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The Spiritual Intelligence of Nurses in Taiwan
Abstract
The purposes of the study included: (1) defining the profile of nurses' spiritual intelligence; (2) examining the relationship between nurses' demographic characteristics and spiritual intelligence; and (3) exploring the mode of nurses' spiritual intelligence and related factors, among nurses in Taiwan. A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed and administered to 299 hospital registered nurses, who were distributed throughout metropolitan Taipei. Wolman's (2001) PsychoMatrix Spirituality Inventory, a 4-point scaled, self-reported, 49-item questionnaire covering seven spiritual factors (divinity, mindfulness, extrasensory perception, community, intellectuality, trauma, and childhood spirituality) was used to measure nurses' spiritual intelligence. Results showed that nurses' spiritual intelligence was centralized in a moderate degree, while trauma and childhood spirituality were either moderate or high. Age and childhood spirituality were the most significant variables affecting nurses' spiritual intelligence, accounting for 61.4% of the variance in nurses' spiritual intelligence. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the spiritual intelligence profile of nurses and may also help facilitate a program for nurses' spiritual development as well as improve the quality of spiritual care.
... Studies conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic have reported that nurses have a moderate level of SI (5) ; while research conducted during the pandemic has highlighted an acceptable level (14) . On the other hand, it has been reported that this intelligence is associated with sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics, such as age, marital status, religion, professional experience and the history of having been infected by CO-VID-19 (14,15) ; as well as factors related to their work environment, such as communication, perceived self-efficacy at work (14) , work performance (5) , the art of nursing, their clinical skills, attributes of practice and personal commitment (16) . ...
... In this study, it was reported that Peruvian nursing professionals have a healthy level of SI in their daily practice. In addition, professional experience was identified as a predictor of SI, which can be explained by the fact that the more experienced the nurses, the greater their accumulated spiritual maturity (15) , integrating more moral, spiritual and ethical values to offer holistic care. They also understand that their role as caregivers gives meaning to their professional practice (22) . ...
... They also understand that their role as caregivers gives meaning to their professional practice (22) . Another variable that could explain this association is age, as several studies have shown that nurses with less experience, and therefore younger, tend to have lower SI scores (14,15) . Along these lines, it is important to consider generational change, since millennials, who in this study represented those with less professional experience, tend to move away from traditional religious beliefs compared to previous generations, which can negatively impact their SI (23) . ...
Objectives: to analyze the relationship between religion and professional experience with spiritual intelligence in nurses
Methods: cross-sectional and analytical study carried out in 2021, with the participation of 544 nursing professionals working in health facilities in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multiple regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation were used to analyze the data.
Results: in nurses, a healthy level of spiritual intelligence predominated (42.8%). Those who did not profess a religion were more likely to have a lower spiritual intelligence score (global scale and dimensions); however, experienced nurses were more likely to have higher spiritual intelligence (global scale and dimensions) than novice nurses (p<0.05).
Conclusions: spiritual intelligence in nurses was predicted by religion and professional experience. This finding suggests that spiritual intelligence in nursing is consolidated through religious practices and during professional practice.
Descriptors: Intelligence; Religion; Spirituality; Nurses; Daily Activities.
... Estudios previos a la pandemia por COVID-19 reportan que los enfermeros presentan un nivel moderado de IE (5) ; mientras que investigaciones realizadas durante la pandemia destacan un nivel aceptable (14) . Por otra parte, se ha reportado que esta inteligencia se encuentra asociada con características sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas como la edad, el estado civil, religión, experiencia profesional y el antecedente de haberse infectado con COVID-19 (14,15) ; así como factores relacionados a su entorno laboral como es la comunicación, percepción de la autoeficacia en el trabajo (14) , desempeño laboral (5) , el arte de enfermería, sus competencias clínicas, atributos de la práctica y compromiso personal (16) . ...
... En este estudio se reporta que los profesionales en enfermería peruanos presentan un nivel de IE saludable en su cotidiano laboral. Además, que la experiencia profesional fue un predictor de la IE, lo cual, podría ser explicado debido a que cuanto más expertos son los enfermeros, acumulan mayor madurez espiritual (15) , incorporan más valores morales, espirituales y éticos, para brindar un cuidado holístico; asimismo, entienden que su rol de cuidador le proporciona un sentido a su quehacer (22) . Otra variable que podría explicar esta asociación es la edad, pues diversos estudios han reportado que el enfermero con menor tiempo de experiencia laboral y por ende menor edad presenta menor puntaje de IE (14,15) . ...
... Además, que la experiencia profesional fue un predictor de la IE, lo cual, podría ser explicado debido a que cuanto más expertos son los enfermeros, acumulan mayor madurez espiritual (15) , incorporan más valores morales, espirituales y éticos, para brindar un cuidado holístico; asimismo, entienden que su rol de cuidador le proporciona un sentido a su quehacer (22) . Otra variable que podría explicar esta asociación es la edad, pues diversos estudios han reportado que el enfermero con menor tiempo de experiencia laboral y por ende menor edad presenta menor puntaje de IE (14,15) . En esta misma línea, se debe considerar el cambio generacional, debido a que los millennials, que en este estudio estuvieron representados por quienes tenían menos experiencia profesional, suelen alejarse de las creencias religiosas tradicionales en comparación con otras generaciones anteriores, aspecto que podría tener una influencia negativa en su IE (23) . ...
Objectives: to analyze the relationship between religion and professional experience with spiritual intelligence in nurses
Methods: cross-sectional and analytical study carried out in 2021, with the participation of 544 nursing professionals working in health facilities in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multiple regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation were used to analyze the data.
Results: in nurses, a healthy level of spiritual intelligence predominated (42.8%). Those who did not profess a religion were more likely to have a lower spiritual intelligence score (global scale and dimensions); however, experienced nurses were more likely to have higher spiritual intelligence (global scale and dimensions) than novice nurses (p<0.05).
Conclusions: spiritual intelligence in nurses was predicted by religion and professional experience. This finding suggests that spiritual intelligence in nursing is consolidated through religious practices and during professional practice.
Descriptors: Intelligence; Religion; Spirituality; Nurses; Daily Activities.
... Spiritual intelligence can be affected by demographic factors such as age and education level (Yang, 2006). Many researchers have also attempted to identify the relationship between one's spiritual intelligence and characteristics such as gender, age, religion, working experience, and marital status (Nazam, 2014). ...
... Many researchers have also attempted to identify the relationship between one's spiritual intelligence and characteristics such as gender, age, religion, working experience, and marital status (Nazam, 2014). The one research shows that spiritual intelligence has to do with age, knowing that male nurses have higher spiritual intelligence than females (Yang, 2006). That is different from the other researchers who said that a nurse's age, religious belief, and working experience are significantly related to his level of spiritual intelligence (Anbugeetha, 2015). ...
... It can be concluded that an older person tends to have more life experiences and higher spiritual intelligence (Anbugeetha, 2015). However, this is unlike anything in research saying that there is no significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and the nurse's demographic characteristics such as age, gender, working unit, and tenure (Yang, 2006). ...
Background: Nurses are required to conduct themselves professionally at all times, without compromising procedure or the patient's pleasure. Each day, they confront a variety of workplace stresses that might jeopardize their health and possibly result in a reduction or lack of enthusiasm to work. Objectives: The study aimed to determine contribute factors of nurses' spiritual intelligence at Bandung City Hospital based on their characteristics. Methods: This research used a descriptive quantitative method and Spiritual Intelligence of Self Report Inventory (SISRI-24) to collect the data. The respondents were 239 nurses selected using the total population technique. The univariate analysis was used to explain the various levels of spiritual intelligence based on the nurse's characteristics Results: The results show that the nurses' spiritual intelligence in Bandung City Regional General Hospital is 49% high and 51% low. It was also discovered that a high level of spiritual intelligence was based on the following characteristics: aged 41-60 years old, male, and on more- than-10-year tenure, Nursing School graduates, head nurses and nurses assigned at a hemodialysis unit. Conclusion: The research concludes that more than half of the respondents have a low level of spiritual intelligence. Therefore, holding Emotional Spiritual Quotient training is recommended, especially for nurses relatively new to the job. The study has implication because spiritual intelligence is vital in nursing, significantly impacting care quality, well-being of all involved, and leading to better patient outcomes and job satisfaction.
... Much of the past research and literature on transformational leadership focused on the characteristics of the leaders themselves rather than on the interactions between the leader and his or her followers. These characteristics included charisma, creativity, consideration, sound moral judgment, and ethical decision-making (Friedman, 2004; Fry & Cohen, 2009; Fry & Slocum, 2008; Hyde, 2004; Rogers, 2003; Yang, 2006). Transformational leaders are those who can integrate the desires, beliefs, talents, and core beliefs into the work of an organization based on shared goals and visions (Friedman, 2004). ...
... We advance four theoretical motifs, which may hold several points of promise for transformational leadership behavior and organizational development in education. The first of these is that spiritual intelligence expands our understanding of organizational members by providing an objective pathway into the inner life so intimately related to organizational development (Dent, Higgins, & Wharff, 2005; Fry, 2003; Vaughan, 2002; Yang, 2006; Zohar;). Such insight can assist transformational leadership in integrating the rational and affective context of organizational development into holistic experiences. ...
... Society is experiencing a resurgence of spirituality that is spilling over into educational thought (Dent, Higgins, & Wharff, 2005; Emmons, 2000b; Fry, 2003; Fry & Cohen, 2009; Fry & Slocum, 2008; Gardner, 2000; Hyde, 2004; Mayer, 2000; Neiman, 2000; Rogers, 2003; Vaughan, 2002; Yang, 2006; Zohar;). As a result, the proposal to explore spiritual intelligence as part of educational transformational leadership and organizational development is intriguing. ...
The purpose of this paper is to establish a connection between spiritual intelligence and transformational leadership in an effort to encourage further debate about the legitimacy of spiritual intelligence in educational discourse. In this context we define spiritual intelligence as an interconnected configuration of affective orientations intimately linked to create meaning through connecting ideas, events, and persons rather than to a specific religious tradition or orientation. An exploration of the meaning of transformational leadership in education in K-12 settings provides the basis for the development of a synthesis from a new perspective of two concepts that empower the dispositions of leadership impacting school culture.
... In Malaysia, Rani, Abidin, and Ab Hamid (2013) established a positive correlation between spiritual intelligence and job performance. Yang (2006) suggests that spiritual intelligence trainings are likely to facilitate job performance. Allen and Meyer's (1990) three-component model is widely adopted in job commitment research. ...
... These findings are consistent with previous findings from other contexts that spiritual intelligence predicts positive employee outcomes (e.g. Yang, 2006;Malik & Tariq, 2016;Wang & Wang, 2015;Jehoudar & Goodarzi, 2012). One major implication of this is that organizations may need to take cognizance of the importance of spiritual intelligence to employee outcomes and facilitate higher spiritual intelligence amongst employees either by; conducting appropriate trainings or instituting requisite policies and practices. ...
A chorus of scholarly voices has echoed the significance of spiritual intelligence in organizational settings. This paper provides fresh insights by investigating the relationship between spiritual intelligence (SI) and workplace outcomes using David King’s four-factor Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24). The study was conducted in Nigeria, a sub-Saharan African country, using a sample of 216 employees of a private university selected in a non-probabilistic sample. There was a significant relationship between SI and workplace outcomes such as job performance, job commitment, and job satisfaction. However, the effects of the dimensions of SI on workplace outcomes are varied. These results bring to fore the existence of possible variations in the meaning and dimensions of spiritual intelligence; and their effects on workplace outcomes across contexts. As spiritual intelligence correlates with positive employee outcomes, organizations should invest in discovering, developing, and deploying this domain of intelligence.
... The idea of spirituality is increasing in prominence among recent publications in educational psychology and theory (Dent, Higgins, & Wharff, 2005;Edwards, 2003;Emmons, 1999Emmons, , 2000aEmmons, , 2000bFry, 2003;Fry & Cohen, 2009;Fry & Slocum, 2008;Gardner, 2000;Hyde, 2004;Mayer, 2000;Neiman, 2000;Rogers, 2003;Vaughan, 2002;Yang, 2006;Zohar, 2005). ...
... These connections result in both personal and organizational transformations. Spiritual intelligence is further defined as the ability to construct meaning through intuitively seeing interconnectedness between life-world experience and the inner spheres of the individual psyche (Rogers, 2003;Yang, 2006). Tisdell (2003) contends that spirituality is an important part of the human experience, which is fundamental to understanding how individuals construct meaningful knowledge. ...
This study aimed to determine how the dimensions of spirituality intelligence affect the caring nurse-patient interaction skills of student nurses from three Asian countries. A descriptive correlation type of research was utilized with questionnaire in Google forms as the main instrument of this study. A total of 184 Asian student-nurses from Indonesia, Philippines and Singapore served as participants. Partial least square structural equation modeling was used to statistically analyze the data. Results of the structural model revealed that spiritual intelligence on the aspect of critical existential thinking is significantly related to the caring nurse-patient interaction skills in terms of humanism (β=0.164), helping relationship (β=-0.178), problem solving (β=0.131), and environment (β=.-0.538). Moreover, spiritual intelligence on the aspect of personal meaning production is significantly related to the caring nurse-patient interaction skills in terms of helping relationship (β=-0.154), problem solving (β=0.126) and needs (β=-0.174). It was also found out that the spiritual intelligence on the aspect of conscious state expansion is significantly related to the caring nurse-patient interaction skills in terms of humanism (β=-0.128), hope (β=0.197) and helping relationship (β=-0.149). Further analysis of the structural model revealed that the spiritual intelligence on the aspect of transcendental awareness is significantly related to the caring nurse-patient interaction skills in terms of problem solving (β=0.012) and spirituality (β=-0.246). It is recommended to mainstream spirituality in nursing education courses to foster a humanistic outlook in establishing a caring interaction between student nurses and the recipients of nursing care.
... In the present study, no significant association was found between spiritual intelligence and demographic characteristics such as age, sex, nurses' working location, and their work experience, which is consistent with the results of Bagheri et al., [12] as well as those of Yang (2006) and Yang and Moab (2007), who conducted studies on Taiwanese and Chinese nurses, respectively, to investigate the association between spiritual intelligence with demographic characteristics. [13,14] With regard to the association between spiritual intelligence with psychological well‑being, Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.48 (P = 0.001) indicating their association. ...
... In the present study, no significant association was found between spiritual intelligence and demographic characteristics such as age, sex, nurses' working location, and their work experience, which is consistent with the results of Bagheri et al., [12] as well as those of Yang (2006) and Yang and Moab (2007), who conducted studies on Taiwanese and Chinese nurses, respectively, to investigate the association between spiritual intelligence with demographic characteristics. [13,14] With regard to the association between spiritual intelligence with psychological well‑being, Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.48 (P = 0.001) indicating their association. With regard to the association of each component of spiritual intelligence with psychological well‑being, Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.48 (P = 0.001) for conscious state expansion, 0.51 (P = 0.001) for personal meaning production, 0.38 (P = 0.03) for transcendental awareness, and 0.43 (P = 0.001) for critical existential thinking [Table 1]. ...
Spiritual intelligence is defined as the human capacity to ask questions about the ultimate meaning of life and the integrated relationship between us and the world in which we live. It results in an increase in psychological well-being of individuals as well as having a goal in their life. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence with purpose in life and psychological well-being among the nurses.
The study was a descriptive correlation study. In this study, 270 nurses were selected from some hospitals of Tehran University through convenient sampling. Data were collected through a four-section questionnaire including demographic characteristics, a 24-item questionnaire of spiritual intelligence and its four components, psychological well-being questionnaire with six subscales and 84 questions, and the questionnaire of purpose in life with 20 questions. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed through SPSS software.
The results showed that there was a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence with psychological well-being and having a purpose in life. Furthermore, there was a significant association between the components of spiritual intelligence including conscious state expansion, personal meaning production, transcendental awareness, and critical existential thinking with psychological well-being.
High level of spiritual intelligence in nurses helps them to improve their psychological well-being and have a purpose in life, which can lead to the health provision of them and their patients.
... Several studies have stated that spiritual intelligence correlates with positive outcomes. Persons with high levels of spiritual intelligence are reported to be more productive and have high psychosocial wellbeing (Yang, 2006), because of a higher sense of self-efficacy and motivation (Zohar & Marshall, 2000). A myriad of positive employee behavioural outcomes has also been positively linked to high spiritual intelligence; some of these variables include job commitment, leadership effectiveness, job satisfaction, job performance and organizational citizenship behaviour, to mention a few (e.g., Amram, 2009;Hildebrant, 2011;Affeldt & MacDonald, 2010;Oyewunmi et al., 2021). ...
Purpose
Practitioners and management researchers have chorused the salvific tendencies of spiritual intelligence. Whilst the emergence of spirituality and its derivatives in the workplace is widely acclaimed, the conflict that exists between spiritual ideals and the capitalist ethos of modern organisations raises questions about dark manifestations. This incongruence necessitates the consideration of the misuse of spiritual intelligence.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper adopts conceptual lens and theoretical arguments to interrogate the assumption of absolute constructiveness that is accorded spiritual intelligence in its framing and discusses the potential of a dark side.
Findings
The dark side of spiritual intelligence is its deployment to achieve self-serving purposes, to harm, rather than to help others. More practitioners and management researchers must acknowledge that spiritual intelligence and workplace spirituality may have dark manifestations and incorporate this reality in the assessment of organisations and the individuals within them.
Originality/value
This exploratory article joins the sparse extant literature on the dark side of spiritual intelligence and workplace spirituality. It contributes to the literature by offering critical insights into spiritual intelligence and the need to integrate the potential for misuse in the existing models.
... It has also been argued that the SQ has the ability to create meaning by relating ideas, events and people (Fry 2003). In addition, the SQ is defined as the ability to create meaning by linking people's life experiences and spirit (Yang 2006). According to Wolman (2001), the SQ is the human capacity to ask questions about the meaning of life and to experience the connection between each of us and the world in which we live. ...
Religion is so rich, comprehensive and complex that its different aspects exhibit differently in different perspectives and attitudes. Good employees express their opinions and beliefs honestly and participate in the organisational activities. In other words, they take actions that are not necessary but are useful for colleagues and organisations. These behaviours, called extra-role or organisational citizenship behaviours (OCB), refer to activities that are inherently spontaneous and conscious and are not directly and explicitly predicted by the organisation’s formal reward system, but generally enhance the organisation’s efficiency. The importance of such behaviours in religious and spiritual environments increases. Hence, this study aimed to determine the role of spiritual intelligence in exhibiting citizenship behaviours in the organisation. Therefore, 5000 employees of 40 manufacturing and services companies working in the education, finance, insurance and food sectors were selected by simple random sampling method as the statistical population of the study. Then, standard questionnaires were distributed amongst the participants, necessary data were collected and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse data. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and citizenship behaviours in organisations. Finally, the Structural Equation Model (SEM) results in linear structural relations (LISREL) showed that spiritual intelligence affects the citizenship behaviours (p = 0.68).
Contribution: This article therefore contributes to the spirituality and spiritual intelligence of employees in the organisation as an aspect of religion.
... Spiritual health is defined as a set of capabilities related to spiritual resources, which involves an effective form of adaptation and problemsolving behaviour. Spiritual intelligence goes beyond people's physical and cognitive relations with the surrounding environment and enters the intuitive and transcendent realm of one's view of life, thereby causing the person to deal with their daily stress in life and even help others by discovering hidden life resources (Qiu et al. 2020;Yang 2006;Zhu et al. 2020). ...
According to the Islamic thoughts, conditions for spirituality have been proposed to be theism, prophecy, resurrection, piety, knowledge and so forth. However, non-religious spiritual schools have various shortcomings, the most important of which are temporary, devoid of truth, contradictions and one-dimensionality. Hence, the present study investigated the relationship between spiritual intelligence and spiritual health of Muslim medical students of Penang, Kuala Lumpur and in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, 1000 medical students were selected as the statistical population by simple sampling method and standard questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis confirmed a positive and significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and spiritual health amongst medical students (r = 0.78, p = 0.00) by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Moreover, results indicated the benefit of Islamic teachings with the spirituality required by human beings. Modern human life, with its significant advances in the material areas, has not been successful in paying attention to spirituality and thus neglected it. Therefore, various mental diseases are caused by material domination in the lives of today’s people that are devoid of spirituality. Furthermore, the emergence of various secular spiritual schools verifies that Western societies, in particular, after the failure of the church, are one of the reasons for the emergence of such false spiritualties. With regard to the unity of spirituality and religion, therefore, spirituality cannot be separated from religion in different ways.
Contribution: This article contributes to the relationship between spiritual intelligence and spiritual health of Muslim medical students.
... Despite diverging empirical evidence, spirituality is largely considered a dimension of quality of life and an asset for (or even conflated with) psychological well-being (Forrester-Jones et al., 2018;M. King et al., 2013), implying vast beneficial outcomes, regardless of (or even counterbalancing) adversity (Ebrahmimi, Jaliabadi, Gholami Ghareh Chenagh, Amini, & Arkian, 2015;Lawrence, 2003;Mehrotra & Tripathi, 2017;Vaughan, 2002;Yang, 2006). ...
This cross-sectional study sought to examine spiritual intelligence (SI) as a moderator between death anxiety (DA) and dissociative post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD-DISS) among first responders. A convenience sample of 182 first responders (aid workers and firefighters) was recruited from the regional directorates of Western Greece. Participants provided sociodemographic details and were assessed on SI, DA, and PTSD-DISS related symptomatology. We hypothesized that DA would successfully predict prodromal PTSD-DISS, with SI inversely moderating the relationship between the aforementioned constructs, such that an increase in SI would correspond to a decrease in PTSD-DISS. The overall model confirmed that DA, SI and their linear combination significantly explained 77% of PTSD-DISS variance. Furthermore, SI significantly moderated the relationship between DA and PTSD-DISS, though in the opposite than expected direction: At low SI values the association between DA and PTSD-DISS was nonexistent (t = .45, p = .07), whereas DA had an incremental effect on PTSD-DISS analogous to increasing SI values (average SI, t = .2, p = .05; high SI, t = 2.54, p = .01). The results indicate diverse trajectories of spiritual (death anxiety-related) experiences and SI in mental health outcomes. Conceptual considerations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
... Recent studies have shown SC can improve the health and recovery of them. Also, the caring ability of health care professionals will improve by their increase in spiritual knowledge (9). SC along with other interventions can create a balance of physical, mental, and spiritual health and gain comprehensive health (10). ...
Background and aim
Spiritual care is an important part of nursing practice that seems to provide comprehensive care to patients. Nursing manager’s attention to the spiritual dimension is one of the most important aspects affecting human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine nursing managers’ attitude to spirituality and spiritual care in hospitals in Khorasan Razavi Province in 2016.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 110 management nurses (8 matrons, 37 supervisors and 65 head nurses) of hospitals in Khorasan Razavi Province (2016) were recruited for the study. Data were collected using a Spirituality & Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS) questionnaire in two parts, demographic information and questions related to the research objectives. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS 16 software and doing descriptive (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent-samples t-test, ANOVA) and considering levels of significance (p<0.05).
Results
The results showed mean and standard deviation in management nursing attitude to spirituality (4.01±0.35) and spiritual care (4.03±0.78). The result showed significant differences between the attitude to spirituality and spiritual care and gender, age and work experience in nursing management (p<0.05).
Conclusions
Management nursing has high level attitude to spirituality and spiritual care. Therefore, providing the perfect platform to provide this care, and for nurses to implement it in hospitals is recommended.
... Spiritual intelligence is defined as the ability to connect meanings by seeing interconnectedness between life-world experience and the inner spheres (Rogers 2003;Yang 2006) as well as the ability to create meaning based on the understanding of practical problems (Vaughan 2002). King andDe Cicco (2009), andSiddiqui (2013) referred to Bcritical existential thinking^and the "capacity for a deep understanding of existential questions" in their spiritual intelligence model. ...
To understand variation in spiritual intelligence with a culture, this paper develops a Spiritual Intelligence Scale in China context using a three-stage sorting process based on interviews and a survey (N = 50) in Study 1. In Study 2, the preliminary study validated the scale using rigorous methods, and a three-factor model of Chinese Spiritual Intelligence (N = 605) is obtained. The results indicate that spiritual intelligence in China is composed of the Identification of Meaning, the Connection of Meaning and the Realization of Meaning. Certainly, there are similarities and differences between this study and Western research. Although the internal consistency reliability was good for Identification and Connection, further improvement for Realization is still required. The three-factor model was better than the alternative models. This research supplements research on spiritual intelligence in different cultures and contributes to research on the Chinese spiritual world.
... Yang assessed the spiritual intelligence of nurses as average in 2006 (28). Kaur, Sambasivan, and Kumar studied the impact of spiritual intelligence on the behavior of nurses and concluded that spiritual intelligence can improve nurses' behavior (29). ...
Background Nursing is a demanding and stressful profession and puts the health of nurses at risk. One concept that has always been associated with the word ‘anxious’ is called defensive style. Sigmund Freud used this term to indicate how people use mechanisms to protect themselves from psychological trauma. Objectives This study investigated the role of spiritual intelligence in predicting the defensive style of nursing students. Methods This descriptive-survey and correlation study included all nursing students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences who were studying in the 2012 - 2013 academic year. Of these, 310 were randomly selected by cluster sampling and responded to king spiritual intelligence and defense style questionnaire DSQ-40. The collected data was analyzed using Pearson correlation and simple linear regression. Results The findings indicate that a positive and significant relationship exists between spiritual intelligence and its components [critical existential thinking, personal meaning production, transcendental awareness, and conscious state expansion] with defense styles (P < 0.001). Also, the relationship between spiritual intelligence and its components and neurotic and immature defense styles is negative and significant (P < 0.001). Results of the regression analysis showed that spiritual intelligence could positively and significantly predict mature defense styles and could negatively and significantly predict immature and neurotic defense styles. Conclusions Based on the results, it can be concluded that students with a higher spiritual intelligence use less neurotic and immature defense styles and more mature defense styles.
... As the sense of spirituality affects the sense of health, attention should be paid to the role of therapeutic personnel in this area. According to Coyle, satisfying the spiritual demand of patients helps them to fight ailments [18]. In fact, spiritual care is considered as an important part of therapeutic personnel performance as the aim of therapeutic personnel is to promote health, to prevent ailments and to relieve pain and discomfort. ...
In the current era, human society strongly needs to spirituality, religiosity and morality. Hospital personnel can treat their job as a spiritual mission through combining spirituality with their profession. The researcher addressed spiritual intelligence since, according to conducted researches; this mechanism has a fundamental role in recovering patients' health and in improving therapeutic personnel performance. The present research aims to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and hospital performance. In this research, 910 people including physicians, supervisors and nurses constituted the statistical population, and 168 people were selected with random sampling as the sample population. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, Structural validity and Content validity were employed, and to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cranach's alpha was used. The present study has an applied objective and a descriptive-survey nature, and variables have correlation with each other. The data collection was carried out through library research and applying a researcher-made questionnaire to confirm or reject the research hypotheses, and to test the hypotheses, correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used.
... The Result of the relationship between spiritual intelligence and demographic characteristics show the variables, such as age, marital status, number of years worked as a nurse, education and position, is not significant. This result is the same as other researchers conducted on the same title on Taiwanese nurses (Yang, 2006) and Chinese nurses Maob, 2006) using Wolman's psychological Matrix questionnaire (2001). Their findings showed that age, religious beliefs and the duration of experience as a nurse have no relationship with the whole score of spiritual intelligence but when they divided the scores of spiritual intelligence into three parts low, average and high, those aforementioned characteristics come to have significant relationship. ...
This study aimed to assess a) the relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Happiness and b) the relationship between Spiritual Intelligence, Happiness and demographic characteristics of the respondents. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with 125 nurses as the subjects, working in a variety clinical settings in two hospitals in Bushehr, Iran. Results show that there is a significant relationship between the Spiritual intelligence and Happiness. on the other hand, the demographic characteristics the section had significant relationship with spiritual intelligence and happiness.
Spiritual Intelligence (SI) is an independent concept from spirituality, a unifying and integrative intelligence that can be trained and developed, allowing people to make use of spirituality to enhance daily interaction and problem solving in a sort of spirituality into action. To comprehensively map and analyze current knowledge on SI and understand its impact on mental health and human interactions, we conducted a scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, searching for ‘spiritual intelligence’ across PubMedCentral, Scopus, WebOfScience, and PsycInfo. Quantitative studies using validated SI instruments and reproducible methodologies, published up to 1 January 2022, were included. Selected references were independently assessed by two reviewers, with any disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Data were extracted using a data extraction tool previously developed and piloted. From this search, a total of 69 manuscripts from 67 studies were included. Most studies (n = 48) were conducted in educational (n = 29) and healthcare (n = 19) settings, with the Spiritual Intelligence Self Report Inventory (SISRI-24) emerging as the predominant instrument for assessing SI (n = 39). Analysis revealed several notable correlations with SI: resilience (n = 7), general, mental, and spiritual health (n = 6), emotional intelligence (n = 5), and favorable social behaviors and communication strategies (n = 5). Conversely, negative correlations were observed with burnout and stress (n = 5), as well as depression and anxiety (n = 5). These findings prompt a discussion regarding the integration of the SI concept into a revised definition of health by the World Health Organization and underscore the significance of SI training as a preventative health measure.
Backgorund
Conscience is a concept that is the foundation of nursing, guiding nurses to ethical practices, and helping them to provide the best professional care possible. Conscience enables nurses to be understanding and careful in patient care.
Aim
The study had three aims: (1) to determine the level of conscientious intelligence and palliative care practice of intensive care nurses; (2) to determine the effect of sociodemographic and occupational variables on conscientious intelligence and palliative care practices; and (3) to examine the relationship between conscientious intelligence and palliative care practice.
Methods
This study was designed as a descriptive–correlative study. The sample consisted of 157 nurses from a university hospital. The data were collected using questionnaire form, Conscientious Intelligence Scale and the Palliative Care Self‐Reported Practices Scale between February and March 2021.
Results
By the general multivariate linear model, while age, educational level, professional experience, total term of employment in the clinic, and training in palliative care were important predictors of palliative care practices, age and gender were significant predictors of conscientious intelligence. It was concluded that the level of palliative care practice of intensive care nurses with a high level of conscientiousness was also higher.
Conclusion
The conscientious intelligence levels of intensive care nurses positively affected palliative care practices. It can be said that it is important for nurses to combine their conscience with their professional knowledge and skills while providing care services.
Relevance to Clinical Practice
In the realm of nursing, it is imperative for professionals to not only possess knowledge and competence, but also to act with conscience when caring for patients. This study demonstrated that nurses with heightened conscientious awareness are more adept at providing palliative care. Consequently, it is vital to support practices and training that foster conscientiousness among nurses, who must exercise patience and diligence in their careers.
Background: The Iran-Iraq War has left many consequences on veterans and their families over the years and it has potentially affected the veteranschr('39') quality of life. The present study aimed to determine the mediating role of marital satisfaction and perceived social support in the relationship between spiritual attitudes and quality of life in psychiatric veterans in Kermanshah province, Iran.
Methods: The present cross-sectional study had a structural equation modeling performed on all psychiatric veterans under the protection of Martyr and Veterans Affairs of Kermanshah province in 2018. We used the simple random sampling method, and selected 10 to 15 samples for each parameter according to the rule of thumb; hence, the sample size was 280. We collected data using The World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), the Spiritual Attitude Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Furthermore, we utilized the bootstrap method to evaluate the significance of indirect relationships (paths) and mediation effects. We performed all analyses of the structural equations using AMOS 22.
Results: The results indicated that the direct effects, and factor loadings of indicators on the latent variables of the model were significant at an alpha level of 0.05. Direct coefficients of spiritual attitude on marital satisfaction (β =0.45, P= 0.001) and spiritual attitude on perceived social support (β =0.14,P= 0.05) were positive and significant. Spiritual attitude had a positive and significant effect on the quality of life through marital satisfaction and perceived social support (β =0.22, P= 0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that spiritual attitudes increased the veteranschr('39') quality of life through mediating variables, namely marital satisfaction and perceived social support.
Spirituality is recognised as a fundamental aspect of health and nursing care. Yet, there are few studies exploring how this concept may be understood outside of Western culture. This scoping review seeks to address this omission by focusing specifically on research conducted with Chinese populations. This is important because people from Chinese backgrounds (PBC) are now residing all over the world, and their spirituality and spiritual needs should be considered when providing healthcare. Adopting a purely generalist understanding and application of spirituality may not capture the cultural difference that exists between the East and West. This scoping review adopted Arksey and O’Malley’s method to focus on spirituality and spiritual care among PBC in health and nursing. The systematic strategy was adopted and used to search the main databases in health and nursing. Eighteen (n = 18) empirical studies were included in the review: 11 qualitative studies and seven quantitative involving 1870 participants. The scoping review revealed that in the Chinese understanding of spirituality is an abstract and personal concept which can refer to an internal vital force, experiences of suffering, and traditional Chinese cultural and religious values. As the multidimensional understanding of spirituality and spiritual care may cause confusion, these findings may provide a direction for the researchers emphasising the need for cultural and religious sensitivity when understanding of spirituality.
Introduction: Nurses' caring behavior is one of the factors of patient satisfaction. Empathy, on the other hand, is an essential component of the quality of health care. Caring behavior and empathy can be influenced by spiritual intelligence. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence with caring behavior and empathy for nurses.
Methods: This is a descriptive correlational study conducted in 2019. The target population was nurses working in educational hospitals of Kashan that 185 were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were collected using Questionnaires of King's Spiritual Intelligence, Wolf's Caring Behavior and Jefferson's Empathy. The validity and reliability of the instruments have been determined in previous studies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation, frequency distribution) and inferential (Pearson correlation test) by SPSS 16 software.
Results: The mean spiritual intelligence of nurses was in the moderate range (97.35 26 26.12). The mean of nurses 'empathy (98.37±18 18.30) and nurses' caring behavior (198.5±41 41.60) were above average and acceptable. There was no statistically significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and caring behavior (P = 0.5), and also spiritual intelligence and empathy level (P = 0.621). However, the correlation matrix indicated a significant relationship between some of the components.
Conclusions: There was no relationship between spiritual intelligence with empathy and caring behavior of nurses, but by reinforcing some components of spiritual intelligence such as expanding consciousness and transcendent awareness, it can enhance nursing caring behavior and ultimately improve patient care.
Introduction:
Spiritual intelligence is better defined as a capacity to discover and develop true meaning, deep purpose, and vision in life. The purpose of the present study was to determine the predictive role of demographic variables affecting the overall spiritual intelligence in diabetic adolescents.
Methods:
In 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 adolescents with type 1 diabetes referring to the Iranian Diabetes Association consenting to participate. The inclusion criteria were: age ranging from 15 to 21 years, more than a year since last diagnosed with diabetes, patients' full awareness of their disease, not having other physical-psychological illnesses, and not taking any psychiatric or narcotic drugs. Spiritual intelligence was measured using the Spiritual Intelligence Self Report Inventory questionnaire consisting of 24-questions. The alpha Cronbach's method was applied to validate the questionnaire in terms of content, form, and data with the reliability calculated as 0.903. Demographic data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18.
Results:
On total, 56% of the participants were female, 17.10 ± 1.85, and the mean duration of diabetes was 5.98% ± 3.79%, 62.5% reported diabetes history among immediate relatives. Forty-two percent of the participants were the oldest child in the family first children of the family and 29.5% were studying at the university. The mean score of spiritual intelligence was 60.42 60.42 ing from 15 to 21 years regression test using the enter method (ANOVA: 0.703, F: 0.739) showed that none of the demographic components explored did not significantly alter the scores that assessed spiritual intelligence.
Conclusion:
The outcome of the current study portrayed that demographic features do not necessarily alter the overall spiritual intelligence scores, thereby not necessarily affecting an individual's overall spirituality.
Empowering employees' spiritual intelligence (SQ) is about bringing back the soul of the hospitality business. This study intends to identify factors that affect a food handler's' SQ and also to discover SQ's potential role in mediating food-hygiene practices and foodservice performance. Using judgemental sampling, this study conducted a cross-sectional study to analyse usable data of 1026. The results show that demographic factors significantly affect SQ level. Food-hygiene practices and food service performance were fully mediated by SQ, thus supporting the food handlers' thoughts of self-development and success at work. It is proposed that the positive outcomes from the large and varied datasets of the model can be generalised to the routine practices and performance of other institutions.
Background & Aims: Spiritual healthcare team members, especially nurses, play a key role in providing holistic care. Spiritual wellbeing in students is essential to identifying the spiritual needs of patients and their spiritual support. Characteristics such as spiritual intelligence influence the attitude of individuals toward spiritual matters, as well as their spiritual wellbeing. The present study aimed to determine the association between spiritual intelligence and spiritual wellbeing in nursing students.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 178 students in Borujen Nursing College, Iran in 2015. Participants were selected via census sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, spiritual intelligence questionnaire (Badi et al.), and spiritual wellbeing scale (Paloutzian and Ellison). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and analytical statistics.
Results: A positive, significant correlation was observed between the spiritual intelligence and spiritual wellbeing of the students (r=0.7; P≤0.001). According to the regression analysis, spiritual intelligence could predict spiritual wellbeing (r2=0.54; P≤0.001). Mean total spiritual intelligence in the students was 3.63±0.3 (range: 1-5), and mean total spiritual wellbeing was 4.3±0.6 (range: 1-6). No significant correlations were observed between spiritual intelligence and spiritual wellbeing with demographic variables (P≥0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, spiritual intelligence results in the spiritual wellbeing of students. Moreover, spiritual intelligence could predict the improvement of spiritual wellbeing. Therefore, it is recommended that educational managers consider the role of spiritual intelligence in spiritual wellbeing and periodically review and improve these variables in students through proper planning
Background
Due to their presence in clinical educational settings when dealing with patients, medical science students are more affected by mental disorders than other students. Some experts believe that spiritual intelligence enhances people adaptability and compatibility and creates calm in humans, especially in stressful situations.
Objective
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and aggression among students of medical sciences in the southeast of Iran.
Methods
This analytical-descriptive study was conducted among bachelor students of Medical Sciences in the Southeast of Iran and examples of the research were selected from the Schools of Nursing and Midwifery, Public Health, Paramedical and Management by a stratified random sampling method. To examine samples questionnaires were used which examined students’ demographic information, and included King’s 24-item Questionnaire of Spiritual Intelligence and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). After completing the questionnaires, data were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SPSS version18) with a significance level (p < 0.05).
Results
The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between spiritual intelligence and aggression of students (r = −0/19, p = 0/001). Results also showed that Students of Medical Sciences in the Southeast of Iran with a spiritual intelligence average score of 52.28 have an average spiritual intelligence and those with an aggression average score of 78.57 have higher aggression than average.
Conclusion
The results showed that with increasing spiritual intelligence, aggression decreases. The results can be used by policymakers and managers to take steps to reduce aggressive behaviors and mental disorders and for the promotion of spiritual intelligence of students of medical sciences.
Abstract
Background:
Falling and fear of falling are among the most common problems of the elderly, which can cause illness, isolation, dependency and reduced quality of life in elderly. Exercise is recommended to prevent falling injuries in the elderly.
Aim:
This study aimed to examine the effect of Tai Chi exercise on the risk and fear of falling in older adults.
Materials and Methods:
In this randomized clinical trial, a total of 60 male and female elderly were randomly divided into two groups: Tai Chi exercise and control (daily activities) groups. Tai Chi exercise protocol in the intervention group consisted of 3 sessions per week for 10 weeks. The risk and fear of falling were assessed in subjects by using standardized questionnaires, including Berg’s Balance Scale and Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) before initiating the protocol, at the end of 4th, 8th weeks and at the end of exercise period.
Results:
Two groups were matched in terms of age, gender, education, and body mass index. Baseline values of risk of falling and fear of falling were not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05). The score of fear of falling at the end of 4th, 8th weeks and at the end of exercise period was significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05) and it decreased in the intervention group, but the risk of falling reduced after 8 and 10 weeks in the intervention group (P<0.001).
Conclusion:
Performing Tai Chi exercises for at least four weeks could reduce fear of falling and reduce the risk of falls in older adults after 8 weeks.
Keywords: Tai Chi, Exercise, Accidental Falls, Aged, Postural Balance
This paper describes the overview of Ku's spiritual literature on nursing through five stages in Taiwan: the development of a spiritual framework, a scale of spiritual distress, a spiritual care model, a spiritual nursing course, and a spiritual care book in nursing. The article demonstrates the process of building spiritual care in nursing from constructing theoretical frameworks, measurements, and applying to education. The integrative overview of Ku's spiritual studies developed in this article could be an example in clinical and education fields for nurse administrators to develop spiritual capabilities.
Background:
Clinical competency is one of the most important requirements in nursing profession, based on which nurses are assessed. To obtain an effective and improved form of clinical competency, several factors are observed and monitored by the health educational systems. Among these observed factors, spiritual intelligence is considered as one of the most significant factors in nurses’ success and efficacy. In this study, it is aimed to determine the spiritual intelligence status and its relationship with clinical competency.
Materials and Methods:
The descriptive–correlational research was carried out on 250 nurses in Mashhad educational hospitals, selected by multi-stage sampling. Demographic, clinical competency, and spiritual intelligence questionnaires were used for data collection and 212 questionnaires were analyzed.
Results:
About 53.3% of nurses obtained above average scores in spiritual intelligence. Clinical competency was evaluated by both self-evaluation and head nurse evaluation methods. Most nurses (53.8%) were having good level of clinical competency based on self-evaluation, 48.2% were at average level based on head nurse evaluation, and 53.3% were at average level based on overall score. A significant correlation was found between spiritual intelligence and clinical competency.
Conclusions:
In this study, the positive significant correlation between nurses’ spiritual intelligence and their clinical competency is investigated. Because of the positive effects of spiritual intelligence on nurses’ clinical competency and quality of care, it is recommended to develop nurses’ spiritual intelligence during their education and by way of continuous medical education.
Nursing is one of the stressful jobs that affect nurse's well-being. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between spiritual intelligence, hardiness and well-being among Iranian nurses.
Samples of this cross- sectional study selected by Randomized stratified sampling, 125 nurses who have been working in different wards of Bushehr university hospitals. Data were collected using spiritual intelligence, hardiness, well-being and demographic characteristics questionnaires. Correlation, t-test, ANOVA, Tukey and regression analysis were applied.
The results revealed a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and hardiness, spiritual intelligence and well-being, Hardiness and well-being. It also showed that among the demographic characteristics (age, gender, working ward, marital status, job experiences, and education) working ward significantly correlated with spiritual intelligence.
Improvement of spiritual intelligence and reinforcement of hardiness could help increase the well-being of nurses.
Aims:
To describe the current 'state of the art' in relation to spiritual assessment, focusing on quantitative, qualitative and generic approaches; to explore the professional implications of spiritual assessment; and to make practical recommendations to managers seeking to promote spiritual assessment in their places of work.
Method:
The paper integrates aspects of a recent systematic review of quantitative approaches to measuring spirituality and a recent meta-synthesis of qualitative research into client perspectives of spiritual needs in health and the principles of generic assessment, before drawing on the wider literature to discuss a number of professional implications and making recommendations to nurse managers.
Implications for nursing management:
The issues to emerge from this paper are (1) that spiritual assessment is an increasingly important issue for nursing practice, (2) that the range of reliable and valid quantitative instruments for use in clinical practice is limited, (3) that there is overlap in the domains and categories of spirituality identified by quantitative and qualitative researchers, and (4) that nurse managers seeking to introduce spiritual assessment will do so in the context of a professional debate about the relevance of spirituality to contemporary practice.
This paper provides an overview of 80 papers on research into spiritual care in nursing between 2006 and 2010, to enable nurses and nurse managers to make use of evidence available to them to improve quality of care and implement best practice.
Research into spiritual care has grown rapidly since a review of the field in 2006.
The CINAHL database was used to search for ‘spirituality’ OR ‘spiritual care’ AND ‘nursing, looking for original research papers involving health-care practitioners.
Research is discussed in the following themes: nursing education; care of health-care practitioners, including nurses; descriptive and correlational research; assessment tools used in research; palliative care and oncology; culture and spiritual care research. Future research should take into account the risks of research that does not involve patients and the need for research that is translatable into contexts other than the setting under study.
Spiritual care research has implications for staff training and education, staff motivation and health, organisational culture, best practice, quality of care and, most importantly, for the health of patients. Nurse managers, and indeed all involved in management of nursing, should use this growing body of evidence to inform their spiritual care training, planning and delivery.
Zeka kavrami disiplinlerarasi yapisi nedeni ile tip, psikoloji, davranis ve yonetim bilimleri ve ilgili diger yazinda gittikce artan bir ilgi ile calisilmaktadir. Bu ilginin dogal sonucu ise sozu edilen alanlarin hemen hemen tumunde zeka ve zeka turlerine iliskin calismalarin artarak devam etmesidir. Ozellikle is dunyasinda yonetme eyleminin onemli bir belirleyicisi olan “yonetsel zeka” kavramina iliskin calismalarin sayisi oldukca azdir. Yonetsel zekaya iliskin onemli bir calisma olan Sternberg’in gelistirdigi tanimlamaya bakildiginda ise yazinda tanimlanan zeka turlerinin pek azina yer verdigi gorulmektedir. Bu calismada yazindaki zeka kavrami ve turlerine iliskin calismalar taranmis ve yonetsel zekayi olusturdugunu dusundugumuz zeka turleri ve bu zeka turlerinin yonetsel zekayla ilgisi kavramsal duzeyde ortaya konulmaya calisilmistir.
The spirituality of healthcare providers and their clients is becoming a crucial issue in a world increasingly preoccupied with material issues. In light of such, how do nurses enhance their spiritual intelligence against such materialist pressures? After a 60-year separation of Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait and the rancor between their two governments, what are the similarities and the differences in nurse spirituality profiles between these two different societies? With increasing contact between the two, this issue should be examined and explored, as it has the potential to become an essential unspoken element underpinning holistic care quality.
The purpose of this study was to compare spiritual intelligence between nurses in two different Chinese societies.
A cross-sectional descriptive and inferential study was conducted at five medical centers in China and Taiwan. A total of 524 registered hospital nurses were recruited as participants. We used R. N. Wolman's (2001) self-reported PsychoMatrix Spirituality Inventory to measure participant levels of spiritual intelligence. The PsychoMatrix Spirituality Inventory incorporated seven factors, including divinity, mindfulness, extrasensory perception, community, intellectuality, trauma, and childhood spirituality.
Results showed that social systems did have an impact on nurses' spiritual intelligence. Childhood spirituality and religious beliefs and activities greatly affected and effectively predicted nurses' spiritual intelligence. Nurses on either side of the Taiwan Strait all reported a need to deal with their daily lives pragmatically, objectively, and rationally and relied on empirical evidence in work settings.
As social and economic contacts increase across the Taiwan Strait, it is imperative that nurses adopt cultural awareness and sensitivity as they provide holistic care to clients. This study opens doors to dialogue about and a better understanding of nurses' spiritual intelligence in Taiwan and China.
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