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Softeners for hardness removal
Abstract
The depletion of water resources, both surface and subsurface and deterioration of water quality made researchers and policy makers to think of the possible remedies to make water sources potable / wholesome. There is a need to address the problems of hardness and fluoride in subsurface water on priority basis. In this direction, bench scale studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of water softeners. Indepth studies were carried out at University B.D.T College of Engineering, Davangere, Karnataka, to assess the performance of bench scale softeners of D to H ratio 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 in removing hardness of varied concentrations from both synthetic and natural water samples. Studies revealed that irrespective of D to H ratio of softeners, the waters having hardness concentration up to 1000 mg/l can be treated to the same degree (81.68% and above). The findings of regeneration studies and cost economics are also summarized in this paper.
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Fluidized bed crystallizers (FBCs), also called pelletizers or pellet reactors, are an attractive alternative to conventional water softening. FBCs produce a coarse, spherically grained, easily dewatered, calcitic sand as the waste product, rather than a gelatinous sludge. Two operating full-scale municipal FBCs used for softening in southern Florida were sampled and characterized, The study concludes that: (1) Calcium removal is very rapid within the reactor, leaving a large portion of the bed unused at any one time; (2) the calcium removal rate can be described by the Reddy-Nancollas crystallization model; (3) high supersaturation levels due to poor mixing at the point of chemical mixing promotes microfloc production and solids carryover in the effluent; (4) classification of the pellets within thc fluidized bed does not occur; (5) the sampling techniques appear to be adequate for characterizing FBC reactors; and (6) operation of FBCs would be aided by the installation of a pressure gauge on the FBC influent to monitor bed growth.