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Dynamics of the ion cyclotron resonance effect on amino acids adsorbed at the interfaces
Abstract
In this study we show a reproduction of the Zhadin experiment, which consists of the transient increase of the electrolytic current flow across an aqueous solution of L-arginine and L-glutamic acid induced by a proper low frequency alternating magnetic field superimposed to a static magnetic field of higher strength. We have identified the mechanisms that were at the origin of the so-far poor reproducibility of the above effect: the state of polarization of the electrode turned out to be a key parameter. The electrochemical investigation of the system shows that the observed phenomenon involves the transitory activation of the anode due to ion cyclotron frequency effect, followed again by anode passivation due to the adsorption of amino acid and its oxidation products. The likely occurrence of similar ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) phenomena at biological membranes, the implications on ion circulation in living matter, and the consequent biological impact of environmental magnetic fields are eventually discussed.
... Investigations into the ion cyclotronic resonance (ICR) in living matter confront the so called Zhadin effect (12), whose explanation is not fully achieved. Several attempts have been done to explain this phenomenon, the most interesting of which is based on Quantum Electrodynamics (18): the molecules of water, the ions and the biomolecules form extended mesoscopic regions, called Coherence Domains (CD), where they oscillate in unison between two selected levels of their spectra in tune with a self-produced coherent E.M. field having a well defined frequency, dynamically trapped within the CD. Moreover, it is possible, to induce, by an external applied field (either hydrodynamical or EM) or also by a chemical stimulation, coherent excitations of CD’s that give rise to electric currents circulating without friction within the CD’s: as a consequence magnetic fields are produced. ...
... Another conclusion we could prospect, after we got the almost full reproducibility of the Zhadin effect: we may not consider the effect as an erratic effect and the suggested explanation in (18) would be reviewed in order to reconsider the explanation of the Zhadin effect in terms of polarization-passivation of the electrodes. This suggestion doesn’t match the evidence of the arising of the related effect when the solution is exposed in a flask not provided of internal electrodes. ...
... The electrochemical investigation of the system shows that the observed phenomenon involves the transitory activation of the anode due to ion cyclotron frequency effect, followed again by anode passivation due to the adsorption of amino acid and its oxidation products.” (18). ...
Investigations into the ion cyclotronic resonance (ICR) in living matter confront the so called Zhadin effect (12), whose explanation is not fully achieved. Several attempts have been done to explain this phenomenon, the most interesting of which is based on Quantum Electrodynamics (18): the molecules of water, the ions and the biomolecules form extended mesoscopic regions, called Coherence Domains (CD), where they oscillate in unison between two selected levels of their spectra in tune with a self-produced coherent E.M. field having a well defined frequency, dynamically trapped within the CD. Moreover, it is possible, to induce, by an external applied field (either hydrodynamical or EM) or also by a chemical stimulation, coherent excitations of CD's that give rise to electric currents circulating without friction within the CD's: as a consequence magnetic fields are produced. A resonating magnetic field thus is able to extract the ions from the orbit and push them in the flowing current. Electrochemical investigation of the system suggested that the observed phenomenon involves the transitory activation of the anode due to ICR, followed by anode passivation due to the adsorption of amino acid and its oxidation products (18). This hypothesis induced us to investigate an alternate configuration of the experiment, removing the electrolytic cell and submitting a flask containing the solution into a condenser to be exposed to the proper ICR. Temperature and variable parameters involved in the effect have been investigated in order to overcome the randomness of the effect.
... The fact that ultra-small magnetic intensities have been shown (Zhadin et al., 1998;Pazur, 2004;Comisso et al., 2006;Alberto et al., 2008) to change the physical properties of amino acids in aqueous solutions begs the question as to how this effect might manifest itself in living organisms. Furthermore, evidence for similar levels of sensitivity to low-frequency extremely weak intensity AC magnetic fields has recently 30 surfaced in other model systems (Bobkova et al., 2005;Novikov et al., 2001Novikov et al., , 2007Prato et al., 2009). ...
... Nonetheless, despite our limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved, there is good reason to believe, based on the wide variety of observations, that ICR-like effects may be ubiquitous in biological systems. For example, consider the following group of seemingly separate effects, all connected by the application of the ICR expression O ¼ B o q/m: Simple physiological changes, including changes in diatom motility, plant growth, rat behavior, etc. (Liboff, 2007); Clinical treatment of non unions and spinal fusion in bone (Liboff, 2006); Ion parametric resonance effects (Lednev, 1991;Blanchard and Blackman, 1994;Vincze et al., 2008); Amino acid conductivity (Zhadin et al., 1998;Pazur, 2004;Comisso et al., 2006;Alberto et al., 2008); Protein hydrolysis (Novikov and Fesenko, 2001); Stem cell differentiation (Gaetini et al., 2009). 55 One possible clue that may be useful in unraveling the ICR puzzle is that the frequency must be specifically tuned to the ''naked'' ion, i.e., the unhydrated ion. ...
... 100 Thus, the maximum possible value of this equivalent electric field intensity is simply E ¼ c B, where c is the velocity of light. The range of magnetic field intensities implicated in the work of Zhadin (1998) and subsequent similar experiments (Pazur, 2004;Comisso et al., 2006;Alberto et al., 2008) is approximately 10-100 nT. Multiplying by the speed of light, we find that this corresponds 105 to electric field strengths ranging from 30-300 mV/cm. ...
We advance the hypothesis that biological systems utilize the geomagnetic field (GMF) for functional purposes by means of ion cyclotron resonance-like (ICR) mechanisms. Numerous ICR-designed experiments have demonstrated that living things are sensitive, in varying degrees, to magnetic fields that are equivalent to both changes in the general magnetostatic intensity of the GMF, as well as its temporal perturbations. We propose the existence of ICR-like cell regulation processes, homologous to the way that biochemical messengers alter the net biological state through competing processes of enhancement and inhibition. In like manner, combinations of different resonance frequencies all coupled to the same local magnetic field provide a unique means for cell regulation. Recent work on ultraweak ICR magnetic fields by Zhadin and others fits into our proposed framework if one assumes that cellular systems generate time-varying electric fields of the order 100 mV/cm with bandwidths that include relevant ICR frequencies.
... The latter defines the environmental electromagnetic conditions of the static magnetic field and the much less intensive AC field in which fast ion current (pulses) are triggered [55]. The currents represent ions, which, via resonance conditions receive enough energy to escape their proper coherent domains (see also [56]). The cur rents induce a magnetic field that spreads in the surroundings and can thus work as a signal passing through glass and, of course, through air. ...
... The latter defines the environmental electromagnetic conditions of the static magnetic field and the much less intensive AC field in which fast ion currents (pulses) are triggered [55]. The currents represent ions, which, via resonance conditions, receive enough energy to escape their proper coherent domains (see also [56]). The currents induce a magnetic field that spreads in the surroundings and can thus work as a signal passing through glass and, of course, through air. ...
Physicochemical examinations of very high dilution (UHD) solutions subjected to certain physical factors (such as shaking) are becoming more frequent and are increasingly producing conclusive results. A much less studied phenomenon is the transfer of molecular information (i.e., UHD signals of dilute substances) from one liquid to another without an intermediate liquid phase. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of such a transfer of the UHD signal from the UHD solutions to the receiver solution, in particular, if the molecular source used in the donor solutions was the biologically active antibodies to interferon-gamma molecule. We were especially interested in how the transfer of the UHD signal is affected by the time of exposure of the receiver to the donor, the distance between the two, and how the transfer is affected by activation (striking) versus exposure alone. Signal transfer was evaluated by differential measurements of electrical conductivity, ORP, pH, and UV/VIS spectroscopy of the exposed liquid. The results showed that activation strongly influences signal transfer and that this can be compensated to some extent by prolonged direct exposure. In principle, exposure time has a positive effect on signal transfer. Interestingly, the results of different distances between the donor and receiver showed similar changes in the parameters in the range of 0–4 cm, as estimated in this study. While the study mainly confirms the two hypotheses, it also raises a number of new questions and provides clues for further research.
... The combinations, referred to as steps, are modulated in order to produce the PEMF for a given time (T-on), followed by a period without emission (T-off) for a blocked time (duration). Each frequency has been chosen for the PELF-EMF protocol based on significant experimental results reported previously: (a) Neuroprotection by the reduction of Glu+-induced excitotoxicity, step 1 (15 Hz) [31,32]. (b) Modulation of local inflammation in order to increase the anti-inflammatory effect, steps 2, 3, and 6 (75 Hz and 2 Hz) [25,33]. ...
... Since in our previous study, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of the reduction in glutamate excitotoxicity in spinal cord injured mice, we selected a 15 Hz frequency for use in step 1 [38]. This frequency has shown an anti-glutamatergic effect and a reduction in glutamate levels in vitro [31,32]. In addition, the 2 Hz and 75 Hz frequencies demonstrated a change in local inflammation in the CNS and an increased anti-inflammatory response after spinal cord injury in the rat mode [25,33] and were therefore used in steps 2, 3, and 6 of the protocol. ...
Background:
Spinal cord injury (SCI) pathology includes both primary and secondary events. The primary injury includes the original traumatic event, and the secondary injury, beginning immediately after the initial injury, involves progressive neuroinflammation, neuronal excitotoxicity, gliosis, and degeneration. Currently, there is no effective neuroprotective treatment for SCI. However, an accumulating body of data suggests that PELF-EMF has beneficial therapeutic effects on neurotrauma. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of the PELF-EMF SEQEX device using a compression SCI mouse model.
Methods:
C57BL/6 mice were exposed to PELF-EMF for 4 h on a daily basis for two months, beginning 2 h after a mild-moderate compression SCI.
Results:
The PELF-EMF treatment significantly diminished inflammatory cell infiltration and astrocyte activation by reducing Iba1, F4/80, CD68+ cells, and GAFP at the lesion borders, and increased pro-survival signaling, such as BDNF, on the neuronal cells. Moreover, the treatment exhibited a neuroprotective effect by reducing the demyelination of the axons of the white matter at the lesion's center.
Conclusions:
Treatment with SEQEX demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Considering our results, this safe and effective rehabilitative device, already available on the market, may provide a major therapeutic asset in the treatment of SCI.
... Фоpмальным оcнованием для пpовеpки биологичеcкой активноcти именно такого cигнала явилаcь обнаpуженная нами pанее pеакция ионного тока в водныx pаcтвоpаx этиx аминокиcлот на воздейcтвие комбиниpованными магнитными полями, наcтpоенными на циклотpонный pезонанc ионов cоответcтвующей аминокиcлоты [15,16]. В этой cвязи cледует отметить, что подобное дейcтвие cлабыx комбиниpованныx магнитныx по-лей было заpегиcтpиpовано затем и дpугими автоpами в водныx pаcтвоpаx аминокиcлот методами нелинейной диэлектpичеcкой cпектpоcкопии и вольтаметpии [17,18]. ...
... Эта cитуация типична для магнитобиологичеcкиx иccледований, так как путь pеализации биологичеcкого эффекта cлабого поля на уpовне целого оpганизма cложен и тpудно поддаетcя изучению. Pанее в экcпеpиментаx c водными pаcтвоpами аминокиcлот [15][16][17][18] изменение cилы тока в pаcтвоpе под дейcтвием комбиниpованныx магнитныx полей c ПеМП нанотеcлового диапазона. Чаcтота эффективного пеpеменного поля cоответcтвовала в этиx pаботаx циклотpонной чаcтоте pаcтвоpенной аминокиcлоты. ...
The parameters of the low-frequency (1, 4.4, 16.5 Hz or the sum of these frequencies) extremely weak (300, 100, 150–300 nT, according to frequencies) alternating component of combined magnetic fields have been found, which in combination with a weak collinear static constant field of 42 mcT (the induction corresponds to the range of the geomagnetic field) has a marked antitumor activity. The exposure to these magnetic fields inhibits the tumor growth in mice with the intraperitoneally transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The effect manifests itself in an increase in the life of tumor-bearing animals and in the content of damaged tumor cells. It was found that the death of tumor cells by the action of weak fields occurs predominantly by the mechanism of necrosis.
... Previous attempts focusing on ICR effects of Calcium commonly used living cells and had the disadvantage of separating the effect out of a couple of parallel physiological reactions (Belyaev & Alipov, 2001). Exceptions were ICR experiments with amino acids, namely glutamic acid (Comisso et al., 2006;Zhadin et al., 1998). A comparatively simple acetate buffer system has been used successfully in this, supported by the presence of hydrophilic surfaces of lipid vesicles. ...
... The penultimate term is the emptied equipartition of ions around the CD which will be emptied, contributing the major part of ICR, the last term are the ions in a "ring" around the CD lying in a plane orthogonal to the MF direction having the Debye-length λ D (shortened by 2, because ions are aligned with 2λ D ). With this approximation the observed current change in earlier ICR experiments can be explained well (Comisso et al., 2006;Del Giudice et al., 2002;Zhadin et al., 1998) and also here. However, the most prominent phenomenon which needs clarification, is the at least partially inductive behavior of the sample, when the ICR condition is matched. ...
Weak magnetic and electromagnetic fields affect physiological processes in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) is discussed as one of the sensitive mechanisms, which enable perception of the geomagnetic field and its orientation. Numerous biological effects are observed involving several small ions, showing windows of predicted frequencies and intensities. The pioneering work of Guiliano Preparata and Emilio Del Giudice using quantum electrodynamics showed that spontaneously originating coherent regions in water facilitate ICR effects at incoherent water phase boundaries. Here we examine the ICR response of the calcium ion (Ca²⁺), crucial for many life processes. We use an aqueous solution containing the biologically ubiquitous membrane lipid L-α-phosphatidylcholine that serves as a biomimetic proxy for dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy (NLDS) measurements. One notable result is that this system approaches a new equilibrium upon addition of calcium by means of the oscillatory Belousov–Zhabotinsky chemical reaction, oscillations are significantly reduced under Ca²⁺ ICR application. Secondly an “oscillator” of calcium ions appears to be able to itself couple coherently and predictably to large-scale coherent regions in water. This system appears able to regulate ion fluxes in response to very weak environmental electromagnetic fields.
See Fulltext http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/KYKEqMetHpz7sKwakZct/full
... The important condition for the ICR effect is the parallelism of the applied static magnetic field (DC magnetic field) and the alternating magnetic field (AC magnetic field; Comisso et al., 2006;Liboff, 1985;Lisi et al., 2008). In our research the role of static magnetic field was played by the geomagnetic field. ...
... The alternating magnetic field was generated by a special generator called Viofor JPS. When the frequency of the alternating field became equal to the cyclotron frequency of an ion, the current exhibited a peak lasting a very short time (Comisso et al., 2006). According to the ratio charge/mass form 0.01 to 0.1 e/u (the ratio of electron charge e to atomic mass units u) for biologically important ions, the cyclotron resonance frequency corresponds to the range of frequencies 10 -100 Hz (ELF region;Liboff, 1985). ...
The present study was undertaken in order to determine the effect of low frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human neutrophils in peripheral blood in vitro. We investigated how differently generated EMF and several levels of magnetic induction affect ROS production. To evaluate the level of ROS production, two fluorescent dyes were used: 2'7'-dichlorofluorscein-diacetate and dihydrorhodamine. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), known as strong stimulator of the respiratory burst, was also used. Alternating magnetic field was generated by means of Viofor JPS apparatus. Three different levels of magnetic induction have been analyzed (10, 40 and 60 μT). Fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein and 123 rhodamine was measured by flow cytometry. The experiments demonstrated that only EMF tuned to the calcium ion cyclotron resonance frequency was able to affect ROS production in neutrophils. Statistical analysis showed that this effect depended on magnetic induction value of applied EMF. Incubation in EMF inhibited cell activity slightly in unstimulated neutrophils, whereas the activity of PMA-stimulated neutrophils has increased after incubation in EMF.
... Previous attempts focusing on ICR effects of Calcium commonly used living cells and had the disadvantage of separating the effect out of a couple of parallel physiological reactions (Belyaev & Alipov, 2001). Exceptions were ICR experiments with amino acids, namely glutamic acid (Comisso et al., 2006;Zhadin et al., 1998). A comparatively simple acetate buffer system has been used successfully in this, supported by the presence of hydrophilic surfaces of lipid vesicles. ...
... The penultimate term is the emptied equipartition of ions around the CD which will be emptied, contributing the major part of ICR, the last term are the ions in a "ring" around the CD lying in a plane orthogonal to the MF direction having the Debye-length λ D (shortened by 2, because ions are aligned with 2λ D ). With this approximation the observed current change in earlier ICR experiments can be explained well (Comisso et al., 2006;Del Giudice et al., 2002;Zhadin et al., 1998) and also here. However, the most prominent phenomenon which needs clarification, is the at least partially inductive behavior of the sample, when the ICR condition is matched. ...
The life on the earth all the time has interacted with a diversity of electromagnetic radiation, which sometimes is indispensible, like visible light for photosynthesis. Mostly harmful effects have been proven for UV exposition (Hollosy, 2002), or ionizing radiation. Possible influences by weak magnetic fields (MF) and low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) are less investigated, but there is increasing evidence, that they exist on molecular level, and all above, they are linked to physiology by certain ions and radical reactions in the cell. Additional to the natural sorces of EMF, which mainly originate in complex interactions of solar activity and geophysical factors (earth magnetic field, atmosphere, disposition of landscape and waters) are supplemented by man made electromagnetic sorces from power utilization and Communications.
... Medical doctors and biologists discussing this problem still speak about the nonspecific nature of such effects. On the other hand, studies investigating the Zhadin effect are suitable examples that hormesis is at work in this region as well [86][87][88]139], while other studies explicitly point out the effect of ultra-weak magnetic field exposure [103,104,140]. ...
Background: “Quantum biology” (QB) is a promising theoretical approach addressing questions about how living systems are able to unfold dynamics that cannot be solved on a chemical basis or seem to violate some fundamental laws (e.g., thermodynamic yield, morphogenesis, adaptation, autopoiesis, memory, teleology, biosemiotics). Current “quantum” approaches in biology are still very basic and “corpuscular”, as these rely on a semi-classical and approximated view. We review important considerations of theory and experiments of the recent past in the field of condensed matter, water, physics of living systems, and biochemistry to join them by creating a consistent picture applicable for life sciences. Within quantum field theory (QFT), the field (also in the matter field) has the primacy whereby the particle, or “quantum”, is a derivative of it. The phase of the oscillation and not the number of quanta is the most important observable of the system. Thermodynamics of open systems, symmetry breaking, fractals, and quantum electrodynamics (QED) provide a consistent picture of condensed matter, liquid water, and living matter. Coherence, resonance-driven biochemistry, and ion cyclotron resonance (Liboff–Zhadin effect) emerge as crucial hormetic phenomena. We offer a paradigmatic approach when dealing with living systems in order to enrich and ultimately better understand the implications of current research activities in the field of life sciences.
... Это было подтверждено в опытах по влиянию импульсных магнитных полей (И МП) на активность N O S [36] , где активность фермента увеличивалась только при 0,1 мТл, и в экспериментах с моноаминооксидазами (50 Гц, 10-340 мТл) [37] , продемонстрировавшими потенцирование активности МА О -Б при 100 мТл. Следует отметить, что важным условием возникновения реакции по типу индуцированного циклотронного резонанса является параллелизм приложенного статического магнитного (роль которого может играть геомагнитное поле) и переменного магнитного полей [38,39,40,41,42] . ...
В статье рассмотрены основные за последние годы достижения в области исследования биологических эффектов слабых и сверхслабых низкочастотных переменных и комбинированных магнитных полей в отношении таких объектов как нейтрофильные гранулоциты (активируемые химическими стимуляторами или интактные) при воздействии на изолированные клетки, кровь и целые организмы. Методики включают в себя регистрацию изменения уровней концентраций АФК (наиболее заметный эффект воздействия слабого магнитного поля), индекса прайминга, гомеостаза кальция, пролиферативной активности, иммунного статуса, а также влияния на эти показатели различных химических агентов. Ведущими методами в этой области являются флуоресцентная спектрометрия и хемилюминесцентный анализ. Результаты экспериментов свидетельствуют о биологической эффективности данного физического фактора, конкретный эффект которого зависит от типа биосистемы, её функционального статуса, окружающей среды и параметров самих полей. Полученные данные могут иметь как прикладное значение (магнитотерапия, оптимизация иммунного ответа при различных заболеваниях, ускорение процессов регенерации и восстановления тканей, повышение сопротивляемости организма при инфекциях), так и академическое (выявление первичных акцепторов поля и магнитных мишеней, их локализации в клетке, взаимосвязи с сигнальными каскадами и построение моделей путей амплификации биологического сигнала, выявление биологически значимых частот и амплитуд полей).
Правильная ссылка на статью: Шаев И.А., Новиков В.В. — Влияние слабых переменных магнитных полей на нейтрофильные гранулоциты. Аналитический обзор // Физика биологии и медицины. – 2023. – № 1. – С. 26 - 43. DOI: 10.7256/2730-0560.2023.1.40410 EDN: CXPBMJ URL: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=40410
... In our studies [23][24][25], reproduced by other laboratories [26][27][28][29], it was shown that the effect of a weak CMF on aqueous solutions of amino acids (ionic current reaction) directly depends on the presence and direction of the electric field (in this case, set by the inter-electrode potential difference). This potential difference determines the energy transfer and its direction in the physical and chemical system under study. ...
We have previously shown that water incubated in a weak combined magnetic field (CMF) increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils. Adding high dilutions (HD) of water into the same system resulted in a similar effect. HD of antibodies to interferon-gamma (HD Abs to IFNγ) were shown to emit electromagnetic radiation and affect hydrogen bond energies. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of HD of substances (donor) on the properties of aqueous solutions (acceptor). The donor and acceptor were incubated for 1 h in a controlled magnetic field so that the walls of the two cuvettes were in close contact. As a control, the acceptor was incubated under the same conditions but without the donor. An aliquot of the acceptor solution was then added to mouse neutrophils, and ROS levels were measured using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. Joint incubation led to a 185–356% increase (p < 0.05) in ROS production, depending on the type of acceptor sample. The magnitude of the effect depended on the parameters of the magnetic field. In a CMF, the effect was strongest, completely disappearing in a magnetic vacuum or with shielding. These findings are important for understanding the physical mechanism of action of HD preparations, which opens up opportunities for expanding their practical applications.
... The coherent clusters or domains flicker in and out of existence in the order of tenth of picoseconds. Only clusters stabilized by surfaces have lifetimes long enough to store and release energy from the ambience [11,12]. Experimental evidence of this theory has been supported by experimental findings using various spectroscopic methods, including infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray studies of supercooled water [13][14][15][16]. ...
Featured Application
Weak resonant magnetic fields may provide a non-chemical application towards combating antimicrobial resistance such as biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria.
Abstract
The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a future health threat and dictates a need to explore alternative and non-chemical approaches. The aim of this study was to explore the use of weak resonant electromagnetic fields as a method to disrupt biofilm formation of a pathogenic bacterium in cystic fibrosis patients. We developed a bioresonance laboratory setup able to distinguish between changes in planktonic growth and changes in biofilm formation and showed that certain resonant frequencies were able to affect biofilm formation without affecting planktonic growth. In addition, we show that the ambient day-to-day magnetic field affects biofilm formation in a non-consistent manner. Overall, we conclude that our assay is suitable for studying the potential of resonant magnetic fields as a treatment and prevention strategy to prevent biofilm infections, and that certain resonant frequencies may be used as future medical applications to combat antimicrobial resistance.
... The decrease in the Aeromonas hydrophila count in the field of the frequency range 20 hz could be due to :A) Changes in bacterial membrane permeability that could cause biological changes in the organism lead (Comisso et al., 2006). B) It might be due to the production of free radicals by bacteria in the electromagnetic field due to the low-frequency fields, while the irrational very low intensity are notable to produce free radicals (Foji et al., 2004).Our results agreed with previous reports on the influence of Electromagnetic fields on the bacterial growth (Segatore et al., 2012). ...
A total of 31 Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromas niloticus) were investigated for the effect of different frequencies of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). The isolates were investigated for their susceptibility to fourteen antimicrobial agent and (2.9 X 10 2 CFU/ml) Aeromonas hydrophila viable count was introduced into the water of seven aquaria (each contains 25 fish), the aquaria then exposed to different strengths of electromagnetic fields and the bacterial content was evaluated in the water samples after 5,15.30 and 60 minutes. The total psychrotrophic count was also determined in the fish flesh after their storage in the ice for 0,24,72,120 and 168 hours. Most of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. The number of viable Aeromonas hydrophila was significantly decreased upon exposure to alternative low-frequency electromagnetic field (20 hz) when compared with the control and the other EMFs exposed aquaria. Psychrotrophic count of tilapia was significantly low in the electromagnetic treated Nile tilapia fish. The implementation of electromagnetic field as a new control impairing the growth of pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila among Nile tilapia may be one of the potential measures and alternative approach to antimicrobials. However, further investigations should be implemented.
... The decrease in the Aeromonas hydrophila count in the field of the frequency range 20 hz could be due to :A) Changes in bacterial membrane permeability that could cause biological changes in the organism lead (Comisso et al., 2006). B) It might be due to the production of free radicals by bacteria in the electromagnetic field due to the low-frequency fields, while the irrational very low intensity are notable to produce free radicals (Foji et al., 2004).Our results agreed with previous reports on the influence of Electromagnetic fields on the bacterial growth (Segatore et al., 2012). ...
... Заманчиво пpедположить, что иcпользованный в данной pаботе pежим КМП дейcтвует на биологичеcкий объект поcpедcтвом влияния на пpоцеccы cтpуктуpообpазования в водной фазе живого оpганизма. На такую возможноcть указывает близоcть иcпользованныx паpаметpов КМП к тем, котоpые вызывают эффекты в отноcительно пpоcтыx водныx cиcтемаx: влияют на cтpуктуpообpазование в воде пpи дейcтвии cлабыx магнитныx полей и кcенона (обpазование кpиcталлов газовыx гидpатов микpонного pазмеpа) [21], пpиводят к появлению флуоpеcциpующиx фpакций аccоциатов поcле дейcтвия КМП и гель-фильтpации [22,23], а также влияют на ионные токи в водныx pаcтвоpаx аминокиcлот [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] и, как недавно показано, изменяют показатель пpеломления в чиcтой воде пpи дейcтвии на циклотpонныx чаcтотаx иона гидpония и его гидpатиpованныx фоpм [32]. На данный момент имеетcя cовокупноcть экcпеpиментальныx фактов, котоpые являютcя cильным аpгументом в пользу pоли водной фазы в pеализации биологичеcкиx эффектов, как cлабыx магнитныx полей, так и более выcокочаcтотныx электpомагнитныx полей ( [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] и дp.). ...
The enhancement of lipid peroxidation in neutrophils (the content of malonic dialdehyde was increased by 10.2%) was shown after an hourly exposition to combined constant (42 µT) and collinear to it weak low-frequency (1,0, 4.4, 16.5 H z; 860 nT) magnetic fields. No correlation was established between this event and the process of functional pre-activation (priming) of neutrophils as a result of the action of combined magnetic fields detected by the enhancement of chemiluminescence in response to the introduction of the bacterial peptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe in the presence of luminol, since ionol (10 µM), an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, did not reduce the neutrophil priming index in this case. Preliminary addition of the interceptor of singlet oxygen – histidine (0.1 and 1 mM) did not decrease the priming index either. A myeloperoxidase inhibitor – sodium azide (0.1 mM ) exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the chemiluminescence intensity of the
neutrophil suspension, and the priming in the presence of this inhibitor after the action of combined magnetic fields was not developed.
... Заманчиво пpедположить, что иcпользованные в данной pаботе pежимы КМП дейcтвуют на биологичеcкий объект поcpедcтвом влияния на пpоцеccы cтpуктуpообpазования в водной фазе живого оpганизма. На такую возможноcть указывает близоcть иcпользованныx паpаметpов КМП к тем, что вызывают эффекты в отноcительно пpоcтыx водныx cиcтемаx: влияют на cтpуктуpообpазование в воде пpи дейcтвии cлабыx магнитныx полей и кcенона (обpазование кpиcталлов газовыx гидpатов микpонного pазмеpа) [17], пpиводят к появлению флуоpеcциpующиx фpакций аccоциатов поcле дейcтвия КМП и гель-фильтpации [18,19], а также влияют на ионные токи в водныx pаcтвоpаx глутаминовой киcлоты [20][21][22][23][24][25]. ...
It is shown that an exposure of pupae of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor to the combined static (42 μT) and very weak alternating (250 nT) magnetic fields exerts different influence, depending on the frequency of the alternating magnetic field, on duration of metamorphosis processes in these insects. For instance, an exposure of pupae to weak combined magnetic fields, adjusted to the frequency of ion cyclotron resonance for glutaminic acid (4,4 Hz), stimulates metamorphosis process – a transitional stage from pupae to imago lasts shorter. An inhibiting effect was observed when adjusted to the frequency of ion cyclotron resonance for Ca2 (32,2 Hz). At some frequencies
this effect is not seen. For instance, an exposure at a frequency of ion cyclotron resonance for K+ (16,5 Hz) exerts no noticeable effect on the duration of the pupal metamorphosis stage.
... Пеpвичная мишень воздейcтвия такиx полей до cиx поp экcпеpиментально не уcтановлена. В экcпеpиментаx c водными pаcтвоpами аминокиcлот [12][13][14][15] было показано изменение cилы тока в pаcтвоpе под дейcтвием комбиниpованныx магнитныx полей нанотеcлового диапазо-на. Чаcтота пеpеменного поля cоответcтвовала циклотpонной чаcтоте pаcтвоpенной аминокиcлоты. ...
It has been shown by an example of the reaction of radical with an oxygen molecule that the alternating component of a combined weak magnetic field affects the rate constants of chemical reactions. The mechanism of transduction of a weak magnetic perturbation from the primary receptor of the field to experimentally observed biological effects has been followed. It was found that the external magnetic field changes the initial population of energy levels. The magnitude of these changes depends on the field parameters. The exposure to an alternating field with the proper parameters can substantially increase the concentration of reactive oxygen species in biological systems. By controlling their concentration by means of weak magnetic field, it is possible to affect the key components of metabolism.
... Were this experiments to show that PLFM signals retain the observed effect for greater amplitudes of the AC field, they would represent a strong indication of a Larmor precession underlying the observed phenomenon. The experiments in question could be a particularly appropriate setting for the test of PLFM signals for at least two reasons: (1) There is a clear uncertainty as to which is the underlying mechanism, and (2) unlike in most of the literature on weak ELF-MF, one of those experiments 22 has been reproduced by independent laboratories [24][25][26] . Therefore, if any interesting results were reported on the comparison between sinusoidal and PLFM signals, there would be a relatively high chance of other researchers trying to replicate them. ...
The great majority of experimental and theoretical studies in magnetobiology explored and tried to explain bioeffects on organisms (ranging from bacteria to humans) upon exposure to variable (AC) magnetic fields (MF) with a pure sinusoidal waveform, typically combined with a static (DC) component. In this report, a new class of signals is presented and posed as a relevant candidate for research in magnetobiology. The proposed signals are derived within the classic theory of the precession of a magnetic moment in a DC + AC MF in a parallel configuration. They display a frequency modulation such that the phase change per unit time of the applied AC field is, at all times, identical to that of the precession of the magnetic moment to which the field was tuned (considering its gyromagnetic ratio). In other words, applied AC field and precession of the ‘engaged’ magnetic moment are phase-locked. These phase-locked frequency modulated (PLFM) signals are discussed in the context of current literature, and possible future experimental and theoretical developments are suggested.
... Obviously, the formal correspondence to the cyclotron frequencies of the ionic forms of the molecules of free amino acids in the solution does not allow us to make conclusions about the primary mechanism of cyclotron resonance under in vivo conditions. It should be noted that these were the frequencies that produced physical effects at very small intensities (tens of nT) of the alternating magnetic field in particular, the rapid changes in ionic electrolytic current described in the earliest (Novikov, 1996;Novikov and Karnaukhov, 1997;Novikov and Zhadin, 1994;Zhadin et al., 1998) and subsequent studies (Alberto et al., 2008;Comisso et al., 2006;Del Giudice et al., 2002;Giuliani et al., 2008;Pazur, 2004). In addition, it was recently reported that weak-field (50 nT) hydronium ion cyclotron resonance at the field combination (7.84 Hz, 7.5 µT) markedly changed water structure (D'Emilia et al., 2017). ...
We investigated the effects of weak combined magnetic fields (MFs) produced by superimposing a constant MF (in the range 30 - 150 µT) and an alternating MF (100 or 200 nT) on cytokine production in healthy Balb/C male mice exposed 2 h daily for 14 days. The alternating magnetic field was a sum of several frequencies (ranging from 2.5 - 17.5 Hz). The frequencies of the alternating magnetic field were calculated formally based on the cyclotron resonance of ions of free amino acids (glutamic and aspartic acids, arginine, lysine, histidine, and tyrosine). The selection of different intensity and frequency combinations of constant and alternating magnetic fields was performed to find the optimal characteristics for cytokine production stimulation in immune cells. MF with a constant component of 60 μT and an alternating component of 100 nT, which was a sum of six frequencies (from 5 to 7 Hz), was found to stimulate the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and interleukin-3 in healthy mouse cells and induce cytokine accumulation in blood plasma. Then, we studied the effect of this MF on tumor-bearing mice with solid tumors induced by Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells by observing tumor development processes, including tumor size, mouse survival rate, and average lifespan. Tumor-bearing mice exposed to a combined constant magnetic field of 60 μT and an alternating magnetic field of 100 nT containing six frequencies showed a strong suppression of tumor growth with an increase in survival rate and enhancement of average lifespan.
... At the cyclotron frequencies measured by several Hz, which corresponded to the investigated amino acid ions, and short-term increase in the current caused by application of the voltage to the investigated solution was revealed at very weak alteration of MF measured by tens of nT. Afterwards, the experiment and results described in the above articles were successfully reproduced in Italy (Alberto et al., 2008;Comisso et al., 2006;Del Giudice et al., 2002;Giuliani et al., 2008) and in Germany (Pazur, 2004). These results established formal grounds to test biological activity of these parameters of the combined magnetic fields. ...
Subchronic effect of a weak combined magnetic field (MF), produced by superimposing a constant component, 42 µT and an alternating MF of 0.08 µT, which was the sum of two frequencies of 4.38 and 4.88 Hz, was studied in olfactory bulbectomized (OBE) and transgenic Tg (APPswe, PSEN1) mice, which were used as animal models of sporadic and heritable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accordingly. Spatial memory was tested in a Morris water maze on the following day after completion of training trials with the hidden platform removed. The amyloid-β (Aβ) level was determined in extracts of the cortex and hippocampus of mice using a specific DOT analysis while the number and dimensions of amyloid plaques were detected after their staining with thioflavin S in transgenic animals. Exposure to the MFs (4 h/day for 10 days) induced the decrease of Aβ level in brain of OBE mice and reduced the number of Aβ plaques in the cortex and hippocampus of Tg animals. However, memory improvement was revealed in Tg mice only, but not in the OBE animals. Here, we suggest that in order to prevent the Aβ accumulation, MFs could be used at early stage of neuronal degeneration in case of AD and other diseases with amyloid protein deposition in other tissues.
... The similarity of the CCAMF parameters that were used in this study to those that cause effects in relatively simple aquatic systems supports this possibility. These effects include an influence on structure formation in water under the action of weak magnetic fields and xenon (the formation of micron size gas-hydrate crystals) [21] and the occurrence of the fluorescent fractions of associates after the CCAMF action and gel filtration [22,23]; CCAMFs affect ionic currents in aqueous solutions of amino acids [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and, as recently shown, CCAMFs change the refractive index in pure water under the action of the hydronic ion and its hydrated form at cyclotron frequencies [32]. A number of experimental data provide a strong argument in favor of the role of the aqueous phase in the biological effects of weak magnetic fields and high-frequency electromagnetic fields ( [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] and others). ...
The enhancement of lipid peroxidation in neutrophils (the content of malonic dialdehyde increased by 10.2%) has been shown after a 1-h exposure to a combined constant (42 μT) magnetic field and a weak low-frequency magnetic field (1.0, 4.4, and 16.5 Hz; 860 nT) collinear to it. No correlation was found between this effect and the process of functional pre-activation (priming) of neutrophils as a result of the combined action of magnetic fields detected by chemiluminescence enhancement in response to the introduction of the bacterial peptide N-formyl–Met–Leu–Phe in the presence of luminol, since ionol (10 μM), an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, did not reduce the neutrophil priming index in this case. Preliminary addition of histidine (0.1 and 1.0 mM), a singlet oxygen scavenger, also did not decrease the priming index. A myeloperoxidase inhibitor, sodium azide (0.1 mM), exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the chemiluminescence intensity of the neutrophil suspension; priming did not develop in the presence of this inhibitor after the action of combined magnetic fields.
... Not only metallic ions resonate with ELF-MF, but small organic molecules, such as several amino-acids, have been studied. Combined parallel static and alternating magnetic fields cause a rapid change in the ionic current flowing through an aqueous glutamic acid solution when the alternating field frequency is equal to the cyclotron frequency (Zhadin et al. 1998;Pazur 2004;Comisso et al. 2006;Alberto et al. 2008). Peaks are observed with alternating magnetic field frequency from 1-10 Hz and the frequency corresponding to the peak is directly proportional to the static magnetic field. ...
Laboratory cultures of the paralytic shellfish poisoning producing microalga Gymnodinium catenatum were subjected to a hypo-osmotic shock and changes in cell concentration were observed in two separate experiments of 8 and 24 hours duration, respectively. The increase in geomagnetic activity (GMA), radio and X-ray fluxes and solar X-ray flares were negatively correlated with cell numbers. Cell losses were observed in the short experiment, but not in the longest one. GMA action was related to the course of the experimental period, while electromagnetic radiation (EMR) was only significantly related when the previous hours before the experiments were considered. The differential action windows might be indicative of two differential disruptive mechanisms: EMR might act on DNA synthesis and mitosis phases of the cell cycle (taking place in the dark period) and GMA might be more disruptive at the end of mytosis or cytokinesis phases taking place in the light period. Formation of long chains (> 4 cells/chain) was reduced with salinity and with temperatures above 27ºC but increased with EMR and GMA, particularly when grown at the highest temperatures recorded during the study period (≥28ºC).
... This is especially true for ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) effects involving weak magnetic fields (< 10 µT) at extremely low frequency (ELF < 300Hz) frequencies. The ICR literature (Liboff, 2005;2006;Galland and Pazur, 2005;Foletti et al, 2013;) is now replete with various studies indicating a wide variety of robust biological effects Rozek et al, 1987;Diebert et al, 1994;Jenrow et al,1995;Fitzsimmons et al, 1995;Novikov and Fesenko, 2001; Sarimov et al, 2005;Bobkova et al, 2005;Lisi et al, 2008a;2000b;Novikov et al. 2009;Gaetani et al, 2009;Ledda et al, 2013), many of which have been independently replicated (Thomas et al, 1986;Zhadin et al, 1999;Zhadin et al, 1998a;Pazur, 2004;Comisso et al, 2006;Alberto et al, 2008). Some of the biological responses reported include statistically significant effects in rat behavior (Thomas et al, 1986), calcium uptake in lymphocytes , regeneration in planaria (Jenrow et al. 1995), insulin growth factor-II (Fitzsimmons et al, 1995), nociception in snails (Prato et al, 2000), gravitropism in seedlings (Belova and Lednev, 2000), protein hydrolysis (Novikov et al, 2001), and cardiac stem cells (Gaetani et al, 2009). ...
Heretofore only observed in living systems, we report that weak-field ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) also occurs in inanimate matter. Weak magnetic field (50 nT) hydronium ICR at the field combination (7.84 Hz, 7.5 µT) markedly changes water structure, as evidenced by finding an altered index of refraction exactly at this combined field. This observation utilizes a novel technique which measures the scattering of a He-Ne laser beam as the sample is exposed to a ramped magnetic field frequency. In addition to the hydronium resonance, we find evidence of ICR coupling to a more massive structure, possibly a tetrahedral combination of three waters and a single hydronium ion. To check our observations, we extended this technique to D2O, successfully predicting the specific ICR charge-to-mass ratio for D3O(+) that alters the index of refraction.
... A variety of other reports (Cvetkovic and Cosic, 2009;Vorobyov et al., 1997Vorobyov et al., , 1998Vorobyov et al., , 2010 have linked weak ELF magnetic field exposure to changes in the EEG, to electrical activity in the brain (Marino et al., 2004) and to neuroendocrine receptors (Janac et al., 2009). One critically important addition to this body of research (Zhadin et al., 1998) established that the conductivity of glutamic acid in solution increases sharply at remarkably small magnetic field levels (~40 nT) when these fields are applied at ion cyclotron resonance field combinations, a result independently replicated in three other laboratories (Alberto et al., 2008;Comisso et al., 2006;Pazur, 2004). ...
Current models that frame consciousness in terms of electromagnetic field theory carry implications that have yet to be fully explored. Endogenous weak extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields are generated by ionic charge flow in axons, dendrites and synaptic transmitters. Because neural tissues are transparent to such fields, these provide the basis for the globally unifying qualities required to properly describe consciousness as a field. At the same time, however, an electromagnetic approach predicts partial transmission of this 1–100 nT field, suggesting external interactions similar to the various ELF magnetic perturbations that are linked to homeostatic and endocrine-related physiological effects. It follows that humans may represent an additional, previously unrecognized source of weak (1–10 nT) ambient ELF magnetic fields.
... A variety of other reports (Cvetkovic and Cosic, 2009;Vorobyov et al., 1997Vorobyov et al., , 1998Vorobyov et al., , 2010 have linked weak ELF magnetic field exposure to changes in the EEG, to electrical activity in the brain (Marino et al., 2004) and to neuroendocrine receptors (Janac et al., 2009). One critically important addition to this body of research (Zhadin et al., 1998) established that the conductivity of glutamic acid in solution increases sharply at remarkably small magnetic field levels (~40 nT) when these fields are applied at ion cyclotron resonance field combinations, a result independently replicated in three other laboratories (Alberto et al., 2008;Comisso et al., 2006;Pazur, 2004). ...
We examine the hypothesis that consciousness is a manifestation of the electromagnetic field, finding supportive factors not previously considered. It is not likely that traditional electrophysiological signaling modes can be readily transmitted throughout the brain to properly enable this field because of electric field screening arising from the ubiquitous distribution of high dielectric lipid membranes, a problem that vanishes for low-frequency magnetic fields. Many reports over the last few decades have provided evidence that living tissue is robustly sensitive to ultrasmall (1-100 nT) ELF magnetic fields overlapping the γ-frequency range often associated with awareness. An example taken from animal behavior (coherent bird flocking) lends support to the possibility of a disembodied electromagnetic consciousness. In contrast to quantum consciousness hypotheses, the present approach is open to experimental trial.
... The very fact of MF being effective at such a low level was shown quite convincingly. There is evidence on the confirmation of those interesting assays in independent laboratories (Pazur, 2004;Comisso et al., 2006;Alberto et al., 2008). Blank and Soo (1996) determined the sensitivity limit for the activity of Na,K-ATPase enzyme in a medium with microsomes in relation to power-frequency MFs. ...
Although there are many publications in newspapers and popular magazines, discussing "Electromagnetic Mind Control" and "Electromagnetic Weapons," it is almost impossible to find reliable information on these issues, particularly where relatively weak electromagnetic (EM) radiations are of concern. This book fills the gap. Written for a general audience, it discusses the physics of and related scientific information on brain control using EM fields. It provides a balanced scientific viewpoint on the possibility of the effects of EM on the human brain and mind.
... A second, but decidedly more speculative path for information transfer might be found in reports (Alberto et al., 2008;Comisso et al., 2006;Pazur, 2004;Zhadin et al., 1998) claiming that extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields, at vanishingly weak intensities on the order of 40 nT, are capable of affecting the conductivity of polar amino acid in aqueous solution. If these measurements stand, and are applicable to neurological expression then serious consideration must be given to the possibility that very weak magnetic fields play a heretofore unrecognized role in brain function. ...
Although it is well-accepted that the geomagnetic field (GMF) plays an important role in animal navigation and migration, key problems remain unanswered. To explain the puzzling ability of hatchlings to embark on unexplored migrational journeys we hypothesize that mothers who have previously navigated the trip enable their offspring by direct transfer of route information to their eggs prior to hatching. The freshly hatched animal registers the local GMF as a reference point before embarking on the journey the mother has prepared for it. This process represents a novel type of biological cycle that finesses the need to treat questions such as natal homing and route parameters separately.
... The very fact of MF being effective at such a low level was shown quite convincingly. There are evidences on the confirmation of those interesting assays in independent laboratories (Pazur, 2004, Comisso et al., 2006. (Blank and Soo, 1996) determined the sensitivity limit for the activity of Na,K-ATPase enzyme in a medium with microsomes in relation to power-frequency MFs. ...
... An extensive discussion of the ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) induced by LFEMF in biological systems has been presented in the literature. Since the detailed mechanism of EMF action in live systems is unknown, various physiological indicators were studied, including changes in diatom motility, plant growth, rat behavior, etc. (Liboff, 2007), clinical treatment of non-unions and spinal fusion in bone (Liboff, 2006), ion parametric resonance (Blanchard and Blackman, 1994;Lednev, 1991;Vincze et al., 2008), aminoacid conductivity (Alberto et al., 2008a,b;Comisso et al., 2006;Del Giudice et al., 2002;Pazur, 2004;Zhadin et al., 1998), protein hydrolysis (Novikov and Fesenko, 2001) and stem cell differentiation (Gaetini et al., 2009). As noted by Liboff (2010), one possibility to understand EMF phenomenon is that the frequency must be specifically tuned to the unhydrated ion. ...
Abstract We report that the duration of the egg-to-imago development period of the Drosophila melanogaster, and the imago longevity, are both controllable by combinations of external 3-dimensional (3D) low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (LFEMFs). Both these periods may be reduced or increased by applying an appropriate configuration of external 3D LFEMFs. We report that the longevity of D. melanogaster imagoes correlates with the duration of the egg-to-imago development period of the respective eggs. We infer that metabolic processes in both eggs and imago are either accelerated (resulting in reduced time periods) or slowed down (resulting in increased time periods). We propose that external 3D LFEMFs induce electric currents in live systems as well as mechanical vibrations on sub-cell, whole-cell and cell-group levels. These external fields induce media polarization due to ionic motion and orientation of electric dipoles that could moderate the observed effects. We found that the longevity of D. melanogaster imagoes is affected by action of 3D LFEMFs on the respective eggs in the embryonic development period (EDP). We interpret this effect as resulting from changes in the regulation mechanism of metabolic processes in D. melanogaster eggs, inherited by the resulting imagoes. We also tested separate effects of either 3D electric or 3D magnetic fields, which were significantly weaker.
... The QUEC-PHISIS™ technology is the most advanced application of researches on Quantum Electrodynamics Coherence suitable for transferring highly targeted and personalized electromagnetic signals to the living cells in order to make them ordered in a state of higher coherence. Data supporting the validity of this technology have been proved to be able to: to stimulate the biological functions of the cells, rebalance the correct membrane potential, activate the enzymatic processes, reinstate the normal ion exchange of the cellular metabolism, promote the intra-extra cellular ionic balance have obtained, improve a better absorption of nutrients at the cellular level, reduce energy demand, beneficially acting on both acute and chronic pain and rebalance antioxidant system (6). Namely, an in-house study on 43 subjects has shown a significant plasma antioxidant improvement after 90 minutes from the beginning of the first treatment. ...
The QUEC PHISISTM technology, based on the theory of coherence domains of water, is the most advanced application of Quantum Electrodynamics Coherence suitable for transferring highly targeted and personalized electromagnetic signals to the living cells. Several experimental studies in aged rats confirm its beneficial action on vital cellular parameters while also optimizing the bioavailability and absorption of fundamental elements in cellular metabolism. Clinical observations have followed and strengthening its applicability either in healthy volunteer and in patients with complex diseases such as: cardiovascular, neuromuscular and metabolic. Our pilot study on severely-compromised, frail subjects is corroborating its relevance. The delivery of correct frequencies has the potential to become a safe, very affordable and effective therapeutic modality and amenable to be integrated with pharmacological weaponry, thus representing a substantial innovation into medical practice.
... Changing of other indexes and factors include intensity of the field, type of wave and ect have no effect in the growth of bacteria. The decrease in the number of E. coli colonies in the field of the frequency range 10 Hz could be due to: A) Changes in bacterial membrane permeability that this channel could cause biological changes in the organism lead [9]. B) It might been that effect of the production of free radicals by bacteria in the electromagnetic field due to the low-frequency fields so that It seems likely that the irrational very low intensity are not able to produce free radicals (10). ...
The effect of high frequency electromagnetic fields (110 Hz with intensity of 700 milli gauss) and low frequency (10 Hz with intensity of 700 milli gauss) on the bacterium Escherichia coli (ATCC 1533) were studied. In this study, the bacterium Escherichia coli was cultured in BHI broth, then it was incubated in BHI (Brain Heart Infusion Agar) broth at 37°C for 24 hours then serial dilutions were made to and from the sixth dilution (10 -4), one sample was treated with electromagnetic field for six hours and one put aside as control sample. The results showed a significant increase in the logarithm of the number of Escherichia coli (CFU/ml) treated with high frequency electromagnetic field and a significant decrease in the number of Escherichia coli (CFU/ml) exposed to low-frequency electromagnetic field. The results of biochemical tests also showed negative effects of electromagnetic fields on the biochemical properties of Escherichia coli as a bacterium.
... In 1998, a group led by Zhadin extended this work to much weaker magnetic fields, discovering that intensities as low as 40 nT can sharply shift the electrical conductivity of polar amino acids in aqueous solution (Zhadin, Novikov, Barnes, & Pergola, 1998). This result, since replicated elsewhere (Alberto et al., 2008;Commisso et al., 2006;Pazur, 2004), has been tentatively explained (Del Giudice, Fleischmann, Preparata, & Talpo, 2002) in terms of a quantum electrodynamic interaction that reduces the viscosity of water to the degree where enhanced Lorentz force effects are observed on solvated ions at room temperature. Whatever the explanation, there emerges from all of this the fact that biological systems are extraordinarily sensitive to very weak magnetic fields, whether static or as perturbations to the magnetostatic case. ...
Contrary to the belief that paleomagnetic reversals are not biologically significant, we find good reason to think otherwise. Attention is drawn to polarity transitions, time intervals a few thousand years long that follow the collapse of the existing geomagnetic dipole moment and precede the establishment of the new, oppositely directed moment. The geomagnetic field during transitions is reduced to a maximal mean intensity about 10% of the stable field and can exhibit low-frequency perturbations comparable to numerous laboratory-based extremely low frequency (ELF) studies reporting biological interactions, making it very likely that similar interactions must occur over the course of a polarity transition. This conclusion is strengthened by reports of medical problems that significantly correlate with intense solar winds, events that also generate ELF perturbations similar to those that can occur during polarity transitions.
... Glutamic acid was selected because it afforded the most evident effect, even if several aminoacids were tested, in that it was observed that a weak current, in order of tens of nA, could be detected in a solution exposed to a combination of a static magnetic field of 50 T and alternating magnetic field 1000 times weaker, whenever the frequency matched the cyclotron frequency of the Glutamic acid in its ionic form [1]. Experiments such as this followed the discovery in 1985 of an unusual resonance effect caused by a simultaneous weak DC and low frequency AC magnetic field in concentrations of calcium in the nervous tissue [2]. Although controversial, the unexpected Zhadin effect has been confirmed by a number of independent researchers [3,4,5] Two main problems arise in trying to provide physical insights of this phenomenon: 1) the very small amount of energy carried by these EMFs is much lower (by as much as an order of magnitude) than k B T (k B being the Boltzmann constant and T room temperature) and thus any information carried is hidden in thermal noise, this is known as the KT paradox; and 2) even if an excited state is induced by the perturbation, according to the general accepted models of molecular dynamics, it should rapidly disappear as a result of the thermal collisions that resume when the perturbation is removed. Furthermore, the attempt of explaining the role of the cyclotron frequency 1 2 e B m , i.e. the characteristic frequency due to the Lorentz force acting on an ion having charge e and mass m in presence of a magnetic field B, have to face the problem arising from the large cyclotron orbits in comparison with the mean free path of the molecules at room temperature. ...
Even though a wide literature is available on the effects of weak Extremely Low Frequency ElectroMagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) on the biochemical reactions, nevertheless the physical nature of these effects is largely unknown. The main challenge is the mismatch between the infinitesimal amount of the energy carried by the perturbation and the entity of the response of the system. More than 10 years ago, it was claimed that a weak current can be induced in a aqueous solution of Glutamic acid exposed to a weak magnetic field having a certain frequency. We have checked the influence of ELF-EMF on Glutamic acid using the FTIR-ATR spectroscopy in order to observe structural changes induced by the exposure. Samples have been exposed for 10, 20 or 30 minutes to a magnetic field generated by Helmoltz coils and then placed into the spectrometer. After the exposure solutions having different pH values always shown a shift toward the de-protonated species. The effect lasts for minutes after the exposure before the native configuration is restored.
... The primary target of the action of such fields has not yet been experimentally established. Experiments with aqueous solutions of amino acids12131415 have shown a change in the current strength in solution under the action of combined magnetic fields of the nanotesla range. The frequency of the alternating field corresponded to the cyclotron frequency of the dissolved amino acid. ...
It is (theoretically) shown by an example of the reaction of a radical with an oxygen molecule that the alternating component
of a combined weak magnetic field affects the rate constants of chemical reactions. The mechanism of transduction of a weak
magnetic perturbation from the primary receptor of the field to experimentally observed biological effects is followed. It
is stated that the external magnetic field alters the initial population of energy levels. The magnitude of these changes
depends on the field parameters. The exposure to an alternating field with proper parameters can substantially increase the
concentration of reactive oxygen species in biological systems. By controlling their concentration by means of weak magnetic
field, it is possible to affect the key links of metabolism.
... Second, in the Zhadin and Barnes (2005) paper it is clearly stated that assumed damping is very small. This assumption was based on the work of Chiabrera and Bianco [1991], Chiabrera et al. [1994] and the experimentally observed results [Liboff et al., 1987;Zhadin et al., 1998;Pazur, 2004;Comisso et al., 2006]. Quantum electrodynamics has been applied by Preparata to show the existence of coherent domains, CD, in water [Preparata, 1995]. ...
... Experiments such as this followed the discovery in 1985 of an unusual resonance effect caused by a simultaneous weak DC and low frequency AC magnetic field in concentrations of calcium in the nervous tissue [Liboff, 1985]. Although controversial, the unexpected Zhadin effect has been observed by a number of independent researchers [Pazur, 2004; Comisso et al., 2006; Giuliani et al., 2008], and the origin of the current has been explained as a consequence of the dynamics of the ions in the arrangement of the coherent domains of water [Del Giudice et al., 2002]. Reports on the effect of very weak EMFs on solutions of glutamic acid have herein been investigated in terms of a change in the molecular structure, even though this does not imply a repeat of the Zhadin experiment. ...
It has been claimed that weak extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) can affect biochemical reactions and a wide-ranging body of literature is available on this topic. Nevertheless, the physical nature of these effects remains largely unknown. We investigated the influence of ELF-EMF on glutamic acid solutions using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra. Samples were exposed for 10, 20, or 30 min to a weak EMF generated by Helmoltz coils, and then placed in a spectrometer. After exposure, those solutions that had a pH lower than the isoelectric point tended to show a shift toward the deprotonation of the carboxylic group, while solutions having a pH greater than the isoelectric point showed the deprotonation of the residual amine group. Moreover, at low pH values, we also detected a shift of the δ(antisym) band of the amine. The effects lasted a few minutes after exposure before the native configuration was restored. The spectral modifications were observed after each independent exposure to EMFs, and the same effects were seen by varying the frequencies in the range of 0-7 kHz. Therefore, the hypothesis of the existence of a resonant frequency that has been proposed elsewhere cannot be supported by the results of this study. The most surprising characteristic of this effect is the long-lasting nature of the perturbation, which is hard to be explained in terms of short-living excitations in biological matter.
In order to infect the target host cell, a virus like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whose lytic/virulent lifestyle involves the infection, replication and lysis of the host cell, must be able to penetrate its membrane for the release of viral progeny. For this purpose, its action takes place both on a biophysical and biochemical level. Viral action begins with the alteration of physiological interactions held by the target cell with extracellular aqueous electrolytic solutions (membrane-ions interactions), followed by the disruption of the membrane structural properties. In the present paper the earliest virus-host biophysical events are addressed, in particular the electrostatic (short-range) and electrodynamic (long-range) interactions. In section one a biophysical profile of SARS-COV-2 pathogenicity is outlined. The prominent electrostatic events that characterize the earliest stages of virus-host interactions are taken into account. The host cell oxida-tive stress reaction is discussed. In section two, biological water as biphasic liquid and structured interfacial water's fourth phase are introduced by resorting to Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and Quantum Electrodynamic (QED). Structured interfacial water as a semiconductor and the proton-based self-driven liquid-flow system are also discussed. In section three it is assumed that in its approach to the target host cell SARS-CoV-2 triggers the cellular phase-matching feature (which operates as a very selective filter discriminating among perturbations and stimuli that are out of phase with the oscillatory motions allowed by the cell's inner dynamics) by emitting a stressful ultra low frequency-electromagnetic field (ULF-EMF), which generates an alert response within the cell by influencing ionic fluxes throughout cellular membrane. Therefore, it is suggested that the earliest virus-host interaction would rest on electromagnetic long-range events, before electrostatic and chemical interactions occur, which are influencing the redox potential of the target host-cell's membrane chemical species, affecting its acid-base equilibria, therefore inducing a cellular stress response (e.g. via plas-How to cite this paper: Messori, C. (2021) A Biophysical Approach to SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenicity. ma-membrane-localized redox signalling) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production. Accordingly, re-dox-responsive intracellular signaling and anti-inflammatory scavenging systems would be remotely (pre) activated by non-ionizing interference phenomena , before virus-cell come together, followed by electrostatic and chemical events that provoke a branching, cascade-like, chain of reactions. A better understanding of the earliest of biophysical events will enable a more rational approach to dealing with both the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 highly glyco-sylated Spike's S1 subunit receptor binding domain (RBD) to the host cell's angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the direct interaction with the lipid bilayer on the cell surface.
In the last twenty years there has been an increasing interest to investigate the possible effect of electromagnetic and magnetic fields signals (Chiabrera et al 1985, Zhadin 2001) on human health. The experimental approach to the electromagnetic field (EMF) effects on living systems is complicated by various reported non linearities (intensity, frequency and time windows of the fields) and peculiarities (cell type, age, treatment) so that extrapolation or replications among laboratories can hardly be made. The possible mechanisms of the induced effects are still not known, although a number of theoretical models have been proposed (Glaser 1992, Liburdy 1992, Barnes 1996, ). This may be partially due to the difficulties in demonstrating reproducible results. Electromagnetic therapy is a treatment method in which an electromagnetic or magnetic stimulus is used to achieve physiological changes in the body. The middle of the eighties was marked with the discovery by Blackman (Blackman et al., 1985) and Liboff (1985) of a surprising phenomenon: a low frequency alternating (AC) magnetic field (MF) changed free calcium concentration in nervous tissue only in the presence of a simultaneously acting static (DC) MF. The aim of the present work is to clarify the action’s mechanism at cellular level of an electrotherapy procedure performed by an electro-medical device (Vega select 719) still in clinical use and so easily reproducible in each bio-physical setting like frequency, intensity and exposure’s time. Moreover a second aim of this work is to validate the effectiveness of the current clinical application protocols on a biological target. Our results indicate that exposure to 7 Hz electromagnetic field tuned at calcium ICR, could be responsible to a different morphology and cytoskeletal structure on human keratinocytes cells (HaCaT), in addition we generae evidence tha the 7 Hz signal tuned to Calcium energy resonance could be used as a tool to trigger stem cell differentiation. This data strongly support the efficacy of 7 Hz Calcium ICR therapy for the possible treatment of skin disease as well as a co adjuvant in the therapy of undifferentiated diseases and in regenerative medicine.
It has been established that living things are sensitive to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields at vanishingly small intensities, on the order of tens of nT. We hypothesize, as a consequence of this sensitivity, that some fraction of an individual's central nervous system activity can be magnetically detected by nearby individuals. Even if we restrict the information content of such processes to merely simple magnetic cues that are unconsciously received by individuals undergoing close-knit continuing exposure to these cues, it is likely that they will tend to associate these cues with the transmitting individual, no less than would occur if such signals were visual or auditory. Furthermore, following what happens when one experiences prolonged exposure to visual and like sensory inputs, it can be anticipated that such association occurring magnetically will eventually also enable the receiving individual to bond to the transmitting individual. One can readily extrapolate from single individuals to groups, finding reasonable explanations for group behavior in a number of social situations, including those occurring in families, animal packs, gatherings as found in concerts, movie theaters and sports arenas, riots and selected predatory/prey situations. The argument developed here not only is consistent with the notion of a magnetic sense in humans, but also provides a new approach to electromagnetic hypersensitivity, suggesting that it may simply result from sensory overload.
The fundamental physical mechanisms of resonance action of an extremely weak (40 nT) alternating magnetic field at the cyclotron frequency combined with a weak (40 μT) static magnetic field, on living systems are analyzed in the present work. The experimental effects of such sort of magnetic fields were described in different papers: the very narrow resonant peaks in electrical conductivity of the aqueous solutions in the in vitro experiments and the biomedical in vivo effects on living animals of magnetic fields with frequencies tuned to some amino acids. The existing experimental in vitro data had a good repeatability in different laboratories and countries. Unfortunately, for free ions such sort of effects are absolutely impossible because the dimensions of an ion rotation radius should be measured by meters at room temperature and at very low static magnetic fields used in all the above experiments. Even for bound ions these effects should be also absolutely impossible from the positions of classic physics because of rather high viscosity of biological liquid media (blood plasma, cerebrospinal liquid, cytoplasm). Only modern quantum electrodynamics of condensed media opens the new ways for solving these problems. The proposed article is devoted to analysis of quantum mechanisms of these effects.
We have performed a series of experiments applying high voltage between two electrodes, immersed in two beakers containing bidistilled water in a way similar to experiments conducted by Fuchs and collaborators, which showed that a water bridge can be formed between the two containers. We also observed the formation of water bridge. Moreover, choosing different pairs of electrodes depending on the material they are made up of, we observed that copper ions flow can pass along the bridge if the negative electrode is made up of copper. We show that the direction of the flux not only depends on the applied electrostatic field but on the relative electronegativity of the electrodes too. These results open new perspectives in understanding the properties of water. We suggest a possible explanation of the obtained results.
It is shown that exposure of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor pupae to combined static (42 μT) and very weak alternating (250 nT) magnetic fields has different effects on the duration of metamorphosis processes in these insects depending on the frequency of the alternating magnetic field. For instance, the exposure of pupae to weak combined magnetic fields adjusted to the frequency of ion cyclotron resonance for glutamic add (4.4 Hz) stimulated metamorphosis, with the transitional stage from pupae to imago being shorter. An inhibitory effect was observed when magnetic fields were adjusted to the frequency of ion cyclotron resonance for Ca2+ (32.2 Hz). At some frequencies, this effect was not observed. For instance, the exposure at a frequency of ion cyclotron resonance for K+ (16.5 Hz) had no noticeable effect on the duration of the pupal metamorphosis stage.
All life exists within a sea of vibration, and rhythm is fundamental to all of life. Diurnal, seasonal, lunar, and solar cycles, and the resonant electromagnetic field (EMF) oscillations of our planet make up the symphony of rhythms in which life on Earth exists. As life evolved amidst these natural rhythms, they were integrated into many basic human biological responses, which coincide with diurnal and seasonal cycles1 and the many aspects of human and animal behavior and physiology that are correlated with the phases of the moon.2 From the basic activities of daily life to our relationship with the animals on Earth,3 human society is structured around the moon's rhythm, and deeply rooted monthly circadian rhythms govern human sleep patterns, persisting even in isolation from our conscious awareness of the lunar phase.4 Our lives contain a seeming infinity of rhythms, with vibrations at the atomic and molecular levels and within biochemical reaction rates. The physiological correlates of the rhythms of t...
A new perspective for the use of bioelectromagnetics in biology and in medicine is open. Montagnier and his collaborators highlighted a physical approach to the diagnosis of several diseases, base on detecting the spectra of the DNA of cells, pathogenic agents or tumor cells. The DNA is prepared in an aqueous solution. The method uses the Schuman frequency, or any ELF, to induce the DNA solution to emit electromagnetic signals in the range 300 - 4000 Hz that are producing spectra that result to be typical for each disease. Preliminary tests performed at the facility of Italian CNR – Area Tor Vergata (Rome) – seem to confirm the effectiveness of this diagnostic approach. Further tests have to be performed. The method seems to be related to the same biophysical theory – based on Quantum Electrodynamics – that is the basis of other important effects, now employed to new therapeutic approaches.
Can a very low intensity signal overcome a disturbance, the power density of which is much higher than the signal one, and yield some observable effects?
The Johnson noise seems to be a disturbance so high as to cause a negative answer to that question, when one studies the effects on the cell level due to the external ELF fields generated by electric power lines (Adair RK, 1990, 1991). About this subject, we show that the masking effect due to the Johnson noise, known as “Adair‟s constraint” and still present in the scientific debate, can be significantly weakened.
The values provided by the Johnson noise formula, that is an approximate expression, can be affected by a significant deviation with respect to the correct ones, depending on the frequency and the kind of the cells, human or not human, that one is dealing with. We‟ll give some examples.
Eventually, we remark that the so called Zhadin effect, although born and studied in a different context, could be viewed as an experimental test that gives an affirmative answer to the initial question, when the signal is an extremely weak electromagnetic field and the disturbance is a Johnson noise.
The parameters of the low-frequency (1, 4.4, 16.5 Hz or the sum of these frequencies) extremely weak (300, 100, 150–300 nT,
according to frequencies) alternating component of combined magnetic fields have been found, which in combination with a weak
collinear static field of 42 μT (the induction corresponds to the range of the geomagnetic field) has a marked antitumor activity.
The exposure to these magnetic fields inhibits the tumor growth in mice with an intraperitoneally transplanted Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma. The effect manifests itself as an increase in the life of tumor-bearing animals and in the content of damaged tumor
cells. It was found that the death of tumor cells by the action of weak fields occurs predominantly by the mechanism of necrosis.
Key wordsweak magnetic fields-malignant tumors-Ehrlich ascites tumor
A number of effects of weak combined (static and alternating) magnetic fields with an alternating component of tens and hundreds nT at a collinear static field of 42 μT, which is equivalent to the geomagnetic field, have been found: activation of fission and regeneration of planarians Dugesia tigrina, inhibition of the growth of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice, stimulation of the production of the tumor necrosis factor by macrophages, decrease in the protection of chromatin against the action of DNase 1, and enhancement of protein hydrolysis in systems in vivo and in vitro. The frequency and amplitude ranges for the alternating component of weak combined magnetic fields have been determined at which it affects various biological systems. Thus, the optimal amplitude at a frequency of 4.4 Hz is 100 nT (effective value); at a frequency of 16.5 Hz, the range of effective amplitudes is broader, 150–300 nT; and at a frequency of 1 (0.5) Hz, it is 300 nT. The sum of close frequencies (e.g., 16 and 17 Hz) produces a similar biological effect as the product of the modulating (0.5 Hz) and carrying frequencies (16.5 Hz), which is explained by the ratio A = A
0sinω1t + A
0sinω2t = 2A
0sin(ω1 + ω2)t/2cos(ω1–ω2)t/2. The efficiency of magnetic signals with pulsations (the sum of close frequencies) is more pronounced than that of sinusoidal frequencies. These data may indicate the presence of several receptors of weak magnetic fields in biological systems and, as a consequence, a higher efficiency of the effect at the simultaneous adjustment to these frequencies by the field. Even with consideration of these facts, the mechanism of the biological action of weak combined magnetic fields remains still poorly understood.
The influence of the joint action of constant and variable magnetic fields on the ionic current through an aqueous solution of an amino acid has been studied for asparagine, glutamic acid, arginine and tyrosine. In the curve of the dependence of current on the frequency of the variable field parallel to the constant distinct (30-50% of the background current) narrow-band peaks were observed at frequencies close to the cyclotron frequency of the ionized molecule of the corresponding amino acid. No other peaks were noted. The reproducibility of the effect is 100%. In perpendicular fields as in the absence of a constant field there is no effect. The effect is observed only for a very weak (0.05 μT) variable field. The effect disappears with increase in the amplitude of the variable field.
Two independent laboratories have demonstrated that electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies can cause a change in the efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro. In a local geomagnetic field (LGF) at a density of 38 microTesla (microT), 15- and 45-Hz electromagnetic signals (40 Vp-p/m in air) have been shown to induce a change in the efflux of calcium ions from the exposed tissues, whereas 1- and 30-Hz signals do not. We now show that the effective 15-Hz signal can be rendered ineffective when the LGF is reduced to 19 microT with Helmholtz coils. In addition, the ineffective 30-Hz signal becomes effective when the LGF is changed to +/- 25.3 microT or to +/- 76 microT. These results demonstrate that the net intensity of the LGF is an important variable. The results appear to describe a resonance-like relationship in which the frequency of the electromagnetic field that can induce a change in efflux is proportional to a product of LGF density and an index, 2n + 1, where n = 0,1. These phenomenological findings may provide a basis for evaluating the apparent lack of reproducibility of biological effects caused by low-intensity extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic signals. In future investigations of this phenomenon, the LGF vector should be explicitly described. If the underlying mechanism involves a general property of tissue, then research conducted in the ambient electromagnetic environment (50/60 Hz) may be subjected to unnoticed and uncontrolled influences, depending on the density of the LGF.
Combined parallel static and alternating magnetic fields cause a rapid change in the ionic current flowing through an aqueous glutamic acid solution when the alternating field frequency is equal to the cyclotron frequency. The current peak is 20-30% of the background direct current. The peak is observed with slow sweep in the alternating magnetic field frequency from 1 Hz-10 Hz. Only one resonance peak in the current is observed in this frequency range. The frequency corresponding to the peak is directly proportional to the static magnetic field. The above effect only arises at very small alternating field amplitude in the range from 0.02 microT-0.08 microT.
Background
Previous reports indicate altered metabolism and enzyme kinetics for various organisms, as well as changes of neuronal functions and behaviour of higher animals, when they were exposed to specific combinations of weak static and alternating low frequency electromagnetic fields. Field strengths and frequencies, as well as properties of involved ions were related by a linear equation, known as the formula of ion cyclotron resonance (ICR, abbreviation mentioned first by Liboff). Under certain conditions already a aqueous solution of the amino acid and neurotransmitter glutamate shows this effect.
Methods
An aqueous solution of glutamate was exposed to a combination of a static magnetic field of 40 μT and a sinusoidal electromagnetic magnetic field (EMF) with variable frequency (2–7 Hz) and an amplitude of 50 nT. The electric conductivity and dielectric properties of the solution were investigated by voltammetric techniques in combination with non linear dielectric spectroscopy (NLDS), which allow the examination of the dielectric properties of macromolecules and molecular aggregates in water. The experiments target to elucidate the biological relevance of the observed EMF effect on molecular level.
Results
An ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) effect of glutamate previously reported by the Fesenko laboratory 1998 could be confirmed. Frequency resolution of the sample currents was possible by NLDS techniques. The spectrum peaks when the conditions for ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) of glutamate are matched. Furthermore, the NLDS spectra are different under ICR- and non-ICR conditions: NLDS measurements with rising control voltages from 100–1100 mV show different courses of the intensities of the low order harmonics, which could possibly indicate "intensity windows". Furthermore, the observed magnetic field effects are pH dependent with a narrow optimum around pH 2.85.
Conclusions
Data will be discussed in the context with recent published models for the interaction of weak EMF with biological matter including ICR. A medical and health relevant aspect of such sensitive effects might be given insofar, because electromagnetic conditions for it occur at many occasions in our electromagnetic all day environment, concerning ion involvement of different biochemical pathways.
This chapter discusses the biological effects of microwaves. It is emphasized that an appropriate discussion of the experimental results with regard to nonthermal effects must frequently consider thermal effects as well. The amount of energy transfer from the radiation to the material varies slowly with frequency and is largely governed by the dielectric loss. Within reasonable limits, this loss is proportional to the intensity of the radiation. Nonthermal effects, on the other hand, occur in certain frequency regions only, and usually exhibit saturation at rather low intensity. As a consequence, nonthermal effects might be drowned by the thermal ones. This is in particular to be expected when the sign of the considered effect in the nonthermal region is opposite to that of the thermal effect. As an example, consider the reduction of the rate of growth of certain bacteria arising from irradiation at 73.6 Hz as discussed. Temperature increase, on the other hand, increases the rate of growth, thus canceling the nonthermal effect at sufficiently high intensity.
The adsorption of asparagine (Asn) on a gold electrode from 0.1M LiClO4 aqueous solutions was investigated. The experimental data obtained from ac impedance measurements were analyzed to determine the dependence of adsorption parameters, i.e. the standard Gibbs energy of adsorption (ΔG0), maximal value of surface excess concentration (Γmax) of Asn and parameter of interactions in the adsorbed layer (A) on the electrode potential. The relatively large value of Gibbs energy of adsorption (∼ −47kJmol−1) gives the evidence of a very strong adsorption of Asn at the polycrystalline Au electrode. The comparison of the adsorption behavior of Asn at the air/solution and the Au/solution interfaces points out to the significant electronic interactions of adsorbate molecules with the Au electrode, since the adsorption of Asn on a free surface (from the same solutions) is very week. The analysis of the electrochemical data as well as the infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) results reveal that Asn molecules are anchored to the Au surface through oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group COO− and through the amide carbonyl group.
It is shown that when the density becomes larger than a critical density an ensemble of water molecules evolves towards a coherent ground state, where molecules oscillate in phase with the e.m. field. At each temperature, liquid water is found to consist of a coherent phase of molecules in such a ground state and of a normal phase, whose population is determined by thermal excitations. The observed thermodynamical quantities as well as their wellknown anomalous behaviors are satisfactorily described by our theory.
The atomic structures of K+ channels have added a new dimension to our understanding of K+ channel function. I will briefly review how structures have influenced our views on ion conduction, gating of the pore, and voltage sensing.
Biological systems are expected to have a branch of longitudinal electric modes in a frequency region between 10¹¹ and 10¹² sec⁻¹. They are based on the dipolar properties of cell membranes; of certain bonds recurring in giant molecules (such as H bonds) and possibly on pockets of non-localized electrons. In Section 2 it is shown quit generally that if energy is supplied above a certain mean rate to such a branch, then a steady state will be reached in which a single mode of this branch is very strongly excited. The supplied energy is thus not completely thermalized but stored in a highly ordered fashion. This order expresses itself in long-range phase correlations; the phenomenon has considerable similarity with the low-temperature condensation of a Bose gas. General consequences and proposals of experiments are discussed in section 3.
The formation of a biological molecular aggregate such as a membrane, is discussed as a collective process emerging from the dispersive dynamics arising from coherent quantum electrodynamics. The essential role of liquid water is stressed.
In the framework of quantum electrodynamics (QED), the universally accepted theory of ordinary condensed matter, we analyse a system of ions dissolved in water. Contrary to the common opinion that for aqueous solutions in normal conditions, QED can be well approximated by classical physics or by the semiclassical approximations of molecular dynamics, we find for such systems QED solutions of a very different nature. Such solutions appear to solve several paradoxes that plague the conventional approaches. Our main result is that ions dissolved in water are not in a gaseous state, but settle in a coherent configuration, where they perform plasma oscillations in resonance with a coherent electromagnetic field, thus providing a satisfactory understanding of the thermodynamics of electrolytes. In this new framework, we also find a simple explanation of the phenomenon of osmosis.
A recent experiment on a physical, nonbiological system of ions at room temperature has proved that microscopic ion currents can be induced by applying simultaneously two parallel magnetic fields, one rather weak static field, (-->)B(0) and one much weaker alternating field, (-->) B(ac),[B(ac) approximately 10(-3) B(0)] whose frequency coincides with the cyclotron frequency v = qB(0)/2pim of the selected ion. As a result, ionic bursts lasting up to 20 s and with amplitude up to 10 nA arise. The much larger exchanges of energy induced by thermal agitation (the "kT-problem") appear to play no role whatsoever. We have analyzed this problem in the framework of coherent quantum electrodynamics, reaching the following conclusions: (a) as has been shown in previous articles, water molecules in the liquid and solute ions are involved in their ground state in coherent ordered configurations; (b) ions are able to move without collisions among themselves in the interstices between water coherence domains; (c) because of coherence, ions can follow classical orbits in the magnetic fields. A full quantitative understanding of the experiments is thus reached.
All living organisms use ion channels to regulate the transport of ions across cellular membranes. Certain ion channels are classed as voltage-dependent because they have a voltage-sensing structure that induces their pores to open in response to changes in the cell membrane voltage. Until recently, the voltage-dependent K+, Ca2+ and Na+ channels were regarded as a unique development of eukaryotic cells, adapted to accomplish specialized electrical signalling, as exemplified in neurons. Here we present the functional characterization of a voltage-dependent K+ (K(V)) channel from a hyperthermophilic archaebacterium from an oceanic thermal vent. This channel possesses all the functional attributes of classical neuronal K(V) channels. The conservation of function reflects structural conservation in the voltage sensor as revealed by specific, high-affinity interactions with tarantula venom toxins, which evolved to inhibit eukaryotic K(V) channels.
Although water is the major component of all biological fluids, the molecular pathways for water transport across cell membranes eluded identification until the discovery of the aquaporin family of water channels. The atomic structure of mammalian AQP1 illustrates how this family of proteins is freely permeated by water but not protons (hydronium ions, H3O+). Definition of the subcellular sites of expression predicted their physiological functions and potential clinical disorders. Analysis of several human disease states has confirmed that aquaporins are involved in multiple different illnesses including abnormalities of kidney function, loss of vision, onset of brain edema, starvation, and arsenic toxicity.
A dynamical mechanism for cytoskeleton structures Interfacial phenomena in biological system
- Del E Giudice
- S Doglia
- M Dilani
- Vitello
Del Giudice E, Doglia S, Dilani M, Vitello G. 1991. A dynamical mechanism for cytoskeleton structures. In: Bender M, editor. Interfacial phenomena in biological system. New York: Marcel Decker, Inc. pp 279–285.
A new QED picture of water: Understanding a few fascinating phenomena
- Del E Giudice
- Preparata
- E Sassaroli
Del Giudice E, Preparata G, 1995. In: Sassaroli E, et al. Editors. A new QED picture of water: Understanding a few fascinating phenomena. Vol: Macroscopic Quantum Coherence. New York: World Scientific. pp 108–129.
The charge to mass ICR signature in weak ELF bioelectromagnetic effect Advances electromagnetic fields in living systems
- Ar Liboff
Liboff AR. 2003. The charge to mass ICR signature in weak ELF bioelectromagnetic effect. In: Lin J, editor. Advances electromagnetic fields in living systems. Vol. 4, New York: Klever Plenum. MacKinnon R. 2003. Potassium channels. FEBS Lett 555: 62–65.
Cyclotron resonance in membrane transport
- Ar Liboff
Liboff AR. 1985. Cyclotron resonance in membrane transport. In: Chiabrera A, Nicolini C, Schwan HP, editors. Interactions between electromagnetic fields and cells. New York: Plenum Press. pp 281–296.
- Zhadin