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Characteristics of DUI recidivists: A 12-year follow-up study of first time DUI offenders
Abstract
77 individuals convicted of a drinking and driving (DUI) offense were screened for recidivism approximately 12 years following their first offense. At the time of the initial DUI conviction, participants were administered the MAST and the MMPI-2. Participants' drinking history and driving history and arrest at the time of screening and at a 12-year follow-up were also reviewed. The results indicate that, among DUI recidivists, on average 6 years elapsed between their first and second DUI offenses. Driving history prior to the first DUI offense was predictive of later recidivism. The only significant finding from the MAST and MMPI results was that repeat offenders tended to have higher scores on the L and K validity scales of the MMPI. These results are discussed in the context of Jessor's Problem-Behavior Theory and as well their clinical implications for screening and treatment decisions involving first time DUI offenders.
... DUI-R subjects seemed to be more prone to lie about their personality characteristics, wanting to appear free of psychological defects and more socially adapted than non-recidivists. Similar results were found by Cavaiola, Strohmetz, and Abreo (2007) [20]. Furthermore, in the present study, the higher scores on the 2-D scale found in the DUI-R group are compatible [21], who found major depression in the group of repeat offenders. ...
... DUI-R subjects seemed to be more prone to lie about their personality characteristics, wanting to appear free of psychological defects and more socially adapted than non-recidivists. Similar results were found by Cavaiola, Strohmetz, and Abreo (2007) [20]. Furthermore, in the present study, the higher scores on the 2-D scale found in the DUI-R group are compatible [21], who found major depression in the group of repeat offenders. ...
... As expected, we also found higher scores on the MAC-R scale in the DUI-R group, in line with the findings of previous research [18] [19] [38]. However, this result was not found in studies conducted by Cavaiola [20] [39] or Shim et al. (2016) [21]. Finally, relative to DUI-NR respondents, DUI-R respondents showed lower self-esteem, a lack of interest, and a sense of inefficiency and inadequacy (LSE scale). ...
Road traffic injuries are the ninth cause of death across all age groups, globally (WHO, 2015). Many road traffic crashes are caused by Driving Under the Influence (DUI) of alcohol by persons who have previously had their license suspended for the same reason. The aim of this study was to identify specific risk factors and personality characteristics in repeat offenders. The sample was comprised of 260 subjects who were not repeat DUI offenders (DUI-NR), but had a single license suspension between 2010 and 2011; and 97 repeat offenders who received at least two DUI convictions within a period of 5 years. At the time of their first driving license suspension, participants provided their blood alcohol content (BAC) and completed a valid MMPI-2 test. ANOVA and MANOVAs were performed to determine whether there were significant differences in BAC and MMPI-2 profiles between DUI-NR and DUI-R participants and a logistic regression was run to identify whether BAC at the time of the first suspension and specific personality features could predict recidivism. A two-step cluster analysis was run to identify recidivist typologies. Results showed that, relative to DUI-NR participants, DUI-R participants had higher BAC at the time of their first conviction and more problematic MMPI-2 profiles, despite the presence of social desirability responding. The best predictors of recidivism were BAC and the scales of Lie (L), Correction (K), Psychopathic Deviate (4-Pd), Hypomania (9-Ma), and Low Self-Esteem (LSE). Two-step cluster analyses identified two recidivist profiles, according to 32 selected MMPI-2 validity, clinical, content, supplementary, and PSY-5 scales. Comparisons with previous research are discussed and ideas for further study are generated.
... Surprisingly few studies consulted motor vehicle records as data sources. Researchers who have used this archived data have studied such varied topics as: (a) the application of driver interlock systems as an intervention to reduce Driving Under the Influence (DUI) (DeYoung, 2002;Marques et al., 2003), (b) the effects of head trauma on driving behavior (Schultheis et al., 2002), (c) DUI offender recidivism (Cavaiola et al., 2007;Cherpitel and Bond, 2003;Ferrante et al., 2001;Marowitz, 1998), (d) the impact of sending warning letters to risky drivers on future infractions (Jones, 1997) and (e) to compare parents' driving records to their teenagers' driving record (Ferguson et al., 2001;Wilson et al., 2006). ...
... Seventy-seven individuals convicted of drinking and driving (DUI) offense were screened for recidivism approximately 12 years following the first offence (Cavaiola et al., 2007). Driving records were used from the time of first arrest for DUI and at follow-up. ...
... Driving records were used from the time of first arrest for DUI and at follow-up. The results indicated that, among recidivists, an average 6 years elapsed between 1st and 2nd DUI offenses (Cavaiola et al., 2007). In another study, driving records and self-report measures were used in combination. ...
... Drinking drivers have been shown to be aggressive drivers (23) and driving may also be influenced by emotional states precipitated by depression (24). Aggression in this population also appears to be evident in day to day interactions as other reports have shown drinking drivers to exhibit high levels of verbal hostility and assaultiveness (25). Likewise, criminal history has been shown to be a risk factor for impaired driving recidivism (26), suggesting that impaired drivers may have attitudes that disregard laws and policies. ...
... Moreover, the results of this study are consistent with others that have framed impaired driving as a symptom of a larger constellation of problems in one's life (7,25). The significant bivariate correlations among study variables also buttress this argument and suggest that correlates of impaired driving frequently co-occur. ...
... Previously, drug use has been shown to be associated with impaired driving (12,13), but the fact that drug use is associated with recidivism is additional evidence that rehabilitative efforts need to be expanded to also include drug treatment. Similarly, aggression and juvenile delinquency, which have previously been shown to predict impaired driving (25,27), are associated with impaired driving recidivism in our study. That these constructs are not altered by current impaired driving interventions suggests that the paradigm of focusing on education and alcohol problem treatment (51) is insufficient. ...
Background:
Driving under the influence remains a pervasive problem. Approximately 30% of those arrested for impaired driving offenses each year are repeat offenders, suggesting that current rehabilitative efforts are not sufficiently effective for reducing driving while intoxicated (DWI) recidivism. Aggression, negative affect, substance use problems, and childhood delinquency have been noted in the population of impaired drivers, but study of these variables on recidivism has been limited.
Objectives:
The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of aggression, negative affect, substance use problems, and childhood delinquency on DWI recidivism among first time offenders.
Methods:
In 1992, 6436 individuals in impaired driver programs in New York State were surveyed. A total of 3511 individuals provided names so that state driver abstracts could be reviewed in the future. A total of 2043 matches were found and 1770 remained after excluding those with previous DWI convictions. Driver records were reviewed in 2010 and 2012, providing between 18 and 20 years of follow-up.
Results:
During the follow-up period, 16.5% of individuals were arrested for an impaired driving offense. Multivariate analysis suggested that recidivism was a function of several problems, including: alcohol problem severity, aggression, negative affect, drug problem severity, criminal history, and childhood delinquency.
Conclusion:
Impaired driving programs should assess for childhood delinquency, aggressive tendencies, and negative affect as these constructs, along with substance use, are evident among impaired drivers who recidivate. Interventions addressing aggression and negative affect may ultimately prove useful in reducing recidivism.
... Some studies have pointed out that depression, anxiety, impulsivity, (Cheng et al., 2021;McMillen, Adams, Wells-Parker, Pang, & Anderson, 1992) are risk factors for DUI recidivism. In addition, alcohol use problems are a major risk factor for DUI recidivism (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007;Nelson, Belkin, LaPlante, Bosworth, & Shaffer, 2015). One study reported that 79% of first-time and 98% of third-time DUI offenders have alcohol use disorder (AUD), suggesting that the prevalence of AUD increases with the number of prior DUI convictions (McCutcheon et al., 2009). ...
... A number of individual factors may influence the risk of recidivism, including male sex, middle age, individual residency, low education level, and AUD or anxiety symptoms (Cavaiola et al., 2007;Cheng et al., 2021;Dickson et al., 2013). However, this study observed no associations of demographic characteristics or psychological symptoms with 2-year reoffense risk (Table 2). ...
... order skills (e.g., self-calibration, self-monitoring, control abilities), personality-specific factors, and the particular significance of alcohol for their individual lifestyle. The prevalence is higher for younger male drivers (< 35 years), having a family history of alcohol abuse, committing other law-breaking activities and belonging to a group of heavy drinkers (e.g., Dunaway, Will, Sabo & Bryan, 2011;Shinar, 2017;Beadnell, Crisafulli, Stafford, Rosengren & DiClemente, 2015;Wickens et al., 2018;Bukasa et al., 2008;Posch, 2000;Strohbeck-Kühner, Zanbili, Van der List-Weiß & Mattern, 1999;Bartl, 1995;Kacena, Knessl, Risser & Schützhofer, 2014;Neuwirth, 2001;Kristöfl & Nechtelberger, 2001;Cavaiola, Strohmetz, Wolf & Lavender, 2003;Cavaiola, Strohmetz & Abreo, 2007;Hilger et al., 2012;Peck, Arstein-Kerslake, & Helander, 1994;Wagner, DeVol, Wegner & Rethfeldt, 2017, Rauch et al., 2010Moser, 1983). Heavy episodic drinking and strongly habitual consumption patterns, along with a high-acceptance level of such a drinking culture within an alcohol friendly society 2 , are associated with increased risk of DUI (cf. ...
... Complicating and probably inhibiting factors of an effective change process after the DUI offence are well known from the body of evidence, among them underestimating alcoholrelated risks, low compliance to rules in general, traits like sensation seeking, impulsivity, low frustration tolerance, and co-morbidity with mental disorders (cf. Bukasa et al., 2009;Breustedt, 2010;C'de Baca, Miller & Lapham, 2001;Cavaiola & Wuth, 2002;Cavaiola et al., 2007;Christophersen, Beylich, Bjørneboe, Skurtveit & Mørland, 1996;Impinen et al., 2009;Hubicka et al., 2008;Dugosh, Festinger & Marlowe, 2013;Møller, Haustein & Prato, 2015;Jones & Lacey, 2000;Portman et al., 2010;Marowitz, 1998;Peck et al., 1994;Nochajski & Stasiewicz, 2006;Moser, 1983). Drink driving events are transferred to automated action control as a consequence of learning from success (lack of punishment), which is impressively demonstrated by the number of undetected drunk drives in Germany. ...
Driving under the influence of alcohol is one of the greatest dangers to the safety of road users not only in Germany, but across the rest of the world. An essential indicator for both punitive and corrective measures as well as for the prediction of recidivism is the blood alcohol concentration (BAC). This paper examines the relationships between BAC of first-time offenders, former drinking history, traffic related alcohol problem (TRAP), and the outcome of a medical-psychological assessment. The concept of TRAP combines syndromes from Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) and a non-clinical delinquency category (drink and drive issue without AUD). It is in use for diagnostics among "hard core" alcohol-impaired offenders according to a diagnostic model which is applied in Germany and accepted by the legislator. The present study (N = 505) showed that a BAC of 0.11% upwards must be considered as a risk parameter for the identification of drivers with non-normative, and therefore traffic safety impairing drinking patterns. The importance of BAC as a risk indicator for road safety is underlined by significant correlations between BAC with drinking history and TRAP, but its prognostic value is poor, since BAC was unrelated to the outcome of the medical-psychological assessment. It could be demonstrated that TRAP severity increases with higher age, higher BAC, greater number of drinking days, higher occasion-related drinking amounts, and non-social drinking motivation (against stress and tension). Practical consequences are drawn regarding preconditions for re-issuing a driving licence.
... Many studies have confirmed the relationship between traffic offenses, recidivism and drinking (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007;Hubicka et al., 2008;Nochajski & Stasiewicz, 2006). This study openly and clearly indicates the salience of alcohol problems among traffic offenders, especially among those disqualified by a court conviction, who are mostly drunk drivers. ...
... Failde-Garrido et al. (2016) report similar findings using the same instrument in a group of convicted traffic offenders, when compared with drivers with no criminal record. Hubicka et al. (2008) and Cavaiola et al., (2007) have also reported the relationship between alcohol dependence and the manifest proclivity to committing an offense. ...
Traffic safety is an important social problem. Many accidents are due to non-compliance with traffic regulations. Serious or repeated offenses are sanctioned with penalty points or court conviction, and sanctions can lead to disqualification from driving. This paper explores the relevance of alcohol consumption and personality factors as predictors of driving disqualification. The aim of the study is to determine whether the behaviors of persistent offenders and their propensity for law-breaking are related to their characteristics and patterns of drinking. A sample of 358 drivers participated in the study: 126 non-offender habitual drivers and 232 persistent traffic offenders disqualified from driving for serious or repeated traffic offenses, 127 of them after conviction, 105 without conviction (by accumulation of penalties). Participants were given a battery of tests measuring a set of explanatory personality and alcohol consumption factors. We used a cross-sectional study design and performed statistical analysis of variance and regression searching for differences among the groups. The results reveal group effects, with significant differences in a number of factors between traffic offenders and non-offenders, and between both categories of offenders in a number of variables, including traffic violations that lead to demerit points and/or loss of a driver’s license and crash involvement. Certain variables, including problem drinking, high levels of activity or excitement, penchant for thrill or sensation seeking, and propensity to hostility while driving, can accurately predict group membership. Alcohol disorders are the best predictors of disqualification from driving for serious or repeat traffic offenses, both penalized and convicted.
... Numerosas investigaciones confirman la relación que existe entre reincidencia en la comisión de infracciones y la variable Consumo de alcohol (e.g. Nochajski y Stasiewicz, 2006;Cavaiola et al., 2007;Hubicka, et al., 2008). Por ello, en la presente investigación, la conducción bajo los efectos del alcohol ha merecido una especial atención, pues fue la infracción que, después del exceso de velocidad, más asistentes a los cursos de recuperación de puntos del SPP habían cometido, y en cuanto a los delitos cometidos, se coloca en la primera posición. ...
... Por un lado, la conducción bajo los efectos del alcohol es una conducta que está asociada con la comisión de otras conductas infractoras, como el exceso de velocidad o la conducción temeraria, que están también tipificadas como delitos o infracciones de tráfico (Peck et al.,1994;Hubicka et al., 2008). Por otro lado, el hecho de padecer un problema por el consumo de alcohol, predispone al sujeto a ser reincidente en la conducta de conducir bajo los efectos del alcohol (Donovan et al., 1990;Yu and Williford, 1993;Peck, Arstein-Kerslake y Helander, 1994;Nochajski y Stasiewicz, 2006;Cavaiola, et al., 2007), por lo que tiene mayor probabilidad de ser sancionado por este motivo o incluso de cometer por ello un delito contra la seguridad vial. ...
NTRODUCTION
Interventions that can be made to the problem of road safety are very diverse. But among all the measures taken in recent years, particularly following the implementation of Road Safety Strategic Plan 2005-2008 of the General Directorate of Traffic, it stands out, for its social and legislative impact, the implementation of the Penalty Point System (PPS).
The main goal of the PPS is to improve road safety by reducing recidivism in the commission of offenses, promoting a change in attitudes and behavior on public roads. However, although the main effect of the SPP is to deter drivers from committing offenses, there is a small number of recidivist drivers that are not sensitive to this type of measures. For them, is necessary to complement punishment with measures focused on behavioral change. To achieve this necessary change, within the context of the PPS, an intervention program was designed, known as INCOVIA program, which aims to re-educate drivers repeat offenders, promoting a change in attitudes and behavior on public roads.
European studies recommend these measures to be focused on educational and therapeutic content, and place emphasis on the individualization of the programs and the psychological approach. It is therefore very important to know in depth which are the individual characteristics that lead to the commission of offenses.
OBJECTIVES
This thesis aims to increase the knowledge about the profile of recidivist drivers. To do this, first a review of the functioning of the PPS in Spain and more specifically of the existing rehabilitation measures in Spain and other countries is carried out.
Secondly, and based on the information gathered in this review, it is performed an empirical study to verify the existence of differences in sociodemographic, accident and personality variables among the general population of drivers and recidivist drivers attending courses awareness and rehabilitation within PPS. Likewise, the fact that in many countries interventions are made exclusively for alcohol offenders, is necessary to study the possible existence of differences in alcohol use disorders among recidivist drivers and not recidivist.
Therefore, the study examines this set of variables in relation to both, offenders and criminals, and in turn to the general population. In addition, it is generated a prediction model among the probability of being recidivist from the variables included in the study.
CONCLUSIONS
- The results of this study confirm the hypothesis of the existence of certain personality characteristics that differentiate the group of repeat offenders from other drivers. Thus, it highlights the importance of taking into account the personality variables related to risky behavior driving. Violator drivers experience more anger at prevented progress, more anger at possible sanctions, are more sensitive to reinforcement, more sensation seekers, more aggressive and more active. Traffic offenders, meanwhile, experience higher levels of anger at the progress impeded by others, are larger sensation seekers, more aggressive and more neurotic.
- As for the differences in alcohol use disorders, although the results show that alcohol problems exist in both the group of offenders and criminals, is the group of criminals which is mainly characterized by this circumstance.
- Regarding the predictive ability of belonging to different groups of certain variables, the existence of alcohol-related problems is a predictor of recidivism. As for personality variables, activity, sensation seeking and anger against possible sanctions they have also been shown to have predictive power.
... In principle, incapacitation following a conviction for DWI can reflect a combination of drivers license revocation, a requirement that the person use an ignition interlock device to prevent the vehicle from starting when the driver has alcohol on his or her breath, monitoring drinking and driving behavior (as part of probation), or imprisonment. North Carolina mandates that a persons drivers license be revoked for a minimum of one year following a DWI conviction. 1 However, incapacitation due to license revocation is unlikely as many repeat offenders continue to drive with a revoked license (Taxman and Piquero 1998;Cavaiola, Strohmetz, and Abreo 2007). While studies have shown the effectiveness of ignition interlock in preventing reoffense (Beck et al. 1999) and in reducing fatalities (Elder et al. 2011), the effect is limited to active installation in a vehicle. ...
... Other studies have focused on determinants of recidivism, especially characteristics of reoffenders. In a comparison of 48 one-time DWI offenders with 29 repeat offenders, Cavaiola, Strohmetz, and Abreo (2007) reported that repeat offenders were more likely to have had a revoked driving license before the initial DWI offense, to have been cited for reckless/careless driving, and to have at least one accident after the initial DWI offense. In a study with a much larger sample, Taxman and Piquero (1998) found similar results. ...
This study assesses why some individuals are rearrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Using longitudinal data from North Carolina containing information on arrests and arrest outcomes, we test hypotheses that individuals prosecuted and convicted of DWI are less likely to be rearrested for DWI. We allow for possible endogeneity of prosecution and conviction outcomes by using instrumental variables for the prosecutor’s prosecution rate and the judge’s conviction rate. With a three-year follow-up, the probability of DWI rearrest was reduced by 6.6% if the person was prosecuted for DWI and, for those prosecuted, by 24.5% if convicted on this charge. Prosecution and conviction for DWI deters rearrest for DWI.
... Nevertheless, our results from odds ratio analysis show that younger subjects (less than 35 years) are not at higher risk of recidivism than older subjects. Our results concur with data in literature [21]. This study appears to support the conclusion that the risk factors related to driving under the effect drugs of abuse are different from those associated with drinking. ...
... The percentage of recidivist subjects (about 23%) found in our study, in line of other data present in literature [8,11,21], poses a significant public health threat. This statement is particularly important considering that cocaine is the most highly consumed substance [20,22]. ...
Under Italian law drug addiction and regular drug abuse are incompatible with driving ability. One important problem with the enforcement of the impaired driving law is the large number of people that re-offend. To regain their license, offenders must be drug-free for the duration of an observation period, according to the judgement of a medical commission. The exclusion of illicit drug use is determined by toxicological analysis. A few studies exist that have used a hair matrix to monitor recidivism. Hair is an attractive matrix for monitoring drug recidivism, due to the large time window for drug detection, and to the non-alterability of this matrix. We report the results of several years of experience at our forensic toxicology laboratory in the use of hair analysis for the assessment of past exposure to drugs in persons suspected of driving under the influence of drugs. 5592 subjects were analyzed for opiates, cocaine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) using a GC/MS method. 1062 (19.0%) subjects resulted positive. From this group, the individuals that resulted positive at least at the second control were considered recidivists (243, 22.9%). 79.7% of recidivist subjects were positive for cocaine and metabolites, 14.9% for morphine and metabolites, 5.4% for Δ(9)-THC. We also studied the time frame of the abuse, as well as gender and age distribution of recidivist subjects. Furthermore, we analyzed risk factors associated with recidivist behaviour. Our results show that cocaine consumption was the only factor that showed significance with regard to increased likelihood of being a recidivist.
... Those with multiple DUI convictions are five times more likely to have a diagnosis of AUDs than the general population [22]. While these rates are high [23], rates of AUDs are likely higher than documented because of underreporting among those with repeat offenses [24]. There is a need to examine whether providing treatment for AUD to individuals attending DUI programs could decrease recidivism. ...
... First, by providing an evidence-based treatment for AUDs in a DUI setting, we aim to decrease recidivism, as evidence suggests that untreated AUDs are an important risk factor for recidivism. Providing treatment in this setting may be especially important for people at high risk of recidivism, given that they are more likely to underreport and minimize risky alcohol use [24] and may not attend referrals to more intensive specialty care [23]. Second, we hope to address disparities in AUD treatment access experienced by Latinos, as Latinos are overrepresented in DUI programs and underrepresented in treatment programs. ...
Background
Driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is a major public health concern, and many individuals continue to drink and drive even after being convicted of a DUI offense. Latinos, in particular, are disproportionately likely to be arrested for a DUI, have higher rates of recidivism, and are more likely to die in alcohol-related accidents than non-Latino Whites. Latinos also experience significant disparities in accessing alcohol-related treatment.
Methods/design
This study protocol paper describes a randomized trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to usual care in DUI programs for individuals with a first-time offense and at-risk drinking. We will utilize a two-group randomized design where individuals enrolled in a DUI program with a first-time conviction will be randomized to CBT (n = 150) or usual care (n = 150). Participants will be assessed at baseline, immediately post-treatment, and 6-months post-treatment. Recidivism data will be collected using administrative data within 2 years post-treatment.
Discussion
This project has the potential to benefit a large population of vulnerable individuals who are at risk of DUI recidivism. It also develops a new model of care by providing treatment in DUI programs to reduce disparities associated with poor treatment access.
Trial registration NCT02588703
... Different studies illustrate contradictory results. For example, some studies indicate that the likelihood of drunk driving recidivism increases with increasing BAC at the time of arrest (e.g., Armstrong et al., 2014;C'de Baca et al., 2001), whereas other studies do not find that effect (e.g., Cavaiola et al., 2007). Other factors related to recidivism include drinking frequency (Schell et al., 2006), use of prescription drugs (Dickson et al., 2013), a criminal record (LaBrie et al., 2007), neurocognitive impairment (Ouimet et al., 2007), and age and education level (C'de Baca et al., 2001). ...
... While previous studies have focused only on drunk drivers, this study analyses register-based data from Statistics Denmark to provide a profile not only of drunk driving recidivists and non-recidivists, but also a comparison of them with the non-drunk driving population. Moreover, while previous studies have focused only on an arbitrary sample of drunk driving offenders (e.g., Cavaiola et al., 2007;Dickson et al., 2013;Lapham et al., 2000;Ouimet et al., 2007), this study presents a robust design by focusing on the entire population aged 18 or older in Denmark, while examining a 5-year period between 2008 and 2012 to measure recidivism. Finally, this study is the first to look at the differences in accident involvement and law violations, not only between recidivists and non-recidivists, but also with respect to the entire population. ...
Drunk drivers are a menace to themselves and to other road users, as drunk driving significantly increases the risk of involvement in road accidents and the probability of severe or fatal injuries. Although injuries and fatalities related to road accidents have decreased in recent decades, the prevalence of drunk driving among drivers killed in road accidents has remained stable, at around 25% or more during the past 10 years. Understanding drunk driving, and in particular, recidivism, is essential for designing effective countermeasures, and accordingly, the present study aims at identifying the differences between non-drunk drivers, drunk driving non-recidivists and drunk driving recidivists with respect to their demographic and socio-economic characteristics, road accident involvement and other traffic and non-traffic-related law violations. This study is based on register-data from Statistics Denmark and includes information from 2008 to 2012 for the entire population, aged 18 or older, of Denmark. The results from univariate and multivariate statistical analyses reveal a five year prevalence of 17% for drunk driving recidivism, and a significant relation between recidivism and the drunk drivers' gender, age, income, education, receipt of an early retirement pension, household type, and residential area. Moreover, recidivists are found to have a higher involvement in alcohol-related road accidents, as well as other traffic and, in particular, non-traffic-related offences. These findings indicate that drunk driving recidivism is more likely to occur among persons who are in situations of socio-economic disadvantage and marginalisation. Thus, to increase their effectiveness, preventive measures aiming to reduce drunk driving should also address issues related to the general life situations of the drunk driving recidivists that contribute to an increased risk of drunk driving recidivism.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
... Self-control theory posits that low-self-control is an important predictor of crime/deviant behaviors. Previous studies found that those who engaged in DUI tended to have lower levels of self-control and poorer decision-making tendencies as shown in drug as well as alcohol use and other forms of illegal and/or irresponsible activities than those who did not drive under the influence (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007;Keane, Maxim, & Teevan, 1993;Romano & Voas, 2011). ...
... findings also underscore the likely high risk of DUI among older adults with comorbid serious mental health and substance use problems. DUI-related automobile crashes are lower among older than younger drivers (NHTSA, 2013), but this study indicates that DUI risk factors in the 50ϩ age group are similar to those of younger age groups (e.g., alcohol and drug misuse, lack of self-control, and psychological vulnerability) (Cavaiola et al., 2007;Keane et al., 1993;Schell et al., 2006). In the face of rapidly increasing numbers of older drivers who may be substance misusers, this study provides the following implications for improving driving safety among older adults: (1) Access to evidence-based treatment should be facilitated for older substance misusers (alcohol and drugs or alcohol alone), especially those at high risk of DUI. ...
Despite increasing rates of substance use among older adults, their risk of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs (DUI) has received scant research attention. This study identified DUI risk profiles among individuals aged 50+ years based on their substance use patterns, previous DUI incidents, and previous arrests. This study's analytic sample of 11,188 individuals came from the public use data sets of the 2008 to 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Latent class analysis identified a 4-class model as the most parsimonious. Class 1 (63% of the analytic sample; lowest risk group) exhibited the lowest probabilities of substance use and trouble with law while Class 4 (9% of the sample; highest risk group) included binge/heavy drinkers who are also likely to use illicit drugs and had the highest probabilities of self-reported DUI and previous arrests. Class 2 (18.5%) and Class 3 (9.5%) exhibited low-to-medium DUI risks. Class 4 had the highest proportions of Blacks and divorced or never married persons and had lowest education and income, poorest self-rated health, and highest rates of mental health problems of all classes. Screening for substance abuse and comorbid mental health conditions should be included in protocols for assessing older adults' driving safety. More effort is also needed to improve access to substance abuse treatment and address mental health problems among older adults at high risk for DUI. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
... Although heavy episodic drinking is common among recidivist offenders, there are limitations to relying solely on self-reported drinking patterns as a predictor of DUI recidivism. Several studies have failed to identify alcohol dependence, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at the time of arrest, or other biomarkers of excessive alcohol use as reliable predictors of DUI recidivism (e.g., C'de Baca et al., 2001;Cavaiola et al., 2007;Couture et al., 2010;Portman et al., 2010). Moreover, self-report data garnered from DUI offenders are widely recognized as being problematic, as many offenders are unwilling to accurately report their drinking because of fears that it will lead to court-mandated treatment (Lapham et al., 2002(Lapham et al., , 2004Vingilis, 1983). ...
... The fi nding that recidivist offenders did not report heavier, more frequent drinking compared with nonoffenders and those with a single DUI is consistent with some previous reports that have failed to identify a reliable relationship between drinking patterns and DUI offenses (e.g., C'de Baca et al., 2001;Cavaiola et al., 2007;Couture et al., 2010;Portman et al., 2010). Both DUI groups did score higher on the AUDIT compared with nonoffenders. ...
Objective:
A high proportion of individuals convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) are repeat offenders. Efforts have sought to identify specific factors underlying DUI recidivism. Of particular interest is the role that alcohol-related cognitions might play in the development and escalation of alcohol use. The present study investigated the degree to which preoccupation with, and attentional bias to, alcohol are heightened among repeat DUI offenders.
Method:
Three groups of participants (recidivist DUI offenders, first-time offenders, and controls; n = 20 per group) performed a visual probe task to measure attentional bias and completed questionnaires regarding their cognitive and emotional preoccupation with alcohol and drinking habits.
Results:
Recidivist offenders displayed a significantly heightened alcohol attentional bias and reported greater preoccupation with alcohol compared with both first-time offenders and controls. By contrast, none of the groups differed with regard to the self-reported quantity and frequency of their consumption.
Conclusions:
Factors reflecting preoccupation with alcohol have utility for differentiating recidivist offenders from both first-time offenders and nonoffenders. These findings highlight the value of moving beyond self-reported assessments of drinking patterns toward assessing specific cognitive and behavioral characteristics that can improve our understanding, assessment, and treatment of the problem of DUI recidivism.
... Others (Devanand, 2002;Satre, Sterling, Mackin, & Weisner, 2011) have found significant associations between late-life depression and alcohol/drug use. In addition to emotional distress, previous research has shown that poor decision-making tendencies, as indicated by other legal transgressions and other forms of irresponsibility rooted in impulsivity and lack of self-control, may also contribute to DUI (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007;Keane, Maxim, & Teevan, 1993). However, it remains unknown if psychosocial vulnerability (e.g., depression) and poor decision-making tendencies are associated with DUI in older adults. ...
... Even a 6% DUI rate is alarming given older adults' higher motor vehicle crash rates per vehicle mile of travel and higher fatal injury risks from these crashes. As DUI offenders are at risk for committing subsequent offenses (Cavaiola et al., 2007), older adults who continue to drive under the influence pose a substantial safety concern. ...
Purpose of the study:
Despite the increasing number of older adults who have a history of substance use, little research has been done on alcohol- and drug-related driving safety among older drivers. This study (a) examined risk factors for older adults' driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs (DUI) and (b) discerned differences between those aged 50-64 and those aged 65+.
Design and methods:
Data came from the public use files of the 2008-2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health for respondents aged 50+ (N = 29,634). Descriptive statistics were used to present sample characteristics by past year substance use and self-reported DUI status for age groups 50-64 and 65+. Age group separate binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for DUI.
Results:
Of past-year substance users in the 50-64 and the 65+ age groups, 14.54% and 6.19%, respectively, self-reported DUI. Higher frequency alcohol use, binge drinking, marijuana use, and major depressive episode significantly increased the odds of DUI in both age groups. Lifetime arrest history was a predictor in the 65+ age group only.
Implications:
Research is needed to improve identification of older drivers at high risk of DUI. Driving safety assessments for older adults can incorporate screening for substance abuse and comorbid mental conditions to identify those at high DUI risk. Older adults who engage in risky substance use should be directed to appropriate services that address substance use and mental health problems concurrently.
... Our findings showed similarities but also some important differences related to sociodemographic profiles described in previous national and international studies, especially regarding age, professional driving status, and psychological assessment results, which highlights this serious public health problem. 9,21 The predominance of males among both DUI recidivists (98%) and non-recidivists (97%) was nearly absolute. These results are similar to those reported in Sweden, where the prevalence of males among offenders ranged from 88 to 93%, 15 and in U.S., 81%. ...
... Experts have warned that drivers who commit a first DUI offense tend to repeat it. 9,32 In Brazil, once candidates are considered able to drive (at issuance of the first license), it is unlikely that they will ever undergo a new psychological assessment, precluding patient monitoring by expert psychologists. These data suggest that there should be a requirement to psychologically reevaluate drivers charged with DUI in Brazil. ...
Objective:
To analyze variables associated with recurrence of blood alcohol content (BAC)-related traffic violations among drivers in southern Brazil.
Method:
This cross-sectional study included 12,204 driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders according to data provided by the Rio Grande do Sul state Transportation Department. Sociodemographic characteristics, license duration, license category, and psychological assessment results were analyzed. Drivers convicted of DUI more than once in 2009/2010 were considered recidivists. Variables were evaluated using descriptive statistical analysis and Poisson regression, adjusted by sex, age, and education level.
Results:
A total of 538 (4.41%) drivers were considered recidivists. The following variables showed the strongest associations with recidivism: being aged 41-50 years (prevalence ratio [PR] = 3.41), being licensed for ≥ 12 years (PR = 1.86), being licensed for motorcycles, cars and trucks (PR = 1.36), having a license with psychological restrictions (PR = 1.33), and driving a truck or a similar vehicle at the moment of notification (PR = 1.08).
Conclusions:
In the age group with the highest risk for recurrence, drivers showed a higher probability of having a diagnosis of alcohol dependence and other psychiatric comorbidities that hinder the control of alcohol use. Psychological assessments seem to be important in predicting repeat offenses, especially when limited aptitudes are suspected, and should therefore be better investigated.
... However, opportunities for treatment are limited for DWI arrestees and recidivism rates are high among them (Cavaiola et al., 2007). About one in three alcohol-impaired drivers appear to recidivate within 2 years of their first DWI conviction (Brinkmann et al., 2002). ...
Background
Driving while intoxicated (DWI) is a serious public health problem. However, treatment for DWI arrestees is not readily available. This study examines the effectiveness of a contingency management (CM) procedure using transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) monitoring to reduce drinking among DWI arrestees.
Method
The study participants were 216 DWI arrestees under pretrial and included both Mandated participants undergoing court‐ordered TAC monitoring and Non‐Mandated participants wearing a study‐provided TAC monitor. Participants were randomly assigned to either a CM (Mandated = 35; Non‐Mandated = 74) or a Control condition (Mandated = 37; Non‐Mandated = 70) and completed the 8‐week intervention. CM participants received $50/week for not exceeding a TAC of 0.02 g/dL during the previous week. Payments to Controls were yoked to the CM group.
Results
Among Non‐Mandated participants, the probability of meeting the contingency was higher and remained stable (about 65%) over time in the CM group, whereas the probability was lower and declined in the Control group, widening the gaps in the probability between the study conditions (16.7%–24.1% greater in the CM group from visit 4 to 8, all p < 0.05). Among Mandated participants, the probability was not significantly different between conditions ( p = 0.06–0.95). Furthermore, among Non‐Mandated participants, the percentage of heavy drinking days remained low (9.16%–11.37%) in the CM group, whereas it was greater and increased over time (17.43%–26.59%) in the Control group. In Mandated participants, no significant differences in percent heavy drinking days were observed between conditions ( p = 0.07–0.10).
Conclusion
We found that contingency effects on alcohol use are more pronounced among frequent and heavy alcohol users, i.e., Non‐Mandated DWI arrestees. However, for individuals whose drinking was already suppressed by existing contingencies (i.e., court‐mandated TAC monitoring), our CM procedure did not produce additional reductions in drinking.
... Although road tests are the gold standard for the evaluation of FTD, and authors like Schreier, Banks and Mathis (17) proposed the use of both simulators and neuropsychological tools to evaluate FTD, great attention is currently being focused on the development of assessment tests that can identify the relationship between psychological characteristics and the likelihood of being involved in road accidents. Several studies highlight the incidence of some personality traits (i.e., aggressiveness, altruism, anxiety, sensation seeking, a propensity to addiction, hostility, depression, psychopathic deviance, impulsiveness, assertiveness and emotional adjustment) self-regulation, attitudes to safety and perception of risk as predictors of dangerous driving (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). ...
The main function of the medical-psychological assessment to evaluate fitness to drive (FTD) is to safeguard the community against risks posed by drivers who, owing to psycho-physical disease, personality disturbances, abuse of psychotropic substances or drugs, can be a hazard to safety on the roads. In the context of psychodiagnostic investigations, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2) test is the gold standard tool supporting clinical assessments conducted to evaluate a subject's capacity to predict her/his own actions, attitudes, risk propensity, level of conformity to social norms. Other important features of the tool include the specific scales aimed at individuating behaviors adopted with the intent to elude or hide existing personality problems. These behaviors are very frequent in the field of medicolegal, psychological and psychiatric assessments, including FTD evaluations. In this study, the MMPI 2 test was administered to 154 subjects for whom Driving Licence (DL) Medical Commissions based in the south of Italy had required specific personality assessments, compared to a control group of 186 subjects with no clinical or psychodiagnostic problems. The question posed in our study was to understand whether the test was able to detect differences between the personalities of the subjects belonging to the two groups. The results obtained demonstrated significant differences between the experimental group and the controls, shown by the MMPI-2 variables, in particular the clinical Hs scale,the supplementary scales: GF, Re, AAS, APS and the content scales DEP and TRT, as well as the PSY-5 Disc and Nege scales.
... Beide methoden kennen hun beperkingen. Uit de resultaten van onderzoek weten we dat daders bij zelf-rapportage geneigd zijn om sociaal wenselijke antwoorden te geven om een positiever beeld te schetsen dan de werkelijkheid is (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007;Lajunen & Summala, 2003;Schell, Chan, & Morral, 2006). Hierdoor ontstaat er geen realistisch beeld over hun gedrag en is het gerapporteerde gedrag een onderschatting van het daadwerkelijk vertoonde gedrag. ...
Het rijden onder invloed van alcohol vormt een groot gevaar voor de verkeersveiligheid wereldwijd en dus ook in België (Meesmann, Vanhoe, & Opdenakker, 2017; SWOV, 2018). Een belangrijke vraag is hoe bestuurders die zich hieraan schuldig hebben gemaakt, kunnen ontraden dit gedrag opnieuw te vertonen. Naar straffen toe, kan er een onderscheid gemaakt worden tussen klassieke en alternatieve straffen. Beide methodes van straffen hebben als doel om toekomstig recidive tot een minimum te beperken. Een klassieke straf bestaat meestal uit het betalen van een geldboete en het opleggen van een rijverbod. Onder alternatieve straffen wordt, in dit rapport, een educatieve maatregel bedoeld. Bij zo een leermaatregel wordt, door een intense vorming, de bestuurder bewust gemaakt van de gevaren van zijn gedrag en krijgt handvaten aangereikt om dit gedrag in de toekomst niet meer te vertonen.
Uit de resultaten van internationaal onderzoek blijkt dat het opleggen van een leermaatregel als alternatieve straf tot minder recidive leidt dan een klassieke straf. Hoewel er eveneens studies zijn met geen eenduidige resultaten of resultaten die in de tegenovergestelde richting wijzen. Uit een recente meta-analyse (Slootmans, Martensen, Kluppels, & Meesmann, 2017) blijkt het volgen van een dergelijke vorming de kans op recidive te verlagen. In België heeft Vias institute – het voormalige Belgische Instituut Voor de Verkeersveiligheid – een lange traditie bij het verzorgen van deze vormingen. In 2003 werd er voor de eerste keer een effectiviteitsstudie uitgevoerd waarbij recidive als uitkomstmaat gold. In deze studie werden bestuurders die een klassieke straf kregen opgelegd vergeleken met de bestuurders die een vorming hebben gevolgd (Vanlaar, Kluppels, Wiseur, & Goossens, 2003). Hoewel de resultaten niet significant van elkaar verschilden, was er een tendens zichtbaar dat de bestuurders die de vorming hebben gevolgd minder recidive kenden dan de andere bestuurders. Dit beeld komt ook naar voor in meer recente studies (Waeyaert, 2017).
In de periode van 2003 tot 2019 is het aantal bestuurders die worden doorverwezen naar een vorming vervijfvoudigd en zijn de vormingen eveneens verder ontwikkeld. Om deze reden is het opportuun om anno 2019 de effectiviteit van deze vormingen opnieuw na te gaan, waarbij recidive de belangrijkste uitkomstmaat is. In de huidige studie zijn 606 bestuurders opgenomen die ofwel een klassieke of alternatieve straf kregen opgelegd tussen 2010 en 2014. Er werd voor alle bestuurders nagegaan of zij opnieuw zijn hervallen tot en met december 2017. Wanneer het percentage recidivisten in beide groepen vergeleken wordt aan het einde van de opvolgingsperiode, blijkt dat de bestuurders die de vorming gevolgd hebben 41% minder recidive vertonen in vergelijking met de klassiek gestraften. Voorts, is de tijd tot een volgend recidivefeit langer voor de bestuurders die de vorming hebben gevolgd. Aan de hand van een Cox regressieanalyse is gebleken dat de kans op recidive 2.63 kleiner is voor bestuurders die de vorming volgden in vergelijking met bestuurders die klassiek gestraft werden. De effecten van de vorming zijn meer uitgesproken voor vrouwen en bestuurders zonder strafblad (i.e., de zogenaamde first – offenders). Hierbij dient opgemerkt te worden dat in het geval dat bestuurders die de vorming hebben gevolgd hervallen, hun promillage hoger is dan het promillage van de bestuurders die een klassieke straf kregen opgelegd.
De resultaten van deze studie liggen in lijn met internationale onderzoeksbevindingen. In verschillende internationale studies wordt aanbevolen om in de Driver Improvement vormingen de first offenders van de recidivisten te scheiden. In de huidige studie vinden we hier steun voor en om deze reden kan het opportuun zijn om hiermee rekening te houden bij de samenstelling van de groepen.
Een beperking van deze studie is dat het geen experimentele opzet kent, hiermee wordt bedoeld dat er is gewerkt met reeds bestaande groepen bestuurders (naargelang welke straf is uitgesproken). De politierechter maakt een inschatting in iedere zaak of het opportuun kan zijn om de bestuurder een vorming te laten volgen of niet. Het kan dus zijn dat bestuurders met een bepaald profiel eerder naar de vorming worden doorverwezen (i.e., een zogenaamde selectiebias) en dat hierdoor de vorming bij uitstek al meer succesvol is. Om deze redenen zijn alle bestuurders in de controlegroep (i.e., zij die een klassieke straf kregen opgelegd) gematcht met de bestuurders uit de vorming op de belangrijkste criteria om voor de selectiebias te compenseren. Er is in deze studie eveneens getracht om profielen te destilleren teneinde na te gaan welke bestuurders het meest gebaat zijn bij welke straf. Hiervoor hebben we ons gebaseerd op de beschikbare informatie in het dossier. Helaas moeten we op basis van deze informatie vaststellen dat we geen eenduidige profielen hebben kunnen opstellen. Het geldt echter wel dat de effecten van de vorming meer uitgesproken zijn voor vrouwelijke bestuurders in vergelijking met mannelijke bestuurders. Eveneens geldt dat bestuurders zonder strafblad meer gebaat zijn bij het volgen van de vorming in vergelijking met bestuurders met strafblad. Wellicht kan de ontwikkeling van een instrument om beter in te schatten welke straf voor welke bestuurder het meest effectief is de doelstelling vormen van toekomstig onderzoek. Tot die tijd is het raadzaam bestuurders naar de vormingen te blijven doorverwijzen, in het bijzonder voor first offenders en vrouwen.
... Several studies have examined the features associated with firsttime offenders (Cavaiola et al., 2007;Dickson et al., 2013;Hunter et al., 2006) to develop cost-effective interventions for preventing DUI reoccurrence. The potential predictors of DUI recidivism include alcohol drinking, poor driving records, substance use, and a criminal history. ...
Background:
Driving/riding under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is a major public concern worldwide. Only a few studies have distinguished DUI-related variables between motorcyclists and car drivers. This study examined the differences in demographic characteristics and drinking behaviors among first-time DUI offenders operating different transportation vehicles, and risk factors for frequent DUI (fDUI) among them.
Methods:
We conducted an anonymous survey for 561 first-time DUI offenders who attended a mandatory educational program. Participants self-administered questionnaires concerning alcohol drinking behaviors and DUI. We defined fDUI as at least two DUI behaviors per month based on self-reported information. Demographic and drinking characteristics were compared between DUI offenders, car drivers and motorcyclists. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine risk factors for fDUI.
Results:
Two-thirds of first-time DUI offenders were motorcyclists. Compared with car drivers, motorcyclists were younger and less educated, with a higher percentage of them being women and unmarried. Car drivers reported a higher rate of fDUI than motorcyclists (16.5% vs. 9.7%). Regression analysis revealed that binge drinkers had a higher fDUI risk in both groups. Regarding the drinking place prior to DUI behavior, workplace was significantly associated with fDUI in car drivers.
Conclusions:
Distinct strategies may be required for motorcyclists and car drivers for DUI recidivism prevention, and drinking place interventions should also be considered.
... Despite that limitation, research based on the official data is faster, cheaper and contains more subjects compared to a survey among road users. Furthermore, the latter method is prone to socially desirable answers, especially when traffic reoffenders are questioned (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007;Lajunen & Summala, 2003;Schell, Chan, & Morral, 2006). Applying such a method would probably result in underreporting of the actual behaviour. ...
Please refer to this document as follows: Nieuwkamp, R., Martensen, H., Meesmann, U (2017), Alcohol interlock, European Road Safety Decision Support System, developed by the H2020 project SafetyCube. Retrieved from www.roadsafety-dss.eu on DD MM YYYY Please note: The studies included in this synopsis were selected from those identified by a systematic literature search of specific databases (see supporting document). The main criterion for inclusion of studies in this synopsis and the DSS was that each study provides a quantitative effect estimate, preferably on the number or severity of crashes or otherwise on road user behaviour that is known to be related to the occurrence or severity of a crash. Therefore, key studies providing qualitative information might not be included in this synopsis.
... 9 10 Epidemiological studies and statistical models estimate the average drunk driver needs to travel more than a million miles to cause one crash fatality. [11][12][13] This seemingly innocuous pattern tends to build a false sense of security from prior personal experiences; specifically, a mistaken belief that the individual can drive without incident if the road situation remains the same and free of other hazards. 14 This faulty reasoning is particularly beguiling because alcohol is a strengths and limitations of this study ► Comprehensive analysis of patients hospitalised for life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crashes over two decades at Canada's largest trauma centre. ...
Importance
Drunk driving is a major cause of death in North America, yet physicians rarely counsel patients on the risks of drinking and driving.
Objective
To test whether the risks of a life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crash were further accentuated by adverse weather.
Design
Double matched case–control analysis of hospitalised patients.
Setting
Canada’s largest trauma centre between 1 January 1995 and 1 January 2015.
Participants
Patients hospitalised due to a life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crash.
Exposure
Relative risk of a crash associated with adverse weather estimated by evaluating the weather at the place and time of the crash (cases) compared with the weather at the same place and time a week earlier and a week later (controls).
Results
A total of 2088 patients were included, of whom the majority were drivers injured at night. Adverse weather prevailed among 312 alcohol-related crashes and was significantly more frequent compared with control circumstances. The relative risk of a life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crash was 19% higher during adverse weather compared with normal weather (95% CI: 5 to 35, p=0.006). The absolute increase in risk amounted to 43 additional crashes, extended to diverse groups of patients, applied during night-time and daytime, contributed to about 793 additional patient-days in hospital and was distinct from the risks for drivers who were negative for alcohol.
Conclusions
Adverse weather was associated with an increased risk of a life-threatening alcohol-related traffic crash. An awareness of this risk might inform warnings to patients about traffic safety and counselling alternatives to drinking and driving.
... Some work has been done on DUI subtypes. Most of these studies used cluster analysis and found two to five clusters that differed from each other on mental health, personality, and/or substance use variables (Cavaiola et al., 2007;Donovan and Marlatt, 1982;Hubicka et al., 2010;Nolan et al., 1994;Palmer et al., 2007;Wells-Parker et al., 1986;Wieczorek and Miller, 1992). Based on this previous work, Nelson and Tao (2012) proposed that there are at least two types of DUI offenders: those whose DUI behavior reflects a wider pattern of impulsive and reckless behavior and those whose DUI behavior occurs within the context of mental health issues that extend beyond substance abuse. ...
Aim:
Despite significant reductions in Driving Under the Influence (DUI) in the United States during recent decades, DUI continues to be a major public health threat. The current study investigated the intersection of two domains known to influence DUI: criminal history and psychiatric comorbidity.
Methods:
DUI recidivists (N = 743) attending a court-mandated two-week inpatient DUI program completed a computerized mental health assessment as part of their intake to that program. Participants' criminal records were obtained 4-5 years after program attendance.
Findings:
This study identified three primary repeat DUI offender subtypes with distinct patterns of criminal behavior and psychiatric comorbidity: (Type I) those whose DUI emerges from a pattern of drinking to cope with mood and anxiety problems, (Type II) those whose DUI emerges as part of a larger pattern of externalizing and criminal behavior, and (Type III) those whose DUI offenses reflect more acute triggers and isolated episodes of excessive drinking.
Conclusion:
These findings suggest that current treatment models used in DUI programs are inadequate to address the heterogeneity in the population of DUI recidivists and that earlier and more comprehensive screening would allow for better targeting of resources to DUI offender subtypes.
... Such as the Møller et al., (2015) study indicated that a five year prevalence of 17% for drinking driving recidivists, aged 18 or older, of Denmark. However, Most of previous studies of recidivist have only focused on specific sample of drinking driving offenders (e.g., Cavaiola et al., 2007;Ouimet et al., 2007). ...
Traffic violations, particularly drink driving, are a menace to the drivers themselves, and to other road users. Drink driving crashes often cause death or serious injury to the driver. Understanding the recidivism effect factor of drink driving is essential for designing effective countermeasures. This study is based on register-based data from the National Police Agency, Ministry of the Interior of Taiwan and monthly administrative area information from 2012 to 2015 for the entire population. Hence, this study not only focuses on the effect factor and violation differences between recidivists and non-recidivists, but discusses the entire regional characteristics effect for recidivism. The purpose of this study is to offer a comprehensive econometrical framework, using a multilevel random effect logistic model, which highlights important contributors to drink driving recidivism from regional attributes. As the study findings from our empirical results indicate, there are statistically significant differences with drink driving in administrative areas, depending on the number of report on drink driving by police, divorce rate of the population, alcohol consumption, number of community security patrol teams, number of bus trips, and level of education. The results of this study provide suggestions to the government for enhancing community security and developing public transportation, both of which can effectively decrease drink driving recidivism and improve public road safety.
... As stated, older adults have increased susceptibility to the effects of alcohol and psychoactive drugs, which can lead to serious or fatal injury risks from motor vehicle crashes (and other accidents). As DUI offenders are at risk for committing subsequent offenses (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007), older adults who continue to drive under the influence pose a substantial safety concern to themselves and others. ...
Despite increasing marijuana use among the 50+ age group, little research has been done on marijuana’s impact on older adults’ driving under the influence (DUI). Using the 2013 to 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data, this study examined the association of older adults’ self-reported DUI with marijuana use, marijuana abuse/dependence, and marijuana risk perception. The findings show that one third of past-year marijuana users aged 50+ reported past-year DUI, two thirds of which involved drugs. Those with marijuana abuse/dependence were 2.6 times more likely than those without the disorder to report DUI, controlling for alcohol abuse/dependence, other illicit drug use, and sociodemographic and health/mental health statuses. As safe driving is key to prolonging independence in late life, clinicians need to educate older adults about the risk of marijuana use, alone and with other substances, on their driving capacity and provide age-appropriate treatment for marijuana use disorder.
... Beide methoden hebben voor-en nadelen. In geval van een bevraging zullen recidivisten vaker sociaal wenselijk en defensief antwoorden (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007;Lajunen & Summala, 2003;Schell, Chan, & Morral, 2006). Door deze sociaal wenselijke antwoorden zullen de antwoorden een substantiële onderrapportage bevatten van de daadwerkelijke vertoonde (strafbare) gedragingen. ...
Doelstelling
Het Belgisch recidiveonderzoek staat nog in de kinderschoenen. Hoewel er meer aandacht komt voor dit thema, zijn gegevens over verkeersrecidivisten moeilijk toegankelijk voor onderzoek. Het doel van het huidig rapport is een aantal kenmerken van verkeersrecidivisten te schetsen op basis van een steekproef van gerechtelijke dossiers. Met dit eerste onderzoek wordt een aanzet gegeven om onderzoek uit te voeren naar
de karakteristieken van risicogroepen van de verkeersovertreders zoals geformuleerd door Staten-Generaal van de Verkeersveiligheid (SGVV, 2007)
... Recidivisten zijn geen voorstander van strengere straffen voor rijden onder invloed en ze neigen ertoe hun aanhouding of arrestatie toe te schrijven aan pech of aan 'automobilistje pesten' van de politie, maar niet aan hun eigen verantwoordelijkheid en (foute) beslissingen. Cavaiola et al. (2007) stelden ook vast dat recidiverende alcoholovertreders meer dan niet-recidiverende alcoholovertreders antwoorden geven op vragen om zichzelf in een gunstig daglicht te plaatsen of sociaal wenselijke of defensieve antwoorden geven. ...
Ongeveer twee derde van alle ernstige alcoholongevallen wordt veroorzaakt door de relatief kleine groep zware alcoholovertreders (met een bloedalcoholgehalte van 1,3 g/l of hoger). In dit rapport inventariseren wij beschikbare kennis over de achtergronden en kenmerken van zware en recidiverende alcoholovertreders.
... 11 There is evidence that particularly among first time offenders, there is a high rate of driving while license is suspended, but that the quality of the driving may be improved (Mccartt et al., 2003). In a comparison of 48 one-time DWI offenders with 29 repeat offenders, Cavaiola et al. (2007) reported that repeat DWI offenders were more likely to have had a revoked drivers license before the initial DWI offense, and were more likely to have been cited for reckless/careless driving, and have had at least one accident after the initial DWI offense. In a study with a much larger sample, Taxman and Piquero (1998) found similar results in an empirical analysis of recidivism of first-time DWI offenders. ...
Using North Carolina administrative data, this study examined recidivism following participation in specialty hybrid drug and driving while intoxicated (DWI) court programs. Three court program participation levels were considered-being referred to, enrolling in, and completing a specialty court program. Measures of DWI recidivism were: arrest and total number of arrests for DWI, and being convicted of DWI during follow-up periods of two and, alternatively, four years. Propensity score matching was used to obtain comparable control groups. Using a four-year follow-up, persons convicted of a DWI who completed a specialty court program were associated with a greater reduction in DWI re-arrests and re-convictions than did matched individuals who were never referred to a specialty court program. DWI courts were more effective in reducing re-arrests than hybrid drug courts were. Although promising from the vantage point of participants, few persons convicted of a DWI were referred to either court type, thus limiting this strategy's potential effectiveness in reducing DWI.
... For some offenders, engagement in DWI behaviour appears to be a direct result of alcohol's acute impact on risky decision-making [142]. Among the many theories of alcoholinfluenced decision making (e.g., [143][144][145]), only few have been directly implicated in the interpretation of the drunk driving problem. ...
Of the human factors estimated to account for 90% of all fatal road traffic crashes,driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI) is among the most important.Traditionalapproaches to understanding persistent DWI have focussed on the role of static drivercharacteristics such as alcohol abuse diagnosis, and sociodemographic and personalityfactors.More recently, the risk-taking research is focusing on dynamic self-regulatoryprocesses that appear at the heart of persistent engagement in diverse problem behaviourssuch as substance abuse, pathological gambling, and unsafe sex practices.As aparticularly pervasive and lethal form of risk-taking behaviour, DWI seems appropriatefor this level of scrutiny as well.This chapter selectively reviews evidence for theneuropsychological underpinnings of persistent DWI behaviour. It considers the acuteand chronic impact of alcohol misuse on psychomotor and executive control functionsinvolved in safe driving, as well as the executive control dysfunctions that can contributeto initiation of DWI behaviour in sober drivers.Then, the discussion turns to theimplications of the neuropsychological approach for disentangling the heterogeneity ofthe DWI offender population, demarcating specific pathways to persistent DWI behaviour, and adapting interventions to be better suited to the characteristics of somehigh-risk offenders.
... Assessment targets appraisal of relative severity and identification of specific risk factors for recidivism as a basis for individualizing intervention approaches (e.g., alcoholism treatment, information and behavioural change programmes, etc.). In Quebec, this involves a highly standardized assessment protocol using computer-assisted administration of objective self-reported questionnaires and psychometric instruments that measure demographic, substance misuse severity, risky personality and attitudinal features, and behavioural and legal history, all of which have been associated with DWI recidivism risk in the scientific literature (e.g., Lapham, 2010;Cavaiola et al., 2007;C'De Baca et al., 2001). ...
In many jurisdictions, drivers convicted for the first-time of driving while impaired by alcohol undertake a risk assessment that will determine the severity of sanctions and the remedial measures they must follow as requisites for re-licensing. There is uncertainty inherent in the assessment of risk for recidivism, however, many offenders feel unfairly assessed and discommoded by the decision-making process and its consequences. The objective of this qualitative study was to gain insight into the perspectives of offenders regarding re-licensing decision making and sanctioning. Specifically, in focus groups first-time offenders and recidivists were probed as to whether they favoured erring on the side of road safety in decision making, with its consequent greater risk of false positive assessments, or erring on the side of maintaining driving privileges, with its consequent greater risk of false negative assessments. In general, participants preferred a higher probability of false negative vs. false positive assessments. Most cited the consequences of sanctions and remedial measures as too severe to impose them on potentially low-risk drivers, as the assessment and monitoring protocols' limitations could lead to non-equitable treatment. At the same time, recidivists evoked a greater preference for a higher probability of false positive assessments compared to first-time offenders, as they believed that recidivism was more likely to follow a first conviction than did first-time offenders. This information can be useful for a more comprehensive and societally coherent exercise of DWI prevention policies.
... Those pre-DWI drivers at highest risk for DWI offenses might be identified by a high number of moving violations. Researchers (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007;Donovan, Marlatt, & Salzberg, 1983; have found that them number of non-DWI moving vehicle citations predicted DWI offenses. Another predictor of the first DWI offense is number of prior substance abuse and criminal drug related offenses. ...
Purpose:
Drivers who have committed a traffic violation are a particularly high-risk group, yet studies conducted among this group are scarce. We analyzed and synthesized the current literature concerning subsequent risky driving behaviors, recidivism, and crashes among drivers with a traffic violation.
Methods:
We searched PubMed, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Academic Search Complete, Web of Science, and Scopus for articles published in English between January 1, 1999, and May 31, 2023. A total of 25 articles met the selection criteria and were included in the final analysis. Two coders independently extracted and analyzed the selected articles to identify common categories across the articles, including study design, study population, type of traffic violation, and study outcomes including subsequent driving behaviors, recidivism, and crash risks.
Results:
Of the 25 selected articles, 19 (76%) involved both male and female participants. Fourteen (56%) studies were interventions/evaluation studies, with the other 11 (44%) being observational. Nineteen (76%) studies included alcohol-impaired driving violations, and 23 (92%) studies examined recidivism as an outcome measure. Over half of the observational studies demonstrated that traffic offenders were more likely to commit a subsequent traffic violation or had elevated risk of crashes. Most of the intervention/evaluation studies demonstrated a significant reduction in driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol among the study participants. However, such positive effects observed during the active intervention period were not always sustained.
Conclusions:
Traffic offenders are a high-risk group for subsequent violations and crashes. Evidence from this review calls for more effective interventions implemented following a traffic violation to prevent recidivism, crashes, and crash-related injuries and deaths.
Taiwan has deemed driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) to be criminal, and offenders are subjected to fines and jail penalties without being offered alcohol-related treatment, although alcohol use problems are prevalent in this population. We followed the recidivism records of DUI repeat offenders for one year after they had received a newly established legal-medical joint intervention program for alcohol treatment and examined factors related to postintervention recidivism. In this study, 231 DUI repeat offenders with alcohol use problems screened out by the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test were referred from the prosecutors' office to one psychiatric hospital for SBIRT-based alcohol treatment. We divided the participants into two groups based on the official recidivism records within the year following the end of treatment. The study used a Cox proportional hazards model to examine the hazard ratio of the baseline clinical characteristics and intervention duration for post-treatment recidivism. The study used generalized estimation equation models to examine changes in psychological symptoms and drinking behaviors over time. We found that participants who recidivated in the next year after intervention did not differ from those without recidivism records in all measurements except for the length of duration they stayed in treatment. Survival analysis determined that participants who had received the intervention for >4 months showed significantly lower rates of one-year postintervention recidivism rates The study participants showed improved psychological symptoms and drinking behaviors during the follow-up period. In conclusion, adequate duration of alcohol treatment is a significant factor associated with a lower risk of postintervention recidivism. The results provide some insight into the design of a collaborative program between legal and medical systems to reduce DUI recidivism and improve mental health of DUI repeat offenders.
This study examines the sentencing and recidivism of 34,315 first-time DUI offenders in Pennsylvania. Results indicated that individuals processed through accelerated rehabilitative disposition (ARD) rather than a guilty conviction were more likely to be white, female, and older and to have less serious prior records. In terms of recidivism, those receiving ARD were significantly less likely than those found guilty to be rearrested within 4 years. Results also showed the effects of contingent labeling, in that ARD reduced recidivism for females and minorities, possibly because they did not suffer from the cumulative disadvantage of being labeled a criminal. These findings suggest that diversion programs could be used with first-time DUI offenders, even males and whites, without a consequent increase in recidivism. Moreover, the study provides support for diversionary programs for demographic groups (women and minorities) who may be disproportionately affected by a permanent criminal label.
Driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), legally defined as operating a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol content of 0.08 g/dL or greater, has been a national concern for many decades, with a strong focus on the impact of alcohol-related crash fatalities. The current entry documents the extent and the nature of the issue, as well as the emergence of alcohol-impaired driving as a social problem. Legal consequences to alcohol-impaired driving are thought to be a primary factor in the reduction of drinking and driving incidents. Repeat alcohol-impaired driving trends and potential treatment options are explored. Experts recommend evidence-based prevention efforts like mass media campaigns, sobriety checkpoints, alcohol interlock system, and designated driver programs to supplement sanctions imposed by the legal system.
Unintentional falls, unintentional motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), and suicides are top three leading causes of injury deaths among older adults. Unintentional falls and unintentional MVCs also rank among the causes of nonfatal injuries treated in hospital emergency departments (ED) for the 65+ age group. As in younger adults, alcohol use in older adults increases the risk of injuries and injury-related (and noninjury-related) mortality. Because of aging-related physiological changes, multiple chronic medical conditions, and use more prescription drugs in older adults than younger adults, alcohol use can be especially harmful in late life. In this chapter, we summarize previous research on alcohol-related injury and death in older adults, focusing on falls, MVCs while driving under the influence, and suicide and suicide attempts. We then discuss clinical implications of the research findings including prevention strategies for both unintentional and intentional injuries among the growing numbers of older adults.
Background:
Multi-component impaired driving interventions can reduce driving under the influence (DUI) recidivism rates; however, outcomes are better for those who complete the interventions and are adherent with program expectations. Research is needed to examine the differences between DUI offenders who are adherent vs. non-adherent to intervention efforts.
Objective:
The current study utilized a multi-risk factor model to predict recidivism among first-time DUI offenders enrolled in an intervention program. Differences between offenders who were adherent (including program completion) vs. non-adherent with the intervention were examined.
Method:
Using data from the Mississippi Alcohol Safety Education Program (MASEP) and state administrative records, the current study examined both recidivism rates and rates of intervention completion for all individuals enrolled in the program. The sample was predominantly White (58.8%) and male (80.2%).
Results:
Individuals who were adherent with the intervention were significantly less likely to recidivate within 3 years. Prior traffic or other criminal violations positively predicted recidivism rates. The likelihood of recidivism varied, with males, African Americans, and younger individuals with less education at greater risk of recidivism. Adherence with the intervention was more common for African American and older participants.
Conclusion:
The MASEP participants who were adherent with the intervention were significantly less likely to recidivate than those who were non-adherent. However, variance in the multi-component intervention completion rates suggests that the program resonates better with specific population subsets. We argue for researchers and policymakers to further explore how specific population subsets react to varying intervention programs to maximize efforts to reduce impaired driving.
Driving under the influence of alcohol and substance use is an important traffic problem that caused many people in the world to lose their lieves. Many features that are important in terms of driving adversely affected under the influence of alcohol and substance and therefore impaired driving behavior arises in drivers. The most effective way to fight for prevent this impaired driver behavier is the restrictions and regulations imposed on drivers in traffic related to alcohol and drug use. Nevertheless, in the literature, some drivers continue to impaired driving function with a risky traffic behavior, in which the driver personality (risk-taking, thrill-seeking, self-control), psychopathological (substance abuse, personality disorders, mood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, anger and aggression), and many other neuropsychological features are considered to have a relationship with this situation. In this article psychological, psychopathological and neuropsychological studies have examined regarding drive under the influence of alcohol and drug. [Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2015; 7(3.000): 333-347]
Introduction Assessment of DWI Offenders Remedial Programs for DWI Offenders Conclusions and Future Directions References
We identified the typical personality profile of individuals with multiple driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) offenses using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Multiple DWI offenders were recruited from outpatient clinics between January 2009 and September 2013. All participants were administered the MMPI-2 and also completed a questionnaire soliciting demographic information. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using Ward’s method. The multiple-offenders-I group (n = 9) had relatively high (although still within normal) scores on the D and Pd scales. The multiple-offenders-II group (n = 50) had low scores on both the Ma and Si scales and a V-shaped profile on the validity scales. Some multiple offenders may have poorer emotional adjustment, characterized by tendencies toward psychopathic deviance, mania, and depression, as well as psychopathological characteristics typically associated with patients with alcohol-use disorder.
Depuis quelques années, les baisses observées dans le nombre de collisions mortelles reliées à l'alcool et le taux de récidive de la conduite avec capacités affaiblies (CCA) stagnent. L'une des stratégies préconisées pour contrer cette tendance est d'améliorer la détection des futurs récidivistes et ce, dès leur première condamnation. Traditionnellement, cette détection repose sur les approches provenant des domaines de la justice pénale et du traitement de la consommation problématique d'alcool. Ce carcan idéologique s'observe dans le domaine de l'intervention auprès des contrevenants mais également dans les recherches visant la prévention de la récidive. Pour remédier à cette situation, le présent article explore une nouvelle conceptualisation de la récidive visant la détection d'un sous-groupe de contrevenants à risque élevé de récidive. Le modèle proposé s'inspire de l'intérêt naissant porté aux caractéristiques neurobiologiques pour expliquer les comportements à risque, et plus spécialement à l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien (HHS). De par son interrelation avec plusieurs caractéristiques associées à la récidive, les dysfonctions de l'axe HHS pourraient permettre de cibler les contrevenants primaires ayant une trajectoire de comportements à risque. Cet article se veut donc une réflexion sur les mesures en cours dans le domaine de la détection de la récidive et suggère des hypothèses pour les futures recherches.
This chapter reviews the methods used to determine alcohol in blood and breath for legal purposes along with the statutory alcohol limits, which differ between countries. Demographics of typical drinking drivers are reported along with the distribution of blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) when apprehended. The problem of dealing with people who re-offend is discussed based on experience from Sweden, a country known for its strict regulations concerning the use of alcohol in connection with driving. Methods for the determination of alcohol in blood have been available for more than a century. In the early 1960s gas chromatographic (GC) methods of blood alcohol analysis became the gold standard for quantitative and qualitative determination of ethanol as well as other volatiles in biological specimens. Essentially three types of alcohol tolerance are well recognised: (i) dispositional or metabolic tolerance; (ii) acute functional tolerance; and (iii) chronic (cellular) tolerance.
The supervision of driving while intoxicated/impaired (DWI) offenders composes a large share of probation officer’s caseloads. Crime and justice researchers have made tremendous advances in the ability to classify offenders according to general recidivism, with the Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI-R) being one of the most tested instruments used by community corrections officers. There has yet to emerge a risk assessment tool designed to classify DWI offenders according to their likelihood to be arrested for multiple DWIs. This article estimates a series of multinomial logistic regression models to identify differences between one-time DWI offenders and chronic DWI offenders. The central independent variables are the items on the LSI-R and a popular alcohol and substance abuse screener (Adult Substance Use Survey [ASUS]), while controlling for age, race, gender, and marital status. These instruments are important tools to classify DWI offenders, and the results suggest that the community corrections field (including the offenders supervised) would benefit from a risk assessment tool to classify DWI offenders.
Psychiatric comorbidity has emerged as a key element distinguishing DUI offenders from others, and, in some cases, distinguishing repeat offenders from first-time offenders. This paper utilizes a prospective design to determine whether the comorbid disorders identified among repeat DUI offenders can predict recidivism. Seven hundred forty-three repeat DUI offenders were recruited from a two-week inpatient treatment program at which they received a standardized mental health assessment and followed across five years post-treatment to track DUI offense, motor vehicle-related offenses, and general criminal offenses. Psychiatric comorbidity, though it did not predict DUI recidivism specifically, predicted criminal re-offense more generally. In addition, there was a specific relationship between lifetime attention deficit disorder and repeated motor vehicle-related offenses. These findings suggest that for many repeat offenders, DUI is one outlet in a constellation of criminal behavior, and that psychiatric comorbidity increases vulnerability for criminal re-offense.
This study tested whether repeat driving under the influence (DUI) offenders have more extensive criminal histories, exclusive of DUI and traffic offenses, than first-time offenders. Analysis of arrest and criminal history data from a random sample of 429 DUI arrestees found that being a repeat DUI offender increased the total number of convictions (regardless of severity), misdemeanor convictions, and petty misdemeanor/violation convictions. The results illustrate the challenges of rehabilitating and deterring DUI recidivists and the potential differences between first-time and repeat DUI offenders. Among DUI recidivists, impaired driving is best viewed as just one manifestation of a host of deviant behaviors.
This study investigates whether repeat driving under the influence (DUI) offenders have more extensive histories of violent, property, and drug crimes than first-time drunk drivers. It also offers an exploratory investigation into the extent of their criminal specialization. Negative binomial regression was performed on arrest and criminal history data from a systematic random sample of 429 DUI arrestees. Analyses controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and employment found that being a repeat DUI offender increased the total number of violent and property convictions (regardless of severity) and petty misdemeanor/violation property convictions. The results suggest DUI recidivists are generalists rather than specialists and that impaired driving is best viewed as just one manifestation of a host of deviant behaviors. They also illustrate the challenges of rehabilitating and deterring DUI recidivists and the potential differences between first-time and repeat DUI offenders. The findings should not be interpreted as support of enforcement or deterrent DUI policies that focus on repeat offenders, as limited resources are most efficiently directed at the general population of impaired drivers.
Investigated the predictive utility of subtypes among males arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) with respect to subsequent driving record. Five subtypes had been empirically derived from measures of driving-related attitudes, personality functioning, and hostility. The driving records of 16 Ss (previously described by the 1st author and G. A. Marlatt; see record 1982-21361-001 ) were evaluated over a 3-yr period beginning with initial assessment. Subtype membership did not predict DWI recidivism or accidents. However, differences were found across clusters with respect to other violations and driving risks. The results are discussed in terms of the clinical utility of differential assessment of non-alcohol-related characteristics in the evaluation and treatment of DWI offenders. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Discusses adolescent driving behavior within a framework that considers problem behavior to be functional, purposive, and instrumental toward attaining goals. Problem-behavior theory is used to highlight the psychosocial risk factors for other adolescent problem behaviors. It is shown that the various problem behaviors in which adolescents tend to engage co-vary and are interrelated. The pattern of those interrelations suggests the existence of a syndrome of adolescent problem behavior as an aspect of a more general life-style. Data from a national study are presented to show that male adolescents are 4 times as likely as female adolescents to engage in risky driving. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Driving while intoxicated repeat offenders (
N = 64) differed significantly from 1st-time offenders (
N = 174) on 12 of 24 normal personality characteristics as measured by the Personal Styles Inventory. Findings are inconsistent with stereotypes of drunken drivers as sensation seekers. Repeat offenders were significantly less expressive emotionally and less flexible in ways of finding stimulation than 1st-time offenders. Although both groups had self-reported problem drinking on the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test and consisted of high proportions of men, neither of these 2 variables differentiated repeat from 1st-time offenders. The findings extend J. T. Kunce and R. M. Newton's (see record
1989-37903-001) descriptive study of normal and psychopathological characteristics of individuals with chronic problems of alcohol abuse/dependence and further indicate a need for differentiating counseling interventions with regard to normal as well as maladaptive personality attributes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Investigated the empirical derivation of clinically and theoretically meaningful subtypes among 172 males (mean age 36.74 yrs) arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Five subtypes were defined through cluster analysis of driving-attitudinal, personality, and hostility measures. Two subtypes were found to have particularly high levels of risk-enhancing traits. The first was characterized by the highest levels of depression and resentment as well as the lowest levels of assertiveness, emotional adjustment, and perceived control. The second was characterized by the highest levels of driving-related aggression, competitive speed, sensation seeking, assaultiveness, irritability, and indirect and verbal hostility. Subsequent analyses indicated that these 2 subtypes were also of lower social position, heavier drinkers, and had higher risks of accident involvement in comparison to the remaining clusters. Results are discussed with respect to the need for differential assessment and treatment approaches when dealing with a DWI population. (48 ref)
Two groups of driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) offenders with either one DWI offense or with repeat offenses were compared to a group of nonoffenders using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Demographic information was also collected regarding their prior legal history, family history, and blood alcohol level at the time of the DWI arrest. The results indicated both DWI groups had scored significantly higher than the comparison group on the K, Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) Scale, Over-Controlled Hostility (O-H) Scale, and MacAndrews Alcoholism Scale-Revised (MAC-R). The first offenders and multiple offenders did not differ significantly from one another. On the MAST, both DWI offender groups scored significantly higher than the nonoffenders. This time, however, the multiple offenders scored significantly higher than the first-offender group. Unexpectedly, the first offenders and multiple offenders did not differ with regards to blood alcohol level at the time of arrest. There were no significant differences noted with regard to prior legal history or family history of alcoholism for all three groups. These results are discussed with regard to assessment implications.
This study addressed two related questions concerning screening processes for convicted drinking-drivers: first, do these individuals falsify information to avoid detection; and second, do non-obvious indicators improve the ability to detect potential recidivists? Two samples of New York State Drinking Driver Program (DDP) participants were used. The first consisted of 1,592 first-time drinking-driving offenders who completed the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) and RIA Self Inventory (RIASI) screening instruments under confidential conditions. The second sample of 513 first-time offenders completed these instruments under normal screening conditions. The MAST contains 25 items that are directly associated with alcohol-related problems. In contrast, the RIASI contains 15 alcohol-related items associated with alcohol beliefs, family history for alcohol problems, and drinking practices, and 31 non-obvious or more distal items that reflect areas associated with alcohol or drug problems. Relative to the sample that completed the screening instruments under conditions of guaranteed confidentiality, the sample that completed the screening instruments under normal screening conditions showed reduced referral rates, lower scores on the MAST, and lower scores on the RIASI. In addition, the RIASI proved to be more effective at identifying potential recidivists than the MAST across both samples. The utility of including non-obvious indicators in the screening process is discussed.
The question of whether alcoholic and drinking–driving populations are the same was first formally posed in 1950, at the First International Conference on Alcohol and Traffic Safety, by Dr. Leonard Goldberg. Since then, many attempts have been made to answer this question and the responses have oscillated between the negative and the positive boundaries. The initial perception, at the time of Goldberg’s inquiry, was that drinking drivers were mostly social drinkers (Piga, 1950; Hirsch, 1956). During the 1950s, Goldberg (1955), Popham (1956), and others reported on research, suggesting that the incidence of alcohol addiction, abuse, and excessive drinking seemed to be high among drunken drivers and that drunken drivers did not seem to be a random sample of drivers in general.
Arguments and data are presented establishing the rationale of using the K factor as a suppressor on certain MMPI clinical scales. Five scales, Pt, Sc, Hs, Pd, and Ma, are improved by the correction as indicated by increased correspondence between scores and clinical status. The scales Hy, D, Mf and Pa are not so treated nor is it established that the K-score should be taken into account subjectively in evaluating them. It is suggested that the K-correction should be made routinely by users of the MMPI and that old records should be scored and redrawn if any research or validation study is to be carried on.
A self-administered questionnaire was used to compare selected demographic, drinking and psychosocial variables of 306 convicted drunken drivers with those of 289 alcoholics and 269 controls. The drunken-driver group fell between the other groups on many parameters but resembled the control group on as many others.
To see if blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a significant indicator of problem drinking or an alcohol-related diagnosis, the relationships between BAC at arrest for drinking and driving, typical drinking, alcohol-related problems, problem drinking and an alcohol abuse or dependence diagnosis were examined for 235 drinking and driving offenders referred for alcoholism evaluation. BAC and typical drinking correlated weakly and no significant relationship between alcohol-related problems and BAC was found. Further, no significant relationship was found between BAC and alcohol abuse or dependence diagnoses, or between problem drinking and BAC. These findings cast doubt on the usefulness of a single report of BAC for diagnostic and screening purposes.
Using an interview and questionnaire format, 358 driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) first offenders and 141 DUI multiple offenders were compared on measures of personality traits, drinking behavior and problems, and driving behavior and history. In addition, official driving records for the two groups were compared. Results indicated that multiple offenders were significantly higher in hostility, sensation seeking, psychopathic deviance, mania, and depression than first offenders. Multiple offenders were significantly lower in emotional adjustment and assertiveness. Multiple offenders had significantly more nontraffic arrests, accidents, and traffic tickets than first offenders. They also consumed significantly more alcohol, evidenced more alcohol problems, and had higher BACs at the time of arrest than first offenders. Results are discussed in terms of general problem behavior and implications for intervention and treatment.
Four types of drinking driver groups were compared with each other and also with two nondrinking driver groups on sensation seeking, social responsibility, and hostility. Groups were also compared on traffic violations, accidents, alcohol consumption, frequency of driving after drinking, frequency of driving impaired, and perception of driving risk taking after drinking. Drivers under the influence apprehended in conjunction with an accident or moving violation had significantly greater alcohol consumption, frequency of driving after drinking, frequency of driving impaired, traffic violations, accidents, and self rating of risk taking after drinking in comparison with other groups.
Relationships were explored between various characteristics and Driving While Impaired (DWI) arrests, within a sample of 258 hospitalized male alcoholics. Information on four groups of variables were collected using a self-administered questionnaire: socio-demographic characteristics, drinking characteristics, driving characteristics and psychosocial characteristics. Subjects were subdivided into three groups; those with zero DWI arrests, one DWI arrest and multiple DWI arrests. The results of bivariate analyses showed that while Groups 0 and 1 were very similar to each other, those in Group 2 differed significantly from at least one of the other two groups for about one half of the variables studied. A multivariate discriminant analyses demonstrated that there were no important differences between people with 0 and 1 DWI arrests, as people with one arrest were usually classified as having zero arrests.
Investigated the predictive utility of subtypes among males arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) with respect to subsequent driving record. Five subtypes had been empirically derived from measures of driving-related attitudes, personality functioning, and hostility. The driving records of 16 Ss (previously described by the 1st author and G. A. Marlatt; see record 1982-21361-001) were evaluated over a 3-yr period beginning with initial assessment. Subtype membership did not predict DWI recidivism or accidents. However, differences were found across clusters with respect to other violations and driving risks. The results are discussed in terms of the clinical utility of differential assessment of non-alcohol-related characteristics in the evaluation and treatment of DWI offenders. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), devised to provide a consistent, quantifiable, structured interview instrument to detect alcoholism, consists of 25 questions that can be rapidly administered. Five groups were given the MAST: hospitalized alcoholics, a control group, persons convicted of drunk driving, persons convicted of drunk and disorderly behavior, and drivers whose licenses were under review. The validity of the MAST was assessed by searching the records of legal, social, and medical agencies and reviewing the subjects' driving and criminal records. The MAST responses of 15 subjects who were found to be alcoholic in the record search were analyzed to determine where the screening failures had occurred. Recommendations are made for reducing the number of such "falsė negatives."
The primary objective of this study was to assess the extent to which drunk-driving (DUI) recidivism and DUI treatment program compliance could be predicted from psychometric, biographical, drinking history and prior-driving-record variables. These analyses were performed on data from 7,316 DUI offenders initially collected in Sacramento County, California, from September 1977 through January 1981. For most analyses, the recidivism measure was a composite of major convictions (DUI, reckless, hit-and-run), nighttime (6 PM-6 AM) and alcohol-related accidents during the 4-year interval following treatment assignment. The prediction of recidivism was highly significant for both the construct sample and the 25% cross-validation sample. The predictive accuracy was low, however, as evidenced by multiple Rs of < .30. The predicted rates of recidivism generated for each individual by the regression equation were cross tabulated by other criteria of interest, including total accidents and total injury and fatal accidents. Offenders at high risk of recidivating had substantially higher rates of accidents. The results indicate that reasonably accurate prediction of recidivism is only possible for discriminating between offenders at the extremes of the recidivism expectancy distribution. The above approach was also used to isolate factors predictive of program compliance (successfully completing treatment). In all cases, the prediction of compliance was highly statistically significant. In general, compliance was much more predictable than was subsequent DUI recidivism. Those offenders having a high probability of being noncompliant were much more likely to recidivate and have accidents than were those with favorable compliance expectancies.
A sample of DWI (driving while impaired) offenders was studied to compare various approaches for predicting reoffenses over a 4-year period. Logistic regression yielded multivariate predictor equations that were significant statistically, but were not helpful to clinicians in assessing risk for reoffending. As a different approach, five predictor variables that were consistently correlated with reoffense status were examined to determine the cut score at which the repeat offense rate exceeded the base rate. These were combined to yield the number of risk factors (from 0 to 5) for each offender. This method, used for the original and a hold-out sample, yields results as accurate as those derived from a logistic regression model that includes all the risk variables, and allows clinicians to classify offenders into low and high risk categories in a straightforward manner. Nearly half of offenders with four or five risk factors (age, years of education, arrest blood alcohol concentration (BAC), score on the receptive area scale of AUI and raw score on the MacAndrews scale of MMPI-2) were rearrested compared to the base rate (25%). However, this method is not sufficiently precise to accurately predict which individuals will and will not be rearrested. Although generalizability of specific algorithms across populations needs to be examined, this method appears promising as a clinically accessible way to classify, in a given offender population, those who are most likely to repeat the offense.
Repeat DUI offenders: Their involvement in fatal crashes
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Risky driving and adolescent problem behavior: An extension of Problem-Behavior Theory The differentiation of male alcoholic out-patients from non-alcoholic psychiatric patients by means of the MMPI
- R Jessor
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Identifying potential drinking-driving recidivists: Do non-obvious indicators help? Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community Factors associated with high risk of rapid DWI recidivism for first time offenders
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Comparison of DUI offenders with a non-offender group on the MAST and MMPI A multiple risk factor approach for predicting DUI recidivism
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Comparison of first-time and repeat DUI offenders
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at the Annual Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Maui, Hawaii.
Who are the drinking drivers?
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- B A Miller
Nochajski, T. H., Wieczorek, W. F., & Miller, B. A. (1996, June). Factors associated with high risk of rapid DWI recidivism for
first time offenders. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism. Washington, D.C.
Comparison of DUI offenders with a non-offender group on the MAST and MMPI
- A A Cavaiola
- D Strohmetz
- N J Lavender
- J Wolf
Cavaiola, A. A., Strohmetz, D., Lavender, N. J., & Wolf, J. (2003). Comparison of DUI offenders with a non-offender group on
the MAST and MMPI. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 971−977.
Personality sub-types among driving-whileintoxicated offenders: Follow-up of subsequent driving records
- D M Donovan
- R L Umlauf
- H R Quiesser
- P M Salzberg
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363−365.
Identifying potential drinking-driving recidivists: Do non-obvious indicators help? Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community
- T H Nochajski
- W F Wieczorek
Nochajski, T. H., & Wieczorek, W. F. (1998). Identifying potential drinking-driving recidivists: Do non-obvious indicators help?
Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 17, 69−83.
Repeat DUI offenders in the United States
- Fell
Comparison of DUI offenders with a non-offender group on the MAST and MMPI
- Cavaiola