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Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam War veterans
Abstract
Little information exists on the contribution of psychological strengths to well-being in persons with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data from other populations suggest that gratitude, defined as the positive experience of thankfulness for being the recipient of personal benefits, may have salutary effects on everyday functioning. We investigated whether dispositional gratitude predicted daily hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in combat veterans with and without PTSD. We also examined associations between daily gratitude and daily well-being across time. Veterans with PTSD, compared to those without PTSD, exhibited significantly lower dispositional gratitude; no differences were found on daily gratitude. Dispositional gratitude predicted greater daily positive affect, percentage of pleasant days over the assessment period, daily intrinsically motivating activity, and daily self-esteem over and above effects attributable to PTSD severity and dispositional negative and positive affect in the PTSD group but not the non-PTSD group. Daily gratitude was uniquely associated with each dimension of daily well-being in both groups. Although preliminary, these results provide support for the further investigation of gratitude in trauma survivors.
... The present study revealed significant gender differences in gratitude, with women scoring higher than men. Regarding the Greek cultural context, this finding is consistent with previous studies which indicate that women are more likely to experience, express and embrace gratitude (Gordon et al., 2011;Kashdan et al., 2006;Yue et al., 2017). It is suggested that men are less practiced at expressing emotions in the context of socializing and less willing to express softer emotions such as gratitude (Kashdan et al., 2006). ...
... Regarding the Greek cultural context, this finding is consistent with previous studies which indicate that women are more likely to experience, express and embrace gratitude (Gordon et al., 2011;Kashdan et al., 2006;Yue et al., 2017). It is suggested that men are less practiced at expressing emotions in the context of socializing and less willing to express softer emotions such as gratitude (Kashdan et al., 2006). On the other hand, women are more aware of their emotions, and they experience and express them more intensively and frequently than men (Barrett et al., 2000;Ciarrochi et al., 2005;Naito et al., 2005;Simon & Nath, 2004). ...
... In Greece, age seems to have an impact on individuals' gratitude, as they become more grateful as they are getting older. Studies on the association between chronological age and trait gratitude have found both positive and null associations (Kern et al., 2016;Kashdan et al., 2006;Wood et al., 2008). The Socioemotional Selectivity Theory could provide an explanation. ...
Gratitude is a psychological notion that has been associated with numerous beneficial outcomes for individuals and communities. The Short Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (S-GRAT), one of the most widely used measure to detect trait gratitude, comprises three subscales that assess lack of a sense of deprivation, appreciation for simple pleasures, and appreciation of others. The present study tested the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the S-GRAT scale. Using a sample of 681 adults from the general population and a smaller separate sample of fifty individuals we found that the scale demonstrated good internal consistency and high test-retest reliability. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the original three-dimensional scale structure. Convergent and discriminant validity tests found S-GRAT-Gr total score was significantly correlated with Agreeableness, Intellect, Extraversion, Emotional Stability and Conscientiousness. S-GRAT-Gr also had positive correlations with the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), the Subjective Happiness Scale and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. S-GRAT-Gr score was found to have a unique impact on Life Satisfaction and Happiness beyond the basic taxonomies of personality and also beyond the GQ-6. Results indicate that the Greek version of the Revised Short Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test (S-GRAT-Gr) is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing dispositional gratitude in the Greek context.
... Being the recipient of thankfulness, recognition and obtaining personal benefits from the society may have salutary effects on everyday functioning of war veterans. Dispositional gratitude predicted greater daily positive affect, percentage of pleasant days over the assessment period, daily intrinsically motivating activity, and daily self-esteem over and above effects attributable to PTSD severity and dispositional negative and positive affect in the PTSD group but not the non-PTSD group (Kashdan et al., 2006). ...
... This paper raised awareness of the social implications of cyber volunteers during and after conflicts, discussed what difficulties cyber veterans might face in their reintegration and explored the types of support programmes that should be developed to benefit their transition. As the cyber domain lacks similar visibility to the physical domain, it requires more effort from the media and societies to recognize the contribution of the cyber professionals, with and without uniform, as recognition and thankfulness have been shown to have salutary effects on the everyday functioning of veterans (Kashdan et al., 2006). ...
Battles in the cyber domain often lack visibility compared to the physical domain, which can lead to insufficient appreciation of its actors’ achievements by the general public and society. Nonetheless, it has become a crucial area of modern warfare in which cyber professionals defend the nation’s critical infrastructure, support other military operations and achieve military objectives that could not be attained in other domains. Although cyber combatants might not have as high a risk of injury or death as those on the front lines, they still can face traumatic events and suffer from the same types of issues after the war as any other veteran. Earlier studies on war veterans have shown they have elevated risks of mental health issues, substance use, social problems and financial difficulties which might push some individuals towards a path of crime. The cyber domain is also not limited by time or place, which has given rise to cyber volunteerism in which skilled individuals around the globe decide to assist their own country or friendly nations. This publication aims to identify the challenges cyber veterans might face when transitioning back to civilian life and develop appropriate strategies to facilitate their reintegration. It also raises the awareness of the hundreds of thousands of volunteers who can develop similar problems after the war. Without proper awareness, support and dialogue, some of these individuals can also drift towards harmful social implications such as cybercrime.
... In contrast, experimental inductions of gratitude cause positive emotions, perceptions of the self as a blessed recipient of acts of a generous other, and increased prosocial approach motivations (Emmons & McCullough, 2003;Tsang & Martin, 2019). Gratitude was linked to lower PTSD in college women (Vernon et al., 2009) and predicted higher well-being in combat veterans (Kashdan et al., 2006). No studies have examined gratitude in trafficked women, who might find few reasons to be thankful. ...
... Generalization of results to trafficked women remains preliminary due to sample size, although effects were present even when controlling for group samples. Trait gratitude predicted higher well-being, as hypothesized, echoing other samples (Israel-Cohen et al., 2015;Kashdan et al., 2006). However, trait gratitude did not buffer the effects of PTSD. ...
Background: One might expect women experiencing the traumas and stigma of sex trafficking to report not only posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and poor well-being but also few opportunities for gratitude or upliftment. Alternatively, even amidst challenging circumstances, strengths and resilience may exist. However, no studies have investigated positive moral emotions such as feeling grateful or morally elevated in the lives of trafficked women—the aim of this study. Method: Women recruited from drop-in shelters for trafficked persons (n = 16) participated in qualitative interviews about experiences of gratitude and elevation. They also completed validated measures of PTSD, trait gratitude, trait elevation, and well-being. College women (n = 50) served as a control group for between-group comparisons and total-sample quantitative analyses. Results: In interviews, sex-trafficked women identified sources of gratitude for relational, practical, and spiritual resources in their lives, and even for lessons learned from unhealthy relationships. Witnessing altruistic behavior was the most frequent source of elevation, which in turn was described as eliciting motivation toward prosocial behavior and personal growth. As expected, sex-trafficked women reported much higher PTSD than controls, but they did not report lower trait gratitude or elevation. Total-sample analyses suggested that while PTSD symptoms predicted lower well-being, trait gratitude predicted higher well-being, and trait elevation dampened the negative effects of PTSD on well-being. Implications: Overall, findings attest to both significant trauma and resilience in trafficked women, with moral emotions as possible sources of resilience in general.
... For veterans, the same PTSS that disrupt their sense of meaning might discourage their disposition toward gratitude. Supporting this assertion, previous research suggests that PTSS are associated with lower levels of gratitude (Kashdan et al., 2006), and lower levels of gratitude are linked to suicidal ideation (McGuire et al., 2022). ...
... Here, we found a pathway from more severe PTSS to lessened meaning in life and gratitude and, in turn, more experiences of suicidal ideation in the total sample. To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined deficits in meaning in life and gratitude as mechanisms of this association among veterans transitioning from military to civilian life despite research showing that each of these factors is negatively associated with PTSS and suicidal ideation in this group (e.g., Fischer et al., 2020Fischer et al., , 2023Kashdan et al., 2006;McGuire et al., 2022). Indeed, these findings align with research suggesting that positive emotional experiences may be feared and avoided among individuals with PTSS (Contractor et al., 2021;Litz et al., 2000;Roemer et al., 2001;Weiss et al., 2018). ...
Military veterans experience higher rates of suicidal ideation compared to nonveteran populations. Importantly, suicidal ideation often precedes and predicts fatal and nonfatal suicide attempts, and thus it is critical to better understand factors that increase risk for suicidal ideation to inform suicide prevention efforts in this population. One key predictor of suicidal ideation is exposure to traumatic experiences and their sequelae, particularly posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). However, little work has explored how deficits in well‐being contribute to this association among veterans. We tested two aspects of well‐being—meaning in life and gratitude—as potential mechanisms underlying the pathway from PTSS to suicidal ideation among 7,388 men and women veterans who recently separated from service. A parallel mediation analysis revealed significant paths from more severe PTSS to more frequent suicidal ideation through diminished meaning in life, B = 0.005, SE = 0.001, 95% CI [0.004, 0.007], and gratitude, B = 0.001, SE = 0.001, 95% CI [< 0.001, 0.002]. Gender differences were also observed. Although the results related to meaning in life appeared to replicate across gender, pathways involving gratitude differed among men and women. Overall, our findings suggest that helping veterans build meaning and appreciation in everyday life may be a proactive and holistic approach to suicide prevention.
... −0.46]) 43 . Furthermore, gratitude interventions had a medium effect on anxiety symptoms 42 , and have been applicated in reducing anxiety symptoms in the clinical sample, such as anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder [44][45][46] . The underlying mechanism might be that gratitude allows people to explain various stimuli and life events in positive terms instead of selectively focusing on the negative aspects of the self and the world 39 . ...
... And the finding that gratitude plays a negative partial mediation role between satisfaction with government management and anxiety not only extends the association between life satisfaction and gratitude 47,48 but also has the potential clinical implication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Substantial empirical research reported the effectiveness of gratitude interventions in reducing anxiety symptoms 42,[44][45][46] . Gratitude and mindfulness are related abilities 83,84 , and indeed a recent study did show that mindfulness-based stress reduction protocol can support psychological well-being during the COVID-19 lockdown 85 . ...
In this study, we explored whether satisfaction with government management, perception of risk, and gratitude influenced public anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Using a cross-sectional, anonymous and confidential online survey, a nationwide sample of Chinese adults (N = 876) was targeted between March 25–March 30, 2020, a period in which newly confirmed cases significantly declined in China. The anxiety level was decreased as compared to that assessed during the peak period. Multiple parallel mediation modeling demonstrated that risk perception and gratitude partially mediated the relationship between satisfaction with government management and public anxiety. Increasing satisfaction and gratitude, as well as reducing risk perception contribute to the public’s mental health. The results may shed light on the positive factors for psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and may aid potential strategies for the policy maker, the public, and the clinic to regulate negative emotions or future emerging infectious diseases.
... Gratitude has been described as an orientation or disposition where one is attuned to and appreciative of the positive aspects of life, leading an individual to experience positive feelings and engage in prosocial attributions and behaviors (Elosúa, 2015;McCullough et al., 2002;Wood et al., 2010). Gratitude has been associated with more positive daily and social functioning traits (Kashdan et al., 2006;Wood et al., 2009), life satisfaction (Emmons & McCullough, 2003;McCullough et al., 2004), selfesteem (Kashdan et al., 2006), and lower psychopathology symptoms and stress levels (Kendler et al., 2003;McCullough et al., 2004). Notably, it has also been adaptive in one's recovery of adversity and trauma, where victims with high gratitude are able to focus on the upsides of the experiences and derive meaning and appreciation from them during and postrecovery (Wood et al., 2010). ...
... Gratitude has been described as an orientation or disposition where one is attuned to and appreciative of the positive aspects of life, leading an individual to experience positive feelings and engage in prosocial attributions and behaviors (Elosúa, 2015;McCullough et al., 2002;Wood et al., 2010). Gratitude has been associated with more positive daily and social functioning traits (Kashdan et al., 2006;Wood et al., 2009), life satisfaction (Emmons & McCullough, 2003;McCullough et al., 2004), selfesteem (Kashdan et al., 2006), and lower psychopathology symptoms and stress levels (Kendler et al., 2003;McCullough et al., 2004). Notably, it has also been adaptive in one's recovery of adversity and trauma, where victims with high gratitude are able to focus on the upsides of the experiences and derive meaning and appreciation from them during and postrecovery (Wood et al., 2010). ...
Worsened by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, first-year college students face unique academic and social stressors during the transitional period from high school to college. The present study examined the role of psychological resources (i.e., hope, gratitude, and COVID-19 protective self-efficacy) in mitigating the negative psychological impact of the pandemic. Four hundred seventy-six first-year college students (Mage = 17.97, SD = .59; 70.8% female) from a large private university in New York completed two online surveys during the first and seventh week of the Fall 2020 academic semester, respectively. We found that gratitude, hope, and COVID-19 protective self-efficacy were associated with improved psychological well-being over time. Our findings suggest that hope mitigated the detrimental consequences of those with low levels of COVID-19 protective self-efficacy. Specifically, first-year college students with low levels of COVID-19 protective self-efficacy and low levels of hope experienced greater loneliness over time. In contrast, we found that gratitude enhanced the benefits of having high levels of COVID-19 protective self-efficacy. Among those with high levels of gratitude, COVID-19 protective self-efficacy was associated with lower depressive symptoms over time, but this relationship was not significant among those with low levels of gratitude. Hope mitigated the detrimental consequences of those with low levels of COVID-19 protective self-efficacy, while gratitude enhanced the ameliorative effects of those with high levels of COVID-19 protective self-efficacy. One limitation of the present study is the generalizability of the sample to first-year college students from other educational settings and geographic regions. Implications for college students and university administrators are discussed.
... Gratitude is often operationally defined as a trait, a relatively stable or slowly changing construct, and it has consistently been associated with better well-being across a broad range of indices (Deichert et al., 2019;Portocarrero et al., 2020;Rash et al., 2011;Watkins et al., 2004). There is a growing recognition that gratitude differs not only between individuals but also within people, as shown by time-sampling studies, with intraindividual changes and variation documented across college, veteran, and adult lifespan samples (Jiang, 2020;Kashdan et al., 2006;Krejtz et al., 2016;Nezlek et al., 2017Nezlek et al., , 2019. For example, a timesampling study with older adults found that individuals reported less loneliness and better self-rated health on days when more gratitude was reported (Bartlett & Arpin, 2019). ...
... Finally, meta-analytic evidence shows that associations between gratitude and subjective well-being indicators (e.g., life satisfaction) were stronger among older adults than younger adults (Portocarrero et al., 2020). Notably, most previous work on age differences in gratitude assessed gratitude as a relatively stable construct, whereas evidence from young, middle-aged, and lifespan samples shows that intraindividual fluctuations in everyday gratitude may be more strongly associated with well-being than interindividual differences in gratitude (Jiang, 2020;Kashdan et al., 2006). Higher resolution studies with repeated daily life assessments might shed light on these incongruencies. ...
Everyday gratitude may shape affect intensity, particularly during challenging times like a pandemic. A group of 140 community-dwelling Canadian participants ( M age = 40.49 years, range: 18–83; 80% women) provided up to 10 days of daily gratitude and affect ratings during the first pandemic wave. Multilevel models show that everyday gratitude was associated with higher positive affect and lower negative affect, independent of age; age was positively correlated with the number of social gratitude events. Participants reported lower negative affect if a social gratitude event involved more than less diverse social partners. The findings point to the merit of examining time-varying associations in gratitude as a potential resource for everyday affect across the adult lifespan.
... To test the day-to-day relation between gratitude and well-being, some researchers have used the daily diary method which captures the daily fluctuations of variables and studies behaviors and experiences in a natural context (Reis et al., 2014). For instance, Kashdan et al. (2006) found that daily gratitude was positively linked with daily HWB and daily EWB in veterans. However, this study failed to investigate the lagged effects. ...
... First, we tested the same-day associations of daily HWB and daily EWB with daily gratitude. Because the converging evidence indicated that daily gratitude had a positive same-day relation with daily well-being (e.g., Kashdan et al., 2006), we assumed that gratitude would be positively correlated with both HWB and EWB at the same-day level. ...
Preceding research has demonstrated the positive relation between gratitude and well-being at the trait level, but less is known about the day-to-day association between them. This study investigated the within-person associations of gratitude with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being using a daily diary design. A sample of 363 young adults (M = 19.77, SD = 1.84) finished an online questionnaire once a day for 14 consecutive days. The results indicated that gratitude was positively related to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being on the same day, and gratitude positively predicted next-day hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, but not vice versa. We also found the reciprocal relation between the cognitive component of daily hedonic well-being (i.e., life satisfaction) and daily gratitude measured by the Gratitude Questionnaire. Moreover, these cross-lagged relations were not moderated by trait gratitude. These results provide supportive and convincing evidence for the positive effect of gratitude at the state level.
... There is also evidence of buffering effects on PTSD among adults. Kashdan et al. (2006) found that trait gratitude was lower among veterans with PTSD than those without PTSD, that it predicted greater daily well-being during the study beyond the effects attributable to PTSD severity and trait affect in PTSD veterans (not in non-PTSD veterans), and that daily gratitude was also uniquely related with all daily well-being indicators in both groups. Therefore, overall, gratitude seems to be associated with a constructive mindset that is helpful for individuals who are striving toward goals, dealing with adverse health conditions, and even traumatic events. ...
... The findings above indicate some healthy social effects of gratitude, but studies indicate other mechanisms or mediators through which gratitude may benefit people's mental health, well-being, and relationships. Grateful people experience greater positive emotions like joy, hope, love, and zest, and fewer destructive emotions like envy, greed, and resentment (Kashdan et al., 2006;McCullough et al., 2002;Watkins et al., 2003). Gratitude contributes to feelings of connection, satisfaction, and commitment in romantic relationships (Algoe, 2012) and marital relationships (Gordon et al., 2011). ...
Gratitude has been recognized as virtuous for centuries, but steady psychological research only emerged in the last few decades. Ample evidence has accumulated in a short time that gratitude is associated with better mental health outcomes—in terms of less mental illness and more psychological well-being. This article opens with a broad view of gratitude in terms of its implications for human development. Then we summarize empirical findings on gratitude's advantages to the functioning and well-being of youth and adults. We propose that gratitude fosters mental health and well-being because it is linked to many aspects of positive functioning and because it engages various mechanisms to benefit well-being. In conclusion, gratitude may instill many positive habits for people of various ages to be happy and flourish.
... Indeed, strength-based therapeutic traditions, including positive psychotherapy techniques, that capitalize on positive resources (e.g., meaning, character strengths, positive emotions, gratitude, forgiveness, hope) have been shown to enhance posttrauma well-being (Rashid, 2015). For instance, in a daily diary study on veterans with PTSD, Kashdan et al. (2006) found that gratitude predicted more positive affect and self-esteem; such results are consistent with a meta-analytical review indicating negative associations between gratitude and PTSD (Richardson & Gallagher, 2021). In another study on veterans diagnosed with PTSD who received cognitive processing therapy, Gilman et al. (2012) found that more hope endorsed by veterans was linked to fewer PTSD symptoms across treatment. ...
... Future research would benefit from conducting a component analyses to examine which of the VAST and/or behavioral elements of PPMT have the greatest effect on symptom change across treatment. Indeed, we know that the experience of positive emotions, values, thoughts, strengths, and behaviors (as distinct construct) is linked to improved well-being (Gilman et al., 2012;Kashdan et al., 2006;Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013;Rashid, 2015). Our findings also provide an impetus to utilizing briefer interventions as well as experimental paradigms to examine potential mechanisms of change that may influence PTSD symptom change across time. ...
Procesos afectivos positivos y síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático: hallazgos de un estudio piloto abierto y no controlado utilizando la técnica de procesamiento de la memoria positiva
Recientemente, una técnica de procesamiento de recuerdos positivos (PPMT) de cinco sesiones fue propuesta como una nueva intervención para el trastorno de estrés postraumático (PTSD). Un supuesto resultado y supuesto mecanismo que subyace a los efectos de la PPMT en el PTSD es el mejorado de los procesos de afecto positivo. En este estudio piloto no controlado, examinamos si el PPMT se asoció con disminuciones en la gravedad del PTSD; y si cambios en los niveles de afecto positivo, la reactividad y la desregulación relacionada con los cambios en la severidad de PTSD entre sesiones. La muestra incluyó a 16 participantes expuestos al trauma que buscaban servicios en una Clínica Universitaria de Psicología (Media de edad = 27,44 años; 68,80% mujeres). Los modelos de crecimiento lineal multinivel examinaron los efectos principales de cada variable de afecto positivo y sus interacciones con el tiempo en la gravedad del PTSD. La gravedad del PTSD disminuyó en el tratamiento de PPMT en cada modelo (bs = 0,43 a 0,33; d = 0,03; ps, 0,001– .008). Hubo un efecto principal de la desregulación de las emociones positivas (b = 1,16, d = 0,11; p = 0,009), pero no de niveles de afecto positivo (p = 0,821) o reactividad (p = 0,356) sobre la gravedad de PTSD. Sin embargo, los procesos de afecto positivo no modificaron la trayectoria de la gravedad del PTSD a lo largo del tratamiento. Con respecto a los grupos de síntomas del PTSD, hubo una interacción entre los niveles de afecto positivo y el tiempo sobre las alteraciones en la gravedad de grupos de activación y la reactividad (AAR; b = 0,01, p = 0,036); individuos con niveles de afecto positivo 1 DE por encima de la media (b = .18, p , .01) y en la media (b = .10, p = .01) tuvieron mayores disminuciones en la gravedad del grupo AAR a lo largo del tratamiento en comparación con individuos con niveles de afecto positivo 1 SD por debajo de la media (b = .02, p = .710). Los hallazgos sugieren que el PPMT puede estar relacionada con la mejorada de los síntomas del PTSD; y que los niveles de afecto positivo/ la desregulación puede ser un objetivo valioso para futuras investigaciones.
... Rasa syukur dan emosi seperti rasa empati, welas asih, rasa bersalah dan rasa malu berada pada kategori yang sama. Kashdan et al., (2006) menyatakan empati muncul saat seseorang mempunyai kesempatan untuk bereaksi terhadap kejadian buruk yang terjadi pada individu lain. Rasa bersalah dan rasa malu muncul saat individu lalai mengerjakan kewajibannya, disisi lain rasa syukur terjadi saat seseorang mendapatkan welas asih (Emmons, 2007). ...
... Rasa syukur merupakan keutamaan yang mengarahkan individu dalam meraih kehidupan yang lebih baik. Individu yang bersyukur akan memiliki sikap hidup yang lebih optimis (Kashdan et al., 2006)Te. muan konsep rasa syukur pada penelitian ini relevan teori eudaimonik yang mendasarkan pada tujuan konstitutif, yaitu adanya aktivitas kolektif dan relasi yang baik dengan sesama (Fowers & Owenz, 2010). ...
Fokus penelitian ini adalah pengujian validitas konstrak dengan menggunakan analisis faktorial dengan menggunakan analisa faktor eksploratori, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisa faktor konfirmatori. Analisa faktor eksploratori bertujuan untuk mengurangi jumlah aitem dalam skala sehingga aitem yang tersisa memaksimalkan varians dan reliabilitas alat ukur serta mengidentifikasi aspek-aspek potensial yang menjelaskan konstruk. Jadi analisis faktor eksploratori ditujukan untuk mengetahui muatan faktor yang besar yang ada dalam satu faktor dan tidak pada faktro lain. Analisis faktor konfirmatori bertujuan untuk melihat faktor yang digunakan atau ditetapkan untuk menyusun suatu konstruk benar-benar fit dan bersifat independensi satu sama lain. Jadi analisis faktor konfirmatori pada dasarnya digunakan untuk menguji sebuah konsep, serta menguji validitas konstrak suatu alat ukur. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 204 subjek. Analisis data dilakukan melalui SPSS untuk analisis faktor eksploratori dan SEM untuk analisis faktor konfirmatori. Hasil analisis eksploratori menunjukkan bila ada empat aspek/komponen yang terbentuk, yang memiliki eigen values diatas satu dan mampu menjelaskan 57,768% variasi. Kemudian dilakukan analisa faktor dengan memasukkan dua aspek/komponen sesuai dengan aspek yang ada pada teori. Hasil menunjukkan dua aspek ini memiliki eigen values diatas satu dan secara keseluruhan aspek-aspek tersebut mampu menjelaskan 42,740% variasi. Hasil uji analisis faktor konfirmatori menunjukkan nilai CMIN/DF sebesar 1,984 (Fit), nilai GFI sebesar 0,964 (Fit) dan nilai RMSEA sebesar 0,070 (Fit). Nilai matan faktor semua aitem diatas 0,40 (Fit). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsep dan aspek-aspek kesejahteraan subjektif yang diajukan mengukur satu variabel.
Kata Kunci: rasa syukur, analisis faktor eksploratori, analisis faktor konfirmatori
... Gratitude seemed to prevent psychiatric and physical health disorders (Kashdan, Uswatte, & Julian, 2006).Grateful people are less critical, less punishing and more compassionate towards others and self also that buffers in developing psychopathologies (Petrocch i& Couyoumdjian, 2013).It raises feelings of personal happiness and alleviates depression (Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005).People being in a grateful state showed less death anxiety (Lau & Cheng, 2012).Realizing the chief significance of gratitude for an individual and society, we envisioned to probe its benefits for one's mental health by assuming that; ...
The present study was designed to probe the association of gratitude with mental health in adults. It was assumed that gratitude would significantly predict mental health (anxiety, depression, behavior control and positive affect and general distress) in adults. The combination of snowball and respondent-driven sampling was employed to collect data from the residents (n=160) of Faisalabad city. Following inclusive-exclusive criteria for sample selection and research ethics, data was collected using 6-item Gratitude Scale (McCullough, Emmons & Tsang, 2002) and 18-items Mental Health Inventory (Viet& Ware, 1983). Linear regression analysis has depicted gratitude as a significant predictor of mental health (β=.156, t (158) = 1.979, p = .049), of depression (β =-.158, t (158) =-2.005, p = .047) of behavioral control (β=.401, t (158) =5.509, p = .000) and of positive affect (β=.184, t (158) = 6.047, p = .020) in adults. While, gratitude did not seem to predict anxiety (β=-.087, t (158) = 13.091, p = .276) and general distress (β =-.028, t (158) =-.349, p = .728).Conclusion of the present findings is that people who remain grateful for whatever they have been blessed in life, also remain mentally healthy.
... Mindfulness is defined as the ability to intentionally pay attention to and maintain non-judgmental awareness of one's thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations in the present moment [62]. Trait and state mindfulness are associated with higher positive emotion and lower negative emotion [63] and interventions to increase mindfulness have been shown to increase positive emotion [64,65]. ...
Background
The Ryan White Medical Case Management System, which serves more than half of people living with HIV (PLWH) in the USA, is an opportune setting for identifying and addressing depression among PLWH. A growing body of research suggests that interventions that promote positive emotion may lessen symptoms of depression and improve physical and psychological well-being among people experiencing a variety of health-related stress, including living with HIV. Research on how best to integrate standardized mental health screening and referral to evidence-based interventions in Ryan White Medical Case Management settings has the potential to improve the health and wellbeing of PLWH.
Methods
This mixed-methods study will enroll up to N = 300 Ryan White clients who screen positive for depressive symptoms in ORCHID (Optimizing Resilience and Coping with HIV through Internet Delivery), a web-based, self-guided positive emotion regulation intervention. The study will be conducted in 16 Ryan White Medical Case Management clinics in Chicago, IL. Following pre-implementation surveys and interviews with Medical Case Managers (MCMs) and Supervisors to develop an implementation facilitation strategy, we will conduct a hybrid type 2 implementation-effectiveness stepped wedge cluster randomized trial to iteratively improve the screening and referral process via interviews with MCMs in each wedge. We will test the effectiveness of ORCHID on depression and HIV care outcomes for PLWH enrolled in the program. RE-AIM is the implementation outcomes framework and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research is the implementation determinants framework.
Discussion
Study findings have the potential to improve mental health and substance use screening of Ryan White clients, decrease depression and improve HIV care outcomes, and inform the implementation of other evidence-based interventions in the Ryan White Medical Case Management System.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05123144. Trial registered 6/24/2021
... Importantly, our results indicated that grateful people tend to have a more satisfactory life, but also more happiness, in other words, gratitude is beneficial for SWB. Moreover, this ties in with the broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson and Losada, 2005;Kong et al., 2019a,b) and virtuous circle (Morgan et al., 2014;Watkins et al., 2014), and this association can demonstrate that grateful people tend to have a more satisfactory life and emotional well-being (Kashdan et al., 2006;Wood et al., 2008;Geng, 2018;Kong et al., 2019a,b). The second goal of the present study was to examine the mediation role of the general EI (e-factor) and its facets as a potential mediator between gratitude and SWB. ...
Gratitude has proved to be an enhancer of subjective well-being in previous studies. However, studies that linked the relation between emotional intelligence and its facets when interacting with gratitude, are still limited. In this sense, this study examined the mediating roles of emotional intelligence between gratitude and subjective well-being indicators, by introducing the general factor of emotional intelligence. The first approach to data analysis was to examine the descriptive statistics; the second approach consisted of an Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling, applying also a bifactor analysis. Data was collected from 406 Spanish students, through an online survey that includes the gratitude, trait meta mood scale, satisfaction with life and subjective happiness scale. The mean age of participants was 20.27 years (SD = 4.68), whereas 79.5% were females. The results provided preliminary evidence of the mediation role of the general factor of emotional intelligence between gratitude and subjective well-being, which provided a meaningful insight about the role of trait emotional intelligence. These findings suggested that gratitude promotes emotional intelligence, allowing to an increase in subjective well-being. Nonetheless, there is a need for further research to achieve a better understanding of the role of the emotional intelligence facets between gratitude and subjective well-being.
... People with a high gratitude disposition are highly satisfied with their lives [7,8], frequently behaving favorably and pro-socially [9]. In addition, gratitude increases positive emotions and reduces negative emotions [10]. ...
This study delves into the importance and consequences of gratitude promotion programs for South Korean college students. It uses meta-analyses to evaluate the effects of such programs on this demographic, shedding light on their significance and implications. To that end, we selected 11 papers in which 683 persons participated as study subjects, analyzing them using the PRISMA methodology. We observed an overall effect size of 0.6671, categorized as above medium. The effect sizes of the sub-areas were cognitive (d = 1.37), emotional (d = 0.60), and behavioral (d = 0.77), with the cognitive area exhibiting the largest effect size. When categorized by program type, the effect size (d = 0.85) for the program involving gratitude practice and gratitude recording surpassed the effect size (d = 0.77) of the programs where participants solely engaged in gratitude recording. According to program execution durations, the largest effect size (d = 1.61) appeared in the group that executed the program for the longest period of at least 16 weeks. This study highlights the areas where gratitude promotion programs for college students prove to be most effective. These findings offer valuable insights for tailoring and developing gratitude promotion programs in the future.
... To our knowledge, few studies have explored the relationship between daily gratitude and daily wellbeing using a daily diary design. Relevant previous studies showed that daily gratitude can predict daily wellbeing in college students (Nezlek et al., 2017(Nezlek et al., , 2019Thrash et al., 2010), healthy adults (Krejtz et al., 2016) and veterans (Kashdan et al., 2006). To extend these previous findings, our study focused on emerging adults and employed a daily diary design to explore the potential underlying mechanisms of how daily gratitude links to daily well-being. ...
... 54 Another study demonstrated that daily gratitude was positively associated with daily hedonic and eudaimonic well-being of Vietnam war veterans. 55 Similarly, scholars also found that experimentally induced gratitude resulted in higher satisfaction with life in a high gratitude compared to a low gratitude condition. 56 Thus, we posit that after receiving profession-related support, more grateful TFNUS will have stronger intrinsic motivation for teaching. ...
Background
Tuition-free normal university students (TFNUS) have become an important group in Chinese normal university. The subjective well-being of TFNUS not only affects their own mental health, and decisions to stay in the teaching profession, but also can significantly influence their future student’s perception of stress, learning motivation and academic achievement. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between positive factors and TFNUS’s subjective well-being and the underlying mechanism and boundary condition. The purpose of this study is to examine whether, how and when profession-related support from different sources influences TFNUS’s subjective well-being.
Methods
Based on the Conservation of Resource Theory and Self-Determination Theory, a time-lagged design was used to collect two wave data (N=526), and we use dominance analysis to examine the relative importance of profession-related support from significant others (eg, government, teachers, and parents) in relation to subjective well-being among Chinese tuition-free normal university students, and propose a moderated mediation model to reveal the mediating (intrinsic motivation for teaching) and moderating (dispositional gratitude) effects of this relation.
Results
Profession-related government, teacher, and parent support were all positively related to subjective well-being, in a descending order of relative importance were as follows: teacher, parent and government. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation for teaching mediated the relationship between profession-related support and subjective well-being. In addition, dispositional gratitude only moderated the relationship between two sources (teacher and parent, respectively) of profession-related support and intrinsic motivation for teaching. Moreover, dispositional gratitude moderated the strength of the indirect effect of profession-related teacher support and parent support on subjective well-being (through intrinsic motivation for teaching), and the mediated relationship was stronger for those with high (vs low) dispositional gratitude.
Conclusion
The profession-related support had positive direct effect on tuition-free normal university students’ subjective well-being, as well as indirect effect through intrinsic motivation for teaching. Dispositional gratitude moderated the relationship between of profession-related teacher, parent support and intrinsic motivation for teaching, and the strength of the indirect effect of this support on subjective well-being.
... However, positive psychology-based (PPB) interventions or activities may be effective strategies for enhancing caregiver well-being, while attenuating negative symptoms associated with care burden (Seligman et al., 2006). PPB activities have been developed to improve health (e.g., physical, mental, social) and well-being through wellstudied constructs e.g., positive daily reflection (Seligman et al., 2005(Seligman et al., , 2006, gratitude (Cohn et al., 2014;Emmons and McCullough, 2003;Kashdan et al., 2006;Moskowitz et al., 2012), savoring (Bryant, 1989). Simple, intentional, and routinely practiced strategies aimed at enhancing positive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors have been shown to be effective and highly scalable (Carr et al., 2021;Emmons and McCullough, 2003;Hassett and Finan, 2016;Sin and Lyubomirsky, 2009). ...
Background
Positive psychology-based (PPB) activities have been under-researched in cancer caregiving.
Objective
This study investigated caregiver: (1) attitudes toward using PPB activities while caregiving; and (2) characteristics associated with these attitudes.
Methods
Secondary analyses of a cross-sectional survey were conducted in a national caregiver sample of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients. Survey items assessed caregivers’ likelihood of engaging in six PPB activities. Hierarchical regression was performed and potential predictors of PPB activity use (e.g., technology familiarity, coping style, caregiving duration) were examined.
Results
Most of the N = 948 respondents were White (78.9%), female (65.5%), married (86.7%), employed (78.4%), and college-educated (79.8%). Caregivers favorably disposed to positive activities were younger and female, provided care for 6–12 months and >40 h/week, and used coping styles involving religion and social support.
Conclusions
Our findings provide guidance for development and testing of PPB activities for cancer caregivers.
... There have been many studies that found positive results of gratitude exercises on well-being (eg., Froh et al., 2009;Wood et al., 2008;Chan, 2010;Kerr et al., 2015;Manthey et al., 2016;Seligman et al., 2005). However contradictory to these findings, some studies did not confirm the positive associations between gratitude exercise and well-being (e.g., Gurel, 2008;Henrie, 2007;Kashdan et al., 2006;Ozimkowski, 2008). ...
Previous studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the effectiveness of gratitude exercises on well-being. Several researchers suggested this inconsistency could be due to the frequency of performing the exercise, the type of comparison group used in the study, and due to the presence of some moderators like positive affect, trait gratitude, spirituality, religiosity, etc. Out of these variables, the present study tried to examine the role of spirituality. The present investigation experimentally studied the effect of a 4-week gratitude exercise on the well-being of a sample of working Indian adults while examining spirituality as a moderator. Participants were randomly allotted to the gratitude exercise group and control group, consisting of 60 participants in each group (N = 120). The present study employed a sequential explanatory mixed method. The quantitative results were analyzed using a mixed-design ANOVA. The results found a significant increase in gratitude, satisfaction with life, and positive affect and a significant decrease in the negative affect of participants in the gratitude group at post-exercise and follow-up compared to the control group. Spirituality was found to be a significant moderator as participants with high levels of spirituality benefited the most from the gratitude exercise. For the qualitative part, an interpretative phenomenological analysis was used. Three themes: Experience of performing the gratitude exercise, gratitude expressed towards and, benefits of the exercise were identified which were further categorized under several subthemes. Mixing of the study was done at the interpretation level where qualitative data was used to contextualize the quantitative findings.
... 27 Specifically, people with higher levels of gratitude show higher levels of positive emotion and life satisfaction and lower levels of negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, and jealousy than those with lower levels of gratitude. 24 Gratitude has shown a positive effect on individuals who have experienced severe trauma, 28 and gratitude training reduces physical symptoms and negative emotions and promotes bonding in interpersonal relationships. 29 Gratitude has also been shown to act as a protective factor against psychological stress and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. ...
Objective
This study was conducted to identify factors related to loneliness during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and focused on how the fear of COVID-19 infection affects loneliness and the conditional effect of gratitude as a moderator in the relationship among the fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and loneliness.
Methods
For the analysis of this study, a survey was conducted among 1,500 individuals aged 19 to 69 years living in three metropolitan areas in South Korea. Questionnaires included sociodemographic data, psychological experience and stress associated with COVID-19, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale–7, UCLA Loneliness Scale–3, and Gratitude Questionnaire–6. An analysis was conducted by applying SPSS PROCESS macro models 4 and 7.
Results
First, anxiety mediated the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 infection and loneliness. Second, the effect of the fear of COVID-19 infection on loneliness through anxiety was moderated by gratitude. The higher the gratitude, the more the fear of COVID-19 infection is buffered in the path to anxiety, and the lower the indirect effect on loneliness.
Conclusion
This suggests that in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, interventions for psychological problems such as anxiety and loneliness can be carried out through gratitude, a significant protective variable.
... Gratitude as a positive belief and attitude toward the self, world, and future is incompatible with Beck's negative triad of depression (55). A study of Vietnam War veterans has demonstrated that individuals with PTSD showed significantly lower gratitude than those without PTSD (58). It suggested that interventions to increase gratitude have benefits for individuals with PTSD. ...
Background: With the spread of infectious diseases, especially coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), healthcare workers are vulnerable to mental health problems. Culture-based interventions in such critical situations are highly effective for the individuals in that cultural context.
... Gratitude as a positive belief and attitude toward the self, world, and future is incompatible with Beck's negative triad of depression (55). A study of Vietnam War veterans has demonstrated that individuals with PTSD showed significantly lower gratitude than those without PTSD (58). It suggested that interventions to increase gratitude have benefits for individuals with PTSD. ...
Background: With the spread of infectious diseases, especially coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), healthcare workers are vulnerable to mental health problems. Culture-based interventions in such critical situations are highly effective for the individuals in that cultural context. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of Logotherapy Based on Rumi’s Thoughts (LBRT) on depression, anxiety, and distress in frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The present study employed a quasi-experimental controlled pre-test-post-test design with a 2-month follow-up. This interventional study was conducted on frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020. Imam Khomeini and Fatemeh Zahra hospitals were selected as the research samples, as they were the main educational and medical centers of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran, and provincial referral centers. A total of 32 eligible individuals were selected for experimental (n = 16) and control (n = 16) groups through the convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Logotherapy Based on Rumi’s Thoughts included eight sessions of 90 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention during the study. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The intervention group exhibited lower levels of depression and anxiety among the frontline nurses at the post-test and 2-month follow-up than the control group (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of distress at the post-test and 2-month follow-up (P > 0.001). Conclusions: The findings showed that LBRT improved anxiety and depression among frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this intervention did not significantly affect frontline nurses’ distress during the COVID-19 crisis. Further studies should examine the effectiveness of culture-based interventions in critical situations.
... Since early 2000, gratitude has demonstrated its benefits for people's adaptation, social relationships, physical health, and overall well-being. For example, Kashdan et al. (2006) found that gratitude predicts daily positive affect and self-esteem in Vietnam war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. In sports, gratitude was shown to be positively related to athletes' perceived social support and negatively related to experiencing burnout (Gabana et al., 2017). ...
For athletes, gratitude has received substantial attention because it promotes their optimal functioning both in the sport domain specifically and in everyday life generally. The literature has, however, been equivocal as to whether it is domain-general gratitude—from the top-down perspective—or domain-specific gratitude—from the bottom-up perspective—that comes first and directs the other. Clarifying the relationship is important for designing more precise interventions. In this regard, we conducted a three-year, six-wave prospective study for youth athletes to examine the dynamic relationship between domain-general and sport-specific gratitude. Our latent difference score analysis indicated that a reciprocal model between the two levels of gratitude was superior to other, nonreciprocal models, suggesting that athletes who had higher domain-general gratitude would increase in sport-specific gratitude, which in turn contributed to increased domain-general gratitude across the six time points over the three-year period. Our study contributes to gratitude theories by uncovering the potential directional relationship for various levels of gratitude.
... Several studies have shown that grateful individuals have higher levels of life satisfaction, positive emotions, and lower levels of negative emotions (Xiang and Yuan, 2021). They also have higher levels of autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose, self-acceptance, and meaning among others (Kashdan et al., 2006;Kleiman et al., 2013). Concomitantly, gratitude has been found to be negatively associated with negative indicators of well-being. ...
Gratitude has mostly been explored in relation to well-being but whether it is associated with school-related outcomes such as motivation and engagement has seldom been explored. Motivation and engagement, however, are critical to students’ academic success. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine how gratitude is associated with different types of academic motivation (amotivation, controlled motivation, and autonomous motivation) and engagement (cognitive, behavioural, and emotional). We recruited 1099 Chinese university students and asked them to answer questionnaires assessing their levels of gratitude, motivation, and engagement. Structural equation modelling revealed that gratitude was positively associated with controlled motivation, autonomous motivation, and academic engagement but negatively associated with amotivation. Autonomous motivation partially mediated the relationship between gratitude and academic engagement. The findings of this study elucidate the theoretical linkages among gratitude, motivation, and engagement, demonstrating the importance of gratitude for school-related outcomes.
... However, participating in gratitude activities it too often has been associated with boredom because of the repetitiveness of producing gratitude lists (Lyubomirsky et al, 2005;Lomas et al, 2014;Burke et al, 2023), suggesting that a more balanced approach to practising gratitude should be recommended. Furthermore, some studies found that gratitude did not enhance positive outcomes for participants (Kashdan et al, 2006;Froh et al, 2009), highlighting the need for a systematic review in this area. ...
Burnout is one of the most insidious challenges for healthcare professionals, and has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Gratitude is emerging as an intervention to reduce burnout. However, to the authors' best knowledge, no systematic review has previously been carried out to explore the impact of gratitude on burnout among healthcare professionals. The present study aimed to address this gap. A total of 95 publications were identified, of which 13 were included in the review. These studies provide preliminary evidence for the inverse association between gratitude and burnout, and the effectiveness of gratitude interventions in reducing burnout among healthcare professionals. Limitations of the current research and future directions are discussed, along with the implications for practice.
... ude enhances the interaction that students have with their peers and teachers (Bono et al., 2020;Renshaw & Hindman, 2017). It helps in their self-regulation and academic motivation. In most of the psychology researches, the reflection of gratitude can affect the well-being (Chen & Wu, 2014). It increases the self-esteem in students (Li et al. 2012;Kashdan et. Al 2006;Strelan, 2007). This self-confidence helps students in their earning. Literature describes that undergraduate who present high views of their skills, gratitude, and confidence over their strengths, show higher levels of academic motivation. In comparison, low academic motivation adversely disturbs commitment and determination in higher s ...
It is known that we have entered in a challenging era when the educational systems are digitalized with a heavy reliance on digital technology. The challenge of keeping the students engaged, academically motivated, and self-regulated is common across grade levels, subject matters, and all types of institutions around the globe. This challenge is particularly relevant to the students who work alongside education to meet their finances. This study was aimed at assessing whether earning and non-earning students score differently on gratitude, self-regulation, and academic motivation during online education. A secondary objective was to assess whether gratitude and self-regulation differently associate with specific academic motivation constructs across earning and non-earning students in online education. A cross-sectional research design was used and a sample of 247 participants (M age= 24.20 years, SD = 2.25 years; earning university students = 122 & non-earning = 125) was selected and approached through an online survey. The gratitude scale, self-regulation scale, and academic motivation scale were used to assess the levels of gratitude, self-regulation, and extrinsic and intrinsic academic motivation, in the sample. Results from t test demonstrated that earning students scored significantly higher on four academic motivation outcomes including intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation towards accomplishment, extrinsic motivation of identified regulation, and extrinsic motivation of external regulation compared to non-earning students. Both the gratitude and self-regulation significantly and positively correlated with the 3 intrinsic motivation outcomes and 3 extrinsic motivation outcomes. Finally, analyzing the mediated moderation models, it was found that gratitude was strongly associated with all academic motivation constructs except extrinsic motivation of interjected regulation in earning students compared to non-earning students. Also, self-regulation significantly mediated the association of gratitude with all academic motivation constructs.
Key words: Gratitude, Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Self-regulation, Earning and Non-Earning Students, Covid 19 pandemic
... An individual's incisive stand on Divinity will make that individual steadfast and persevere when solving various problems in daily life (Grotberg, 1995). The last aspect that enhances patience and has a positive relationship with resilience is not to complain, be appreciative and think positively when facing the challenges of life (Kashdan, Uswatte, & Julian, 2006). Linley and Joseph (2004) said that an individual who is thankful and appreciative will experience positive emotions, such as feeling a sense of happiness although in times of adversity, coping better with stress and helping others to recover or rebounding from adversities (Ningrum, 2011). ...
The study examined the relationship between elements of mental illness, resilience and patience (sabr) during the COVID 19 pandemic. Resilience means the ability to survive by recovering from a situation or returning to its original shape after been compressed, stretched or bent. When the term resilience is used in psychology it means a person's ability to quickly recover from changes, sickness, accidents, or adversities. Patience is the withholding of natural inclinations to avoid inappropriate occurrences, withholding from complaining and withholding oneself (body) from doing something negative, such as slapping one's own face or tearing one's clothes when something unfortunate happens. Patience has a positive relationship with resilience, which translates to not giving up easily when faced with a direct situation. This is indicated that internal factors do strongly influence an individual's resilience.
... Pozitif psikoloji kapsamında ele alınan iyi olma kavramı öznel (hedonik) ve psikolojik (ödonomik) iyi oluş olarak iki yaklaşımda incelenmektedir (Ryan ve Deci, 2001;Warr, 2011). Öznel iyi oluş, bireyin yaşamındaki hoş duyguların deneyimi olarak ifade edilirken, psikolojik iyi oluş, bireyin yaşamın her yönünü daha uzun dönemli ve gelişim odaklı deneyimlemesi olarak ifade edilmektedir (Kashdan, Uswatte ve Julian, 2006). Psikolojik iyi oluş; insanın gelişmesini, sahip olduğu potansiyeli tam kapasite olarak kullanabilmesini temsil etmektedir (Disabato, Goodman, Kashdan, Short ve Jarden, 2016;Akt. ...
Özet
Araştırmanın amacı çalışanlar ve örgütler açısından oldukça önemli görülen iş tatmini üzerinde meslek aşkı ile psikolojik iyi oluşun rolünün belirlenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Osmaniye ilindeki 1086 kamu çalışanı oluşturmaktadır. Kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler Covid-19 pandemisi nedeniyle elektronik ortamda online form (Google forms) araçları kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırmada doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, tanımlayıcı istatistikler ile normallik testlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Geliştirilen hipotezleri test etmek amacıyla Pearson korelasyon analizi ve çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda meslek aşkı ve psikolojik iyi oluşun iş tatmini üzerinde pozitif yönlü anlamlı etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Abstract
The aim of the research is to determine the role of calling and psychological well-being on job satisfaction which is considered very important for employees and organizations. The sample of the research consists of 1086 public employees in Osmaniye. Convenience sampling method was used. Due to Covid-19 pandemic, the data were collected electronically using online forms (Google forms). Confirmatory factor analysis, descriptive statistics and normality tests were used in the study. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to test the developed hypotheses. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that calling and psychological well-being have positive and significant effects on job satisfaction.
... Researchers have found that gratitude and eudaimonic well-being are related (Kashdan et al., 2006;Wood et al., 2009). Gratitude has been correlated with autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance, encompassing most aspects of eudaemonic well-being (Wood et al., 2009). ...
Purpose
This investigation purports to study if gratitude interventions lead to an increase in overall wellbeing among Indian youth during the coronavirus lockdown. Second, to examine if a cumulative effect of two gratitude interventions on wellbeing is greater than a single gratitude intervention.
Method
Participants (N = 80) were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups (n = 40 each).
Result
It was found that after administering a single gratitude intervention there was a significant increase in mental health, happiness, and gratitude and a decrease in depression, anxiety, and stress in the experimental group. Moreover, after administering two gratitude interventions together, a greater increase was seen in these variables as compared to the administration of a single gratitude intervention. There was no significant change in the control group in both cases.
Conclusion
In summary, online gratitude interventions lead to increase in happiness and mental health and decrease in depression, anxiety, and stress even during crises such as the coronavirus pandemic. Moreover, the cumulative effect of two gratitude interventions is more than a single gratitude intervention. It is suggested that these gratitude interventions should be included in providing mental health care even when clients are not able to meet counselors in physical settings.
... Perhaps, it is crucial to know the constructs of gratitude in foreign language learning as it may spiral learner's well-being and overcome negative emotions such as language anxiety, lack of engagement, and demotivation resulting in learner's well-being. Accordingly, gratitude bring happiness (Emmons, 2010), reduces anxiety (Wood, Froh & Geraghty, 2009), and makes us more resilient (Kashdan, Uswatte & Julian, 2006). ...
Studies on positive emotions in language learning have increased over the years. However, gratitude, a moral virtue, which may have a novel effect in learning a foreign language, remains underexplored in applied linguistics. This paper aims to know the antecedents of gratitude and its constructs in English as a foreign language context. Nineteen antecedents of gratitude were generated to create a survey questionnaire called Foreign Language Gratitude Scale, a 4-point Likert rating scale. An open-ended question was also added to gain qualitative data. Convenience sampling was used to collect data from 240 undergraduate students. Descriptive statistics results showed that the participants were very grateful in all situations in the survey, specifically for their improved outputs and the corrections initiated by their teachers. Further, principal component analysis was used to explore the underlying dimensions of gratitude. Two factors were elicited – positive reinforcement and language practice. The first factor includes the following grateful situations: encouraging students to do better, appreciating students’ output, correcting students’ mistakes, using media resources in learning, sharing practical knowledge, providing examples and practices, treating students equally, encouraging language activities, and managing classroom effectively. The grateful situations in the second factor are having fluent English speakers, doing productive activities, providing opportunities, sharing ideas, and having a better output. Other factors coded from the qualitative data include promoting collaborative work, gaining comprehension and knowledge, language success, encouraging productive activities, the teacher acts, and designing out-of-class activities. Finally, implications of results and suggestions for future studies were presented.
... To date, numerous studies have established the benefits of expressing gratitude for improved social relationships [6,24], physical health [5,10,14,25], and psychological wellbeing [7,26]. Further, two recent gratitude meta-analyses concluded that gratitude interventions outperformed measurement-only (d = 0.20), alternative activity (d = 0.17), and neutral control (d = 0.18) conditions in improving well-being [27,28]. ...
Although gratitude is typically conceptualized as a positive emotion, it may also induce socially-oriented negative feelings, such as indebtedness and guilt. Given its mixed emotional experience, we argue that gratitude motivates people to improve themselves in important life domains. Two single-time point studies tested the immediate emotional and motivational effects of expressing gratitude. We recruited employees (N = 224) from French companies in Study 1 and students (N = 1,026) from U.S. high schools in Study 2. Participants in both studies were randomly assigned to either write gratitude letters to benefactors or outline their weekly activities (control condition). Expressing gratitude led to a mixed emotional experience (e.g., greater elevation and indebtedness) for both employees and students relative to controls. Students also felt more motivated and capable of improving themselves, as well as conveyed stronger intentions to muster effort towards self-improvement endeavors.
... Perhaps, it is crucial to know the constructs of gratitude in foreign language learning as it may spiral learner's well-being and overcome negative emotions such as language anxiety, lack of engagement, and demotivation resulting in learner's well-being. Accordingly, gratitude bring happiness (Emmons, 2010), reduces anxiety (Wood, Froh & Geraghty, 2009), and makes us more resilient (Kashdan, Uswatte & Julian, 2006). ...
Studies on positive emotions in language learning have increased over the years. However, gratitude, a moral virtue, which may have a novel effect in learning a foreign language, remains underexplored in applied linguistics. This paper aims to know the antecedents of gratitude and its constructs in English as a foreign language context. Nineteen antecedents of gratitude were generated to create a survey questionnaire called Foreign Language Gratitude Scale, a 4-point Likert rating scale. An open-ended question was also added to gain qualitative data. Convenience sampling was used to collect data from 240 undergraduate students. Descriptive statistics results showed that the participants were very grateful in all situations in the survey, specifically for their improved outputs and the corrections initiated by their teachers. Further, principal component analysis was used to explore the underlying dimensions of gratitude. Two factors were elicited-positive reinforcement and language practice. The first factor includes the following grateful situations: encouraging students to do better, appreciating students' output, correcting students' mistakes, using media resources in learning, sharing practical knowledge, providing examples and practices, treating students equally, encouraging language activities, and managing classroom effectively. The grateful situations in the second factor are having fluent English speakers, doing productive activities, providing opportunities, sharing ideas, and having a better output. Other factors coded from the qualitative data include promoting collaborative work, gaining comprehension and knowledge, language success, encouraging productive activities, the teacher acts, and designing out-of-class activities. Finally, implications of results and suggestions for future studies were presented.
... It is negatively associated with negative affect (Jans-Beken et al., 2019) and self-alienation (Wood et al., 2010), and it is positively associated with positive affect (Wood et al., 2010, p. 894). Additionally, gratitude is positively related to eudaimonic well-being (Kashdan et al., 2006;Wood et al., 2009) and authentic living (Wood et al., 2010, p. 895). Although social support is itself predictive of psychological well-being (Turner, 1981), to our knowledge the association between gratitude and psychological well-being has not yet been examined among dyads. ...
Extant literature often assumes that gratitude is intrinsically positive therefore ought to be maximized. Virtue theory and social alignment theory, however, suggest gratitude is adaptive only in specific relational contexts. Drawing from find-remind-bind theory’s notion that gratitude functions to promote interactions with supportive partners in particular, we test whether it is not just the overall level of gratitude and support that bear upon personal (psychological well-being, physical health) and relational (commitment, sexual satisfaction, aggression) outcomes, but also congruence in levels of gratitude for one’s partner relative to the support they provide. Drawing from a cross-sectional survey of 874 mixed-sex married dyads (N=1,748) in the United States, we demonstrate that gratitude for a partner in excess of the support that partner provides is associated with maladaptive personal and relational outcomes. Implications and future directions are discussed.
It is well established that university students are vulnerable to poor mental health. Although increased gratitude has been shown to reduce stress among students, a clearer understanding of key mechanisms underpinning this relationship are needed to better inform theoretical models and potential interventions targeted at improving well‐being in university students. The present study provides the first direct test of whether capacity for emotion regulation mediates the relationship of gratitude with stress at the beginning and middle of the academic semester. This study is also the first to assess this relationship in a cross‐lagged panel mediation model. We used a repeated measures design and a total of 343 undergraduate students completed two online surveys with validated measures of gratitude, stress, and emotion regulation—one at the beginning and the second in the middle of the academic semester. Results showed that emotion regulation mediated the relationship between gratitude and stress at the beginning of semester, and again 6 weeks later. A Clogg's z‐score test suggested that the strength of the indirect effect significantly increased across the two time points. A post‐hoc cross‐lagged panel model found that high gratitude at the beginning of the semester predicted low stress in the middle of the semester via emotion regulation. These data provide novel evidence that emotion regulation may serve as a key protective factor against undergraduate stress. The results provide evidence to support leading theories on how gratitude can reduce stress and promote well‐being in university students. They also highlight the practical importance of strengthening emotion regulation abilities in university students and can be used to inform future targeted interventions to improve well‐being in university students.
This research investigates the relationship between life satisfaction and gratitude among young adults in the Delhi/NCR region. A sample size of 100 participants aged between 18 to 25 years was selected for the study. The study employed the 6G-Q Gratitude scale developed by McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J., and the Life Satisfaction scale by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin to measure gratitude and life satisfaction, respectively. The results of the study revealed a significant correlation between life satisfaction and gratitude among young adults. The findings suggest that higher levels of life satisfaction are associated with greater expressions of gratitude. This study contributes to the understanding of the factors influencing gratitude among young adults, emphasizing the importance of fostering life satisfaction for cultivating a grateful disposition. These findings underscore the potential benefits of interventions targeting life satisfaction to enhance gratitude among young adults
This study aimed to explore the relationship between family closeness and depression, and to examine the mediating effect of social anxiety and the moderating effect of gratitude. A total of 1027 university students participated in the questionnaire survey. The results showed that: 1) social anxiety partially mediated the association between family cohesion and depression among college students; 2) the direct effect of family cohesion on depression and the path from family cohesion to social anxiety, and the path from social anxiety to depression were all moderated by gratitude. Specifically, the effect of family cohesion on social anxiety and depression was enhanced with the increase of gratitude. The association between social anxiety and depression was weaker for university students with higher gratitude. This study reveals the effect of family closeness on college students’ depression, which has implications for the prevention of college students’ depression.
Háttér és célkitűzések: A koronavírus világjárvány kihívásai – saját és hozzátartozók egészségének féltése, fokozott halálszorongás, társas izoláció, anyagi biztonság elvesztése – kedvezőtlenül hatnak a krízissel való hatékony megküzdésre, ezáltal befolyásolják a mentális egészséget. Jelen tanulmány célja a vonáshála összefüggéseinek feltárása néhány mentális egészség szempontjából jelentős pszichológiai konstruktummal, valamint a hálaintervenció lelki jóllétre gyakorolt hatásának vizsgálata. Módszer: Online, kvantitatív vizsgálatunkban 163 (129 nő, 34 férfi) 18 év feletti (MD=36, SD= 14,85; min.- max.=18–66) egészséges személy adatait elemeztük. A résztvevőket kísérleti (n=112) és kontrollcsoportra (n=51) osztottuk. Elsőként mindenki kitöltött egy kérdőívcsomagot, majd a kísérleti csoport tagjai két hétig hálanaplót vezettek. A kontrollcsoport tagjai semmilyen instrukciót nem kaptak. A két hét elteltével mindkét csoport ismételten kitöltötte ugyanazon kérdőíveket. Vizsgálatunkban a következő mérőeszközöket alkalmaztuk: GRAT Hála Kérdőív, Pszichológiai Jóllét Kérdőív, Élét Értelme Kérdőív, Reménytelenség Skála, valamint Multidimenzionális Halálfélelem Skála. Eredmények: Vizsgálataink azt mutatják, hogy a vonáshála teljes skálája, valamint azon belül a „bőség érzékelése” van figyelemreméltó kapcsolatban a pszichológiai jólléttel. Továbbá ezek a tényezők azok, amelyek az intervenció hatására a vizsgálati csoportban változást mutatnak (teljes hála kérdőív: (F(1, 80,2)=15,323; p=,0025**)); (bőség érzékelés faktor: (F(1, 161) = 8,788; p = 0,003**)). Emellett a hálanapló vezetés hozzájárul az élet értelmességének nagyobb megéléséhez (F(1, 161) = 6,826; p = 0,001**), továbbá a teljes reménytelenség (F(1, 161) = 4,359; p = 0,0384*), valamint a reménytelenség jövővel kapcsolatos negatív érzéseinek (F(1, 161) = 11,621; p <0,001***) csökkenéséhez. Összegzés: Eredményeink alapján elmondható, hogy a vonáshála pozitív kapcsolatban áll a mentális egészség több aspektusával. A hálaintervenció pedig olyan tapasztalatokkal gazdagítja az egyént, amelyek értékelhetővé teszik számára az egyszerű, mindennapi élményeket, az élet egészét megélésre érdemesebbnek mutatják, továbbá kimozdíthatják az önmagára, a jövőjére és a világra vonatkozó negatív várakozások rendszeréből.
Gratitude education is very common in traditional Chinese education. Gratitude is both an emotion and a trait (Rash et al.,2011). It is a tendency to perceive benefits bestowed by others or by some impersonal source, and accompanied by positive, social emotions (Lin C.C.,2015). As a trait, gratitude draws attention to positive outcomes in life (Emmons et al.,2019). Furthermore, this project chooses life satisfaction and self-esteem as variables in the research. ‘Life satisfaction is a subjective evaluation of overall quality of life’，and is the key dimension of subjective well-being (Proctor et al.,2009). Self-esteem is a sense of individuals’ general value or worth from his or her aspects (Rosenberg, 1979). Self-esteem is commonly considered as the “feeling that one is good enough” (Orth & Robins,2014). Life satisfaction and self-esteem are often used in studies of gratitude，but few of them find the complicated correlations between these three factors. So the purpose of this project is to explore whether gratitude interventions can enhance gratitude and subsequently increase life satisfaction and self-esteem.
Perhaps there is no greater challenge to one’s mental well-being than concomitant intellectual and psychiatric disabilities. This chapter focuses on the history, evolution, and current state of treatment for those with a dual diagnosis. The inclusion of character strengths in treatment plans, while also working to reduce problematic behaviors, reflects the progression of societal and psychological approaches to habilitation. The core concepts, research, and application of Positive Interactive-Behavior Therapy are shared. The intersection of legal and psychological perspectives on mental health are also considered. Details on the intervention called the virtual gratitude visit are discussed.KeywordsCharacter strengthsDual diagnosisIntellectual/developmental disabilityDiagnostic Manual for People with IDDWillowbrookPositive Interactive-Behavior TherapyPsychodramaVirtual gratitude visit
The study of gratitude has begun to develop in Indonesia. Along with this development, there is a need for a measurement tool that can explain the concept of gratitude. This study aims to adapt the gratitude questionnaire (QG-6) to the Indonesian language. The study was conducted on 275 high school students in Surabaya City. The results of confirmatory factor analysis obtained 5 adequate items that have a factor loading value (> 0.5). Measurement model fit (p < 0.01, RMSEA =. 0.08, GFI = 0.98, CFI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.02.) Construct reliability on QG-5 is 0.813.
In this article, we approach outdoor leisure as a contingent, transforming cultural phenomenon and advocate for social practices that foster relationality, care, and responsibility across human and more-than-human domains. Our specific purpose is to illuminate how practices of gratitude are shaping and being shaped within the contexts of an adult nature connection apprenticeship program based in Ontario, Canada. Drawing on aspects of Bourdieu’s theory of practice and a participatory, narrative approach to inquiry, we attend to program participants’ storied experiences associated with gratitude. Our interpretations, which are reported as both dialogical representation and thematic description, show how practices of gratitude among program participants take shape through learnings and acquisitions, core routines, and senses of being and belonging. We engage these interpretations to begin mapping how gratitude unfolds and circulates in practices associated with outdoor leisure and to point out potential or necessary shifts within the habitus of outdoor leisure.
Problems with positive emotion are an important component of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with competing perspectives as to why. The global model suggests that people with PTSD experience a relatively permanent shift in their capacity for positive emotion regardless of context, whereas the context-specific model posits access to the full repertoire of positive emotion that only becomes reduced during exposure to trauma reminders. We tested the global versus context-specific models using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Trauma-exposed adult community members (N = 80) with (n = 39) and without diagnosed PTSD completed 3 days of EMA (n = 2,158 observations). Participants with PTSD reported lower average momentary levels of positive emotion, B = -0.947, 95% CI [-1.35, -0.54], p < .001, and positive situations, B = -0.607, 95% CI [-1.16, -0.05], p = .032, and more thinking about trauma reminders, B = 0.360, 95% CI [0.21, 0.51], p < .001. There was no between-group difference in positive emotion reactivity (degree of positive emotion derived from positive situations), B = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.14], p = .635. Increased thinking about trauma reminders predicted lower momentary levels of positive emotion, B = -0.55, 95% CI [-0.83, -0.26], p < .001, but not reactivity, B = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.40], p = .906, irrespective of PTSD status. Findings supported the global model and were inconsistent with the context-specific model. This study helps clarify positive emotional functioning in trauma-exposed adults and highlights future directions to better understand problems with positive emotion in PTSD.
The life of a student is not easy. They face many difficulties during this time. Future, relationships, and carrier planning all things are all part of their life. Some students handle these situations very effectively and some get confused in handling these situations. This study was conducted to look at the role of two positive factors (happiness and gratitude) of resilience. To fulfill that purpose 120 university students were selected, and suitable measures were used to gatherer information. Findings suggested a significant positive role of happiness and gratitude in resilience.
Objective
Recent research has suggested that mental health is not only the absence of mental illness but includes aspects of well-being. One common psychological assessment used to assess dimensions of well-being is the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF). The MHC-SF is a 14-item measure that assesses emotional, psychological, and social well-being. The purpose of this study was to assess measurement invariance of the MHC-SF across US military veterans and civilians.
Method
First, we examined the factor structure of the MHC-SF separately for veterans (n = 418) and civilians (n = 411). We then conducted multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) to assess measurement invariance for the two groups.
Results
Findings suggested there were three latent factors representing emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Results from MG-CFA suggested that the MHC-SF is invariant across veterans and civilians.
Conclusion
Researchers and practitioners can administer the MHC-SF with both groups.
This chapter describes how intentional well-being interventions integrate the development of character strengths and activation of positive emotional resources while reducing risks and alleviating symptoms of depression and poor health. The emergence of these interventions reaches back nearly half a century and each layer of development has led to a more robust platform for implementing these approaches. Now, based on the evidence-based principles of positive psychology, these positive interventions help to cultivate hope through a more balanced approach to well-being than traditional deficit-oriented methods of psychotherapy. This chapter looks at the history of development of these interventions and their likely next phase of development.
The limited organizational scholarship on past adversity has characterized it as something to cope with, positing that how past adversity is perceived is key to employees’ coping effectiveness (Nurmohamed et al., 2021; Stephens et al., 2015; Vogel & Bolino, 2020). Conversely, lay theory suggests that “what does not kill you makes you stronger.” Through this dissertation, I aim to provide empirical evidence for this claim in an organizational setting. To do so, I draw on positive identity growth theorizing (Maitlis, 2009; 2020) to empirically examine the organizational benefits of identity growth after experiences of overcoming adversity. In doing so, I introduce a new concept to the organizational behavior literature, an “overcoming adversity identity,” which is when an experience of hardship, whether singular or continuous, has been redeemed in the eyes of the person with that experience, thereby becoming a positive part of that person’s identity. Through two longitudinal studies and one randomized experimental intervention, I find promising evidence that having a stronger overcoming adversity identity is associated with interpersonal, intrapersonal, and intellectual character enrichment (the tripartite model of character; Park et al., 2017). I also find some evidence that suggests that this character enrichment, in turn, is positively related to extra-role performance and in-role performance, and negatively related to burnout. Implications and future directions are discussed. In conclusion, this dissertation provides preliminary empirical evidence to suggest that indeed, what does not kill you can make you stronger.
In this research it is aimed to test the effectiveness of junior high school students writing gratitude journals on gratitude.
The research group constitutes students who attend secondary school in a public school and volunteer to participate in the research. The research was carried out on two groups, one experimental group and one control group. There were 23
participants in the experimental group and 24 participants in the control group. In the scope of the research, Gratitude Scale and Subjective Well-Being Scale for Adolescents were used. Data were collected three times in the research process; pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test. After the pre-test was applied, a training seminar on gratitude was given to the experimental group. In this seminar, students were told about what they can be grateful for and how they can be
expressed. After the training seminar, the experimental group was asked to write daily in gratitude diaries created by the
researchers based on the balance model of positive psychotherapy for 21 days. At the end of 21 days, the last time was
collected, and the final test data were collected. Finally, the follow up data were collected 10 weeks after the end of the
study and the study was terminated. The data were analyzed using the Mann Whitney U Test and the Wilcoxon Signed
Ranks Test and the Friedman Test. Examination of the test results for the experimental and control groups revealed that
the experimental group differed significantly from the control group in terms of gratitude and subjective well-being. In addition to these findings, according to the Wilcoxon Test results, the individuals in the experimental group got significantly higher scores in terms of gratitude and subjective well-being in the posttests than in the pretest scores. In
the control group, there was no difference between the pretest and posttest scores. According to the Friedman test results used for the follow-up test analysis, the positive effect in the experimental group continues in the follow-up test.
It was observed that individuals in the control group got significantly lower scores in the follow-up tests compared to gratitude and subjective well-being scores. According to the results of the follow-up test, it was understood that the effectiveness of the writing exercise continued. According to these findings, it was determined that the practice of
writing gratitude diaries increased the gratitude and subjective well-being levels of adolescents
In this research it is aimed to test the effectiveness of junior high school students writing gratitude journals on gratitude.
The research group constitutes students who attend secondary school in a public school and volunteer to participate in
the research. The research was carried out on two groups, one experimental group and one control group. There were 23
participants in the experimental group and 24 participants in the control group. In the scope of the research, Gratitude
Scale and Subjective Well-Being Scale for Adolescents were used. Data were collected three times in the research
process; pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test. After the pre-test was applied, a training seminar on gratitude was given
to the experimental group. In this seminar, students were told about what they can be grateful for and how they can be
expressed. After the training seminar, the experimental group was asked to write daily in gratitude diaries created by the
researchers based on the balance model of positive psychotherapy for 21 days. At the end of 21 days, the last time was
collected, and the final test data were collected. Finally, the follow up data were collected 10 weeks after the end of the
study and the study was terminated. The data were analyzed using the Mann Whitney U Test and the Wilcoxon Signed
Ranks Test and the Friedman Test. Examination of the test results for the experimental and control groups revealed that
the experimental group differed significantly from the control group in terms of gratitude and subjective well-being. In
addition to these findings, according to the Wilcoxon Test results, the individuals in the experimental group got
significantly higher scores in terms of gratitude and subjective well-being in the posttests than in the pretest scores. In
the control group, there was no difference between the pretest and posttest scores. According to the Friedman test
results used for the follow-up test analysis, the positive effect in the experimental group continues in the follow-up test.
It was observed that individuals in the control group got significantly lower scores in the follow-up tests compared to
gratitude and subjective well-being scores. According to the results of the follow-up test, it was understood that the
effectiveness of the writing exercise continued. According to these findings, it was determined that the practice of
writing gratitude diaries increased the gratitude and subjective well-being levels of adolescents.
Gratitude is conceptualized as a moral affect that is analogous to other moral emotions such as empathy and guilt. Gratitude has 3 functions that can be conceptualized as morally relevant: (a) a moral barometer function (i.e., it is a response to the perception that one has been the beneficiary of another person's moral actions); (b) a moral motive function (i.e., it motivates the grateful person to behave prosocially toward the benefactor and other people); and (c) a moral reinforcer function (i.e., when expressed, it encourages benefactors to behave morally in the future). The personality and social factors that are associated with gratitude are also consistent with a conceptualization of gratitude as an affect that is relevant to people's cognitions and behaviors in the moral domain.
Structural equation modeling procedures were used to examine relationships among several war zone stressor dimensions, resilience–recovery factors, and post–traumatic stress disorder symptoms in a national sample of 1,632 Vietnam veterans (26% women and 74% men). A 9-factor measurement model was specified on a mixed-gender subsample of the data and then replicated on separate subsamples of female and male veterans. For both genders, the structural models supported strong mediation effects for the intrapersonal resource characteristic of hardiness, postwar structural and functional social support, and additional negative life events in the postwar period. Support for moderator effects or buffering in terms of interactions between war zone stressor level and resilience–recovery factors was minimal.
The link between emotional conflict and the perceived availability and use of social support was examined. One hundred and five undergraduate students completed measures of ambivalence over expressing emotion, repressive defensiveness, fear of intimacy, social support, and well-being. Self-reports, observer reports, and daily reports of social support during the previous month were collected. Both ambivalence and fear of intimacy were negatively related to self-report and daily measures of social support and to well-being. Repressive defensiveness was unrelated to the social support measures. Perceived social support mediated the relation between emotional conflict and well-being. Results suggest the presence of a negative bias toward the use of social resources by conflicted individuals.
Extrapolating from B. L. Fredrickson's (1998, 2001) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, the authors hypothesized that positive emotions are active ingredients within trait resilience. U.S. college students (18 men and 28 women) were tested in early 2001 and again in the weeks following the September 11th terrorist attacks. Mediational analyses showed that positive emotions experienced in the wake of the attacks - gratitude, interest, love, and so forth - fully accounted for the relations between (a) precrisis resilience and later development of depressive symptoms and (b) precrisis resilience and postcrisis growth in psychological resources. Findings suggest that positive emotions in the aftermath of crises buffer resilient people against depression and fuel thriving, consistent with the broaden-and-build theory. Discussion touches on implications for coping.
In four studies, the authors examined the correlates of the disposition toward gratitude. Study 1 revealed that self-ratings and observer ratings of the grateful disposition are associated with positive affect and well-being prosocial behaviors and traits, and religiousness/spirituality. Study 2 replicated these findings in a large nonstudent sample. Study 3 yielded similar results to Studies 1 and 2 and provided evidence that gratitude is negatively associated with envy and materialistic attitudes. Study 4 yielded evidence that these associations persist after controlling for Extraversion/positive affectivity, Neuroticism/negative affectivity, and Agreeableness. The development of the Gratitude Questionnaire, a unidimensional measure with good psychometric properties, is also described.
This review organizes a variety of phenomena related to emotional self-report. In doing so, the authors offer an accessibility model that specifies the types of factors that contribute to emotional self-reports under different reporting conditions. One important distinction is between emotion, which is episodic, experiential, and contextual, and beliefs about emotion, which are semantic, conceptual, and decontextualized. This distinction is important in understanding the discrepancies that often occur when people are asked to report on feelings they are currently experiencing versus those that they are not currently experiencing. The accessibility model provides an organizing framework for understanding self-reports of emotion and suggests some new directions for research.
Research on emotions and several happiness scales suggest that positive and negative affect are strongly inversely correlated. However, work on subjective well-being indicates that over time, positive and negative affect are independent across persons. In order to reconcile this inconsistency, two dimensions are proposed for personal affective structure: the frequency of positive versus negative affect and the intensity of affect. Subjects in three studies completed daily and momentary reports on their moods. In support of the intensity dimension, the correlations between positive and negative intensity were strong and positive in all three studies. The intensities of specific emotions across persons were also highly correlated. Across the three studies the frequency and intensity of affect varied independently. Although average levels of positive and negative affect showed low correlations, this relation became strongly inverse when intensity was partialed out. Thus the intensity dimension helps explain the relative independence of positive and negative affect. In addition, emotional intensity is offered as a new personality dimension that manifests interesting characteristics.
Working largely independently, numerous investigators have explored the role of self-focused attention in various clinical disorders. This article reviews research examining increased self-focused attention in these disorders. Using information processing constructs, a model of self-focused attention is proposed, and it is suggested that certain deviations in this process constitute a psychopathological kind of attention. A meta-construct model of descriptive psychopathology is then outlined to examine how certain aspects of attention can be considered specific to certain disorders and others common to different disorders
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common reaction to traumatic events. Many people recover in the ensuing months, but in a significant subgroup the symptoms persist, often for years. A cognitive model of persistence of PTSD is proposed. It is suggested that PTSD becomes persistent when individuals process the trauma in a way that leads to a sense of serious, current threat. The sense of threat arises as a consequence of: (1) excessively negative appraisals of the trauma and/or ist sequelae and (2) a disturbance of autobiographical memory characterised by poor elaboration and contextualisation, strong associative memory and strong perceptual priming. Change in the negative appraisals and the trauma memory are prevented by a series of problematic behavioural and cognitive strategies. The model is consistent with the main clinical features of PTSD, helps explain several apparently puzzling phenomena and provides a framework for treatment by identifying three key targets for change. Recent studies provided preliminary support for several aspects of the model.
Evaluative processes refer to the operations by which organisms discriminate threatening from nurturant environments. Low activation of positive and negative evaluative processes by a stimulus reflects neutrality, whereas high activation of such processes reflects maximal conflict. Attitudes, an important class of manifestations of evaluative processes, have traditionally been conceptualized as falling along a bipolar dimension, and the positive and negative evaluative processes underlying attitudes have been conceptualized as being reciprocally activated, making the bipolar rating scale the measure of choice. Research is reviewed suggesting that this bipolar dimension is insufficient to portray comprehensively positive and negative evaluative processes and that the question is not whether such processes are reciprocally activated but under what conditions they are reciprocally, nonreciprocally, or independently activated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Several literatures converge on the idea that approach and positive affect related to goal pursuit are managed by one self-regulatory system and that avoidance (or withdrawal) and negative affect related to threats are managed by a second self-regulatory system. After briefly reviewing these literatures, the authors consider the relation of these themes to the broader domain of personality. In particular, they map individual differences in the responsivity of the approach system onto the personality dimension of extraversion and map individual differences in the responsivity of the withdrawal system onto the dimension of neuroticism. This mapping requires a slight refocusing of current conceptions of extraversion and neuroticism. However, such a refocusing brings a gain as well as a cost: In particular, it would embed these dimensions more explicitly in a process-oriented conceptualization of action control.
Quality ties to others are universally endorsed as central to optimal living. Social scientists have extensively studied the relational world, but in somewhat separate literatures (e.g., attachment, close relationships, marital and family ties, social support). Studies of intimacy and close connection are infrequently connected to health, whereas studies of health and social support rarely intersect with literatures on relational flourishing. Efforts to probe underlying physiological processes have been disproportionately concerned with the negative (e.g., adverse effects of relational conflict). A worthy goal for the new millennium is promoting greater cross talk between these realms via a focus on the positive health implications of interpersonal flourishing. Vital venues for the future include mapping the emotional configurations of quality social relationships and elaborating their physiological substrates.
The primary objectives of this article are (a) to put forth an explicit operational formulation of positive human health that goes beyond prevailing "absence of illness" criteria; (b) to clarify that positive human health does not derive from extant medical considerations, which are not about wellness, but necessarily require a base in philosophical accounts of the "goods" in life; (c) to provoke a change of emphasis from strong tendencies to construe human health as exclusively about the mind or the body toward an integrated and positive spiral of mind-body influences; (d) to delineate possible physiological substrates of human flourishing and offer future directions for understanding the biology of positive health; and (e) to discuss implications of positive health for diverse scientific agendas (e.g., stress, class and health, work and family life) and for practice in health fields (e.g., training, health examinations, psychotherapy, and wellness intervention programs).
In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Posted 3/2000. Develops the hypothesis that intervention strategies that cultivate positive emotions are particularly suited for preventing and treating problems rooted in negative emotions, such as anxiety, depression, aggression, and stress related health problems. B. L. Fredrickson's (1998) broaden-and-build model of positive emotions provides the foundation for this application. According to this model, the form and function of positive and negative emotions are distinct and complementary. Negative emotions narrow an individual's momentary thought–action repertoire toward specific actions that served the ancestral function of promoting survival. By contrast, positive emotions broaden an individual's momentary thought–action repertoire, which in turn can build that individual's enduring personal resources. One implication of the broaden-and-build model is that positive emotions have an undoing effect on negative emotions. A range of intervention and coping strategies are reviewed. These strategies optimize health and well-being to the extent that they cultivate positive emotions. Cultivated positive emotions not only counteract negative emotions, but also broaden individuals' habitual modes of thinking and build their personal resources for coping.
W. Wilson's (1967) review of the area of subjective well-being (SWB) advanced several conclusions regarding those who report high levels of "happiness." A number of his conclusions have been overturned: youth and modest aspirations no longer are seen as prerequisites of SWB. E. Diener's (1984) review placed greater emphasis on theories that stressed psychological factors. In the current article, the authors review current evidence for Wilson's conclusions and discuss modern theories of SWB that stress dispositional influences, adaptation, goals, and coping strategies. The next steps in the evolution of the field are to comprehend the interaction of psychological factors with life circumstances in producing SWB, to understand the causal pathways leading to happiness, understand the processes underlying adaptation to events, and develop theories that explain why certain variables differentially influence the different components of SWB (life satisfaction, pleasant affect, and unpleasant affect). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examined relations between social activity and state and trait measures of Positive and Negative Affect. In Study 1, Ss completed scales relevant to 3-factor models of personality and a weekly mood and social activity questionnaire for 13 wks. In Study 2, Ss completed measures of the 5-factor model of personality and a daily mood and social activity survey for 6–7 wks. In within- and between-Ss analyses, socializing correlated significantly with state measures of Positive Affect and with trait measures of Extraversion/Positive Emotionality. These relations were relatively general across various types of positive affect and social events; however, specific types of social events also were differentially related to affect. In contrast, social activity had no consistent association with measures of Negative Affect or the other personality dimensions. The results support a temperamental view of Extraversion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Evaluative processes refer to the operations by which organisms discriminate threatening from nurturant environments. Low activation of positive and negative evaluative processes by a stimulus reflects neutrality, whereas high activation of such processes reflects maximal conflict. Attitudes, an important class of manifestations of evaluative processes, have traditionally been conceptualized as falling along a bipolar dimension, and the positive and negative evaluative processes underlying attitudes have been conceptualized as being reciprocally activated, making the bipolar rating scale the measure of choice. Research is reviewed suggesting that this bipolar dimension is insufficient to portray comprehensively positive and negative evaluative processes and that the question is not whether such processes are reciprocally activated but under what conditions they are reciprocally, nonreciprocally, or independently activated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Gratitude is conceptualized as a moral affect that is analogous to other moral emotions such as empathy and guilt. Gratitude has 3 functions that can be conceptualized as morally relevant: (a) a moral barometer function (i.e., it is a response to the perception that one has been the beneficiary of another person's moral actions); (b) a moral motive function (i.e., it motivates the grateful person to behave prosocially toward the benefactor and other people); and (c) a moral reinforcer function (i.e., when expressed, it encourages benefactors to behave morally in the future). The personality and social factors that are associated with gratitude are also consistent with a conceptualization of gratitude as an affect that is relevant to people's cognitions and behaviors in the moral domain.
Twice a week for up to 10 weeks, 103 participants provided measures of their daily self-concept clarity (SCC), mood (negative affect [NA] and positive affect [PA]), and self-esteem (SE), and they described the events that occurred each day. Multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses found that daily SCC covaried with daily positive and negative events, with daily NA, and with daily SE. None of these relationships was moderated by trait levels of SE, SCC, PA, NA, or measures of depressogenic self-concept, anxiety, or depressive symptoms. Analyses that simultaneously included SE, mood, and events suggested that relationships between daily SCC and daily events were mediated by daily NA and daily SE. Such mediation suggests that daily events lead to changes in mood and SE, which in turn lead to changes in SCC. Additional analyses found that temporal variability of SE, PA, NA, and SCC was negatively correlated with trait SCC.
Increasingly, social and personality psychologists are conducting studies in which data are collected simultaneously at multiple levels, with hypotheses concerning effects that involve multiple levels of analysis. In studies of naturally occurring social interaction, data describing people and their social interactions are collected simultaneously. This article discuses how to analyze such data using random coefficient modeling. Analyzing data describing day-to-day social interaction is used to illustrate the analysis of event-contingent data (when specific events trigger or organize data collection), and analyzing data describing reactions to daily events is used to illustrate the analysis of interval-contingent data (when data are collected at intervals). Different analytic strategies are presented, the shortcomings of ordinary least squares analyses are described, and the use of multilevel random coefficient modeling is discussed in detail. Different modeling techniques, the specifics of formulating and testing hypotheses, and the differences between fixed and random effects are also considered.
In this chapter we suggest that “happiness,” or high subjective wellbeing, is more strongly associated with the frequency
and duration of people’s positive feelings, not with the intensity of those feelings. People who rarely or never feel euphoria,
for instance, can nonetheless report very high levels of well-being. We hypothesize that there are several reasons that subjective
well-being is more strongly associated with the amount of time people feel positive versus negative feelings rather than with
the intensity of their positive feelings. Intense positive feelings often have costs, including a tendency to more intense
negative feelings in negative situations. Another hypothesis is that it is more difficult to accurately measure the intensity
of feelings than their time-course, and this makes the amount of time people feel positive more amenable to study with self-report
methods. The intensity of people’s positive emotions should not be ignored, but should be studied in combination with the
time-course (frequency and duration) of positive and negative feelings.
Despite broad agreement that understanding a personality construct requires integrating trait and state levels of analysis, few studies have explicitly attempted such an integration. The present study did this by examining the relationships between trait and state measures of empathy. State measures were taken daily, with a focus on the day level (within-person) covariation between empathy and daily mood and events. Twice a week for up to 10 weeks, 103 participants provided measures of their daily empathy and mood (NA and PA) and described the events that occurred each day. Multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses found that daily empathy covaried positively with the impact of daily positive and negative social events and with daily positive and negative affect. Empathy did not covary with achievement-related events. Analyses that simultaneously included empathy, mood, and events suggested that daily NA mediated relationships between daily empathy and daily negative social events. Although mean daily empathy was positively related to trait empathy, trait empathy did not moderate relationships between daily empathy and events nor between daily empathy and mood. Moreover, daily empathy did not covary with daily depressogenic thinking, need for cognition, nor self-esteem, suggesting that empathy is distinct from these constructs. Possible mechanisms linking social events and empathy, such as emotional contagion, are discussed.
Working largely independently, numerous investigators have explored the role of self-focused attention in various clinical disorders. This article reviews research examining increased self-focused attention in these disorders. Results indicate that regardless of the particular disorder under investigation, a heightened degree of self-focused attention is found. Hence, as ordinarily conceptualized, self-focused attention has little discriminatory power among different psychological disorders. Using information processing constructs, a somewhat different model of self-focused attention is proposed, and it is suggested that certain deviations in this process constitute a psychopathological kind of attention. A meta-construct model of descriptive psychopathology is then outlined to examine how certain aspects of attention can be considered specific to certain disorders and others common to different disorders.
The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a 35-item self-report scale derived from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for the disorder. This article describes a series of three studies designed to explore the psychometric properties of the scale. Study 1 used 362 Vietnam veterans seeking help at Vet Centers (Operation Outreach) to confirm the internal consistency of the instrument and provide an assessment of its factor structure. Study 2 demonstrated the high test—retest reliability of the instrument over a period of 1 week. Study 3 indicated that the test’s sensitivity was .93, specificity was .89, and overall hit rate was .90 when it was used to differentiate between a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) group and two non-PTSD comparison groups. The utility of the test when it is administered within the context of a multiaxial approach to assess military-related PTSD is discussed.
Psychology after World War II became a science largely devoted to healing. It concentrated on repairing damage using a disease model of human functioning. This almost exclusive attention to pathology neglected the idea of a fulfilled individual and a thriving community, and it neglected the possibility that building strength is the most potent weapon in the arsenal of therapy. The aim of positive psychology is to catalyze a change in psychology from a preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building the best qualities in life. To redress the previous imbalance, we must bring the building of strength to the forefront in the treatment and prevention of mental illness.
The effect of a grateful outlook on psychological and physical well-being was examined. In Studies 1 and 2, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions (hassles, gratitude listing, and either neutral life events or social comparison); they then kept weekly (Study 1) or daily (Study 2) records of their moods, coping behaviors, health behaviors, physical symptoms, and overall life appraisals. In a 3rd study, persons with neuromuscular disease were randomly assigned to either the gratitude condition or to a control condition. The gratitude-outlook groups exhibited heightened well-being across several, though not all, of the outcome measures across the 3 studies, relative to the comparison groups. The effect on positive affect appeared to be the most robust finding. Results suggest that a conscious focus on blessings may have emotional and interpersonal benefits.
It is argued that this book (see record 1999-04118-000) contains some interesting overview-type chapters that identify one aspect of self-reports and that provide researchers with findings that either help them to design their questionnaires so that they obtain more veridical self-reports or at least help them to interpret self-report findings accurately. However, some chapters put heavy emphasis on self-report in medical contexts and clinical practice. Researchers who work in other domains of the behavioral and social sciences may be disappointed to find that they book does not contain, among others, chapters on self-reports of stereotypes, attitudes, evaluations, and self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Objective:
This investigation assessed whether current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with impaired functioning in a nationally representative sample of female Vietnam veterans.
Methods:
Logistic models were used to determine the association between PTSD and outcome while adjusting for demographic characteristics and medical and psychiatric co-morbidities.
Results:
PTSD was associated with significantly elevated odds of poorer functioning in five of the six outcome domains; only the association between perpetration of violence in the past year and PTSD did not achieve statistical significance. After adjusting for demographics and medical and psychiatric co-morbidities, PTSD remained associated with significantly elevated odds of bed days, poorer physical health, and currently not working.
Conclusions:
Among female Vietnam veterans PTSD is associated with a broad profile of functional impairment. The significantly increased odds of impaired functioning and diminished quality of life suggest that PTSD may be the core problem of the set of problems afflicting female Vietnam veterans.
Examines thinking and research relevant to the self-expansion model of motivation and cognition in close relationships. It begins with an explanation of the key elements of the model, followed by a comment on the utility of a model of this kind in terms of the role of metaphor in science. The chapter then considers 2 key processes suggested by the model, discussing the theoretical foundation and research relevant to each. These 2 processes are, first, that relationship satisfaction is increased through the association of the relationship with self-expansion and, second, that the relationship means cognitively that each partner has included the other in his or her self. Implications of the model for 3 other relationship-relevant issues (selectivity in attraction, motivations for unrequited love, and the effects on the self of falling in love) are considered. Concludes with a brief consideration of other relationship-relevant ramifications of the model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Are emotions essentially an individual-subjective phenomenon, or are they broader in scope? Do emotions mainly represent what the individual feels ‘inside’ or do they also carry implications for the social context? Questions such as these were in the background of the present research that has examined the way emotions are viewed, understood, and experienced by young and older adult men and women (ranging in age from 18 to 50) in two cultural environments, Germany and the US. Overall, the results revealed distinctly different patterns of age and sex differences in the evaluation and experience of emotions for Americans and Germans. In addition, the study identified specific emotions (e.g. gratitude, despair, rage) that seem to have different connotations and associations for individuals in the two cultural groups. Interpretation of the findings emphasizes connections between the emotional life and emotional understanding of the individual and broad sociocultural themes. It is argued that social context is an important feature of emotion requiring more extensive consideration is psychological theory and research on emotion.
daily variations may be understood in terms of the degree to which three basic needs, autonomy, competence, and related-ness, are satisfied in daily activity. Hierarchical linear models were used to examine this hypothesis across 2 weeks of daily activ-ity and well-being reports controlling for trait-level individual differences. Results strongly supported the hypothesis. The authors also examined the social activities that contribute to sat-isfaction of relatedness needs. The best predictors were meaning-ful talk and feeling understood and appreciated by interaction partners. Finally, the authors found systematic day-of-the-week variations in emotional well-being and need satisfaction. These results are discussed in terms of the importance of daily activities and the need to consider both trait and day-level determinants of well-being.
This article uses service utilization and outcome data from the specialized posttraumatic stress disorder outpatient programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs to illustrate a method of evaluating the required intensity of outpatient psychiatric treatment. The analyses presented suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder treatment programs could offer intensive services for only the first four months of treatment, followed by a reduction in intensity to an average of only one visit per month, without loss of clinical gains. Workload projections suggest that applying such standards under a system of regulatory control would allow a 17%–51% increase in patients treated.
Thirty-seven male veterans with combat-related PTSD completed measures of hostile automatic thoughts, hope, and positive and negative affect. Responses to the items of each measure were presented in two formats: (a) the veteran's feelings today and (b) (on a separate form) how he felt while in combat. Veterans reported significantly higher levels of hostility and negative affect in combat as opposed to today. Contrary to predictions, high levels of both positive affect and automatic positive thoughts also were reported in combat relative to today. Hope levels varied primarily as a function of being employed rather than unemployed. The implications and limitations of this methodology and these findings for combat veterans and other groups are discussed.
The paper reviews and considers the existing cognitive and behavioral accounts for the acquisition and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder. Mowrer's two-stage theory as applied to rape victims and Vietnam veterans is critically review