ArticlePDF Available

Alcoholic extract of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on the control of Boophilus microplus in cattle

Authors:
Arli Heimerdinger
Arli Heimerdinger
Arli Heimerdinger
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Clair Olivo at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Clair Olivo
Marcelo Beltrão Molento at Universidade Federal do Paraná
Marcelo Beltrão Molento
Carlos A Agnolin
Carlos A Agnolin
Carlos A Agnolin
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Show all 9 authorsHide
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) alcoholic extracts on the control of Boophilus microplus in naturally infested Holstein cows. Twelve animals were allocated in three groups of four animals. Group 1 was treated with amitraz at 0.025%, Group 2 was treated with lemongrass extracts at 1.36% and Group 3 with the same product at 2.72% of the plant. Engorged ticks were evaluated on animals with length superior to 4.0 mm, before (mean of days -3, -2, -1) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 14 days after treatment. The mean efficacy of amitraz was 97.93%. Lemongrass extract at 2.72% reduced tick infestation by 40.3, 46.6 and 41.5% on day 3, 7 and 14 post-treatment, respectively.
Content uploaded by Marcelo Beltrão Molento
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Marcelo Beltrão Molento on Apr 23, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 15, 1, 37-39 (2006)
(Brazil. J. Vet. Parasitol.)
RESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficácia de extratos alcoó-
licos de capim-cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus) no controle da
infestação natural de bovinos da raça Holandesa por Boophilus
microplus. Foram utilizados 12 animais, distribuídos em três gru-
pos de quatro animais/grupo. Grupo 1 foi tratado com amitraz a
0,025%, grupo 2 foi tratado com extrato de capim-cidreira a 1,36%
e grupo 3 foi tratado com a mesma planta a 2,72%. Para avalia-
ção, foram contadas fêmeas de carrapatos com comprimento
superior a 4,0 mm, antes (média dos dias -3, -2 e -1) e após a
aplicação dos produtos nos dias 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 14. Amitraz
apresentou eficácia de 97,93%. A solução contendo 2,72% de
capim-cidreira reduziu a infestação em 40,33; 46,56 e 41,46% nos
dias 3, 7 e 14 pós-tratamento, respectivamente.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cymbopogon citratus, Boophilus
microplus, amitraz, fitoterápico.
A infestação pelo carrapato Boophilus microplus
(Canestrini, 1887) é a parasitose mais importante em relação à
redução econômica em rebanhos de bovinos leiteiros do Bra-
sil (GRISI et al., 2002, GRAF et al., 2004). Na década de 80,
Hernández et al. (1987) relataram que o uso de produtos natu-
rais poderia minimizar, ou até, eliminar os efeitos deletérios de
algumas infecções/infestações parasitárias, mais especifica-
mente contra B. microplus. A busca por formas alternativas de
controle aumentou mais incisivamente a partir da década de
90. Dentre essas, o uso de fitoterápicos destaca-se devido à
grande variabilidade de espécies de plantas existentes, o bai-
xo custo e a fácil disponibilidade em determinadas regiões
(AVANCINI, 1994).
NOTA DE PESQUISA
EXTRATO ALCOÓLICO DE CAPIM-CIDREIRA (Cymbopogon citratus)
NO CONTROLE DO Boophilus microplus EM BOVINOS*
ARLI HEIMERDINGER
1
; CLAIR J. OLIVO
2
; MARCELO B. MOLENTO
3
*; CARLOS A. AGNOLIN
4
;
MAGNOS F. ZIECH
6
; LUCIENE FERNANDA B. SCARAVELLI
4
; FERNANDO R. SKONIESKI
4
;
JOSÉ F. BOTH
4
; PABLO S. CHARÃO
6
ABSTRACT:- HEIMERDINGER, A.; OLIVO, C.J.; MOLENTO, M.B.; AGNOLIM, C.A.; ZIECH, M.F.; SCARAVELLI,
L.F.B.; SKONIESKI, F.R.; BOTH, J.F.; CHARÃO, P.S. [Alcoholic extract of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on
the control of Boophilus microplus in cattle]. Extrato alcoólico de Capim-cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus) no
controle do Boophilus microplus em bovinos. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, v. 15, n. 1. p. 37-39,
2006. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Curitiba, PR. 80035-050, Brazil. E-mail:
molento@ufpr.br
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) alcoholic extracts
on the control of Boophilus microplus in naturally infested Holstein cows. Twelve animals were allocated in three
groups of four animals. Group 1 was treated with amitraz at 0.025%, Group 2 was treated with lemongrass extracts at
1.36% and Group 3 with the same product at 2.72% of the plant. Engorged ticks were evaluated on animals with
length superior to 4.0 mm, before (mean of days -3, -2, -1) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 14 days after treatment. The mean
efficacy of amitraz was 97.93%. Lemongrass extract at 2.72 % reduced tick infestation by 40.3, 46.6 and 41.5% on day
3, 7 and 14 post-treatment, respectively.
KEY WORDS: Cymbopogon citratus, Boophilus microplus, amitraz, phytotherapic.
* Parte da dissertação de mestrado do primeiro autor. Sob os auspícios
da CAPES/MEC.
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal
de Santa Maria, (UFSM).
2
Departamento de Zootecnia, UFSM.
3
Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Medi-
cina Veterinária, Curitiba, PR. 80035-050. E-mail: molento@ufpr.br
4
Curso de Zootecnia, UFSM.
38 Heimerdinger et al.
Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 15, 1, 37-39 (2006)
(Brazil. J. Vet. Parasitol.)
Entretanto, a falta de clareza em relação às condições de
produção, época de colheita e as quantidades e partes da
planta utilizadas na elaboração dos produtos, ilustra a falta de
informação específica. Este escasso volume de informação é
incorporado pelo inconsistente efeito in vivo e/ou in vitro da
concentração dos produtos obtidos para uso. Estudos com
destilados de folhas de capim-cidreira [Cymbopogon citratus
(DC.) Stapf] determinaram a morte de fêmeas adultas de carra-
patos (THOMAZINI, 2002). Esta atividade inseticida/acaricida
pode ser atribuída aos óleos voláteis a-citral, b-citral e mirceno
(RAJAPAKSE; VAN ENDEN, 1997).
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar duas concentrações
de extratos alcoólicos de capim-cidreira no controle do B.
microplus em bovinos da raça Holandesa naturalmente in-
festados. Foram utilizadas 12 animais em lactação, divididos
em três tratamentos (n=4), G1: amitraz a 0,025%
5
; G2: extrato
alcoólico de capim-cidreira a 1,36% e G3: extrato alcoólico de
capim-cidreira a 2,72%. As plantas utilizadas possuíam altu-
ra de 0,80 a 1,0 metro, com teor de matéria parcialmente seca
de 19,53%. Apresentavam 31% de lâmina foliar, 41,5% de
bainhas, 7,5% de colmos, 17,5% de rizomas e 2,5% de raízes.
Os extratos alcoólicos foram obtidos com a maceração de
150 gramas de raízes, rizomas, colmos e folhas para o grupo
G2 e 300 gramas para o grupo G3. Em cada macerado foi
adicionado um litro de álcool etílico a 92,8
o
GL, permanecen-
do em extração por 24 horas. Após este período, cada mistu-
ra foi coada em peneira de polietileno, adicionando-se 150
gramas de NaCl e dez litros de água destilada, constituindo,
aproximadamente 11 litros de solução. A concentração de
planta foi de 1,36% na solução de 150g (G2) e 2,72% na solu-
ção de 300g (G3). Todos os animais foram banhados indivi-
dualmente com cerca de 4 litros/tratamento. Como parâmetro
de controle do carrapato, considerou-se os ínstares com ta-
manho igual ou superior a quatro milímetros de comprimen-
to. Foram realizadas contagens em triplicatas, observando-
se o número de teleóginas presentes na metade direita do
corpo do animal, segundo metodologia de Wharton et al.
(1970), e o valor obtido foi multiplicado por dois. As conta-
gens foram realizadas nos dias -3, -2, -1 pré-tratamento e
diariamente até o sétimo dia e no 14º dia pós-tratamento. Os
resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao tes-
te de Tukey (SAS, 1997). Os dados foram transformados em
base logarítmica mais 1,5 utilizando o modelo matemático
descrito abaixo:
Y
ij
= µ + α
i
+ ε
ij
Onde: i = índice de tratamentos, j = índice de repetições, Y
ij
= observação da variável dependente, µ = média geral, α
i
=
efeito dos tratamentos, ε
ij
= erro aleatório associado às obser-
vações por tratamento “i”.
O número médio de teleóginas previamente a divisão dos
grupos foi de 570,3. Na tabela 1 está demonstrado o número e
a porcentagem média de redução na infestação de teleóginas.
Amitraz apresentou eficácia média de 97,93% nos níveis de
infestação. A solução contendo extrato de capim-cidreira a
1,36% (G2), apresentou efeito nulo na redução da infestação,
tendo o número de teleóginas aumentado pós-aplicação. De-
monstrou-se que o extrato alcoólico de capim-cidreira a 2,72%
(G3) obteve redução significativa (P<0,05) no número de
teleóginas quando comparado ao G2. Os animais banhados
com a solução apresentaram redução na infestação de 40,33;
46,56; e 41,46% nos dias 3, 7 e 14 pós-tratamento. Os resulta-
dos deste trabalho apresentam significativa similaridade aos
5
Bovitraz® - Bayer S.A.
Tab el a 1. Númer o (N) e por ce nta gem mé dia de red uç ão da i nfest aç ão (% ) de
teleóginas de Boophilus microplus em vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação, an-
tes e após a aplicação de amitraz a 0,025% e soluções obtidas de 1,36% e 2,72%
de macerado de raízes, rizomas, colmos e folhas de capim-cidreira [Cymbopogon
citratus (DC.) Staph.] na forma de extratos alcoólicos em Santa Maria, RS.
Dias de avaliação Tratamentos
G1 - Amitraz G2 - Capim- G3 - Capim-
N
1
%
2
cidreira 1,36% cidreira 2,72%
N% N %
Pré-tratamento 926,0 - 150,6 - 634,3 -
1º dia pós-tratamento 83,0 91,03 194,0 0 674,0 0
2º dia pós-tratamento 17,5 98,11 268,0 0 544,0 14,24
3º dia pós-tratamento 0100 406,50 378,540,33
4º dia pós-tratamento 0100 300,50 459,327,59
5º dia pós-tratamento 0100 341,00 540,614,77
6º dia pós-tratamento 0,5 99,95 315,5 0 484,0 23,70
7º dia pós-tratamento 0,5 99,95 235,5 0 339,0 46,56
14º dia pós-tratamento 52,0 94,38 - - 371,3 41,46
Média após o tratamento* 19,2
b
97,93
A
294,4
a
0,0
C
473,8
a
25,30
B
* (P<0,05), na linha; (comparando entre letras minúsculas para dados de infestação e letras
maiúsculas para o porcentual de redução de teleóginas).
1
N: média de quatro animais; CV= 6,69%.
2
%: porcentagem de redução na infestação; CV= 5,11%.
39
Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 15, 1, 37-39 (2006)
(Brazil. J. Vet. Parasitol.)
Extrato alcoólico de Capim-cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus) no controle do Boophilus microplus em bovinos
obtidos por Chungsamarnyart e Jiwajinda (1992) com o efeito
de destilados de capim-cidreira no controle do B. microplus.
Ressalva-se, em função dos resultados obtidos, que as apli-
cações devem ser feitas em animais com baixa infestação, pois
como os níveis obtidos de eficácia foram da ordem de 40% até
a segunda semana pós-tratamento, bovinos com alta
infestação podem sofrer muita espoliação e perda do potenci-
al zootécnico.
Concluindo, foi determinado que a solução contendo ex-
trato alcoólico a 1,36% de macerado de raízes, rizomas, colmos
e folhas de capim-cidreira, adicionada de sal comum e água,
não apresenta efeito no controle de teleóginas do carrapato B.
microplus em animais da raça Holandesa em lactação apre-
sentando infecção natural. Enquanto a solução contendo 2,72%
de capim-cidreira reduziu em média 25,30% até 14 dias pós-
tratamento a contagem deste parasita.
Agradecimento: Os autores agradecem a Cecília José
Ve rí ssi mo, p or su a d is p on ibi lid ade e m c om par t il har i nfo rma -
ções importantes na efetivação deste experimento desenvol-
vido no Setor de Bovinocultura de Leite da Universidade Fe-
deral de Santa Maria, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, RS.
REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
AVA N C I N I , C . A . M . Sanidade animal na agroecologia: ati-
tudes ecológicas de sanidade animal e plantas medici-
nais em Medicina Veterinária. Porto Alegre: Fundação Gaia,
1994. 46p.
CHUNGSAMARNYART, N.; JIWAJINDA, S. Acaricidal
activity of volatile oil from lemon and citronella grasses on
tropical cattle ticks. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science),
v. 26, p. 46-51, 1992.
GRAF, J.F.; GOGOLEWSKI, R.; LEACH-BING, N.; SABATINI,
G.A., M O L E N TO, M . B . ; BORDIN, E.L.; ARANTES, G.J. Tick
control: an industry point of view. Parasitology, v. 129,
Suppl., p. 427–442. 2004.
GRISI, L.; MASSARD, C.L.; BORJA, G.E.M.; PEREIRA, J.B.
Impacto econômico das principais ectoparasitoses em bovi-
nos no Brasil. Hora Veterinária, v. 21, n. 125, p. 8-10, 2002.
HERNÁNDEZ, L.E.; PARRA, D.G.; MARIN, A.C. Acción repe-
lente y acaricida del Melinis minutiflora sobre el Boophilus
microplus. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico
Farmacéuticas, v. 16, n. 1, p. 17-21, 1987.
RAJAPAKSE, R.; VAN ENDEN, H.F. Potential of four vegetable
oils and ten botanicals powers for reducing infestation of
cowpeas by Callosobruchus maculatus, C. chinesis and
C. rhodesianus. Journal of Stored Products Research, v.
33, n. 1, p. 59-68,1997.
SAS, Statistical Analysis System: User’s Guide. Cary: SAS
Institute, 1997. 456p.
THOMAZINI, R. Criadores investem em medicina alternativa
para produzir orgânicos. Revista da Associação Brasileira
de Criadores de Zebu, v. 2, n. 8, p. 21-23, 2002.
WHARTON, R.H.; ROULSTON, W. J.; UTECH, K.B.W.; KERR,
J.D. Assessment of the efficiency of acaricides and their
mode of application against the cattle tick Boophilus
microplus. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,
v. 21, n. 6, p. 985-1006, 1970.
Recebido em 26 de agosto de 2005.
Aceito para publicação em 06 e fevereiro de 2006.
... The indiscriminate use of chemical treatments for R. microplus control has led to the development of resistant strains. Essential oils have been widely studied as alternative approaches to control vectors Chagas et al., 2014;Heimerdinger et al., 2006;Nagar et al., 2018;Yessinou et al., 2016). In this study, the M. arvensis essential oil at 3% concentration reduced the egg mass weight and the egg production index of R microplus engorged females. ...
... Additionally, the same concentration level showed the highest efficiency for female mortality rate, as reported by Chagas et al. (2014). The female tick control rate after exposure to C. citratus essential oil ranged from 14% to 37%, which was in accordance with Heimerdinger et al. (2006) and Broglio-Micheletti et al. (2009) studies. C. nardus showed a control rate ranging from 4% to 35%, in accordance with Agnolin et al. (2010) and Martins et al., 2006 studies. ...
In vitro acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Mentha arvensis against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)
Article
  • Jun 2020
The chemical composition and acaricidal activity of plant-derived essential oils was assessed against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. The essential oils of Mentha arvensis, Cymbopogon citratus and C. nardus were assessed for acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oils (EO) of plants were separated by hydrodistillation (three times) and analyzed using gas chromatography – mass spectrometer (GC-MS). For bioassays, engorged females of R. microplus were exposed to C. citratus and C. nardus EO at 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% concentrations; and to M. arvensis EO at 1%, 3%, and 5% for 5 min. The weight egg mass, nutrient index (N.I), egg production index (E.P.I), hatching and control rate were evaluated. Non-feed larvae of R. microplus were exposed to essential oils with 0.25%, 0.5%; 1%; 1.5% and 2% concentrations; the mortality rate was measured after 48 h. Only engorged females presented reduced biological activities (oviposition, E.P.I) after exposure to M. arvensis at 3%, when in comparison to both positive and negative controls. The hatchability of R. microplus larvae ranged from 66.9% (after exposure to C. nardus EO at 5%) to 99.2% (positive control). The nutrition index was lower (46.6%) for the exposure to M. arvensis EO at 5%. M. arvensis at 3% and 5% concentrations was significantly efficient for engorged females when compared to control (53.7% and 47.5%, respectively). C. citratus EO at 1%, 1.5% and 2% concentrations yielded better results in the larval packet test, causing 100% mortality. Nonetheless, C. nardus and M. arvensis EO at 2% yielded 66% and 39% mortality, respectively. The study showed that M. arvensis presented potential for the control of R. microplus engorged females while C. citratus and C. nardus presented potential as a larvicide.
... This finding is inconsistent with Jelalu et al. [32] who reported the absence of saponins and glycosides. Differences in climatic conditions, tests used, cultivation, and collection of plant materials for extract production may cause differences in results [37]. Growth conditions of the plants also determine the types and quantities of secondary metabolites derived from natural sources that are subject to variability [38]. ...
In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts of Three Medicinal Plants against Haemonchus Contortus in Sheep at Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Hararghe
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2022
The current study was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of crude methanolic extracts of leaves of Croton macrostachyus and Nicotiana tabacum and rhizome parts of Zingiber officinale on nematode parasite, Haemonchus contortus. For these objectives, adult worm mortality assay (AWMA) was conducted on adult H. contortus to investigate the in vitro adulticidal effect of crude extracts from March to October 2021 G.C. The percentage yield of crude 99.9% methanolic extracts was 53%, 78%, and 44% for C. macrostachyus, N. tabacum, and Z. officinale, respectively. Phytochemical analysis using standard techniques was also used to detect secondary metabolites contained in the plants. The study revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids in all extracts, which are considered to be the chemical components that are responsible for the wide therapeutic activities of several medicinal plants. In in vitro study, four graded concentrations of the crude extracts (500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, and 62.5 mg/ml) were tested at regular time intervals, and parasite viability for 8 hours was recorded in triplicate. Albendazole (1.25 mg/ml) and distilled water were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. At 4 hr posttreatment, the 62.5 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, and 250 mg/ml concentrations of C. macrostachyus, N. tabacum, and Z. officinale extracts have caused significantly higher mortality (P
... The study showed that C. citratus products have the potential to be effectively used in the management of T. castaneum in storage of grains and pluses. A number of authors have also evaluated repellent effects of lemongrass C. citratus [67][68][69][70], while various studies presented results on its insecticidal effects [71][72][73][74][75]. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, such as Meloidogyne species (root-knot nematodes RKN), induce morphological and physiological changes within the plant root system. ...
Application of Cymbopogon citratus in Agro-Food Industry
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2020
Plants, particularly medicinal and aromatic species, and plant-derived compounds have been used for centuries in human and veterinary medicine, but nowadays they have increasingly important role in agro-food industry. They present a rich source of bioactive compounds with a wide range of applications that answer to/coup with certain emerging challenges. The most important are growing demands for food safety and concern about human health and environmental pollution that altogether impose the need for more intensive use of plants and their compounds in food industry and agricultural production. This is a reason why, in recent decades, more intensive research has been carried out related to new, bio-rational and specific trends in agro-food industry. Cymbopogon citratus Stapf., lemongrass, is one of medicinal plant species with large application potential in different areas. This review provides an insight into current research and potential applications of C. citratus in food and feed technology, plant protection (as repellent, biofungicide, bioinsecticide, bioherbicide, etc.) and in veterinary medicine purposes. The most comprehensive research on biological activity of lemongrass has been carried out in the field of medicine, entomology and plant protection. However, the information on allelopathic effects and agro-food application is scarce and insufficient, requiring additional research.
... However, there are several limitations to these studies: (i) a lack of standardized testing methods makes comparisons between studies difficult to interpret and extrapolate for use in controlling ticks on animals; (ii) in vitro data predominate in the literature, and may not adequately recapitulate the efficacy of plants or their extracts in field trials; and (iii) compounds may not persist in the environment due to degradation caused by photo-oxidation, temperature, pH levels, and microbial action [135]. Moreover, differences in cultivating and collecting plant materials (including variations in soil, climate, and other factors) for plant or extract production may affect downstream results [136]. Despite the limitations of current data, based on their historic use by rural livestock farmers, plant-based compounds may be a good future source of effective acaricidal preparations either as an extract or as a source of new synthetic acaricidal compounds [132,134]. ...
Towards a Sustainable One Health Approach to Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Prevention: Focus Areas and Gaps in Knowledge
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2020
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection is identified in the 2018 World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) priority A list due to its high risk to public health and national security. Tick-borne CCHFV is widespread, found in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. It circulates between ticks and several vertebrate hosts without causing overt disease, and thus can be present in areas without being noticed by the public. As a result, the potential for zoonotic spillover from ticks and animals to humans is high. In contrast to other emerging viruses, human-to-human transmission of CCHFV is typically limited; therefore, prevention of spillover events should be prioritized when considering countermeasures. Several factors in the transmission dynamics of CCHFV, including a complex transmission cycle that involves both ticks and vertebrate hosts, lend themselves to a One Health approach for the prevention and control of the disease that are often overlooked by current strategies. Here, we examine critical focus areas to help mitigate CCHFV spillover, including surveillance, risk assessment, and risk reduction strategies concentrated on humans, animals, and ticks; highlight gaps in knowledge; and discuss considerations for a more sustainable One Health approach to disease control.
... In previous studies, the activity of C. citratus essential oil and alcohol extract against R. (B.) microplus (Heimerdinger et al. 2006;Pazinato et al. 2016), the dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (Hanifah et al. 2011), and the mosquitoes Culex quinquefasciatus (Pushpanathan et al. 2006) and Anopheles arabiensis has been investigated in vitro and in vivo, with all results showing the essential oil of C. citratus to have strong acaricidal and insecticidal activity. Thus, C. citratus essential oil, as a plant-derived pesticide, presents a promising bio-control prospect and could be developed as an alternative eco-friendly tick control method. ...
Effects of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus on mortality and morphology of the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)
Article
Full-text available
Haemaphysalis longicornis is one of the most prevalent tick species across eastern Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, and has been implicated as a vector of several pathogenic agents. This study evaluated the in vitro acaricidal efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) essential oil on unfed H. longicornis using the adult and nymph immersion test, and the larval packet test. Six concentrations with three replications each of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/mL (adults and nymphs) were used, and 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/mL (larvae), with control group (50% ethanol). The adult and nymph mortality rates were 98 and 100% at 50 mg/mL, and 95 and 100% at 60 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the larval mortality rate was 94 and 96% at 40 and 80 mg/mL, respectively. Mortality of adult, nymph and larva increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The LC50 for adult, nymph, and larva, were 29.21 (95% confidence interval 25.90–32.58), 28.18 (23.78–32.25), and 28.06 (25.57–30.90) mg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy revealed a disjointed sensilla base from the sockets, cuticular cracks, blocked aeropyles, and shrinking of the midgut. These results showed that C. citratus essential oil could be a good eco-friendly alternative control strategy against ectoparasites like ticks due to its high acaricidal efficacy.
... Java citronella essential oils diluted to 3% repelled 64.5% of adult D. reticulatus in climbing bioassay. Essential oils and extracts of genus Cymbopogon grasses were reported to repel nymphs of Ixodes ricinus and A. cajennense, as well as to reduce the infestation of cattle by Rhipicephalus microplus (Heimerdinger et al., 2006;Thorsell et al., 2006;Soares et al., 2010;Kroeber et al., 2013). The presence of geraniol in essential oils of Java citronella (22.1-25.4%) ...
The repellent efficacy of eleven essential oils against adult Dermacentor reticulatus ticks
Article
  • Jun 2017
Dermacentor reticulatus ticks are among the most important arthropod vectors of zoonotic disease agents in Europe. Eleven essential oils, namely basil (Ocimum basilicum), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus), creeping thyme (Thymus serpyllum), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora), marjoram (Origanum majorana), peppermint (Mentha piperita), spearmint (M. spicata), and red thyme (Thymus vulgaris) were tested for repellency against adult D. reticulatus ticks at concentrations of 1 and 3%. Clove bud, creeping thyme and red thyme essential oils were the most efficient − repelling 83, 82 and 68% of ticks when diluted to 3%, respectively. The mixture of creeping thyme and citronella containing 1.5% of each showed higher repellency (91%) than individual essential oils at the concentration of 3%.
... Essential oil of C. citratus showed strong insecticidal activity at higher doses and reduced number of eggs laid on treated seeds in the case of bruchids (Callosobruchus chinensis) on stored cowpeas (Dubey et al, 2004). Lemongrass extract at 2.72% reduced tick Boophilus microplus infestation in cattle by 40.3, 46.6 and 41.5% on day 3, 7 and 14 post-treatment, respectively (Heimerdinger et al, 2006). Volatile oil of C. citratus was effective against Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea (Gbolade and Adebayo, 1993;Adebayo and Gbolade, 1994). ...
CABI Lemongrass datasheet
Data
Full-text available
  • Nov 2008
Integrative Alternative Tactics for Ixodid Control
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2022
Ixodids (hard ticks), ectoparasitic arthropods that vector the causal agents of many serious diseases of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, have become increasingly difficult to control because of the development of resistance against commonly applied synthetic chemical-based acaricides. Resistance has prompted searches for alternative, nonconventional control tactics that can be used as part of integrated ixodid management strategies and for mitigating resistance to conventional acaricides. The quest for alternative control tactics has involved research on various techniques, each influenced by many factors, that have achieved different degrees of success. Alternative approaches include cultural practices, ingested and injected medications, biological control, animal- and plant-based substances, growth regulators, and inert desiccant dusts. Research on biological control of ixodids has mainly focused on predators, parasitoid wasps, infective nematodes, and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Studies on animal-based substances have been relatively limited, but research on botanicals has been extensive, including whole plant, extract, and essential oil effects on ixodid mortality, behavior, and reproduction. The inert dusts kaolin, silica gel, perlite, and diatomaceous earth are lethal to ixodids, and they are impervious to environmental degradation, unlike chemical-based toxins, remaining effective until physically removed.
Review of Antimicrobial and Other Health Effects in 5 Essential Oil Producing Grass Species
Article
  • Jul 2021
The warm season essential oil producing grass species including lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), palmarosa grass (C. martini), geranium grass (C. schoenanthus), vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides), and scented top grass (Capillipedium parviflorum) are used worldwide for their cosmetic and health properties. A discussion providing evidence from literature reviews about the potential uses of these grass species for antimicrobial and other health uses are presented. These species could be used as new therapies for treating microbial infections. The purpose of this study is to discuss in detail, evidence from literature reviews supporting potential health uses and to provide some discussion regarding some agronomic traits for these essential oil producing species.
In Vitro Acaricidal Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used against Ticks in Eastern Ethiopia
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2020
A study was carried out to evaluate the acaricidal activities of crude methanolic extract of leaves of six medicinal plants, namely, Vernonia amygdalina, Calpurnia aurea, Schinus molle, Ricinus communis, Croton macrostachyus, and Nicotiana tabacum, against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus and Rhipicephalus pulchellus using an in vitro adult immersion test. Five graded concentrations of the crude extracts, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml, were tested at different time intervals, and temporal changes in tick viability were recorded for 24 hours. Diazinon (0.1%) and distilled water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Standard procedures were applied to screen the phytochemical constituents of the tested plant parts. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of a condensed amount of tannins in all extracts. Starting from 30 min post exposure, the 100 mg/ml concentration of C. aurea and R. communis extracts has caused significantly higher mortality (P
Tick control: An industry point of view
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2004
The development of new acaricides is a long and very expensive process. Worryingly, there is increasing resistance to available acaricides worldwide leading to the real possibility that our dwindling supply of effective acaricides will be exhausted unless action is taken to increase the number of new acaricidal products and reduce the rate of resistance development. In 1995, eight major animal health pharmaceutical companies formed the Veterinary Parasite Resistance Group (VPRG) to act as an expert consultative group to guide the FAO in resistance management and collaborate in the prudent use of acaricides. In this paper, members of the VPRG discuss the problems and processes in acaricide development, resistance in the field to commonly used acaricides and the different considerations when targeting the cattle and pet market, and give their view of the future for tick control from the perspective of the animal health industry.
Assessment of the efficiency of acaricides and their mode of application against the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)
Article
A method for assessing the effect of acaricides on B. microplus is described based on counts of female ticks 4.5–8 mm in length on treated and untreated groups of naturally infested cattle. Ticks of this size engorge during the next night and drop from cattle the following morning. The counting method was used to compare the efficiency of different ways of applying acaricides. In comparison with untreated cattle, 0.025% coumaphos applied in summer by hand-spraying, plunge-dipping, or commercial spray race was estimated to kill respectively 99.5, 98, and 95% of female ticks which would have been present on days 1–21 after treatment. The lower efficiency of the spray races was due principally to survival of ticks on the ears and neck and most survivors were found 9–15 days after treatment. Cattle of all treated groups became reinfested with larvae 2–3 days after treatment. The relative inefficiency of spray race treatment was confirmed by spraying and plunge-dipping cattle in 0.075% ethion in early winter, when the mortality on days 1-21 after treatment was estimated to be respectively 90 and 98.5%. In the same experiment the counting method was compared with the stalling of cattle to collect engorged females after treatment with 0.025% coumaphos: estimates of 98.5 and 99.1% mortality were obtained by the counting and stalling methods respectively. The relative efficiency of different acaricides was also compared: coumaphos and ethion in plunge dips were estimated to kill 98.5%; chlorxylam, ethion, and DDT applied by spray race were estimated to kill 99.2, 90, and 88.2% respectively on days 1–21 after treatment. The number of days during which cattle were protected from infestation with larvae could not be determined precisely, but was about 8–9 days after treatment with coumaphos and 10–12 days after treatment with ethion, DDT, and chlorxylam. No difference was found in the effect of coumaphos against ticks on Hereford, Shorthorn, and Zebu x British cattle. In trials with the candidate acaricides chlorxylam, Dursban, bromophos ethyl, and SD8447 applied at a range of concentrations, distinct differences in the mortality of ticks 9–15 days after treatment were recorded at the different concentrations with most candidate acaricides, and their efficacy could be compared readily with a reference commercial acaricide.
Potential of four vegetable oils and ten botanical powders for reducing infestation of cowpeas by Callosobruchus maculatus, C. chinesis and C. rhodesianus
Article
The possible use of ten botanicals and four vegetable oils in managing the bruchid beetles of legumes, Callosobruchus chinesis, C. maculatus and C. rhodesianus, was investigated. All four oils tested (corn, groundnut, sunflower and sesame) significantly reduced the oviposition of all three bruchid species at 10 ml/kg and also significantly reduced the longevity of adults of C. maculatus and C. chinensis at this dose. Only corn and sunflower oil caused a significant reduction of longevity of C. rhodesianus at 10 ml/kg. The number of eggs laid by all three bruchid species was significantly reduced in treatments to which powders of Cymbopogon citratus, Cinnamomum camphora, Derris inudata, Monodora myristica, Zingiber spectabile or A. zerumbet had been added.
Sanidade animal na agroecologia: atitudes ecológicas de sanidade animal e plantas medicinais em Medicina Veterinária. Porto Alegre: Fundação Gaia
  • Jan 1994
  • 46
  • C A M Avancini
AVANCINI, C.A.M. Sanidade animal na agroecologia: atitudes ecológicas de sanidade animal e plantas medicinais em Medicina Veterinária. Porto Alegre: Fundação Gaia, 1994. 46p.
Impacto econômico das principais ectoparasitoses em bovinos no Brasil. Hora Veterinária, v. 21, n. 125
  • Jan 1987
  • 17-21
  • L Grisi
  • C L Massard
  • G E M Borja
  • J B Pereira
  • L E Hernández
  • D G Parra
  • A C Marin
GRISI, L.; MASSARD, C.L.; BORJA, G.E.M.; PEREIRA, J.B. Impacto econômico das principais ectoparasitoses em bovinos no Brasil. Hora Veterinária, v. 21, n. 125, p. 8-10, 2002. HERNÁNDEZ, L.E.; PARRA, D.G.; MARIN, A.C. Acción repelente y acaricida del Melinis minutiflora sobre el Boophilus microplus. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico Farmacéuticas, v. 16, n. 1, p. 17-21, 1987.
Statistical Analysis System: User's Guide. Cary: SAS Institute
  • Jan 1997
  • 456
SAS, Statistical Analysis System: User's Guide. Cary: SAS Institute, 1997. 456p.
Criadores investem em medicina alternativa para produzir orgânicos. Revista da Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Zebu
  • Jan 2002
  • 21-23
  • R Thomazini
THOMAZINI, R. Criadores investem em medicina alternativa para produzir orgânicos. Revista da Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Zebu, v. 2, n. 8, p. 21-23, 2002.