Content uploaded by Ahmed M Abdel-Khalek
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Ahmed M Abdel-Khalek on Jun 28, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
Reliability and Factorial Validity of the Standard Progressive Matrices among Kuwaiti Children Ages 8 to 15 Years
Perceptual and Motor Skills
Abstract
The Raven Standard Progressive Matrices was administered to a sample of 6,529 children in Kuwait ranging in age from 8 to 15 years. Test-retest reliability (N = 968) ranged between .69 and .85, while Cronbach coefficients alpha ranged from .88 to .93, showing from acceptable to good temporal stability and from good to high internal consistency. The loadings of the five sets of matrices on the only salient factor ranged from .73 to .89 indicating the good factorial validity of the scale. The rtest seems useful in the Kuwaiti context.
... The RSPM is often used to assess children's non-verbal mental age (MA) and is a necessary tool when examining children with neurodevelopmental conditions where chronological age (CA) is incongruent with MA. In a sample of 6529 children, Abdel Khalek et al. [48] reported that the RSPM has internal consistency (0.88-0.93 Cronbach Alpha) and good factorial validity (0.73-0.89) [48]. The task was conducted according to the RSPM Manual [45] with no time limit. ...
... The RSPM is often used to assess children's non-verbal mental age (MA) and is a necessary tool when examining children with neurodevelopmental conditions where chronological age (CA) is incongruent with MA. In a sample of 6529 children, Abdel Khalek et al. [48] reported that the RSPM has internal consistency (0.88-0.93 Cronbach Alpha) and good factorial validity (0.73-0.89) [48]. The task was conducted according to the RSPM Manual [45] with no time limit. ...
Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) experience significantly higher rates of sleep disturbances than their typically developing peers. However, little is known about the association between sleep and the cognitive phenotype in these clinical populations. Structural damage affecting cortical and subcortical connectivity occurs as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure in children with FASD, whilst it is believed an abundance of short-range connectivity explains the phenotypic manifestations of childhood ASD. These underlying neural structural and connectivity differences manifest as cognitive patterns, with some shared and some unique characteristics between FASD and ASD. This is the first study to examine sleep and its association with cognition in individuals with FASD, and to compare sleep in individuals with FASD and ASD. We assessed children aged 6–12 years with a diagnosis of FASD (n = 29), ASD (n = 21), and Typically Developing (TD) children (n = 46) using actigraphy (CamNTech Actiwatch 8), digit span tests of working memory (Weschler Intelligence Scale), tests of nonverbal mental age (MA; Ravens Standard Progressive Matrices), receptive vocabulary (British Picture Vocabulary Scale), and a choice reaction time (CRT) task. Children with FASD and ASD presented with significantly shorter total sleep duration, lower sleep efficiency, and more nocturnal wakings than their TD peers. Sleep was significantly associated with scores on the cognitive tests in all three groups. Our findings support the growing body of work asserting that sleep is significant to cognitive functioning in these neurodevelopmental conditions; however, more research is needed to determine cause and effect.
... Despite some concerns about its reliability in group settings 27 . the CPM has been found to have good factorial validity and internal consistency 28 . In this study, we utilized the computerized version of Raven's CPM test. ...
This report presents an open-source dataset investigating neurodevelopmental profiles in children. The dataset consists of EEG, ERP, and cognitive assessments from 100 Iranian non-clinical participants (age range 6–11 years, Mean = 8.52 ± 1.5 SD). Notably, this is a smaller group drawn from a larger longitudinal ongoing study. The research aligns with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, aiming to enhance diagnostic precision and intervention efficacy for specific learning disabilities (SLD) using EEG/ERP measures and machine learning. Cognitive assessments included non-verbal intelligence (Raven Test), attention (IVA-2), and working memory tasks. EEG recordings captured resting-state (eyes closed/open) and brain activity during working memory tasks with numerical and non-numerical stimuli (ERPs). Additionally, demographic information such as age, gender, education, handedness, parental history of learning difficulties, and child symptom inventory-4 (CSI-4) were collected. This dataset provides a valuable resource for exploring the neurophysiological correlates of cognitive functions in typically developing children, which can advance our understanding of the neural foundations of cognitive development in children.
... to. 93 and an internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) above.90 in children aged 8 and 9 years (Abdel-Khalek, 2005;Raven et al., 1978Raven et al., , 1992. ...
... A global cognition score, which is based on the results of six individual cognitive tasks assessed by the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) [26,27] and a computerised CogState test battery (CogState Ltd, Melbourne, Australia) [28] was used as a measure of cognition at 8-year follow-up (see Online Resource S1 in the electronic supplementary material [ESM] for details). In short, the paper-pencil version of the Raven's SPM was used to assess non-verbal reasoning skills and the CogState test battery to assess psychomotor function (the detection task), attention (the identification task), reaction time in working memory task (the one-back task), working memory accuracy (the two-back task), and visual memory and learning (the continuous paired associate learning task). ...
Background
Cognitive and mental health problems are highly prevalent in adolescence. While higher levels of physical fitness may mitigate these problems, there is a lack of long-term follow-up studies on the associations of physical fitness from childhood with cognition and mental health in adolescence.
Objective
We investigated the associations of physical fitness from childhood to adolescence over an 8-year follow-up with cognition and mental health in adolescence.
Methods
The participants were 241 adolescents (112 girls), who were 6–9 years at baseline and 15–17 years at 8-year follow-up. Average and change scores for cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal power output [Wmax]; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak]), motor fitness (10 × 5-m shuttle run), and muscular fitness (standing long jump; hand grip strength) were calculated. Global cognition score was computed from six individual cognitive tasks, and perceived stress and depressive symptoms were assessed at the 8-year follow-up. The data were analysed using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and parental education.
Results
Average motor fitness was positively associated with global cognition score (standardised regression coefficient [β] − 0.164, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.318 to − 0.010) and inversely with perceived stress (β = 0.182, 95% CI 0.032–0.333) and depressive symptoms (β = 0.181, 95% CI 0.028–0.333). Average cardiorespiratory fitness was inversely associated with perceived stress (Wmax: β = − 0.166, 95% CI − 0.296 to − 0.036; VO2peak: β = − 0.149, 95% CI − 0.295 to − 0.002) and depressive symptoms (Wmax: β = − 0.276, 95% CI − 0.405 to − 0.147; VO2peak: β = − 0.247, 95% CI − 0.393 to − 0.102). A larger increase in cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with lower perceived stress (Wmax: β = − 0.158, 95% CI − 0.312 to − 0.003; VO2peak: β = − 0.220, 95% CI − 0.395 to − 0.044) and depressive symptoms (Wmax: β = − 0.216, 95% CI − 0.371 to − 0.061; VO2peak: β = − 0.257, 95% CI − 0.433 to − 0.080).
Conclusions
Higher levels of motor fitness in childhood and adolescence were associated with better cognition in adolescence. Higher levels of and larger increases in cardiorespiratory fitness from childhood to adolescence were associated with better mental health in adolescence.
... This task has a high internal consistency test-retest reliability (Cronbach α: 0.85-0.93; Abdel-Khalek, 2005). The T A B L E 1 Characteristics of the dyslexic and control groups (means and standard deviations). ...
Many studies have highlighted short-term memory (STM) impairment in dyslexic individuals. Several studies showed deficits for both item and serial order aspects of verbal STM in dyslexic individuals. These group-based studies, however, do not inform us about the prevalence of these deficits and, importantly, their potential heterogeneity at the individual level. The present study examined both group-level and individual STM profiles in dyslexic and age-matched non-dyslexic children. While confirming previous group-based results of both item and serial order STM deficits, individual analyses indicated two distinct profiles: one profile was associated with verbal item STM and phonological impairment while another profile showed selective serial STM deficits in both verbal and visual domains. Our results highlight the need for practitioners to consider the heterogeneous nature of STM impairment in dyslexia and to adapt STM and reading treatment strategies accordingly.
... After eliciting a brief history, each participant was administered a battery of neurocognitive tests by a single psychologist, that included the Mini-Mental Status Examination Score (MMSE Score), [14] Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), [15] Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWA), [16] and Post Graduate Institute Memory Scale Tests (PGI MS). [17] The MMSE score was used to assess global cognitive function, the SPM test was used to assess abstract reasoning (executive function) and the COWA test was used to assess verbal fluency (language function) in the study population. ...
Introduction
South Asia has noted an increasing prevalence of obesity and employment of bariatric surgery (BS) procedures. Prior studies have shown improvement in memory, executive function and attention, after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) operation in the Western population. However, there is a scarcity of data on cognitive improvement following BS in a non-Western population.
Objective
The objective of the study is to evaluate changes in cognitive functions of patients with severe obesity, after BS.
Study Setting
Tertiary-care Academic Center, India.
Methodology
A prospective study of patients undergoing BS was conducted. Specific neurocognitive tests (Mini-mental Status Examination, Standard progressive matrices, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, and Post Graduate Institute Memory Scale test) were used to assess cognitive status at baseline (preoperatively), and at 3, 6, and 12 months.
Results
Fifty-three patients were enrolled in the study, out of which 50 had completed 1 year of follow-up at the time of analysis ( n = 50). Thirty-six patients (72%) were females. The median age was 42 years, and the mean preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 45.5 ± 6.3 kg/m ² . 40 patients underwent SG, while 10 underwent RYGB procedure. At baseline, the study cohort had impairment of abstract reasoning, attention, and verbal retention, as compared to normative data. At 1 year after surgery, the mean BMI was 29.1 ± 2.6 kg/m ² . There was a significant ( P < 0.05 ) improvement in most cognitive domains (global cognitive functioning, abstract reasoning, attention/concentration, and memory function). However, improvement in language function was not found to be significant across the follow-up duration of 12 months ( P = 0.35).
Conclusions
Individuals with severe obesity experience baseline impairment in cognitive functions. Similar to results from the Western population, BS (RYGB and SG) results in a significant improvement in multiple cognitive domains even in a non-Western population.
... The Pattern Recognition items were Raven's Progressive Matrices drawn from a public sample on the Internet. While there are no published test-retest results for these particular sets of items, this research typically has test-retest reliability of between 0.70 and 0.85 (e.g., Abdel-Khalek, 2005;Raven, Raven, & Court, 2000). While results for the measures of individual CT practices are considerably lower than what is indicated in prior literature, the finding for the aggregated CT measure in the Zoombinis sample indicate strong test-retest reliability. ...
Background and Context: The Inclusive Assessment of Computational Thinking (CT) designed for accessibility and learner variability was studied in over 50 classes in US schools (grades 3-8). Objective: The validation studies of IACT sampled thousands of students to establish IACT’s construct and concurrent validity as well as test-retest reliability. Method: IACT items for each CT practice were correlated to examine construct validity. The CT pre-measures were correlated with post-measures to examine test-retest reliability. The CT post-measures were correlated with external measures to examine concurrent validity. Findings: IACT studies showed moderate evidence of test-retest reliability and concurrent validity and low to moderate evidence of construct validity for an aggregated measure of CT, but weaker validity and reliability evidence for individual CT practices. These findings were similar for students with and without IEPs or 504s. Implications: IACT is the first CT tool for grades 3-8 that has been validated in a large-scale study among students with and without IEPs or 504s. While improvements are needed for stronger validity, it is a promising start.
... This instrument has been validated and reliable. (Abdel-Khalek, 2005;Bildiren, 2017). The outputs of these instruments are grades consisting of 1 to 5 with different value ranges between SPM and CPM. ...
The shallot cropping pattern applied by farmers in the village of Pasir Demak is very likely to cause pollution. Pesticide contamination in pregnant women in the first trimester (3 months) can result in fetal death, low birth weight, and impaired intelligence (IQ). Preliminary research conducted in 2016 found that elementary schooler who came from Pasir Village, Demak had low learning achievement. It was an observational study with a cross-sectional approach; the respondents were Elementary Schooler grades 4, 5, and 6 (107 people) and the mothers of the students (107 people). Thus, the total respondents were 214 people. The IQ assessment instrument used the SPM and CPM instruments. The level of pesticide poisoning from the mother was to measure blood Cholin Esterase levels using a tintometer, the data were then statistically analyzed using Chi Square and Odd Ratio for risk factors. There were significant differences on the level of intelligence of children including the planting system p=0.002; room area p=0.047; ventilation area p=0.041; type of pesticide p=0.001; spraying before harvest p=0.007; spraying after harvest p=0.008; storage place for crop yields p=0.039, while the variables that did not show significant difference were the playing environment p=0.848; gestational age p=0.190; contact to pesticides p=0.105 and age p=0.418. Pesticide contamination in pregnant women in the 1st trimester which the time to process formation and development of the brain in the Temporal lobe and Frontal lobe will experience impaired learning and memory (IQ). Keywords : Elementary schooler; Pesticide exposure; Level of intelligence.
هدفت الدراسة لمعرفة صلاحية اختبار المصفوفات المتتابعة العادي للاستخدام مع الفئة العمرية (38 -50 ) بمنطقة الجبل الأخضر. طبق الاختبار على عينة مكونة من (520) مفحوصا(260 ذكراٌ ،260 انثى)، تم اختيارها بالطريقة الطبقية العشوائية. لقد استخدام برنامج الحزم الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية ( SPSS ) في التحليل الاحصائي في الدراسة الحالية، وقد تم حساب معاملات الثبات باستخدام طريقة (معادلة ألفا لكرونباخ كودر- ريتشاردسون 20 (KR-20) لكل من الذكور و الأناث كل على حدة في كل مرحلة عمرية وكذلك للعينة الكلية وقد بينت النتائج تمتع الاختبار بدرجة جيدة من الثبات حيث تراوحت قيم معاملات الثبات ألفا لمجموعات الاختبار بين (.801) مع عينة الذكور في عمر (41) سنة الى (.957) مع العينة الذكور لعمر 48 سنة، وعند استخدام طريقة التجزئة النصفية (سبيرمان وبراون) لإيجاد ثبات الاختبار تبعاً لنوع (ذكور- اناث) و للأعمار الزمنية وللعينة الكلية قد بيّنت النتائج أن قيم معاملات الثبات تتراوحت ما بين (849.) في عينة الاناث لعمر 47 سنة الى ( .979) للعينة الاناث لعمر 38 سنة. وعن صدق اختبار SPM فقد بيّنت نتائج التحليل العاملي أن مجموعات الاختبار* الخمسة تكون عاملا واحدا فقط هو القدرة العقلية العامة كما وضحت النتائج تمتع الاختبار بصدق البناء (الاتساق الداخلي لكل مجموعة فرعية مع الدرجة الكلية للاختبار، وعن تمتع هذه المجموعات والدرجة الكلية للاختبار بصدق التكوين الفرضي وذلك باختيار متغير المستوى التعليمي كمحك خارجي، وكذلك كانت معاملات الصدق الذاتي قيم كبيرة ومرتفعة تشير بقوة إلى الصدق الذاتي لدرجات مجموعات الاختبار والدرجة الكلية.
Background
High-frequency deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been known to be effective in modulating emotional experience but not studied in children and adolescents with externalizing behavior disorders (EBDs). We present a novel protocol for a study that aims to assess the safety and efficacy of adjuvant dTMS in managing emotional dysregulation in EBDs in children and adolescents.
Methods
The trial is prospectively registered in the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) at www.ctri.nic.in with registration number: CTRI/2023/03/050701. In total, 40 subjects with age less than 18 years with EBDs would be randomized into two groups (active and sham dTMS); receiving 15 sessions of high-frequency dTMS, each, over 3 weeks. The subjects and rater would remain blind to treatment allocation. Assessments would be done at baseline and immediately after completion of the treatment using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Difficulty in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS), Affective Reactivity Index (ARI), Barratt’s Impulsivity Scale (BIS), Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST), Children Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). A checklist for side effects will be administered following each session in both groups.
Result
Data shall be analyzed utilizing the statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences for outcome variables as defined for the purpose of the study. Safety of dTMS in young subjects as assessed by TMSens_Q and reduction in scores of DERS would be primary outcome variables. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) task-based assessment of the difference in activation of mPFC and ACC at baseline and after application of dTMS and reduction in scores of BIS, ARI, MOAS, CGI, and CGAS would be measured as secondary outcome variables.
Conclusion
The study’s results are going to provide insight into potential role of dTMS in addressing emotional dysregulation in EBDs in children and adolescents adding one more tool to the armamentarium.
Specific psychometric parameters of the Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) for Egyptian undergraduate 205 males and 247 females were investigated. The 1 wk retest reliability was 0.82 (n = 44). A clear and high loaded factor was extracted from the 5 sets, indicating high internal consistency. The factor analysis of the SPM total score and 4 subtests of Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities, that is, verbal comprehension, number, space, and inductive reasoning, yielded a general and high loaded factor, on which the SPM saturation is 0.77. This denotes significant and high concurrent validity. The mean score of Egyptian males was quite similar to that of British males, however, the mean score for the females was somewhat low. It is concluded that the SPM is a viable tool in the Egyptian context.