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REPORTS
Curcumin Content of Turmeric and Curry Powders
Reema F. Tayyem, Dennis D. Heath, Wael K. Al-Delaimy, and Cheryl L. Rock
Abstract: Curcumin, derived from the rhizome curcuma
longa, is one of the primary ingredients in turmeric and curry
powders that are used as spices in Middle Eastern and Asian
countries, especially on the Indian subcontinent. More re-
cently, laboratory studies have demonstrated that dietary
curcumin exhibits various biological activities and signifi-
cantly inhibits colon tumorigenesis and tumor size in ani-
mals. Curcumin displays both anti-inflammatory and antiox-
idant properties, giving it the potential to be considered in
the development of cancer preventive strategies and applica-
tions in clinical research. Experimental studies have shown
the biological activities of the compound, but much more in-
formation on pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and food
content are needed. Whether the amount of curcumin in tur-
meric and curry powders is sufficient to suggest effects on bi-
ological activities and cancer risk is unknown. To determine
and compare the quantitative amounts of curcumin that are
present in several brands of turmeric and curry powders, a
high performance liquid chromatography technique was
used to analyze 28 spice products described as turmeric or
curry powders and two negative controls. Pure turmeric
powder had the highest curcumin concentration, averaging
3.14% by weight. The curry powder samples, with one excep-
tion, had relatively small amounts of curcumin present, and
the variability in content was great. The curcumin content of
these seasoning products that are consumed as a component
of the diet should be considered in evaluating baseline tissue
concentration and response to curcumin supplementation,
which is under study in chemoprevention trials.
Introduction
Turmeric, a derivative of the plant, curcuma longa,a
member of the ginger family, is a spice commonly used in
Middle Eastern countries and other regions of Asia. It has a
long history of use in herbal remedies, particularly in China,
India, and Indonesia. The major curcuminoids, curcumin,
demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, occur
naturally in these curcuma species. Curcumin, an active com-
ponent of turmeric, is a yellow pigment that has been isolated
from the ground rhizome part of the curcuma plant species,
zingiberaceae (1,2).
Curcumin has been shown to have several biological ef-
fects, exhibiting anti-inflammatory (3–6), antioxidant
(5,7–10), and hypolipidemic (11–13) activities. Curcumin
has also been studied extensively as a chemopreventive agent
in several cancers (14–17). Additionally, it has been sug-
gested that curcumin may contribute in part to the lower rate
of colorectal cancer in Asian countries compared to rates in
other countries (18).
Curcumin exhibits relatively low oral bioavailability in
humans and rats and may undergo extensive intestinal metab-
olism (1,5,19); absorbed curcumin undergoes rapid first-pass
metabolism and excretion in the bile (1,5,15,19–20). In rats,
curcumin absorption from the intestine has been reported to
be about 60% (20). In contrast to the report of low bio-
availability in most human studies, Cheng et al. (21) reported
that a high oral dose of curcumin (0.5–8 g/day) for 3 mo re-
sulted in increased serum curcumin concentration to a peak
at approximately 1–2 h, followed by a decline within 12 h af-
ter consumption. A dose of 8 g/day resulted in a peak serum
concentration of 1.75 ± 0.80 (mean ± SD) µM in that study.
Traditionally turmeric is used in various cuisines for fla-
vor as well as a coloring agent for foods such as rice, yogurt,
and chicken. Turmeric may also be used by itself or in combi-
nation with other mixed spices. Curry powder is a mixed
spice with turmeric as one of the principal ingredients.
Curcumin content is reported to vary from one batch of
turmeric powder to another. The percentage has been esti-
mated to be between 1.06% and 5.70% in 4 different “com-
mercially available” turmeric samples (22). In this prior anal-
NUTRITION AND CANCER, 55(2), 126–131
Copyright © 2006, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
R. F. Tayyem is affiliated with the Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa’, Jor-
dan. D. D. Heath and W. K. Al-Delaimy are affiliated with the Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093. C. L. Rock is affiliated with the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
ysis (22), however, it was not clear if the turmeric powders
were the types available to the commercial blenders of spices
or to the consuming public. Several studies have shown that
soil factors, including nutrients and level of acidity as well as
the genus diversity, may affect the content of curcumin in
plants that are the source of turmeric (23–24). Curry blends
vary widely from one manufacturer to another, and numerous
blends are available in shops and markets. Curry blends are
usually composed of coriander seeds, turmeric, chillies,
cumin seeds, fenugreek seeds, fennel seeds, trifala and
nagkeser (fragrant spices), cloves, cassia, garlic, curry
leaves, and salt.
To our knowledge there are few data available on the
curcumin content of turmeric and curry powders. The aim of
this study was to quantitate curcumin in various sample
blends of turmeric and curry powders. These blends of spices
were purchased in several grocery stores in the Riverside, Or-
ange, and San Diego Counties of Southern California. Infor-
mation about the curcumin content of turmuric and curry
powders is a useful first step toward estimating the amount of
curcumin that could potentially be obtained from the diet and
specific food choices.
Materials and Methods
Chemicals, Reagents,
and Sample Preparation
Turmeric, curry powders, and cardamon were purchased
from local grocery stores, including some that catered to the
Middle Eastern and Asian Indian Communities, in Southern
California.
Acetonitrile, methanol, acetic acid, deionized water were
purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA). All re-
agents were of analytical grade. Mobile phase reagent con-
taining the following ratio (volume:volume) mixture of
acetonitrile:methanol:water:acetic acid (40:23:36:1) was
prepared according to the method of Heath et al. (25). Five
mg of each powdered spice were weighed on a Mettler model
AB204 balance (Mettler Instrument, Hightstown, NJ) and
dissolved in methanol, making a precise final volume of 5.0
mL with mobile phase reagent to achieve the desired concen-
tration, 1,000 µg/mL. Next, the dissolved solution was cen-
trifuged in a bench top Centifuge (Sorvall RT 6000D,
Dupont, Waltham, MA). An aliquot was removed and further
diluted prior to column injection.
Curcumin was separated and quantitated by isocratic high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using ultravio-
let detection at a wavelength of 262 nm. An aliquot (50 µL),
was injected onto a reversed-phase column, and the HPLC
system consisted of a 410 auto-sampler with refrigeration
unit, a 9050 UV visible detector, and a 9010 solvent delivery
system with Star 6.30 Chromatography Software (Varian,
Walnut Creek, CA). Chromatographic separation was ac-
complished using a Waters SymmetryShield 3.9 × 150 mm,
5-µmC
18 column (Waters, Milford, MA). The column was
coupled to an Alltech absorbosphere 30 × 4.6 mm C18 guard
column (Alltech Associates, Deerfield, IL). The flow rate
was 1.0 mL/min.
The quantitation of curcumin is by peak area and is based
on a standard curve in a methanol matrix, generated by using
pure external standard. A linear curve is generated from a
single analysis of six different standard concentrations. All
samples were analyzed in triplicate.
Results
In our analytical processing of the turmeric and curry
powders achieved by dissolving the powders in analytical
grade methanol, we did not detect any interference with the
peak of interest, curcumin. The chromatographic retention
time of 5.4 min was consistent with and identical to the
known curcumin external standard.
The curcumin contents of the selected brands of turmeric
and curry powders are shown in Table 1. Product identifica-
tion information, including brand names, ingredients, and
manufacturers is shown in Table 2. We found that pure tur-
meric powder had the highest curcumin concentration, aver-
aging 3.14% by weight. The curry powder samples, with one
exception, had relatively small amounts of curcumin present,
and the variability in content was great across products.
As shown in Tables 1 and 2, labels for the turmeric and
curry powders identified several countries of origin: India,
Pakistan, Japan, Taiwan, Jamaica, Sri Lanka, Canada, and
the United States. Several samples were labeled and identi-
fied with local market vendors in the Southern California cit-
ies of Riverside, San Diego, and Los Angeles. Based on label
details (Table 2), all turmeric powders, regardless of country
where manufactured or processed, were described as con-
taining turmeric powder only. We observed that the two tur-
meric powders with the highest percentage of curcumin per
dry weight (3.14% and 2.46%) had label markings indicating
that they were prepared or produced in or were a product of
the United States. In the turmeric powders, the average
curcumin content (percentage of the dry weight), was 1.51%,
with the lowest at 0.58% and the highest at 3.14%. The dif-
ference between the lowest and the highest curcumin content
in the analyzed turmeric powder was 5.4-fold.
In our analysis of the spices labeled as curry powders (Ta-
ble 1), the powders with the highest percentage of curcumin,
0.58% and 0.53%, were identified as products of Canada and
Japan, respectively. In the spices labeled as curry powder, the
average curcumin content was 0.28%, with a range of 0.05%
to 0.58%. The difference between the lowest and highest
curry powder blends was 11.6-fold. Turmeric, peppers, cori-
ander, and fenugreek were the most commonly listed ingredi-
ents in the curry powders.
Two spices, listed in Table 2, were selected and measured
originally as negative controls for curcumin, because these
products would not be expected to contain curcumin. In the
case of the Massala product, turmeric, curry, or curcumin
Vol. 55, No. 2 127
were not named in the ingredients listed in the label. How-
ever, a constituent eluted from the column with the chro-
matographic retention time consistent with curcumin, and it
was noted that the label ingredients included the phrase
“other spices.” Thus, it is possible that turmeric or curry pow-
der may have been included in that spice blend. In cardamon,
a negative control, curcumin was not detected. The analytical
drift as measured by the coefficient of variation in all but two
instances was less than 3%. The analytical drift in two sam-
ples was less than 9%.
Discussion
Curcumin [1, 7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,
6-heptadiene-3, 5-dione] is the major yellow pigment ex-
tracted from turmeric, a commonly used spice, derived from
the rhizome of the herb curcuma longa Linn (1,25). It is a nat-
urally occurring polyphenolic phytochemical. There has
been considerable public and scientific interest in the use of
phytochemicals derived from the diet to reduce risk and pro-
gression of major chronic diseases (5), and turmeric has been
used in Asian medicine since the 2nd millennium BC
(5,26–27). In laboratory animal studies, curcumin, a major
component of turmeric, has been shown to have the potential
to contribute to the prevention of cancer and other chronic
diseases due to various biological activities (25,28–32). In
spite of suggestive laboratory evidence and current interest in
a potential role for curcumin as a chemopreventive constitu-
ent of the diet, food content data for this compound are not
available, and results of analysis of curcumin content of
spices or foods are scarce.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that consumption of tur-
meric occurs on a daily basis in Indian and other Asian com-
munities. In a review on the topic of curcumin, Sharma et al.
(5) reported consumption of 1.5 g/person/day in certain
Southeast Asian communities. However, no information was
given as to the number sampled or the manner in which they
were queried in that report. The regular consumption of tur-
meric has been suggested as a possible factor promoting the
lower rate of cancer that has been observed in these commu-
nities when compared to cancer rates in countries such as the
United States (18,33). However, without quantitative data
that would allow disentangling the associations between
curcumin intake and other influencing factors (including
nondietary etiological factors), a cause and effect relation-
ship cannot be assumed.
Thus, accurate information on the quantity of curcumin
provided by turmeric and curry powders or other sources of
curcumin in the diet would be useful to more accurately as-
sess the intake of curcumin and to better examine possible
chemopreventive effects. It has been reported by Sharma et
al. (5) that over 2,400 metric tons of turmeric is imported an-
nually into the United States for consumer use, which sug-
128 Nutrition and Cancer 2006
Table 1. Curcumin Content of Samples of Turmeric and Curry Powders
Spice Type Identifying Number Curcumin Mean (SD) (µg/mL) Curcumin Content (percentage of dry weight)
Turmeric Powder 4 9.77 (0.058) 0.98
8 5.77 (0.380) 0.58
11 12.53 (0.058) 1.25
20 10.42 (0.058) 1.04
21 19.97 (0.054) 2.00
24 31.37 (0.038) 3.14
28 10.75 (0.050) 1.07
29 10.46 (0.039) 1.05
30 24.47 (0.014) 2.46
Curry Powder 1 5.33 (0.053) 0.53
3 1.90 (0.000) 0.19
5 3.50 (0.000) 0.35
7 1.10 (0.000) 0.11
9 0.50(0.000) 0.05
10 3.13 (0.058) 0.31
12 1.80 (0.000) 0.18
13 1.00 (0.000) 0.10
14 2.30 (0.000) 0.23
15 1.10 (0.000) 0.11
16 3.70 (0.100) 0.37
17 1.10 (0.000) 0.11
18 2.70 (0.000) 0.27
19 2.73 (0.026) 0.27
22 2.65 (0.019) 0.26
23 4.96 (0.430) 0.49
25 5.81 (0.150) 0.58
26 4.11 (0.047) 0.41
27 5.00 (0.000) 0.50
Vol. 55, No. 2 129
Table 2. Product Identification Information
ID Name Ingredients Brand or Manufacturer
1 Sand B Oriental Curry Powder Turmeric, coriander, fenugreek, cumin, red
pepper, black pepper, cinnamon, ginger,
star anise, cloves, cardamon, fennel,
nutmeg, laurel leaves, allspice, garlic
S&B Foods Inc., Tokyo 103-0026, Japan;
Product of Japan; Use in lamb, beef,
chicken, shrimp, fish, fried rice and egg
dishes
2 Cardamon Powder Bubuk Kapollaga BOT Cardamon Jara Brand; Packed for WIRA Corp., 168
Mason Way Unit A-6, CA 91746. USA
3 Curry Power India Coriander, turmeric, cumin, other spices TOMAX ENTERPRISE Co., Ltd., No.1
Industrial South 6th Rd., Natou City,
Taiwan
4 Sadaf Powder Turmeric “Curcuma En Polvo” Turmeric comes from the dried roots of
curcuma longa spice plant, grows in India
and China
Sadaf Brand, Soofer Co., Inc., Los Angeles,
CA 90058; www.sadaf.com
5 Tampico Curry Powder Spices, turmeric, salt, red pepper Tampico Spice Co., Inc. 5941 So. Central
Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90001
6 Sadaf Seasoning Garam Massala Coriander, black pepper, cinnamon, rock salt,
cardamon, other spices
Sadaf Brand, Soofer Co., Inc., Los Angeles,
CA 90058; www.sadaf.com
7 Sadaf Hot Curry Powder Chillies, black pepper, cayenne, fenugreek,
curry leaves, ginger, turmeric
Sadaf Brand, Soofer Co., Inc., Los Angeles,
CA 90058; www.sadaf.com
8 AHMED Turmeric Powder Turmeric powder AHMED Food International, 11-24, Sector
C-111, K.E.P.Z., Karachi 75150; Product
of Pakistan
9 AHMED Curry Powder (seasoning mix for
meat/vegetable curry)
Red chilli, coriander, turmeric, black pepper,
ginger, salt, cinnamon, cumin seeds,
cardamon, mace, garlic (fresh buds), bay
leaves, onion
AHMED Food International, 11-24, Sector
C-111, K.E.P.Z., Karachi 75150; Product
of Pakistan
10 Day Street Market Fresh Fruits and
Vegetables Curry Powder Curry Molido
Not listed Halal Meats Grocery and Produce, 12125
Day St. Suite F-301, Moreno Valley, CA
92557, Tel: (909) 682 3536
11 Day Street Market Fresh Fruits and
Vegetables Turmeric
Turmeric powder Halal Meats Grocery and Produce, 12125
Day St. Suite F-301, Moreno Valley, CA
92557, Tel: (909) 682 3536
12 Blue Mountain Jamaican Curry Powder Coriander, cumin, fenugreek, turmeric, anise,
red pepper
Blue Mountain Jamspice
13 Hot Curry Powder Coriander, turmeric, salt, fennel, chilli,
cumin, fenugreek, garlic, cassia, cloves,
anise, pepper, cassia buds, curry leaves
Laxmi Brand; Product of India
14 Rani (mild curry powder) Chilli, coriander, cumin, mustard, fenugreek,
black pepper, curry leaves, ginger turmeric
Rani Brand; California
15 Green Label-Madras Curry Powder H.E. The
Gov. of Bombay
Coriander, turmeric, salt, fennel, chilli, black
pepper, fenugreek, garlic, cumin, bay
leaves, ginger, cassia
Ship Brand
16 Larich Roasted Curry Powder Coriander, fennel, cumin, fenugreek,
cinnamon, nutmeg, cardamom, cloves,
curry leaves
Larich Brand; Product of Sri Lanka
17 Rajah Brand Hot Madras Curry Powder Coriander, turmeric, mustard, chilli, bengal
gram, cumin, fenugreek, pepper, garlic,
salt, fennel, poppy seeds, curry leaves
Rajah Brand
18 Schilling Indian Curry Powder (mild) Coriander, fenugreek, turmeric, cumin, black
pepper, bay leaves, celery seeds, nutmeg,
cloves, onion, red pepper
Schilling Brand
19 Madrecita Curry Powder Not listed Madrecita 8280, Clairemont Mesa Blvd Suite
140, San Diego, CA, 92111
20 Madrecita Turmeric Curcuma longa, ground turmeric Madrecita 8280, Calrimont Mesa Blvd Suite
140, San Diego, CA 92111
21 Flower Brand Turmeric Powder HALDI Turmeric powder Flower Brand MK Agro Exports
Mumbai-India, SAHA Distributors,
Tel: (310) 719 1011 Fax: (310) 719 1112;
Product of India
22 Flower Brand Curry Powder Hot (mixed
spices)
Coriander, fenugreek, turmeric, cumin, chilli,
mustard, other spices
Flower Brand MK Agro Exports
Mumbai-India, SAHA Distributors,
Tel: (310) 719 1011 Fax: (310) 719 1112;
Product of India
(continued)
gests that the amount of curcumin consumed could have bio-
logical effects depending on food choices and use of
curcumin-containing spices.
Clinical trials are currently examining the pharmaco-
kinetic properties and effects of curcumin supplementation
on various biological activities that are relevant to the risk
and progression of cancer (34). Knowledge of curcumin in-
take from the diet and food choices would be useful in de-
signing and interpreting the results of the response in these
studies. For example, higher tissue concentrations and expo-
sure at baseline would be useful in interpreting the response
to supplementation. The wide variation in curcumin content
of the several brands of turmeric and curry powders that was
observed in this study suggests that considerable variability
in tissue concentration could exist across subjects and groups
involved in these studies.
Conclusions
Curcumin content of turmeric and curry powders is highly
variable. Pure turmeric powder has the highest curcumin
concentration, and relatively small amounts of curcumin are
present in curry powder samples. As a first step toward quan-
tifying curcumin intake from the diet, these data contribute to
knowledge that would be useful in the interpretation of find-
ings relating curcumin intake to cancer risk and prevention
and to the response to curcumin supplementation in
pharmacokinetic studies and chemoprevention trials.
Acknowledgments and Notes
The first author would like to acknowledge the L’OREAL-UNESCO or-
ganization for the Women in Science Award Scholarship, which provided
some funding for this project. We also thank Fatima Khwaja for her impor-
tant contributions to this project. This project was completed at the Univer-
sity of California, San Diego, in La Jolla, CA. Address correspondence to D.
Heath, MS, UCSD Cancer Prevention and Control Program, 3855 Health
Sciences Drive, Dept. 0803, La Jolla, CA 92093-0803. Phone:
858–822–1123. FAX: 858–822–1497. E-mail: dheath@ucsd.edu.
Submitted 10 May 2006; accepted in final form 24 May 2006.
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