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On the Proteolytic Action of Bromelin, the Ferment of Pineapple Juice
... Bromelain is used in the United States and Europe as an alternative or complementary medication to glucocorticoids and antirheumatics, as well as nonsteroidal and immunomodulatory agents [10]. Isolation of enzymes from pineapple has been investigated since 1893, when Chittenden isolated bromelain, formerly called bromelin, by salt precipitation [15]. The continuous focus on bromelain, for its numerous applications in the food industry, medicine, and pharmacology, makes the search for new alternatives for its purification very interesting. ...
... Sriwatanapongse et al. [18] reported that bromelain is present in pineapple waste in smaller quantities when compared with stem. The use of pineapple waste for bromelain extraction is interesting from both environmental and commercial viewpoints, as commercial bromelain costs up to $2,400/kg [15]. ...
Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes present in all tissues of the pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.), and it is known for its clinical therapeutic applications, food processing, and as a dietary supplement. The use of pineapple waste for bromelain extraction is interesting from both an environmental and a commercial point of view, because the protease has relevant clinical potential. We aimed to study the optimization of bromelain extraction from pineapple waste, using the aqueous two-phase system formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(acrylic acid). In this work, bromelain partitioned preferentially to the top/PEG-rich phase and, in the best condition, achieved a yield of 335.27% with a purification factor of 25.78. The statistical analysis showed that all variables analyzed were significant to the process.
... Figure 2 shows the time trend of these publications. The first document on this subject was published in 1893, in the Journal of Physiology (CHITTENDEN, 1893). The year with the most publications was 2021, with 696 publications, indicating an increase over time. ...
Pineapple is the most exported tropical fruit in the world in terms of volume. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the scientific publications on pineapple, with an emphasis on the agricultural sciences. 7,885 documents published between 1893 and 2022 (February 22nd), 2,350 of which belonged to the agricultural sciences, were retrieved from the Scopus-indexed database to be analyzed using the word pineapple. VOSviewer software was used for a bibliometric network analysis using author keyword mapping. 78.2% of the documents were articles , with an increase in the volume of publications over time. The scientists were from 138 countries, with India, the United States, and Brazil accumulating 36.2% of the total number. The research has focused on topics such as chemistry, food technology (primarily juice), the use of pineapple as a medicinal plant, and the clinical benefits of its main enzyme (bromelain). Scientists in the chemical field reported more research than in the agricultural and biological areas due to the properties of the fruit. Our results indicate that few studies focus on rural extension or technology transfer to growers. More efforts should be made to help local pineapple growers improve their yields and attain a sustainable and more environmentally friendly approach to the production of this fruit.
... Bromelain is a group of enzymes present in all parts of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus), who's enzyme's fi rst isolation was accomplished in 1891 [4,5]. Despite being found in all parts of the pineapple, extracts from the seed are commercially preferential. ...
The SARS-CoV-2 infection has led to a global pandemic which has led to almost 4 million deaths worldwide. However, to date, a specifi c antiviral drug does not exist to treat the disease and control the virus. Here, we focus on the potential use of bromelain in line with its anti-oxidant, anti-infl ammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Additionally, bromelain exerts fi brinolytic, anti-invasive and antithrombotic activities that may become a therapeutic candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this paper, we focused on bromelain's therapeutic potential concerning its potential role in reducing the severity of symptoms and the adverse effects of other antiviral drugs currently being used. The therapeutic effects of bromelain suggests that it may reduce mortality and morbidity rates in patients with CoVID-19 infections, through its anti-oxidant, anti-infl ammatory, immunomodulator and anticoagulant effects. These positive effects leads us to propose that bromelain may be clinically valuable in the treatment of COVID-19 and that it therapeutic attributes should be fully investigated.
The pineapple, botanically named Ananas comosus, has been used for centuries as a folk medicine by the indigenous inhabitants of Central and South America. The medicinal qualities of the plant are attributed to bromelain, the aqueous extract of the pineapple, which has been available as a pharmaceutical product since 1957. The beneficial effects of bromelain are attributable to its multiple constituents. Bromelain is primarily comprised of sulfhydryl-containing proteolytic enzymes. It also contains escharase (a nonproteolytic component with debriding effects), peroxidases, phosphatases, glucosidases, cellulases, several protease inhibitors, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, and organically bound calcium. Bromelain has been shown to interact with a variety of effectors and pathways involved in physiological processes such as inflammation, immune response, and coagulation. Bromelain has been used as a supplement with health benefits, and also tested, alone or in combination with other agents, in preclinical and clinical settings for the management of a number of clinical conditions, including infections, inflammatory diseases, musculoskeletal injuries, and thrombotic and ischemic disorders. As an anticancer agent, however, bromelain has been the subject of limited preclinical and clinical observations. In this chapter, history, pharmacological features, potential and actual applications, and safety profile of bromelain are reviewed.
Es wird die Herstellung einer Pflanzenprotease (Bromelin) aus dem Saft der Ananasfrucht beschrieben. Das gewonnene Prparat erwies sich als spezifisch und ist beim Nachweis der Blutfaktoren und Antikrper des ABO-, Rh-, K-, Fy-, MN- und P-Systems geeignet. Die Eigenschaft Lea bzw. ihr Antikrper ist nicht immer sicher nachweisbar.The isolation of a plant protease (bromelin) from the juice of ananas is described. The preparation was specific and qualified for the demonstration of blood factors and antibodies of the ABO-, Rh-, K-, Fy-, MN- and P-system. Lea respectively its antibody cannot always be demonstrated surely.
This chapter focuses on pineapple cysteine endopeptidases. The pineapple plant contains at least four distinct cysteine endopeptidases. The major endopeptidase present in extracts of plant stem is stem bromelain, and fruit bromelain is the major endopeptidase in the fruit. Two additional cysteine endopeptidases, ananain and comosain, are detected only in the stem. Both stem and fruit bromelain are assayed with protein substrates such as casein and hemoglobin. Substrates containing longer peptide sequences and more sensitive leaving groups are employed in assay of stem bromelain. The substrate, Z-Arg-Arg-NHMec, which is scarcely fluorescent, is hydrolyzed to liberate 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, and this is quantified fluorimetrically once the enzyme is inactivated with chloroacetate. The fluorescence of the free aminomethylcoumarin is determined by excitation at 360 nm and emission at 460 nm. All enzymes purified by active-site-directed affinity chromatography are reversibly blocked by mercuric chloride or a disulfide. As no further activation is performed and disulfide is routinely added to column fractions, the enzymes remain in the reversibly blocked state following freeze-drying.
By modification of the procedure of Murachi and Neurath five proteolytically active components have been separated from crude stem bromelain by chromatography on Bio-Rex 70 at pH 6.10. Zone electrophoresis on Sephadex G-75 also gave five proteolytically active components. These components had similar absorbancy at 280 mμ and similar specific activities on casein at pH 7.0 and in clotting milk. They differed in chromatographic properties on Bio-Rex 70, electrophoretic properties on Sephadex G-75 and cellulose acetate, absorbancy at 260 and 292 mμ, stability to heat, inhibition by iodoacetamide, activity on α-benzoyl-L-argininamide, and variation in activity on casein at different pH values.
Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes have severe consequences for the health of millions of people worldwide, and cause serious economic losses in livestock farming. Current control relies heavily on anthelmintic drugs, to which resistance is now developing rapidly. Plant cysteine proteinases, from the fruits or latex of plants such as papaya, pineapple and fig, have high proteolytic activities that are known to digest nematode cuticles, have low toxicity and have been used in traditional medicines against gastrointestinal nematodes for decades. These proteinases constitute strong candidates for a much needed alternative strategy for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections of both humans and animals.
Gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections affect 50% of the human population worldwide, and cause great morbidity as well as hundreds of thousands of deaths. Despite modern medical practices, the proportion of the population infected with GI nematodes is not falling. This is due to a number of factors, the most important being the lack of good healthcare, sanitation and health education in many developing countries. A relatively new problem is the development of resistance to the small number of drugs available to treat GI nematode infections. Here we review the most important parasitic GI nematodes and the methods available to control them. In addition, we discuss the current status of new anthelmintic treatments, particularly the plant cysteine proteinases from various sources of latex-bearing plants and fruits.
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