Food and Environment: Plausible Linkages with Food Safety and Its Potential Consequences in Public Health in Bangladesh
1*Anwar K Selim, 2M Latiful Bari, 3Rashed Chowdhury, 4 Lalita Bhattacharjee, 5Islam Khaleda, 6Azaher Ali M,7MA Mannan, 8C Rafiqul Ahasan,9M Ariful Hoque,10Begum Ayesha
1*Inst. of Public Health Nutrition (IPHN), 2Assoc. Prof. and Head, Food Lab, Centre for Advanced Research &
... [Show full abstract] Sciences (CARS), Dhaka Univ. (DU), 3Principal Scientist (Graduate Faculty), 'Pacific ENSO Applications Climate Center', Univ. of Hawaii Manoa, USA, 4Nutritionist, National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Program (NFPCSP), FAO, Dhaka, 5Prof. Inst. Nutrition & Food Sc., DU, 6Assoc. Prof., Health Economics, DU & PhD Fellow Oregon Univ., USA, 7National Nutrition Adviser, NFPCSP, FAO, Dhaka, 8Prof. Dept. of Microbiol, DU, 9Sr. Research Fell., CARS, DU, 10Asstt. Prof. Dept. Applied Food Sc., Nutr, Faculty Food Sc., Technol., Chittagong, Vet. & Animal Sc., Univ. (CVASU), Bangladesh
(1* Currently: a faculty at the AIMST Univ., Malaysia on early retirement from IPHN. General Secretary, Development of Socio-economic, Health and Environmental Research (DOSHER), Bangladesh, E-mail:kselim2256@yahoo.com)
Background & Objectives: Bangladesh-a small deltaic-land with world’s 8th-most largest population abreast is predisposed to various natural disasters and environmental degradation (polluted atmosphere/air, marine/water, land/soil/sludge). Accompanied by ground-water poisoning with arsenic, massive degradation in food-quality, reportedly, threaten country’s public health. Recently-forecasted El-Niño/La-Nina resulting from global warming may worsen this scenario more. Contrary to well-established phenomenon between environment and health, linkage between food and environment remains less-explored in Bangladesh despite its predictably-serious implications in public health. That is what this paper aims to expounds.
Materials & Methods: A conceptual framework has been constructed employing a thorough literature-search on related global issues over the past decade using several search engines/web-sites (Pub Med/Medline/Google/BMC-Pub Health; UN-CTAD/UN-EP/UN-habitat/US-EPA/FAO/WHO/MMWR/IFAD).This concept-paper schematically explains how plausible linkages between food & environment impact negatively on country’s public health, augmented by recent national-data, pictorial-series and our cross-sectional findings.
Results and Findings: Diagrammatically, inter-linked factors of food and environment have been discoursed on the vicious cycle (intrinsic/extrinsic pathways/modes) of malicious degradation in Bangladeshi food chain. This paper also describes the step-wise illegal means of food adulteration/intoxications: while harvesting (adding fertilizer/ pesticide), on growing fruits (tampering), in preparing food-stuff (adulteration/alteration), for preserving (mix formalin on raw-fish/meat/fruits/veg and while serving (sprinkling contaminated garnish/flavoring-agents). Apart from reported manipulation of food and environment arterially (to meet-up challenge of food-consumption) and arsenic-poisoning in food chain- our cross-sectional findings on low-level perception and high-level non-compliance on HACCP- principles (most small-scale food-industries) making the country’s existing food-safety program vulnerable. Finally, hospital data revealed miserable consequences of degraded food & environment linking with a wide-range of food/water-borne diseases (salmonellosis, shigellosis, cholera, etc.) &/or food-poisoning often being lethal. Further highly-contaminated street-vended foods sold in major urban cities/communities throw hundreds of consumers into potential public health risk.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Apart from global impact of El-Niño/ La-Nina on water, agriculture and food productions in Bangladesh, massive degradation in food-quality threatens its public health seriously largely due to man-made-catastrophic food adulteration/chemical-intoxications, compounded by ground-water pollution with high arsenic concentration entering into common food-chain. Recommendations are directed towards strengthening food-safety/security strategies by the Government of Bangladesh through a cost-effective sustainable system which demands direct UN-intervention through FAO’s on-going food safety program in Bangladesh, essentially.