247 respectively while the modified Henderson and Pabis model better predicted drying of blanched
ginger rhizomes at 60 s and 90 s with R2 values of 0.96252 and 0.98188 respectively. Using the hybrid
solar dryer instead of artificial dryers with fossil energy sources can save about $75.731 to $757.31 of the
running cost as the usage increased from 10 to 100%. The payback period decreased from 2.88 years to 0.
31 years as the rate of usage increased from 10 to 100 %. Using the presented solar dryer instead of coal,
diesel or grid base electricity can prevent 15.96 to 186, 7.62 tones of CO2 from entering the atmosphere.
The earned carbon credit if the dryer is to be powered by coal, diesel or grid base electricity were $
$6245364, $27080.52, and $231.45 per year respectively which can be used to compensate other nonrenewable
energy sources deployed within an energy enterprise.
The leading cause of maternal deaths in both industrialised and developing nations is Post-Partum Haemorrhage (PPH). It results from deviations in one of four fundamental processes, with uterine atony constituting the majority of cases. It's crucial to have a diverse approach to management. It is considered the importance of oxytocin and prostaglandins, such as misoprostol, in therapy. Uterine tamponade and compression sutures, two recently created, less invasive therapeutic options, are quickly emerging as viable substitutes for the conventional procedures of pelvic devascularization and hysterectomy. Public health initiatives and medical measures meant to reduce maternal mortality from PPH, which differs significantly across developing and industrialised nations, are further examined. Dr. Sakhi Sardar and Dr. Sherzad Gul Sharif did this prospective observational research in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at the Khost Provincial Hospital in Afghanistan. There were a total of 80 instances of Post-Partum Haemorrhage that met the criteria for inclusion. Data were gathered and examined in PPH patients who had both medicinal and surgical treatment. In the current research, more than 50% of patients needed blood and blood products, and 60% of cases were multigravida. The majority of Post-Partum Haemorrhage (PPH) cases in the current research were treated medically. uterine toxins (42.5 %) Early detection and prompt intervention made this feasible. In every situation, active management of the third stage of labour is advised. 70% of patients were handled medically, while the remaining 30% needed surgical intervention. Uterotonic medications and bimanual uterine compression were employed in medical care, although cervical and vaginal laceration repair was mostly needed in surgical management.
As the human life expectancy increases, age-linked diseases have become more and more frequent. The worldwide increment of dementia cases demands medical solutions, but the current available drugs do not meet all the expectations. Recently the attention of the scientific community was attracted by natural compounds, used in ancient medicine, known for their beneficial effects and high tolerability. All these evidences suggest a potential role of the compounds of ginger not only in the treatment of the disease, but also in its prevention.. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a common and widely used spice. It is rich in various chemical constituents, including phenolic compounds, terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, organic acids, and raw fibers. The health benefits of ginger are mainly attributed to its phenolic compounds, such as gingerols and shogaols. This review is focused on Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and explore its properties against Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia, two of the most common and devastating forms of dementia. This work resumes the beneficial effects of Ginger compounds, tested in computational in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia, along with some human tests.
Medicinal plants can be cost-effective, more productive, and alternative anti-bacterial agents in aquaculture, exhibiting many biological effects as anti-stress action and immune stimulation against various diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of three types of plant oils, namely mint, chamomile, and ginger on some serum biochemical parameters, Aeromonas hydrophila infection, as well as immune performance and mRNA levels of some renal immune-related genes (il-1β, il-8, il-10, and tnf-α) in common carp. We used for this purpose 120 fish with an average weight of 250 ± 4 g. Fish were fed on an experimental diet of 5% of the weight divided into two meals per day. The experiment continued for 120 days with adaptation. The results showed that mint oil had a superior effect on the serum total protein, ginger oil treatment induced the highest serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and chamomile oil treatment induced the highest serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Both ginger and mint oil treatments recorded the highest serum aspartate aminotransferase activity. The mint treatment proved effective at treating experimentally-induced Aeromonas hydrophila infection, reducing the infection rate to 0%. Mint oil treatment caused a significant elevation in the expression of renal il-8, il-10, and tnf-αmRNA, chamomile oil treatment caused a significant elevation in the expression of renal il-8 and il-10 mRNA, and ginger oil treatment caused a significant change in the expression of renal il-1β, il-8, and tnf-α. The results showed that these three oils improved production performance and enhanced the expression of some immune-related genes against bacterial infections.
Mucormycosis (also known as black fungus infection) is a rare fungal infection with serious life threatening diseases condition if not intervene by the physicians at the early stage. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens and subsequent compromised immunity may be ideal condition of infection into the host cells. The present review article evaluates the various aspects of mucormycosis with particular focus on its treatment. This review article focused on the antifungal properties of traditional plants such as Azidarachta indica (Neem), Datura stramonium (Datura), Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy), Cannabis sativa (Bhang) and Syzygium aromaticum (Laung) against pathogenic fungi in particular black fungus infection or mucormycosis. Patients treated with corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents following SARS-CoV-2 infection are the subjects of black fungus infection. The potential antifungal drug amphotericin B is used as 1 st line treatment regime against mucormycosis in these patients. As an alternative therapeutic strategy against mucromycosis traditional herbal plants with potential antifungal activities and medicinal properties may effectively cure mucormycosis. Traditional herbal plants produce various secondary metabolites which have antifungal and medicinal properties for treatment of both human and animal mycoses. The present study revealed the ethnomedicinal application in the treatment of this infectious disease. The homeopathic/ ayurvedic treatment of mucormycosis can play a significant role in the current pandemic situations.
The prevention and treatment of skin diseases remains a major challenge in medicine. The search for natural active ingredients that can be used to prevent the development of the disease and complement treatment is on the rise. Natural extracts of ginger and hemp offer a wide range of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study evaluates the effectiveness of hemp and ginger extract as a supportive treatment for skin diseases. It reports a synergistic effect of hemp and ginger extract. The contents of cannabinoids and components of ginger are determined, with the highest being CBD (587.17 ± 8.32 µg/g) and 6-gingerol (60.07 ± 0.40 µg/g). The minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus (156.5 µg/mL), Escherichia coli (625.2 µg/mL) and Candida albicans (78.3 µg/mL) was also analyzed. Analysis of WM-266-4 cells revealed the greatest decrease in metabolic activity in cells exposed to the extract at a concentration of 1.00 µg/mL. Regarding the expression of genes associated with cellular processes, melanoma aggressiveness, resistance and cell survival, a significant difference was found in the expression of ABCB5, CAV1 and S100A9 compared with the control (cells not exposed to the extract).
Obesity is one of the major health problems across the world and the leading cause of death. Natural bioactive functional compounds (catechin, Cat and gingerol, Gin) have been reported to control obesity. The application of a nanoparticulate (NPs) delivery system has shown greater efficacy in the treatment of different diseases. The present study was designed to prepare the Cat-Gin silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the microwave method. The prepared Cat-Gin-AgNPs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug release. Further, it was evaluated for anti-obesity activity (body weight, total abdominal fat, lipid profile and liver profile) using a high-fed diet (HFD) induced obesity model. The formulated Cat-Gin-AGNPs showed nano-metric size (110 ± 4.65 nm), polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.27 ± 0.03, and surface charge (−17.6 ± 2.6 mV) with a spherical shape. It also depicted high encapsulation efficiency (<80 %) with prolonged drug release behaviour (Cat – 84.34 ± 4.12 % and Gin – 72.33 ± 3.87 %). The in vivo study parameters revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.001) reduction in body weight, food intake and total abdominal fat. The biochemical results displayed a reversal in altered biochemical parameters to the normal range (Group 4) as compared to HFD control (Group 2). It also helps restored the liver enzymes in obese rats. The results of the study highlighted the applicability of Cat-Gin-AGNPs as a novel delivery system in the treatment of obesity.
Human skin remains the most reliable model for studying the transdermal permeation of active compounds. Due to the limited source, porcine skin has been used extensively for performing penetration tests. Performing penetration studies by using human and animal skin, however, would also involve a series of ethical issues and restrictions. For these reasons, new biomimetic artificial barriers are being developed as possible alternatives for transdermal testing. If appropriately optimized, such products can be cost-effective, easily standardized across laboratories, precisely controlled in specific experimental conditions, or even present additional properties compared to the human and animal skin models such as negligible variability between replicates. In this current work we use the skin mimicking barrier (SMB) for drug permeability tests. The aim was to evaluate the suitability of the new barrier for studying the percutaneous absorption of the lipophilic extract of the plant Zingiber officinale Roscoe in vitro and compare its permeability ability with the artificial membrane Permeapad® and porcine skin. Our results showed that the permeability values obtained through the SMB are comparable are comparable to those obtained by using the porcine skin, suggesting that the new barrier may be an acceptable in vitro model for conducting percutaneous penetration experiments.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its pathogenesis remains obscure. Current treatment approaches mainly including levodopa and dopamine agonists provide symptomatic relief but fail to halt disease progression, and they are often accompanied by severe side effects. In this context, natural phytochemicals have received increasing attention as promising preventive or therapeutic candidates for PD, given their multitarget pharmaceutical mechanisms of actions and good safety profile. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) is a very popular spice used as a medicinal herb throughout the world since the ancient years, for a wide range of conditions, including nausea, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cancer. Emerging in vivo and in vitro evidence supports the neuroprotective effects of ginger and its main pharmaceutically active compounds (zingerone, 6-shogaol, and 6-gingerol) in PD, mainly via the regulation of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, dopamine synaptic transmission, and possibly mitochondrial dysfunction. The regulation of several transcription factors and signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Ak strain transforming (Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) have been shown to contribute to the protective effects of ginger. Herein, we discuss recent findings on the beneficial role of ginger in PD as a preventive agent or potential supplement to current treatment strategies, focusing on potential underlying molecular mechanisms.
Hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (SD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) extraction methods were assessed for their effects on yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Distichochlamys citrea M.F. Newman rhizomes. The greatest essential oil yields (v/w on dry weight basis) were obtained by MAHD (0.37%), followed by HD (0.27%) and SD (0.25%). The extraction time of MAHD was 1 h, compared to 4 h for HD and SD. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyze the obtained oils. Geranial, neral, α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, β-pinene and α-pinene were the major components in all oil samples. MAHD resulted in an increase in the content of oxygenated monoterpenes in the essential oil compared to HD or SD. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils was evaluated in terms of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by the microdilution broth method. All essential oils showed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity, with MICs ranging from 200 to 400 μg/mL. These results indicate that extraction method significantly influences the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from D. citrea rhizomes. Compared with HD and SD methods, MAHD has the advantages of shorter extraction time, increased yield and increased oil quality. Therefore, MAHD is proposed as the preferred method for extracting essential oils from D. citrea rhizomes.
Rhizomatous plants have been sources of remedy and were used widely as dietary spices and flavor. Their effects as immunomodulators are also documented. Several studies have confirmed that both Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) have a vast array of medicinal and immunomodulatory properties. Curcumin, which is one of the main curcuminoids of Curcuma longa, possesses various pharmacological properties, including immunomodulatory activities. Similarly, Zingiber officinale has a history of medicinal use for over 2500 years as one of the most versatile medicinal plants, which is traced to its bioactive compounds such as gingerol, paradol, shogaols, etc. The extracts and/or bioactive compounds from those plants are promising drug candidates against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, bacterial infection, Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, partly via their immunomodulatory properties. Several studies have identified some of the bioactive compounds in Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale rhizomes as potential inhibitors of the novel coronaviruses responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Such bioactive compounds are eligible for further investigation of the potential to treat COVID-19 patients effectively. This chapter describes the regulation of immune responses by rhizomatous Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale for the treatment of diseases of diverse origin.KeywordsRhizomatous plantsImmunomodulator
Curcuma longa
CurcuminCoronavirus
Zingiber officinale
Gingerol
Lead poisoning has been known to be associated with structural and functional abnormalities of multiple organ systems of human body. The aim of this investigation was to study the renal protective effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in lead induced toxicity rats. In this study renal glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and catalase enzymes were measured in lead nitrate (300 mg/kg BW), and lead nitrate plus ginger extract (150 mg/kg BW) treated rat groups for 1 week and 3 weeks respectively. The glutathione level and GSH dependent antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, and catalase significantly (P < 0.05) increased in ginger extract treated rat groups. In addition, histological studies showed lesser renal changes in lead plus ginger extract treated rat groups than that of lead alone treated rat groups. These results indicate that ginger extract alleviated lead toxic effects by enhancing the levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase.
The use of plant extracts to alleviate inflammatory diseases is centuries old and continues to this day. This review assesses the current understanding of the use of such plants and natural products isolated from them in terms of their action against the ubiquitous transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). As an activator of many pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory processes the modulation of the NF-κB transduction pathway is a principal target to alleviate the symptoms of such diseases as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and asthma. Two pathways of NF-κB activation will first be summarised, leading to the Ikk (IkB kinase) complex, that subsequently initiates phosphorylation of the NF-κB inhibitory protein (IkB). Natural products and some extracts are reviewed and assessed for their activity and potency as NF-κB inhibitors. A large number of compounds are currently known as NF-κB modulators and include the isoprenoids, most notably kaurene diterpenoids and members of the sesquiterpene lactones class, several phenolics including curcumin and flavonoids such as silybin. Additional data on cellular toxicity are also highlighted as an exclusion principle for pursuing such compounds in clinical development. In addition, where enough data exists some conclusions on structure-activity relationship are provided.
Phytochemicals present in medicinal plants have health benefits and antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria. However, little research has been undertaken on the antifungal activity of these extracts. This research aim at testing the antifungal activity of organic ethanol extracts of onion {Allium cepa), ginger {Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) against three fungal isolates {A. flavus, A. niger and C. herbarium) in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Filtered plant extracts were obtained using ethanolic extraction method. Antifungal sensitivity testing was undertaking using the pour plate technique and results obtained by measuring diameter of fungal growth over a 7 day incubation period. All organic plant extracts inhibited growth resulting in a marked significant difference (p<0.01) in growth diameter of fungi on media with extracts compared with same fungi on Potato Dextrose Agar without extracts. Ginger had the highest antifungal activity on all test fungi with a mean diameter of 1.40 cm followed by garlic (1.70 cm) and onion (1.80 cm) respectively whilst A. niger (2.54 cm) showed the highest resistance to the plant extracts followed by A. flavus (2.50 cm) and C. herbarum (1.18 cm). All plant extracts inhibited any observable growth pattern in C. herbarum for a 2 day period and <1 cm growth diameter in A. Flavus and A. Niger whilst the least growth measurement after day one of incubation in PDA only was >2.0 cm. This study confirms the antifungal potential of these plant extracts on the test fungi and suggests the possibility of employing them in food preservation were spoilage is mainly caused by fungi.
This study aimed at determining if synovial cell cultures from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and healthy controls (HC) differ and are suitable disease models in pharmacological studies, and tested their response to some anti-inflammatory drugs. Synovial cells were isolated from synovial membrane or joint fluid. Cells were cultivated and exposed to no or TNF-α stimulation without, or in the presence of, betamethasone, ibuprofen, or a standardized ginger extract. Concentrations of a panel of cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines were mapped for each culture and condition. Our cells secreted an increased amount of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in response to TNF-α stimulation in all conditions. OA cells showed a higher IL-6 and IL-8 and a lower IL-1β production, when not stimulated, than RA and HC cells, which were similar. TNF-α stimulation caused similar IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 release in all groups. Ibuprofen showed no effect on cytokine production, while ginger extract was similar to betamethasone. Ginger extract was as effective an anti-inflammatory agent as betamethasone in this in vitro model. Cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes from OA and RA subjects promise to be a useful pharmacological disease model, but further studies, to support results from such a model are needed.
Ginger (rhizome of Zingiber officinale) is a well known herb for its culinary and wide range of medicinal uses and is considered an essential component of the kitchen pharmacy. More commonly, ginger has been traditionally used in disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, as a stomachic, laxative, sialogogue, gastric emptying enhancer, appetizer, antiemetic, antidyspepsic, antispasmodic, and antiulcer agent with sufficient scientific support. Similarly, ginger has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimigraine, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, diuretic, hypocholesterolemic, and antihypertensive activities. Recently, ginger has gained wide attention for its therapeutic role as a safe and effective preventive treatment option for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Ginger has a long history of safety, as it has been used for centuries not only for medicinal purposes, but also as a food and spice. Although some health risk and safety concerns exist in the literature about its use by pregnant women, the clinical evidence of harm is lacking. Ginger might, therefore, be used as an effective treatment option for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. In this article, we focus attention on these aspects of ginger.
In India, Ayurveda has made a major contribution to the drug discovery process with new means of identifying active compounds. Recent advancement in bioavailability enhancement of drugs by compounds of herbal origin has produced a revolutionary shift in the way of therapeutics. Thus, bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing classical text books and peer-reviewed papers, consulting worldwide-accepted scientific databases from last 30 years. Herbal bioenhancers have been shown to enhance bioavailability and bioefficacy of different classes of drugs, such as antibiotics, antituberculosis, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancerous drugs at low doses. They have also improved oral absorption of nutraceuticals like vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and certain herbal compounds. Their mechanism of action is mainly through absorption process, drug metabolism, and action on drug target. This paper clearly indicates that scientific researchers and pharmaceutical industries have to give emphasis on experimental studies to find out novel active principles from such a vast array of unexploited plants having a role as a bioavailability and bioefficacy enhancer. Also, the mechanisms of action by which bioenhancer compounds exert bioenhancing effects remain to be explored.
Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs represent an important osteoarthritis (OA) therapy component, but also a leading cause of gastropathy: one of the most frequent and serious OA therapy complications. The aim of the present study was to study the influence of GI health in an OA population receiving either ginger or diclofenac.
Forty-three (43) patients with confirmed OA (knee and hip) were included in a randomized controlled study. A ginger group of 21 patients (17 women, 4 men) was given a specific ginger combination daily (340 mg EV.EXT 35 Zingiber officinalis extract) for 4 weeks. A diclofenac group (positive control) of 22 patients (18 women, 4 men) received 100 mg diclofenac daily for the same period. Both groups also received 1000 mg glucosamine daily. Gastrointestinal pain and dyspepsia were evaluated according to the severity of dyspepsia assessment (SODA) form. Patients also underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) including biopsy before and after the treatment. Serum gastrin-17 levels, and stomach mucosa prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, F2α, and 6-keto PGF1α (PGI2) levels were measured. Arthritic pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) on standing and moving.
The ginger group showed a slight but significantly lowered SODA pain and no change of SODA dyspepsia. EGDS showed significantly increased levels of PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2α in the stomach mucosa. This rise in gastric mucosa PG levels correlated with an increase in serum gastrin-17. On the other hand, the diclofenac group showed increased SODA pain and dyspepsia values with a corresponding significant decrease of stomach mucosa prostaglandins and general negative stomach mucosa degeneration. Both groups showed a relevant and significantly lowered VAS pain both on standing and moving.
The ginger combination is as effective as diclofenac but safer in treating OA, being without effect on the stomach mucosa. The increased mucosal PGs synthesis in the ginger group supports an increased mucosa-protective potential. VAS; visual analogue scale, 0-100 mm.
We investigated the effects of A. galanga extract on metabolism and gene expression involved in the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) response of human chondrocyte and synovial fibroblast. A. galanga extract inhibited IL-1β enhanced matrix breakdown of the cartilage explants in a dose-dependent manner. It suppressed uronic acid loss from the tissue
and decreased the release of sulfated GAG and hyaluronan into the medium. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity in the culture medium of
chondrosarcomas and synovial fibroblasts were significantly reduced in the presence of A. galanga extract, which also suppressed the production of MMP-1,-3 and-13. The A. galanga extract also significantly increased type II collagen, SOX9 and aggrecan gene expression, suggesting an ability to enhance
anabolic activity. At a high dose of A. galanga extract there was a down-regulation of aggrecan gene expression. Comparison with Diacerein® showed its general anti-inflammatory
potential to be similar. The A. galanga extract was shown to inhibit IL-1β-stimulated cartilage matrix degradation in both systems. Additionally, the extract showed the potential to up-regulate certain
chondrocyte anabolic genes. It may, therefore, offer some cartilage protective and anti-inflammatory properties as a therapeutic
agent in arthritis.
Chemotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a devastating cancer with increasing worldwide incidence and mortality rates, is largely ineffective. The discovery and development of effective chemotherapeutics is urgently needed.
The study aimed at evaluating anticancer activities, toxicity, and pharmacological activities of the curcumin compound (CUR), the crude ethanolic extracts of rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger: ZO) and Atractylodes lancea thung. DC (Khod-Kha-Mao: AL), fruits of Piper chaba Hunt. (De-Plee: PC), and Pra-Sa-Prao-Yhai formulation (a mixture of parts of 18 Thai medicinal plants: PPF) were investigated in animal models. Anti-cholangiocarcinoma (anti-CCA) was assessed using CCA-xenograft nude mouse model. The antihypertensive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and anti-ulcer activities and effects on motor coordination were investigated using Rota-rod test, CODA tail-cuff system, writhing and hot plate tests, carrageenan-induced paw edema test, brewer's yeast test, and alcohol-induced gastric ulcer test, respectively. Acute and subacute toxicity tests were performed according to the OECD guideline for testing of chemicals with modification.
Promising anticancer activity against CCA in nude mouse xenograft model was shown for the ethanolic extract of AL at all oral dose levels (1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight) as well as the extracts of ZO, PPF, and CUR compound at the highest dose level (5000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight, respectively). PC produced no significant anti-CCA activity. Results from acute and subacute toxicity tests both in mice and rats indicate safety profiles of all the test materials in a broad range of dose levels. No significant toxicity except stomach irritation and general CNS depressant signs were observed. Investigation of pharmacological activities of the test materials revealed promising anti-inflammatory (ZO, PPF, and AL), analgesic (CUR and PPF), antipyretic (CUR and AL), antihypertensive (ZO and AL), and anti-ulcer (CUR, ZO, and AL) activities.
Plants used in Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments may provide reservoirs of promising candidate chemotherapeutics for the treatment of CCA.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway pathology is a fatal, autosomal, recessive genetic disease characterized by extensive lung inflammation. After induction by TNF-α, elevated concentrations of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-6, IL-1β) and chemokines (i.e. IL-8) are released from airway epithelial cells. In order to reduce the excessive inflammatory response in the airways of CF patients, new therapies have been developed and in this respect, medicinal plant extracts have been studied. In this article we have investigated the possible use of bergamot extracts (Citrus bergamia Risso) and their identified components to alter the expression of IL-8 associated with the cystic fibrosis airway pathology.
The extracts were chemically characterized by 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), GC-FID (gas chromatography-flame ionization detector), GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Both bergamot extracts and main detected chemical constituents were assayed for their biological activity measuring (a) cytokines and chemokines in culture supernatants released from cystic fibrosis IB3-1 cells treated with TNF-α by Bio-Plex cytokine assay; (b) accumulation of IL-8 mRNA by real-time PCR.
The extracts obtained from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) epicarps contain components displaying an inhibitory activity on IL-8. Particularly, the most active molecules were bergapten and citropten. These effects have been confirmed by analyzing mRNA levels and protein release in the CF cellular models IB3-1 and CuFi-1 induced with TNF-α or exposed to heat-inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
These obtained results clearly indicate that bergapten and citropten are strong inhibitors of IL-8 expression and could be proposed for further studies to verify possible anti-inflammatory properties to reduce lung inflammation in CF patients.
Turmeric (rich in curcuminoids) and ginger (rich in gingerols and shogaols) rhizomes have been widely used as dietary spices and to treat different diseases in Ayurveda/Chinese medicine since antiquity. Here, we compared the anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant activity of these two plants in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Both plants (at dose 200 mg/kg body weight) significantly suppressed (but with different degrees) the incidence and severity of arthritis by increasing/decreasing the production of anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively, and activating the anti-oxidant defence system. The anti-arthritic activity of turmeric exceeded that of ginger and indomethacin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), especially when the treatment started from the day of arthritis induction. The percentage of disease recovery was 4.6-8.3% and 10.2% more in turmeric compared with ginger and indomethacin (P < 0.05), respectively. The present study proves the anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant activity of turmeric over ginger and indomethacin, which may have beneficial effects against rheumatoid arthritis onset/progression as shown in AIA rat model.
Zerumbone (ZER), a sesquiterpene from the edible plant Zingiber zerumbet Smith, has recently been found to suppress tumor promoter 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced Epstein–Barr virus activation in a potent manner. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive potentials of ZER in a variety of cell culture experiments. ZER effectively suppressed TPA-induced superoxide anion generation from both NADPH oxidase in dimethylsulfoxide-differentiated HL-60 human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and xanthine oxidase in AS52 Chinese hamster ovary cells. The combined lipopolysaccharide- and interferon-γ-stimulated protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, together with the release of tumor necrosis factor-α, in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were also markedly diminished. These suppressive events were accompanied with a combined decrease in the medium concentrations of nitrite and prostaglandin E 2 , while the expression level of COX-1 was unchanged. ZER inhibited the proliferation of human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines (LS174T, LS180, COLO205, and COLO320DM) in a dose-dependent manner, while the growth of normal human dermal (2F0-C25) and colon (CCD-18 Co) fibroblasts was less affected. It also induced apoptosis in COLO205 cells, as detected by dysfunction of the mitochondria transmembrane, Annexin V-detected translocation of phosphatidylserine, and chromatin condensation. Intriguingly, α-humulene, a structural analog lacking only the carbonyl group in ZER, was virtually inactive in all experiments conducted, indicating that the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group in ZER may play some pivotal roles in interactions with unidentified target molecule(s). Taken together, our results indicate that ZER is a food phytochemical that has distinct potentials for use in anti-inflammation, chemoprevention, and chemotherapy strategies.
The present study was aimed at determining the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) as feed additive on Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer culture. Experimental diets containing ginger 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 g/kg of feed were fed to L. calcarifer and control was fed with no ginger. After the feeding trial for 15 days, fish were challenged with Vibrio harveyi and mortality was recorded for two weeks. Ginger diet led to control of experimental infection in L. calcarifer. Highest survival (86.6%) was achieved in groups fed with ginger at 5 and 10 g/kg feed respectively, compared to the control (26.7%). In addition, there was a significant increase in weight gain, growth and feed conversion in those fish fed ginger diet. Ginger diet influenced the haematological parameters, biochemical indices and immunological activities. The number of erythrocytes (RBC) and leucocytes (WBC) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the groups fed ginger diet compared to the control. The blood glucose level, lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were relatively lower in treated groups compared with the control. Phagocytic, respiratory burst, lysozyme, bactericidal and antiprotease activities were significantly increased in ginger fed groups compared with the control. The results of this study demonstrated that dietary ginger doses might strengthen the non-specific immunity and reduce susceptibility to V. harveyi.
Following an initial clean-up step on silica column, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was used to purify gingerols from an extract of the dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale. The sample was separated with petroleum ether–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.2:0.5:0.7, v/v) and petroleum ether–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.2:0.7:0.5, v/v) in a stepwise elution and yielded 132mg of 6-gingerol, 31mg of 8-gingerol and 61mg of 10-gingerol from 360mg of pre-purified sample. The purity of each compound was over 98% as determined by HPLC. The structures of the three compounds have been identified by LC-ESI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
A minor novel 1,7-naphthyridine alkaloid with an unprecedented skeleton, named anisopusine (1), was isolated from the CH2Cl2 soluble materials of an acetone extract of the bark of Anisopus mannii (Asclepiadaceae) together with four known compounds 5α-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-3-yl eicosanoate (2), [6]-gingerdione (3), [6]-dehydrogingerdione (4), and ferulic acid (5). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-EI-MS. Compounds (2–5) were characterized for the first time from this genus.Dans les matériaux solubles dans le CH2Cl2, obtenus à partir des produits solides obtenus par extraction de l’écorce d’Anisopus mannii (asclépiadacée) avec de l’acétone, on a isolé un nouvel alcaloïde mineur dont la structure comporte un squelette inconnu jusqu’à maintenant, une 1,7-naphtypyridine, et qui a été dénommé anisopusine (1); à ses côtés, on a aussi retrouvé quatre produits connus, l’eiconinate de 5α-hydroxylup-20(29)-én-3-yle (2), la [6]-gingerdione (3), la [6]-déhydrogingerdione (4) et l’acide férulique (5). Les structures ont été déterminées sur la base de données spectroscopiques, dont la RMN en 1D et 2D et la spectrométrie de masse à ionisation électronique à haute résolution (SM-IE-HR). La caractérisation des composés 2 à 5 dans ce gène est une première.
The Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology's laboratory has adopted four “bench top” bioassays which do not require higher animals to screen and direct the fractionation of botanical extracts in drug discovery efforts. These are: 1. The brine shrimp lethality test (BST) (a general bioassay), 2. The inhibition of crown gall tumors on discs of potato tubers (an antitumor bioassay), 3. The inhibition of frond proliferation in duckweed (a bioassay for herbicides and plant growth stimulants), and 4. The yellow fever mosquito larvae lethality test (a bioassay for pesticides). The materials and procedures for those bioassays will be briefly described. The authors' results in applying these simple methods in the discovery of Annonaceous acetogenins will be presented to illustrate their successful use. The BST is especially suggested as an inexpensive, simple, and rapid means of standardization of bioactivity in heterogeneous botanical products.
A Practical, Authoritative CompendiumThis handbook catalogs 365 species of herbs having medicinal or folk medicinal uses, presenting whatever useful information has been documented on their toxicity and utility in humans and ani-mals. Plants from all over the world - from common cultivars to rare species - are included in these 700 pages. The toxicity of these species varies, but the safety of each has been formally or informally questioned by the Food and Drug Administration, National Cancer Institute, Department of Agriculture, Drug Enforcement Administra-tion, or Herb Trade Association. Easy-to-Locate Facts and FiguresDesigned to enable fast access to important information, this hand-book presents information in both catalog and tabular forms. In the catalog section, plants are presented alphabetically by scientific name. (The index permits you to locate an herb by its common name.) A detailed sketch of the chief identifying features accompa-nies most catalog entries. For each species the following information, as available, is presented and referenced: Family and colloquial namesChemical contentUses and applications - present and historicalProcessing, distribution, and economic potentialToxicological agents and degree of toxicityPoison symptoms in humans and animalsTreatment and antidotes References to original literature Five Tables of Accessible DataGiven a plant species, you can easily determine its toxins; or, given a toxin, you can discover which plants contain it. These and other data are presented in convenient tabular formats as appendixes to the handbook. Other information contained in these tables include toxicity ranking and other toxicity data (as applicable), such as mode of contact, organs affected, and lethal dose; and proximate analyses of selected foods. These tables are titled: Medicinal Herbs: Toxicity Ranking and PricelistToxins: Their Toxicity and Distribution in Plant GeneraHigh Plant Genera and Their ToxinsPharmacologically Active PhytochemicalsProximate Analyses of Conventional Plant Foods
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of diacerein, a drug with interleukin-1β–inhibitory activity in vitro, in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsA total of 484 patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology criteria for knee OA were enrolled in this 16-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study group with 3 diacerein dosages of 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, and 150 mg/day (administered twice daily).ResultsIn the intent-to-treat population, 100 mg/day diacerein (50 mg twice daily) was significantly superior (P < 0.05) to placebo using the primary criterion (visual analog scale [VAS] assessment of pain on movement). Significant improvement (P < 0.05) was also observed for the secondary criteria, which included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC), the WOMAC subscores, and the VAS assessment of handicap. In patients treated with diacerein dosages of 50 mg/day and 150 mg/day, favorable but not significant results were observed for the primary criterion. The best daily dosage of diacerein, calculated from the effect on the VAS assessment of pain on movement, was 90.1 mg. In the per-protocol population, the analysis of the primary criterion showed significant dose-dependent differences (P < 0.05) between each of the 3 diacerein dosages and the placebo. No differences were observed among the 3 diacerein groups. A significantly higher incidence (P < 0.05) of adverse events (AEs), as well as a higher rate of dropoout due to AEs, was observed in patients treated with 150 mg/day diacerein versus those treated with placebo, 50 mg/day diacerein, or 100 mg/day diacerein. Mild-to-moderate transient changes in bowel habits were the most frequent AEs, increasing with the dosage.Conclusion
Diacerein, a drug for the treatment of OA, was shown to be an effective treatment for symptoms in patients with knee OA. Taking into account both efficacy and safety, the optimal daily dosage of diacerein for patients with knee OA is 100 mg/day (50 mg twice daily).
We have previously developed and characterized isolated microglia and astrocyte cultures from rapid (<4 h) brain autopsies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and nondemented elderly control (ND) patients. In the present study, we evaluate the inflammatory repertoire of AD and ND microglia cultured from white matter (corpus callosum) and gray matter (superior frontal gyrus) with respect to three major proinflammatory cytokines, three chemokines, a classical pathway complement component, a scavenger cell growth factor, and a reactive nitrogen intermediate. Significant, dose-dependent increases in the production of pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory peptide-1α (MIP-1α), IL-8, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were observed after exposure to pre-aggregated amyloid β peptide (1–42) (Aβ1–42). Across constitutive and Aβ-stimulated conditions, secretion of complement component C1q, a reactive nitrogen intermediate, and M-CSF was significantly higher in AD compared with ND microglia. Taken together with previous in situ hybridization findings, these results demonstrate unequivocally that elderly human microglia provide a brain endogenous source for a wide range of inflammatory mediators. GLIA 35:72–79, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Radiation is an important modality in treating people with cancer especially when surgical intervention is impracticable or might debilitate the patient. However, effective use of ionizing radiation is compromised by the side effects that result from radiation-induced damage to normal tissue. The use of radioprotective compounds, which can selectively protect normal tissues against radiation injury is of immense use because in addition to association with protecting the normal tissue, it will also permits use of higher doses of radiation to obtain better cancer control and possible cure. However, till date no ideal radioprotectors are available as most synthetic compounds are toxic at their optimal concentrations. Plants commonly used as dietary and or therapeutic agents have recently been the focus of attention since in most cases they are non-toxic and are easily accepted for human use. Ginger, the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), has widely been used as both culinary and medicinal agent. Preclinical studies carried out in the last decade has shown that ginger and its phytochemicals dehydrozingerone, zingerone possess radioprotective effects in laboratory animals and in cultured cells in vitro. The hydroalcoholic extract of ginger rhizome when administered either
Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is widely cultivated as a spice for its aromatic and pungent components. The essential oil and oleoresins from ginger are valuable products responsible for the characteristic flavor and pungency. Both are used in several food products such as soft beverages and also in many types of pharmaceutical formulations. More than 100 compounds have been reported from ginger, some of which are isolated and characterized, others are tentatively identified by GC-MS and / or LC-MS. [6]-Gingerol, the major gingerol in ginger rhizomes, has been found to possess many interesting pharmacological and physiological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and cardiotonic effects. Ginger is considered as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA. Due to all these properties, ginger has gained considerable attention in developed countries in recent years, especially for its use in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The present review is a persuasive presentation of the current information on processing, chemistry, biological activities, and medicinal uses of ginger. Further studies are required for the validation of the beneficial uses. Formulation for novel products and new usages may emerge in the years to come, based on the revealed results of various studies.
A series of structurally related pungent natural products including capsaicin, gingerol, and gingerdione among others were evaluated and found to be potent inhibitors of 5-HETE biosynthesis in intact human leukocytes, with IC50 values of 100 and 15 μM for capsaicin and gingerdione, respectively. Several compounds within this series were also found to inhibit PGE2 formation, with the most potent being gingerdione (IC50 = 18 μM). These and other data indicate that members of the capsaicin/gingerol family of pungent compounds can act as dual inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, which could account in part for the antiinflammatory and analgesic properties of compounds within this group.
Most herbs and functional foods have not been scientifically tested; this is especially true for the horse. This paper reviews some of the literature pertinent to herbal supplementation in horses and other species. Common supplements like Echinacea, garlic, ginger, ginseng, and yucca are not regulated, and few studies have investigated safe, efficacious doses. Ginseng has been found to exert an inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Equine studies have tested the anti-inflammatory effects of a single dose of ginger, post-exercise. Echinacea has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Yucca contains steroid-like saponins, which produce anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-spasmodic effects. However, some herbs have drug-like actions that interact with dietary components and may contain prohibited substances like salicylates, digitalis, heroin, cocaine and marijuana. Horses fed garlic at >0.2 g/kg per day developed Heinz body anaemia. Drug–herb interactions are common and caution needs to be taken when implementing ‘natural product’ usage.