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SLITRK1 mutations in trichotillomania
SZu
¨
chner
1,2
, ML Cuccaro
1,2
, KN Tran-Viet
1
, H Cope
1
, RR Krishnan
2
, MA Pericak-Vance
1
, HH Wright
3
and A Ashley-Koch
1
1
Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA;
2
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA and
3
WS Hall Psychiatric Institute, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC, USA
Molecular Psychiatry (2006) 11, 887. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001898
Sequencing traces from the SLITRK1 gene showing normal sequence at top and SLITRK1 variant sequence
with a serine (S) to a glycine (G) amino-acid substitution at bottom. This SLITRK1 variant was identified in a
nuclear family, where two carriers exhibited trichotillomania. Photo of an anonymous trichotillomania
patient demonstrates the severity of symptoms that may be experienced. For more information on this topic,
please refer to article by Zu
¨
chner et al. on pages 888–889.
Molecular Psychiatry (2006) 11, 887
&
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... Conversely, SLITRK1 missense mutations have been reported in trichotillomania (R584K, S593G; Zuchner et al., 2006) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD; N400I, T418S; Figure 1A; Table 1; Ozomaro et al., 2013). Trichotillomania is a chronic behavioral disorder characterized by the recurrent pulling of one's own hair, leading to hair loss (Grant and Chamberlain, 2016). ...
Article
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SLITRK1 is a neuronal transmembrane protein with neurite development-and synaptic formation-controlling abilities. Several rare variants of SLITRK1 have been identified and implicated in the pathogenesis of Tourette’s syndrome, trichotillomania, and obsessive–compulsive disorder, which can be collectively referred to as obsessive–compulsive-spectrum disorders. Recent studies have reported a possible association between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, including a revertant of modern human-specific amino acid residues. Although the mechanisms underlying SLITRK1-associated neuropsychiatric disorders are yet to be fully clarified, rodent studies may provide some noteworthy clues. Slitrk1-deficient mice show neonatal dysregulation of the noradrenergic system, and later, anxiety-like behaviors that can be attenuated by an alpha 2 noradrenergic receptor agonist. The noradrenergic abnormality is characterized by the excessive growth of noradrenergic fibers and increased noradrenaline content in the medial prefrontal cortex, concomitant with enlarged serotonergic varicosities. Slitrk1 has both cell-autonomous and cell-non-autonomous functions in controlling noradrenergic fiber development, and partly alters Sema3a-mediated neurite control. These findings suggest that transiently enhanced noradrenergic signaling during the neonatal stage could cause neuroplasticity associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Studies adopting noradrenergic signal perturbation via pharmacological or genetic means support this hypothesis. Thus, Slitrk1 is a potential candidate genetic linkage between the neonatal noradrenergic signaling and the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders involving anxiety-like or depression-like behaviors.
Chapter
Disorders of behavior represent some of the most common and disabling diseases affecting humankind; however, despite their worldwide distribution, genetic influences on these illnesses are often overlooked by families and mental health professionals. Psychiatric genetics is a rapidly advancing field, elucidating the varied roles of specific genes and their interactions in brain development and dysregulation. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics includes 22 disorder-based chapters covering, amongst other conditions, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning and developmental disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders. Supporting chapters focus on issues of genetic epidemiology, molecular and statistical methods, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, gene expression studies, online genetic databases and ethical issues. Written by an international team of contributors, and fully updated with the latest results from genome-wide association studies, this comprehensive text is an indispensable reference for psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and anyone involved in psychiatric genetic studies.
Chapter
Disorders of behavior represent some of the most common and disabling diseases affecting humankind; however, despite their worldwide distribution, genetic influences on these illnesses are often overlooked by families and mental health professionals. Psychiatric genetics is a rapidly advancing field, elucidating the varied roles of specific genes and their interactions in brain development and dysregulation. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics includes 22 disorder-based chapters covering, amongst other conditions, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning and developmental disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders. Supporting chapters focus on issues of genetic epidemiology, molecular and statistical methods, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, gene expression studies, online genetic databases and ethical issues. Written by an international team of contributors, and fully updated with the latest results from genome-wide association studies, this comprehensive text is an indispensable reference for psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and anyone involved in psychiatric genetic studies.
Chapter
Disorders of behavior represent some of the most common and disabling diseases affecting humankind; however, despite their worldwide distribution, genetic influences on these illnesses are often overlooked by families and mental health professionals. Psychiatric genetics is a rapidly advancing field, elucidating the varied roles of specific genes and their interactions in brain development and dysregulation. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics includes 22 disorder-based chapters covering, amongst other conditions, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning and developmental disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders. Supporting chapters focus on issues of genetic epidemiology, molecular and statistical methods, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, gene expression studies, online genetic databases and ethical issues. Written by an international team of contributors, and fully updated with the latest results from genome-wide association studies, this comprehensive text is an indispensable reference for psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and anyone involved in psychiatric genetic studies.
Chapter
Disorders of behavior represent some of the most common and disabling diseases affecting humankind; however, despite their worldwide distribution, genetic influences on these illnesses are often overlooked by families and mental health professionals. Psychiatric genetics is a rapidly advancing field, elucidating the varied roles of specific genes and their interactions in brain development and dysregulation. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics includes 22 disorder-based chapters covering, amongst other conditions, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning and developmental disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders. Supporting chapters focus on issues of genetic epidemiology, molecular and statistical methods, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, gene expression studies, online genetic databases and ethical issues. Written by an international team of contributors, and fully updated with the latest results from genome-wide association studies, this comprehensive text is an indispensable reference for psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and anyone involved in psychiatric genetic studies.
Chapter
Disorders of behavior represent some of the most common and disabling diseases affecting humankind; however, despite their worldwide distribution, genetic influences on these illnesses are often overlooked by families and mental health professionals. Psychiatric genetics is a rapidly advancing field, elucidating the varied roles of specific genes and their interactions in brain development and dysregulation. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics includes 22 disorder-based chapters covering, amongst other conditions, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning and developmental disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders. Supporting chapters focus on issues of genetic epidemiology, molecular and statistical methods, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, gene expression studies, online genetic databases and ethical issues. Written by an international team of contributors, and fully updated with the latest results from genome-wide association studies, this comprehensive text is an indispensable reference for psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and anyone involved in psychiatric genetic studies.
Chapter
Disorders of behavior represent some of the most common and disabling diseases affecting humankind; however, despite their worldwide distribution, genetic influences on these illnesses are often overlooked by families and mental health professionals. Psychiatric genetics is a rapidly advancing field, elucidating the varied roles of specific genes and their interactions in brain development and dysregulation. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics includes 22 disorder-based chapters covering, amongst other conditions, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning and developmental disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders. Supporting chapters focus on issues of genetic epidemiology, molecular and statistical methods, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, gene expression studies, online genetic databases and ethical issues. Written by an international team of contributors, and fully updated with the latest results from genome-wide association studies, this comprehensive text is an indispensable reference for psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and anyone involved in psychiatric genetic studies.
Chapter
Disorders of behavior represent some of the most common and disabling diseases affecting humankind; however, despite their worldwide distribution, genetic influences on these illnesses are often overlooked by families and mental health professionals. Psychiatric genetics is a rapidly advancing field, elucidating the varied roles of specific genes and their interactions in brain development and dysregulation. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics includes 22 disorder-based chapters covering, amongst other conditions, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning and developmental disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders. Supporting chapters focus on issues of genetic epidemiology, molecular and statistical methods, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, gene expression studies, online genetic databases and ethical issues. Written by an international team of contributors, and fully updated with the latest results from genome-wide association studies, this comprehensive text is an indispensable reference for psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and anyone involved in psychiatric genetic studies.
Chapter
Disorders of behavior represent some of the most common and disabling diseases affecting humankind; however, despite their worldwide distribution, genetic influences on these illnesses are often overlooked by families and mental health professionals. Psychiatric genetics is a rapidly advancing field, elucidating the varied roles of specific genes and their interactions in brain development and dysregulation. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics includes 22 disorder-based chapters covering, amongst other conditions, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning and developmental disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders. Supporting chapters focus on issues of genetic epidemiology, molecular and statistical methods, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, gene expression studies, online genetic databases and ethical issues. Written by an international team of contributors, and fully updated with the latest results from genome-wide association studies, this comprehensive text is an indispensable reference for psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and anyone involved in psychiatric genetic studies.
Chapter
Disorders of behavior represent some of the most common and disabling diseases affecting humankind; however, despite their worldwide distribution, genetic influences on these illnesses are often overlooked by families and mental health professionals. Psychiatric genetics is a rapidly advancing field, elucidating the varied roles of specific genes and their interactions in brain development and dysregulation. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics includes 22 disorder-based chapters covering, amongst other conditions, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning and developmental disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders. Supporting chapters focus on issues of genetic epidemiology, molecular and statistical methods, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, gene expression studies, online genetic databases and ethical issues. Written by an international team of contributors, and fully updated with the latest results from genome-wide association studies, this comprehensive text is an indispensable reference for psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and anyone involved in psychiatric genetic studies.
Article
Full-text available
Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a genetically influenced developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic vocal and motor tics. We studied Slit and Trk-like 1 (SLITRK1) as a candidate gene on chromosome 13q31.1 because of its proximity to a de novo chromosomal inversion in a child with TS. Among 174 unrelated probands, we identified a frameshift mutation and two independent occurrences of the identical variant in the binding site for microRNA hsa-miR-189. These variants were absent from 3600 control chromosomes. SLITRK1 mRNA and hsa-miR-189 showed an overlapping expression pattern in brain regions previously implicated in TS. Wild-type SLITRK1, but not the frameshift mutant, enhanced dendritic growth in primary neuronal cultures. Collectively, these findings support the association of rare SLITRK1 sequence variants with TS.
Article
The psychological features of trichotillomania have received little empirical attention, despite the fact that sufferers commonly report negative self-image to be one of the most disturbing aspects of the disorder. We conducted the current study to identify specific factors that predict self-esteem problems in hair pullers. Sixty-two women with trichotillomania or repetitive hair pulling completed self-report forms assessing factors possibly related to self-esteem in hair pullers. The survey included questions related to demographics, hair-pulling symptoms, mood and anxiety symptoms, and body image concerns. Self-esteem did not appear to be directly related to age at onset of hair pulling or severity of hair loss. However, self-esteem was related to level of depression, frequency of hair pulling, level of anxiety, and body dissatisfaction unrelated to hair pulling. Several factors, including the frequency of hair pulling, are associated with low self- esteem in patients with trichotillomania. Specific efforts should be made to address these issues in treatment.
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