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Human hair growth enhancement in vitro by green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)
Abstract
Green tea is a popular worldwide beverage, and its potential beneficial effects such as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties are believed to be mediated by epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major constituent of polyphenols. Recently, it was reported that EGCG might be useful in the prevention or treatment of androgenetic alopecia by selectively inhibiting 5alpha-reductase activity. However, no report has been issued to date on the effect of EGCG on human hair growth. This study was undertaken to measure the effect of EGCG on hair growth in vitro and to investigate its effect on human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) in vivo and in vitro. EGCG promoted hair growth in hair follicles ex vivo culture and the proliferation of cultured DPCs. The growth stimulation of DPCs by EGCG in vitro may be mediated through the upregulations of phosphorylated Erk and Akt and by an increase in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Similar results were also obtained in in vivo dermal papillae of human scalps. Thus, we suggest that EGCG stimulates human hair growth through these dual proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on DPCs.
... DHT suppresses the anagen phase and initiates the catagen phase ( Figure 2) [15] . Testosterone is transformed into a more active androgen by 5α-reductase [16] Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) DPCs are particular fibroblasts in the hair follicle that play a fundamental role in controlling hair growth not only during the normal hair cycle but also in the pathogenesis of specific diseases, such as androgenetic alopecia (Figure3) [18] . [19] Hair FDA-approved treatments The various solutions have been proposed to treat hair loss, however, there are many reports of side effects and ineffectiveness of herbal and synthetic remedies. ...
... Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies on active herbal ingredients suggest that these compounds may help control hair loss when used alone, together, and in combination with synthetic anti-hair loss medicines [30,31,32,42] . [18,33,34] Human Topical Anti-apoptosis Increase DPC proliferation Decrease oxidative cell damage Camellia sinensis [35,36,37] Human Oral& Topical 5-ARI Pumpkin seed oil [31,38] Human Topical 5-ARI Saw palmetto extract [39,40] Animal Topical 5-ARI Transformation of hair follicles from telogen to anagen phase Citrullus colocynthis [41] DPC Cell culture Transform telogen to anagen Morus alba [42] Animal Topical Unknown Zizyphus jujuba [43] Animal Topical Transform anagen in the resting phase Eclipta alba [44,45,46] Human/ Hair follicles Topical/cell culture 5-ARI Phlantus embelica [47,48] Animal/DPC In vitro & In vivo 5-ARI The proliferation of DPC & HaCaT Carthamus Tinctorius [49] Human/Animal/ Hair follicles Topical 5-ARI Panax ginseng ...
... Phytochemical structures of green tea phenolic acids [51] Hair Growth and regrowth enhancement function of Camellia sinensis extract Various dietary ingredients, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, and tea catechin gallate inhibit 5α-Reductase in vitro and in vivo (Figure7) [53] . Kwon et al. [18] investigated hair growth in vitro, and in vivo by EGCG. In the in vivo study, scalp tissue samples obtained from the occipital scalp areas of 5 healthy male volunteers (20-31 years). ...
Alopecia is a condition that impacts over 50% of the global population. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only approved topical minoxidil and oral finasteride for prevention of hair loss, and hair regrowth. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies on active herbal ingredients suggest the herbal active ingredients may help control hair loss when used alone, together, and in combination with synthetic anti-hair loss medicines. For over 100 years, thyme, lavender, rosemary, and cedar wood essential oils have traditionally used to treat hair loss. According to current researches about topical green tea in the prevention and hair re-growth, this plant may be a suitable and relatively reliable alternative to chemical drugs such as minoxidil and finasteride. Green tea contains polyphenol compounds called catechins. Catechins have a significant anti-hair loss due to their effect on the dermal papillae cells (DPCs); DPCs are specialized fibroblasts that control the hair growth cycles. This article reviews the potential impact of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in reducing hair loss, hair re-growth, and its particular effect on dermal papillae.
... This experiment notably explained the efficacy of using polyphenols of green tea aids to cure androgenic alopecia that has relevance mainly with the increased activity of enzymes, 5α-reductase and aromatase. Kwon et al. (2007) proved this mechanism by evaluating the efficacy of EGCG on the growth of human hairs. It was deduced that EGCG stimulates the growth of hairs by dual proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects (Kwon et al. 2007). ...
... Kwon et al. (2007) proved this mechanism by evaluating the efficacy of EGCG on the growth of human hairs. It was deduced that EGCG stimulates the growth of hairs by dual proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects (Kwon et al. 2007). ...
... These cells in small intestine absorb glucose and galactose by coupling with Na+-K+ATPase and are inhibited by EGCG thus improving glycaemic index (Johnston et al. 2005). The effect of it on Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) was the same as the absorption gets inhibited by intake of catechins (Kwon et al. 2007). ...
Due to its wide range of properties, green tea has extensively been
turned out as an important substance to be examined experimentally by the analysts. Out of its various properties, the antineoplastic activity of green tea is exclusively acknowledged. Green tea shows therapeutic potential in case of cancers of cervical, lung, colon, liver, stomach, leukemia, prostate, breast, and many other organs. Green tea
extract possesses some carcinoma preventive bioactive components such as polyphenols, proline, lysine, catechin, ascorbic acid, and
epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Earlier investigations have favoured the
relationship between the reasonable intake of green tea polyphenols and the decreased cancer possibility. Various mechanisms have been
proposed to determine the application of green tea components as an
anticancer agent. These mechanisms incorporate modulation of the
immune system and cell signalling pathways, regulation of cell cycle,
anti-oxidant activity, and inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. Further, drug tolerance and several harmful side effects have long been a crucial complication in the treatment of tumor. The treatment by chemotherapy has also been transformed from single-drug remedy to multiple-drug remedy. Earlier research results indicated that the amalgam of green tea and chemo-remedial drugs could synergistically intensify the effectiveness of therapy and lessen the worse after-effects of antitumor agents in tumor sufferer. Therefore, we have focused on the use of green tea constituents either alone or in combination with other agents for the treatment of different types of cancers with upgraded life expectancy.
... topical [32] Clinical and in vitro study androgenic in vivo 4 successive days EGCG stimulated hair growth / EGCG stimulates hair growth via its proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on DPCs, and may prolong the anagen stage [32], selective inhibition of 5α-reductase [31], antioxidant properties [29], and the stimulating effect on normal cell growth [ [41] androgenic 6 months stimulated hair growth, slowed down hair loss itching (in 1 out of 98 subjects) inhibition of 5α-reductase, germacrone acting anti-inflammatory [44] and antiandrogenic in vitro and in vivo [45], increases skin penetration of minoxidil [47] paradoxically promotes hair growth on male scalp and at the same time inhibits underarm (axillary) hair growth in females [42,46] Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer / Chinese red ginseng root extract topical traditionally [51] androgenic / prevented hair loss, improved hair growth. ...
... topical [32] Clinical and in vitro study androgenic in vivo 4 successive days EGCG stimulated hair growth / EGCG stimulates hair growth via its proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on DPCs, and may prolong the anagen stage [32], selective inhibition of 5α-reductase [31], antioxidant properties [29], and the stimulating effect on normal cell growth [ [41] androgenic 6 months stimulated hair growth, slowed down hair loss itching (in 1 out of 98 subjects) inhibition of 5α-reductase, germacrone acting anti-inflammatory [44] and antiandrogenic in vitro and in vivo [45], increases skin penetration of minoxidil [47] paradoxically promotes hair growth on male scalp and at the same time inhibits underarm (axillary) hair growth in females [42,46] Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer / Chinese red ginseng root extract topical traditionally [51] androgenic / prevented hair loss, improved hair growth. ...
... In this study, 10% EGCG in ethanol was applied to the patients' scalps. The results showed that EGCG prolongs the anagen phase and stimulates hair growth through proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis of dermal papillae, the protection of which prevents hair loss [32]. ...
Though hair does not serve any crucial physiological function in modern humans, it plays an important role in our self-esteem. Androgenic baldness (androgenic alopecia) and circular/spot baldness (alopecia areata) are the most common forms of hair loss. Many active ingredients of synthetic origin are available for treatment; however, they have a number of limitations. Their effectiveness and safety are questionable and the amount of time needed to achieve the effect is both long and unclear. This has increased interest in finding an alternative approach against hair loss using preparations containing plants and/or their isolated active ingredients. A number of studies (mostly randomized, placebo-controlled) of plants and preparations made of plants have been performed to confirm their effectiveness in treating hair loss. The plants with the most evidence-based effect against alopecia are Curcuma aeruginosa (pink and blue ginger), Serenoa repens (palmetto), Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin), Trifolium pratense (red clover), and Panax ginseng (Chinese red ginseng). The assumed mechanism of action is predominately inhibition of 5α-reductase, with enhanced nutritional support and scalp blood circulation playing a role as well.
... Cellular studies have shown that EGCG increases cell proliferation and decreases cell death by altering the miRNA profiles in HDP cells and sequentially affects paclitaxel-mediated hair loss [112]. In vitro experiments indicated that EGCG promotes hair growth by upregulating phosphorylated Erk and Akt and by increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio [108]. Animal experiments show that topical EGCG administration can also prevent hair loss by reducing the T-induced apoptosis of follicular epithelial cells and provoking hair regrowth after epilation [109]. ...
... In comparison to the high number of in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, there are few clinical trials describing the influence of herbs and their active constituents, as well as that of polyherbal formulations on hair growth. A small clinical study conducted with three volunteers demonstrated that 10% EGCG can promote hair growth by prolonging the anagen phase [108]. In one case series of 14 patients with AA, Morita et al. reported that the topical administration of the immunotherapy agent squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) for a mean of 6.9 months led to no or poor hair regrowth. ...
Today, about 50% of men and 15–30% of women are estimated to face hair-related problems, which create a significant psychological burden. Conventional treatments, including drug therapy and transplantation, remain the main strategies for the clinical management of these problems. However, these treatments are hindered by challenges such as drug-induced adverse effects and poor drug penetration due to the skin’s barrier. Therefore, various efforts have been undertaken to enhance drug permeation based on the mechanisms of hair regrowth. Notably, understanding the delivery and diffusion of topically administered drugs is essential in hair loss research. This review focuses on the advancement of transdermal strategies for hair regrowth, particularly those involving external stimulation and regeneration (topical administration) as well as microneedles (transdermal delivery). Furthermore, it also describes the natural products that have become alternative agents to prevent hair loss. In addition, given that skin visualization is necessary for hair regrowth as it provides information on drug localization within the skin’s structure, this review also discusses skin visualization strategies. Finally, it details the relevant patents and clinical trials in these areas. Together, this review highlights the innovative strategies for skin visualization and hair regrowth, aiming to provide novel ideas to researchers studying hair regrowth in the future.
... In particular, many polyphenol compounds, including flavonoid and chalcone, contributed to countering hair loss by stimulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway [76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90]. Alpinetin is a natural flavonoid compound isolated from Fabaceae and Zingiberaceae herbs [76]. ...
... EGCG significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK and Akt and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Similarly, EGCG has exhibited similar effects in the dermal papillae of human scalps in vivo [83]. ...
Hair loss, or alopecia, is a dermatological disorder that causes psychological stress and poor quality of life. Drug-based therapeutics such as finasteride and minoxidil have been clinically used to treat hair loss, but they have limitations due to their several side effects in patients. To solve this problem, there has been meaningful progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of hair growth and finding novel targets to develop therapeutics to treat it. Among various signaling pathways, Wnt/β-catenin plays an essential role in hair follicle development, the hair cycle, and regeneration. Thus, much research has demonstrated that various natural products worldwide promote hair growth by stimulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This review discusses the functional role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its related signaling molecules. We also review the molecular mechanism of the natural products or compounds that activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling and provide insights into developing therapeutics or cosmeceuticals that treat hair loss.
... EGCG promoted hair growth in hair follicles in ex vivo culture and the proliferation of cultured dermal papilla cells (DPCs). The growth stimulation of DPCs by EGCG in vitro may be mediated through the upregulation of phosphorylated Erk and Akt and by an increase in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax [90]. Resveratrol and fisetin regulated the genetic expression of cytokines, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF), which activate the β-catenin pathway, and TGF-β1, which plays an important role in maintaining the niche of hair follicle stem cells, and were thus thought to play roles in promoting hair growth. ...
... licles in ex vivo culture and the proliferation of cultured dermal papilla cells (DPCs). The growth stimulation of DPCs by EGCG in vitro may be mediated through the upregulation of phosphorylated Erk and Akt and by an increase in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax [90]. Resveratrol and fisetin regulated the genetic expression of cytokines, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF), which activate the β-catenin pathway, and TGF-β1, which plays an important role in maintaining the niche of hair follicle stem cells, and were thus thought to play roles in promoting hair growth. ...
The skin is the largest organ of the body and plays multiple essential roles, ranging from regulating temperature, preventing infections, to ultimately affecting human health. A hair follicle is a complex cutaneous appendage. Skin diseases and hair loss have a significant effect on the quality of life and psychosocial adjustment of individuals. However, the available traditional drugs for treating skin and hair diseases may have some insufficiencies; therefore, a growing number of researchers are interested in natural materials that could achieve satisfactory results and minimize adverse effects. Natural polyphenols, named for the multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups in their structures, are promising candidates and continue to be of scientific interest due to their multifunctional biological properties and safety. Polyphenols have a wide range of pharmacological effects. In addition to the most common effect, antioxidation, polyphenols have anti-inflammatory, bacteriostatic, antitumor, and other biological effects associated with reduced risk of a number of chronic diseases. Various polyphenols have also shown efficacy against different types of skin and hair diseases, both in vitro and in vivo, via different mechanisms. Thus, this paper reviews the research progress in natural polyphenols for the protection of skin and hair health, especially focusing on their potential therapeutic mechanisms against skin and hair disorders. A deep understanding of natural polyphenols provides a new perspective for the safe treatment of skin diseases and hair loss.
... EGCG is scientifically proven to have activity against alpha reductase enzyme and thus offer great relief to alopecia. Further EGCG is water soluble and would get absorbed well through scalp epidermis [9,10]. ...
... EGCG has been proven to inhibit alpha reductase enzyme [10]. The hair growth promoting property what we have seen for Phyllanthus emblica, Hibiscus rosa sinensis and Eclipta prostrata along with the active constituent (s) identical to that of EGCG at the absorbance level suggests that the above plants either may possess some bio-similar molecules or some other bio-active constituent (s) other than EGCG also may have strong hair growth promoting property. ...
... 20 Polyphenols (Dihydroquercetin-glycoside [DHQG] and Epigallocatechingallate-glucoside [EGCG2]) induced a stimulation of the metabolism of human fibroblast dermal papilla cells, proliferation and anti-apoptotic effect of the outer root sheath cells, and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. [21][22][23] Combined with glycine as a constituent of the hair's keratin-associated protein composition 24 and zinc, which is crucial for the incorporation of cysteine into the keratin, 25 DHQG and EGCG2 stimulated the hair growth both in vitro and in vivo, where a 3 months treatment with a hair lotion containing 3% of polyphenols, zinc salt and glycine-complex increased the anagen rate, reduced the telogen, and lead to improved hair density as compared to placebo lotion in an open comparison. 23 The efficacy and safety of a combination of a shampoo and a lotion with the nano-encapsulated combination of the aforementioned ingredients was evaluated in a prospective, single-arm, open-label study with 35 women and 10 men with androgenic alopecia and telogenic effluvium, demonstrating, besides good tolerance, an increase in anagen rate, numbers of total follicular units, a total of hairs, and median hair number per follicle unit with corresponding decrease in hair shedding after 90 days. ...
... For the other ingredients present in verum, but not in vehicle(Table 1) no irritation potential is to be expected at their respective concentration in the formulations. For polyphenols and caffeine anti-inflammatory effects have been described.21,22,26 Besides topical minoxidil and oral finasteride drug therapy ofAGA 6 autologous biotechnologies represented by PRP and Human Follicle Stem Cells (HFSCs) as well as Low-Level Light therapy (LLLT) and microneedling have recently been in the focus of investigation for their potential to maintain improved hair growth instead of requiring permanent therapy. ...
Background:
Considerable parts of the global population are affected by androgenetic alopecia (AGA).
Aims:
The efficacy of a foam containing nicotinic acid hexyl ester, polyphenols, zinc, glycine, and caffeine in comparison with a vehicle control foam was assessed in a double-blind vehicle-controlled study in men with AGA over 6 months.
Patients/methods:
Sixty-two men with AGA were assigned either to the active ingredients (verum) or the vehicle group. They applied the products twice daily on affected scalp areas over 6 months. Automated phototrichograms were obtained at baseline, after 3 and 6 months. In addition, a clinical rating by a dermatologist and by the subjects themselves was documented using standardized questionnaires.
Results:
The reduction of the telogen rate from T0 to T6 was significantly stronger in the verum group compared to the vehicle group. The reduction was significant from T0 to T3 and T6 in the verum group, but in the vehicle group only from T0 to T3, not to T6. Significantly increased hair density was noticed in both groups at all time points, but the change from T0 to T6 did not differ significantly between the groups. Cosmetic acceptance of the foam and its application regimen was generally good in both groups. Slight reddening and burning after application of verum in six cases was probably due to the presence of hexyl nicotinate.
Conclusion:
The study demonstrated a reduction of the telogen rate by a cosmetic foam in men affected by AGA, indicating a benefit for cosmetic intervention against male pattern hair loss.
... e authors showed that one-third of the mice in the experimental group had significant hair regrowth (p � 0.014) compared to that in the control group [63]. Similarly, further investigation revealed that EGCG promotes hair growth in an ex vivo culture of hair follicles and the proliferation of cultured DPCs [64]. e authors suggested that growth stimulation of DPCs by EGCG in vitro was mediated by the upregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases and Akt, which are important for regulating cell growth, proliferation, survival, mobility, and invasion, as well as by the increased B-cell lymphoma 2/bcl-2-like protein 4 ratio, functioning like a rheostat to determine cell susceptibility to apoptosis. ...
... e authors suggested that growth stimulation of DPCs by EGCG in vitro was mediated by the upregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases and Akt, which are important for regulating cell growth, proliferation, survival, mobility, and invasion, as well as by the increased B-cell lymphoma 2/bcl-2-like protein 4 ratio, functioning like a rheostat to determine cell susceptibility to apoptosis. Notably, similar results were also obtained in vivo in dermal papillae of human scalps [64]. Finally, researchers used a micro-RNA (miRNA) microarray to identify miRNA expression levels in DPCs and determine the influence of this expression on the protective effects of EGCG against DHT-induced cell death, growth arrest, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and senescence [65]. ...
Introduction. Current approved medications for hair loss, such as topical minoxidil and oral finasteride, may have suboptimal efficacy or side effects precluding continued use in some patients. Thus, we report an evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a new topical botanical formulation -GASHEE containing over 12 phytoactive ingredients that affect multiple targets in the cascade of pathophysiologic events that cause hair loss. Five patients with various hair-loss conditions, including cases of previous treatment failures, are presented. Case Presentation. This is a case series of four women and one man with hair loss due to various causes, four of whom had failed minoxidil treatment for over a year. All patients used the topical treatment as a sole therapy for at least 3 months before the documentation of outcomes, which involved interval changes noted through each patient’s account, direct observation, and photography. Discussion. In all patients, we observed significant improvements in hair regrowth in the nape, crown, vertex, and temple areas after 3–15 months of treatment. All patients were highly satisfied with their results and reported no adverse events. Although the use of botanicals in the treatment of hair loss is in an infant stage, the new formulation used in this study demonstrated a good efficacy related to hair growth, warranting further evaluation.
... Kwon et al stated that "it was reported the EGCG may be useful in the prevention or treatment of androgenetic alopecia by selectively inhibiting 5a-reductase activity (44)." 25 However, no report yet had been published on the effect of EGCG on human hair growth. A careful consideration of the Hiipakka et al paper revealed that it provided no evidence or written statement indicating that EGCG prevents or reverses androgenic alopecia by any means, including 5a-reductase inhibitors. ...
... 24 It, therefore, appears that Kwon et al provided the first report that EGCG enhanced hair growth in experimental systems. 25 Using 3 concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 mM), they reported a dose-dependent increase in DPC proliferation using the MTT assay along with similar increases in the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and protein kinase B (Akt). ...
Green tea, and its principal constituent (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), are commonly shown to induce biphasic concentration/dose responses in a broad range of cell types, including non-tumor cells, and tumor cell lines. The most active area of
research dealt with an assessment of neural cells with application to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease cell models, often using preconditioning experimental protocols. The general findings demonstrate EGCGinduced hormetic effects resulting in an enhanced acquired resilience within an adaptive and temporally dependent homeodynamic framework. The biphasic dose responses displayed the typical quantitative features of the hormetic dose response with respect to the amplitude and width of the stimulatory response. These findings provide further evidence for the general occurrence of hormetic dose responses with such responses being independent of the biological model, end point, inducing agent, and mechanism. The biphasic nature of these responses has important implications since it suggests optimal dose ranges for endpoints of public health and therapeutic applications. These findings indicate the need to assess the entire dose-response continuum in order to better define the nature of the dose response, especially in the low-dose zone where such exposures are common in human populations.
This is an open-access publication and can be downloaded for free at: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1559325820936170
... Among the intervention group, 5 patients (19.2%) remained stable, 19 (73.1%) had moderate improvement, and 2 (7.7%) had great improvement in terms of hair density. In contrast, all patients in the control group remained stable ( Figure 1). ...
... Epigallocatechin3-gallate (EGCG) is a major constituent of polyphenols found in green tea, with potential beneficial effects, such as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties. It was suggested it that might be useful in the prevention or treatment of AGA by selectively inhibiting 5α-reductase activity.19 A study has shown that EGCG promoted in vitro hair growth in hair follicles ex vivo culture and the proliferation of cultured dermal papilla cells.These dual proliferative and antiapototic effects on dermal papillacells may be mediated by the upregulation of phosphorylated Erk and Akt and by an increase in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. ...
Introduction
Αndrogenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common hair disorder, affecting approximately 50% of men and women. A topical lotion that contains two patented formulas (Redensyl® and Sepicontrol A5®), has been introduced as an alternative approach to standard therapies for AGA.
Methods
Forty‐four patients with AGA were randomized either to apply the active lotion or the vehicle, twice daily for 24 weeks. Subjects were evaluated at 0, 12, and 24 weeks by clinical examination, photographic documentation, quality of life evaluation (DLQI), and trichogram (anagen to telogen ratio).
Results
Forty‐one patients, 18 males and 23 females, completed the study. Among patients receiving active treatment (n=26), 7.7% had great improvement, 73.1% had moderate improvement and 19.2% remained stable. The median self‐assessment score increased from 4 at baseline to 6 at 24 weeks (p<0.001), while the DLQI improved from 4 to 3, respectively (p<0.001). The median anagen to telogen ratio increased from 2.25 to 4.00 to 6.02 at week 0, 12 and 24, respectively. No significant adverse events were reported.
Conclusion
This new topical active blend is effective in the treatment of AGA, with high degree of patients’ satisfaction, improvement of quality of life, and an excellent safety profile. Thus, it may represent a useful alternative therapeutic approach for AGA.
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... The primary constituents of SBM include epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), stilbene glycoside (TSG), and various ginsenoside (ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rc and ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rd and ginsenoside Rb1). Previous researches reveal that EGCG ameliorates androgenic alopecia by selectively inhibiting 5α-reductase activity, and up-regulating phosphorylated Erk and Akt and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio on DPCs [35]. Various ginsenosides in ginseng have been reported to regulate key targets in hair growth, including DKK1, SHH, VEGF, TGF-β, MMPs, etc. [36]. ...
Background
As a supplement for promoting hair health, Shi-Bi-Man (SBM) is a prescription comprising various traditional Chinese medicines. Though SBM has been reported to promote hair regeneration, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) are non-human primates with a gene expression profile similar to that of humans. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of SBM on promoting hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys and to reveal the underlying mechanism.
Methods
The effect of SBM on hair regeneration was observed by skin administration on 6 cynomolgus monkeys with artificial back shaving. The molecular mechanism of SBM was studied using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in combination with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection for gene transcription level, and immunofluorescence staining verification for protein level.
Results
SBM significantly induced hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys, increased hair follicle number and facilitated hair follicle development. ScRNA-seq revealed an increase in the number of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) with a higher activation state, as evidenced by the higher expression of activation marker LDHA related to metabolism and the proliferation marker MKI67 . Immunofluorescence analysis at the protein level and qPCR at the mRNA level confirmed the sequencing data. Cellchat analysis revealed an enrichment of ligand-receptor pairs involved in intercellular communication in Laminin-related pathways.
Conclusion
SBM significantly promotes hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys. Mechanically, SBM can up-regulate LDHA-mediated lactic acid metabolism and drive HFSC activation, which in turn promotes the proliferation and differentiation of HFSCs.
... Dermal papillae cells (DPCs), a subset of specialized fibroblasts found in the hair follicle bulb, are crucial for controlling the hair growth cycle when these phases switch [7] . In order to design a therapeutic for the treatment and/or prevention of hair loss, factors impacting the actions of DPCs are crucial [8] . The anagen initiation of multipotent epithelial stem cells is influenced by a number of signaling molecules, such as Wnts, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-), among others [9] . ...
... ERK1/2 is closely related to hair follicle growth and is a representative pathway for hair follicle growth stimulation. The activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway induces the proliferation of DPCs and inhibits apoptosis [36,37]. In addition, the ERK1/2 signaling pathway mediates VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation [38,39] and influences VEGF/VEGFR-2-mediated trichome growth [40]. ...
Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) cultured in vitro induce hair follicle formation. Using a hypoxic microenvironment to culture adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) can promote hair follicle growth. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. In this study, ADSCs and DPCs from Arbas Cashmere goats were used. A hypoxic microenvironment promoted the proliferation of ADSCs and increased the pluripotency of ADSCs. The growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were upregulated in ADSCs in the hypoxia-conditioned medium (Hypo-cm). Hypo-cm also enhanced the ability of DPCs to induce hair follicle formation. Inhibitors of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway caused the expressions of growth factors that increased in hypoxic microenvironments to decrease; moreover, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) increased the expression levels of VEGF, bFGF, and PDGF and inhibited the expression of bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7). In conclusion, these findings improve the theoretical basis for the development of gene therapy drugs for the treatment of alopecia areata and hair thinning.
... However, smear administration for Minoxidil may cause adverse reactions, such as irritant dermatitis, erythema, and itching, while oral administration may affect male sexual function [7] . Consequently, the development of a mild, long-lasting hair growth-enhancing drug would significantly improve patients' life quality and generate substantial economic benefits [8,9] . Recently, the rapid development of biotechnology, especially omics, has greatly boosted our comprehension of natural product mechanism [10] . ...
Background : As a supplement for promoting hair health, Shi-Bi-Man (SBM) is a natural product comprising various traditional Chinese medicines. Though SBM has been reported to promote hair regeneration, its molecular mechanisms remains unclear. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are non-human primates with a gene expression profile similar to that of humans. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of SBM on promoting hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys and to reveal the underlying mechanism.
Methods : The effect of SBM on hair regeneration was observed by skin administration on 6 cynomolgus monkeys with artificial back shaving. The molecular mechanism of SBM was studied using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in combination with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection for gene transcription level, and immunofluorescence staining verification for protein level.
Results : SBM significantly promoted hair regeneration on cynomolgus monkeys, increased hair follicle number and facilitated hair follicle development. Single-cell RNA revealed an increase in the number of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) with a higher activation state, as evidenced by the higher expression of activation marker LDHA related to metabolism and the proliferation marker MKI67. Immunofluorescence analysis at the protein level and qPCR at the mRNA level have confirmed the sequencing data. Cellchat analysis revealed an enrichment of ligand-receptor pairs involved in intercellular communication in Laminin-related pathways.
Conclusion : SBM significantly promoted hair regeneration on cynomolgus monkeys. Mechanically, SBM could promote LDHA expression and drive HFSC activation. The cell level analysis suggested that SBM promoted the proliferation and differentiation of HFSCs by affecting interaction between HFSCs and others on Laminin-related pathways. Keywords : Hair follicle stem cell activation, Shi-Bi-Man, cynomolgus monkey, single-cell RNA sequencing, LDHA, Laminin pathway.
... Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and its main active ingredient epigallocatechin-3-gallate were found to be effective in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia by selectively inhibiting 5a-reductase activity. 38,39 Pumpkin seed (Cucurbita spp.) oil was reported for the treatment of hair growth in MEDICINAL PLANTS 871 AGA, acting by inhibition of 5a-reductase; this activity could be attributed to its phytosterol content. 40 Its effect was confirmed in a study reporting the inhibitory effect of pumpkin seed oil on testosterone and reduction in the incidence of prostate hyperplasia. ...
Alopecia or hair loss is a widespread issue that has significant effects on personal well-being for both genders nationally and internationally. In addition, alopecia causes extreme emotional stress and negatively impacts the psychological health and self-esteem of cancer patients suffering from chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Unfortunately, available synthetic medications are costly, invasive, or have extreme adverse effects. On the contrary, natural and herbal hair loss products are widely available in the local and international markets in variable pharmaceutical forms with different mechanisms of action, namely, androgen antagonists, nutritional supplements, vasodilators, and 5α-reductase inhibitors or dihydrotestosterone blockers. Thus, it is of great importance to encourage researchers to investigate these natural alternatives that can act as potent therapeutic agents having diverse mechanisms of action as well as limited side effects. Currently, natural remedies are considered a fast-rising pharmaceutical segment with demand from a wide range of consumers. In this study, we present a review of reported herbal remedies and herb combinations recommended for hair loss and their mode of action, along with an overview of available market products and formulations, their composition, and declared effects. In addition, a general outline of the different forms of alopecia, its causes, and recommended treatments are mentioned as well. This was all done with the aim of assisting further studies with developing standardized natural formulations for alopecia as many were found to lack standardization of their bioactive ingredients and efficiency confirmation.
... For its part, cyclin D1 expresses during phase G1 and is involved in the initiation of DPC cell cycle progression [41]. Regarding the MAPK / ERK pathway, its activation is crucial in the proliferation of different cell types, including dermal papilla cells and it has been described that several hair growth activators, such as the Endothelial Growth Factor (EGF), the Placental Growth Factor (PGF) or adenosine, exert their effects through the MAPK / ERK pathway [42,43]. ...
Objective: Capacitive-Resistive Electrothermal Therapies (CRET) have proven effective in
tissue regeneration. This study analyzesthe response to 448-kHz CRET treatment in 20 patients
with Female Pattern Hair Loss (FPHL) and in woman’s Dermal Papilla Cells (DPC).
Methods: Patients received ten 20-minute CRET sessions over an 8-week interval. Three
months after the last session, the effects of the treatment were trichoscopically analysed. DPC
were CRET stimulated intermittently for 12, 24 or 48 h and the effects on cell proliferation and
expression of several proteins involved in cell proliferation were analysed.
Results: Trichoscopic data revealed generalized, statistically significant hair redensification
(10 - 15 % over pre-treatment values) in all the treated scalp areas. In-vitro electrostimulation
significantly increased DPC proliferation and expression of the proteins involved in cell
proliferation. Since dysregulation of DPC proliferation is the main factor underlying abnormal
hair loss, it is likely that electrically-induced DPC proliferation is involved in the redensifying
effects obtained in the trichological study.
... The nanoparticles were formed by polylactic-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) with encapsulation of rapamycin (RAPA-PLGA NPs), which helps to improve the sustained-release effect and prolong the incubation period of rapamycin [26]. In addition, EGCG has antioxidation and anagen activation effects [27]. Keratin (KE) is the main component of hair [28]. ...
Interest in transdermal delivery methods for stimulating hair regrowth has been increasing recently. The microneedle approach can break the barrier of the stratum corneum through puncture ability and improve drug delivery efficiency. Herein, we report a dissolvable microneedle device for the co-delivery of rapamycin and epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticles that can significantly promote hair regeneration. Compared with the mice without any treatment, our strategy can facilitate hair growth within 7 days. Higher hair shaft growth rate and hair follicle density with inconspicuous inflammation were exhibited in C57BL/6 mice, elucidating its potential for clinical application.
... Studies evaluated that Lawsonia inermis compounds can slow hair loss and help nourish the scalp (25). Epicatechin gallate (ECG) and Epigallactocatechin gallate (EGCG) are extracted from Camellia sinensis leaves (26)(27)(28). Other compounds are β-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from Serenoa repens. ...
Background: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most critical pathogenic androgen in hair loss, is identified as an etiologic factor of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). The AGA is a genetically common disorder among men and is characterized by the progressive conversion of hair follicles into small vellus hair. Steroid 5 alpha-reductase type 1 (5AR1) is a crucial target responsible for this gradual replacement. The 5AR1 function is determined by converting testosterone to DHT. The inhibitors of 5AR1 play their role by blocking the DHT production pathway. Objectives: This study focused on the potent inhibitors of the 5AR1 enzyme to suggest effective synthetic drugs for restoring hair loss with fewer side effects. Methods: The three-dimensional structure of 5AR1 was created using homology modeling methods. Then, the inhibitory effects of some significant compounds from natural sources were examined on the 5AR1 protein using molecular docking approaches. Results: The obtained results suggest that two natural compounds isolated from Serenoa repens, including beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol, could inhibit the regular activity of 5AR1 and can be recommended as safe and novel AGA medicines for hair restoration.
... Several clinical findings recommend that the treatment is done through EGCG blocks cancer incidence and diversity in differentiated organ sites, including liver, skin, stomach, lungs, colon, and mammary glands present in the body (Kwon et al., 2007). The objectives of the clinical studies are to study the efficiency of EGCG in treating tumor patients. ...
Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) possesses various biological functions, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. EGCG is an abundant polyphenolic component originating from green tea extract that has exhibited versatile bioactivities in combating several cancers. This review highlights the pharmacological features of EGCG and its therapeutic implications in cancer and other metabolic diseases. It modulates numerous signalling pathways, regulating cells' undesired survival and proliferation, thus imparting strong tumor chemopreventive and therapeutic effects. EGCG initiates cell death through the intrinsic pathway and causes inhibition of EGFR, STAT3, and ERK pathways in several cancers. EGCG alters and inhibits ERK1/2, NF-κB, and Akt-mediated signaling, altering the Bcl-2 family proteins ratio and activating caspases in tumor cells. This review focuses on anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, and apoptotic effects of EGCG. We further highlighted the potential of EGCG in various types of cancer, emphasizing clinical trials formulations that further improve our understanding of the therapeutic management of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
... The results of increasing in thickness and the darker color of eyebrows obtained in this work may confirm the in vitro pharmacological activities of C. ternatea and E. caryophyllus previously reported [10][11][12]16 . ...
Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea) flower and Eugenia caryophyllus (clove) oil have been traditionally used as hair growth stimulating herbal and exhibited hair growth effects in vitro. This work prepared liposome loading with butterfly pea flower extract and clove oil and studied the hair growth promoting effects on eyebrows in volunteers. The liposome of butterfly pea flower extract and clove oil was prepared by loading the extract and oil into a pro-liposome. The formation of liposome was examined using the microscopy and its physical stability was studied at 4°C, 45°C and ambient temperature (30-35°C) for 1 month. The liposome of butterfly pea flower extract and clove oil was macroscopically stable but microscopic examination showed that the liposome vesicles were larger overtime. The loaded liposome was used for eyebrow growth efficacy test in 15 volunteers. The product was applied on both sides of eyebrows twice daily for 60 days. The evaluation was based on the taken photos and the satisfaction assessment scoring from 1 to 5 (very poor-excellent). The eyebrows appeared darker and thicker after 30 day and progressively more obvious at 2 month use. Participants felt that the enhancement of eyebrow thickness and darkness was good (33.3%) to excellent (66.7%). In addition, there was no irritation present which ensure the product safety. Conclusively, this work reported a stable liposome loaded with butterfly pea flower extract and clove oil. The product was subjectively proven to intensify the thickness and darkness of eyebrows.
... The hair im-duction with great potential for use in skincare to improve skin health and protection and with beneficial effects on skin aging [20]. Since studies of polyphenols from green tea and Annurca Apples showed a beneficial effect on hair growth, the influence of OMWW extract on human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC) and their secretion of growth factors (IGF-1 and VEGF) was investigated in this work [21] [22]. In addition, the protective function of the extract regarding the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells was examined. ...
... Treatment of HHDPCs with cisplatin induces production of reactive oxygen species and decreases of Bcl-2/Bax ratios, leading to HHDPC apoptosis and massive hair loss (Luanpitpong et al., 2011). Tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (Kwon et al., 2007) and MNX (Han et al., 2004) enhanced proliferation and inhibited apoptosis (by increasing Bcl-2/Bax ratios) of dermal papilla cells, thereby stimulating hair growth. In mice, 6-gingerol in ginger suppresses cultured human hair elongation and delays telogen-to-anagen transition of hair follicles by inhibitory and pro-apoptotic activities on dermal hair cells (Miao et al., 2013). ...
This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of red ginseng extract (RGE) on regulating hair growth and hair follicle development. Results from in vitro studies showed that RGE treatment simultaneously enhanced viability and inhibited apoptosis in human hair dermal papilla cells. Moreover, RGE administration promoted telogen-to-anagen transition, prolonged anagen in hair follicular cycling, and increased the size of hair follicles and skin thickness in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Furthermore, RGE treatment significantly upregulated the expression of β-catenin, phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3β, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and Bcl-2, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, and phospho-Akt, which are associated with promoting hair growth. In addition, RGE enhanced skin health by activation of antiox-idant defense systems. Our data demonstrates that hair regenerative mechanisms of RGE may be mediated by stimulating dermal papilla cell proliferation and enhancing skin functions.
... Formulations with 6% G.T. have a prolonged moisturizing effect, improve microrelief, and reduce skin roughness [151]. Topical application of G.T. prevents UV-oxidative injury, reduces the matrix metalloproteinases, collagenase, and hyaluronidase production [152,153], and decreases UV-induced erythema [154]. Tea used orally and topically decreases sebum production, and prevents and treats acne vulgaris [155]. ...
Nowadays, much attention is paid to issues such as ecology and sustainability. Many consumers choose "green cosmetics", which are environmentally friendly creams, makeup, and beauty products, hoping that they are not harmful to health and reduce pollution. Moreover, the repeated mini-lock downs during the COVID-19 pandemic have fueled the awareness that body beauty is linked to well-being, both external and internal. As a result, consumer preferences for makeup have declined, while those for skincare products have increased. Nutricosmetics, which combines the benefits derived from food supplementation with the advantages of cosmetic treatments to improve the beauty of our body, respond to the new market demands. Food chemistry and cosmetic chemistry come together to promote both inside and outside well-being. A nutricosmetic optimizes the intake of nutritional microelements to meet the needs of the skin and skin appendages, improving their conditions and delaying aging, thus helping to protect the skin from the aging action of environmental factors. Numerous studies in the literature show a significant correlation between the adequate intake of these supplements, improved skin quality (both aesthetic and histological), and the acceleration of wound-healing. This review revised the main foods and bioactive molecules used in nutricosmetic formulations, their cosmetic effects, and the analytical techniques that allow the dosage of the active ingredients in the food.
... Date seed oil contained a significant phenolic compound and showed diverse pharmacological effects, such as antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities [89,90]. Several phenolic and flavonoid compounds were found in date fruits [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]. Phenolic compounds act as natural antioxidants. ...
Abstract: Many recent studies in the field of cosmetics have focused on organically sourced substances. Products made from organic materials are safe, high quality, cruelty-free, and more effective than those made from synthetic materials. Many organic compounds are known to be physiologically active in humans and have an extended storage capacity and long-lasting environmental effects. Agro-industrial waste has recently increased substantially, and the disposal of date palm waste, often performed in primitive ways such as burning, is harmful to the environment. Fruit processing industries generate over 10% of the total date seed waste daily, which could be converted into useful food products. Date fruit and seed are rich in sugar, vitamins, fiber, minerals, and phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that significantly promote human and animal health. This waste is rich in bioactive compounds and essential oils used in many kinds of food, medicine, and cosmetics. Most active cosmetic ingredients come from natural sources such as fruit, fish, and dairy, and recent research shows that date extract and seed oil help to reduce melanin, eczema, acne, and dry patches, while increasing skin moisture and elasticity. This review details the bioactive compounds and nutraceutical properties of date fruit and seed, and their use as cosmetic ingredients.
... Regarding the hair care niche, epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea displayed great outcomes on human hair growth due to its proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on dermal papilla cells [123]. Likewise, a procyanidinic extract of Malus pumila Miller cv Annurca stimulated the hair growth-promoting activity after chemotherapy-induced alopecia [124]. ...
Experimental studies have provided convincing evidence that food bioactive compounds (FBCs) have a positive biological impact on human health, exerting protective effects against non-communicable diseases (NCD) including cancer and cardiovascular (CVDs), metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). These benefits have been associated with the presence of secondary metabolites, namely polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, vitamins, and fibres, among others, derived from their antioxidant, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, cardioprotective, and vasodilator properties. Polyphenols as one of the most abundant classes of bioactive compounds present in plant-based foods emerge as a promising approach for the development of efficacious preventive agents against NCDs with reduced side effects. The aim of this review is to present comprehensive and deep insights into the potential of polyphenols, from their chemical structure classification and biosynthesis to preventive effects on NCDs, namely cancer, CVDs, and NDDS. The challenge of polyphenols bioavailability and bioaccessibility will be explored in addition to useful industrial and environmental applications. Advanced and emerging extraction techniques will be highlighted and the high-resolution analytical techniques used for FBCs characterization, identification, and quantification will be considered.
... It is accounted for that the tea polyphenolic mixes have had an impact on male sample baldness amongst rodents and inferred that mitigating and stress inhibitory effects of these ordinary supplies may additionally affect hair regrowth amongst mice 74 . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate animates human hair improvement by way of the skill of its proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on dermal papilla cells 75 . ...
This review presents an overview on plants identified to possess hair growth activity in various ethno-botanical studies and surveys of tradition medicinal plants. There are various causes for hair loss and the phenomenon is still not fully understood. The treatments offered include both natural or synthetic products to treat the condition of hair loss (alopecia), nonetheless natural products are continuously gaining popularity mainly due to their fewer side effects and better formulation strategies for natural product extracts. Plants have been widely used for hair growth promotion since ancient times as reported in Ayurveda, Chinese and Unani systems of medicine. This review covers information about different herbs and herbal formulation that are believed to be able to reduce the rate of hair loss and at the same time stimulate new hair growth. A focus is placed on their mechanism of action and the review also covers various isolated phytoconstituents possessing hair growth promoting effect. Keywords: Alopecia, ayurveda, hair, herbal formulation.
... Further studies are in progress to explore the mechanisms and factors involved in hair regrowth in association with the polyphenols in green tea. 5,[19][20] Asthma: The word 'Asthma' is derived from the Greek word which means panting or breathless. The characteristics of asthma consist of inflammatory cell penetration, of neutrophills mainly during paroxysmal attack of asthma, asthmatic exposure, occupational asthma and patients with smoking and drinking habits. ...
Green tea is obtained from the plant Camellia sinensis, belonging to family Theaceae. From ancient times tea is drunk worldwide as
a beverage. Green tea with increasing interest with special reference to health benefits has led to the addition of green tea in the
class of beverages with functional properties. Green tea has always been considered by the Chinese and the Japanese as a potent
medicine for the maintenance of health, capable with the power to prolong life. The major components of Green tea which are
responsible for the potential pharmacokinetic properties, Antioxidant and other Health benefits are Polyphenols. Present review
article focus on Green tea as important beverage shows beneficial properties or which is useful for Weight loss, Stress, Cold and flu,
Antiaging effect, Hair loss, Asthma, HIV, Immunity, Food Poisoning, Cardiovasuclar diseases, Liver Diseases, Arthritis, Alzheimer’s
disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Glaucoma, Cancer, Diabetes, Oral Health, Gargling effect, Antioxidant, Antithyroid, Candidiasis,
Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antiallergic, Synergism with Antibiotics.
... Bioengineered scaffolds treated animals of both T1D and NonT1D groups show the presence of skin appendages such as hair follicle, sweat gland, and keratinized layer as seen in the H&E staining images. The effect of flavonoids such as procyanidin and catechin on the hair follicle growth was studied [58,59] and it is shown that the flavonoids assist in the development of new hair follicles by stimulating anagen induction in the hair growth cycle. The re-epithelialization effect of catechin may also help in the growth of hair follicles and sweat glands in the bioengineered scaffolds treated animals of both T1D and NonT1D groups. ...
Management of burn wounds with diabetes and microbial infection is challenging in tissue engineering. The delayed wound healing further leads to scar formation in severe burn injury. Herein, a silver‐catechin nanocomposite tethered collagen scaffold with angiogenic and antibacterial properties is developed to enable scarless healing in chronic wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa under diabetic conditions. Histological observations of the granulation tissues collected from an experimental rat model show characteristic structural organizations similar to normal skin, whereas the open wound and pristine collagen scaffold treated animals display elevated dermis with thick epidermal layer and lack of appendages. Epidermal thickness of the hybrid scaffold treated diabetic animals is lowered to 33 ± 2 µm compared to 90 ± 2 µm for pristine collagen scaffold treated groups. Further, the scar elevation index of 1.3 ± 0.1 estimated for the bioengineered scaffold treated diabetic animals is closer to the normal skin. Immunohistochemical analyses provide compelling evidence for the enhanced angiogenesis as well as downregulated transforming growth factor‐ β1 (TGF‐β1) and upregulated TGF‐β3 expressions in the hybrid scaffold treated animal groups. The insights from this study endorse the bioengineered collagen scaffolds for applications in tissue regeneration without scar in chronic burn wounds. Collagen based bioengineered scaffolds loaded with silver‐catechin nanocomposite elicit a significant increase in the angiogenesis and transforming growth factor‐β3 (TGF‐β3) expression and decrease in the TGF‐β1 expression. The scaffolds can heal infected burn wounds with low scarring surprisingly in type‐I diabetic animals and lead to a systematic skin reconstruction thereby demonstrating potential for application in chronic wound management.
... After EGCG application, 10% ethanol solution on human scalps, beneficial effects on the human dermal papilla cells were noted. These effects were consistent with the previously reported in vitro results (Kwon et al., 2007) (Figure 1). ...
The purpose of this review is to examine epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) regarding its stability in different conditions (pH‐value, concentration, temperature), its interactions with common cosmetic ingredients, and its application in the dermatological field. The literature research considered published journal articles (clinical trials and scientific reviews). Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed) and reference lists of respective articles. Higher concentrations of EGCG were reported to correlate with better stability and the same can be said for low temperatures and pH values. The interaction between EGCG and hyaluronic acid strengthens its antioxidant activities. Titanium dioxide coated with EGCG proved a suitable ingredient in sunscreens. The polyphenol possesses antioxidant properties, which proved effective in the prevention of UV‐induced skin damage and to alleviate the symptoms of Imiquimod‐induced psoriasis. The three endpoints of this review not only showed interesting results but also highlighted some limitations of EGCG. Studies show that the molecule is unstable, which may hinder its dermatological and cosmetic applications. The reported interactions with cosmetic ingredients were limited. As the health aspects of EGCG are well‐reported, ECGC has become a focus of interest for health professionals trying to treat common dermatological diseases.
... Replacement of the gallate ester in EGCG with long-chain fatty acids produced potent 5α-R inhibitors that were active in both cell-free and whole-cell assay systems [90]. EGCG stimulates human HG via its proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on FDPC and may prolong anagen stage [91] Table 5. Schematic representation of in vitro cellular models used to test the role of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. ...
Abstract: Hair loss is a disorder in which the hair falls out from skin areas such as the scalp and the body. Several studies suggest the use of herbal medicine to treat related disorders, including alopecia. Dermal microcirculation is essential for hair maintenance, and an insu�cient blood supply can lead to hair follicles (HF) diseases. This work aims to provide an insight into the ethnohistorical records of some nutritional compounds containing flavonoids for their potential beneficial features in repairing or recovering from hair follicle disruption. We started from a query for “alopecia” OR “hair
loss” AND “Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.“ (or other six botanicals) terms included in Pubmed and Web of Sciences articles. The activities of seven common botanicals introduced with diet (Panax ginseng C.A.
Mey., Malus pumila Mill cultivar Annurca, Co�ea arabica, Allium sativum L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Rosmarinum o�cinalis L., Capsicum annum L.) are discussed, which are believed to reduce the rate of hair loss or stimulate new hair growth. In this review, we pay our attention on the molecular mechanisms underlying the bioactivity of the aforementioned nutritional compounds in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro studies. There is a need for systematic evaluation of the most commonly used plants to confirm their anti-hair loss power, identify possible mechanisms of action, and recommend their best adoption.
... During the transition between these phases, a group of specialized fibroblasts known as dermal papillae cells (DPCs) present in the hair follicle bulb plays an essential role in the regulation of the hair growth cycle [7]. Therefore, factors affecting the functions of DPCs are of great importance for the development of therapy for the treatment and/or prevention of hair loss [8]. These factors include, but not limited to, multiple signaling molecules, such as Wnts, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which contribute to the anagen initiation of multipotent epithelial stem cells [9]. ...
Inula helenium (IH) is known to possess antifungal, anti-bacterial, anti-helminthic, and anti-proliferation activities. Caesalpinia Sappan (CS) is known to reduce inflammation and improve blood circulation. Based on their folkloric use, these plants are expected to be promising candidates for promoting hair growth and preventing hair loss. Moreover, these plants are rich sources of certain phytochemicals, which have been reported to promote hair growth. In this clinical trial, we investigate the efficacy of a scalp shampoo formulated by mixing extracts of IH and CS in preventing hair loss and promoting hair growth in patients with androgenetic alopecia. Using a phototrichogram (Folliscope 2.8, LeadM, Korea), we compared the hair density and total hair counts in patients receiving the scalp shampoo at baseline, and at 8, 16, and 24 weeks after use of the shampoo. We found a statistically significant increase in the total hair count in the test group (n = 23) after 16 and 24 weeks of using the scalp shampoo (2.17 n/cm2 ± 5.72, p < 0.05; and 4.30 n/cm2 ± 6.37, p < 0.01, respectively) as compared to the control subjects. Based on the results of this clinical study, we conclude that the IH and CS extract complex is a promising remedy for preventing hair loss and promoting hair growth.
... Moreover, it was shown that epigallocatechin-3-gallate promoted hair growth in vivo dermal papillae of human scalps. It was concluded that EGCG stimulates hair growth through dual proliferative and anti-apoptotic effect [103]. ...
Studies on the cosmetic applications of plant extracts are increasingly appearing in the scientific literature, which is due to the growing popularity of skincare products around the world. In the light of the observed changes, a return to natural treatment and skincare with cosmetics free of harmful substances or toxic preservatives is visible. Currently, tea extracts, due to their rich composition and various biological actions, play an important role among the dietary supplements and cosmetics. This review is intended to collect the reports on the properties of the tea plant, its extracts and preparations in cosmetology: for skin care products and for the treatment of selected dermatological diseases. Particular attention is paid to its antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-inflammatory, slimming, hair-strengthening, photoprotective and sealing blood vessels properties.
... The health-promoting properties of tea have long been known because it was used to treat patients with infectious diseases (Weisburger, 1997). Recent studies suggested that green tea has, to some extent, beneficial effects on cardioprotection (Hodgson & Croft, 2010), cancer chemoprevention (Khan, Siddiqui, Adhami, & Mukhtar, 2013), adjusting the intestinal microflora (Okubo & Juneja, 1997), protecting the internal and other organs (such as kidneys, bone and muscle) (Bao & Peng, 2016;Buetler, Renard, Offord, Schneider, & Ruegg, 2002;Shen, Yeh, Cao, Chyu, & Wang, 2011), and strengthening the immune system (Bukowski, 2013), and if can be used as remedy for allergies (Maeda-Yamamoto et al., 2009), diarrhea (Ishihara & Akachi, 1997), and obesity/diabetes (Nagao et al., 2009) or in cosmetics for hair/oral care (Khurshid, Zafar, Zohaib, Najeeb, & Naseem, 2016;Kwon et al., 2007) and deodorizers (Yasuda & Arakawa, 1995). Epidemiological and intervention studies of green tea demonstrated that catechins are effective against certain types of cancer such as prostate, breast, lung, liver and digestive tract cancers (Khan et al., 2013). ...
Background
Green tea is produced from the tea plant Camellia sinensis without fermentation, and contains characteristic constituents, which are associated with health-promoting effects such as physiological, immunological, neurological and psychological effects, and protective effects against diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Catechins, such as catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin-3-O-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, and other green tea constituents, such as anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, phenolic acids/depsides and caffeine/vitamins, are associated with many biological activities and cell signaling through interactions with specific proteins and signaling pathways.
Scope and approach
Among the activities and pathways induced or mediated by green tea constituents, estrogen action was focused on through a comprehensive literature search.
Key findings and conclusions
Estrogenic activity was evaluated by animal tests, cell assay, ligand-binding assay, protein assay, reporter-gene assay, transcription assay and yeast two-hybrid assay. Furthermore, health benefits, such as bone protection/bone regeneration, cardioprotection and neuroprotection, have been reported as the potential applications of the estrogenic activity of green tea constituents, whereas their anti-estrogenic activity has been discussed in association with cancer treatment and chemoprevention. Controversial results about their mixed estrogenic/anti-estrogenic/non-estrogenic and biphasic activity, and associated toxicity require further detailed studies to clarify the benefits and risks.
... In in vitro stu dies on human fibroblasts, EGCG significantly limited cell aging [55]. In vitro and in vivo assays on human dermal papilla cells (tissue cultures and scalp in the occipital part) showed an increase in dose-dependent dermal cell proliferation, a three-fold increase in the expression of proteins involved in the proliferation of human epidermal keratinocytes and a 180% increase in hair follicle length after 10 days of EGCG administration [56]. In in vivo studies, using guinea pigs and hairless mice, the protective effect of EGCG (1%) and vitamin E (1%) has been demonstrated on the skin of animals under the conditions of UV-A and UV-B exposure. ...
Polyphenolic compounds constitute a diverse group of natural components commonly occurring in various plant species. These include phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, lignans and neolignans. Due to the chemical structure of the molecules (e.g. the presence of orthodiphenol groups in aro matic rings), these compounds have antioxidant properties, which may delay the aging process. The mechanism of their antioxidant activity is mainly related to the scavenging of free radicals. Additionally, polyphenols possess antimi crobial and antiallergic, as well as vasoactive (sealing capillary walls) proper ties, which allows them to be used as ingredients of dermocosmetics for acne, sensitive and capillary skin. The use of creams containing natural antioxidants can effectively improve skin condition and prevent its aging. This paper reviews substances from the group of polyphenols utilized or potentially useful in the production of dermocosmetics as well as current scientific reports on their bio logical activity.
Background
Recent research suggests that persimmon leaf extract (PLE) has an effect on inflammatory skin diseases. Previously, PLE is revealed to inhibit not only nitric oxide production but also inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression levels in mouse macrophages in vitro. Moreover, it significantly reduced IL‐6 production and 5α‐reductase expression in human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs). This study aimed to determine whether the PLE‐containing BLH308 complex improves hair growth in clinical trials.
Materials and Methods
A total of 88 participants were recruited, and were instructed to orally take BLH308 or the placebo twice a day for 24 weeks. The mean age of the test group was 38.52 ± 7.98 years and that of placebo group was 38.98 ± 8.80 years. The study was conducted for 24 weeks, and hair density, thickness, and gloss were evaluated. All participants completed a satisfaction survey questionnaire.
Results
The test group showed significantly increased hair density and hair diameter at week 24 compared with the placebo group ( p = 0.0015 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Although not statistically significant, the degree of gloss also showed higher improvement in the test group compared to the placebo group.
Conclusions
Our data demonstrated that oral consumption of the BLH308 complex containing PLE significantly increased hair density and thickness compared to the placebo group, showing its possible role in promoting hair growth.
Herbata chińska charakteryzuje się wysoką zawartością składników farmakologicznie i kosmetycznie czynnych (kofeina i szereg związków polifenoliwych). Stanowi składnik wielu nawilżających preparatów kosmetycznych. Celem badania była ocena wpływu maski do rąk z wodno-glicerynowym ekstraktem z Camelia sinesis (L.) O. Kuntze na wybrane cechy skóry. Z grupy 24 wolontariuszek (20,2 ±0,53 lat) wyłoniono grupę badaną (kosmetyk z ekstraktem roślinnym, n = 8), porównawczą (kosmetyk placebo, n = 8) i kontrolną (brak stosowania kosmetyku, n = 8). Łącznie badanie ukończyły 22 osoby. Badanie ankietowe dotyczące
subiektywnej oceny jakości skóry dłoni oraz pomiary cech skóry z zastosowaniem specjalistycznych sond (korneometr, pHmetr, tewametr, identometr) wykonano przed oraz po 3 dniach stosowania kosmetyku. Jedynie dla grupy placebo wykazano znamienne różnice poziomu nawilżenia (p = 0,005). Pokazuje to znaczenie bazy kosmetyku jako składnika wpływającego na nawilżenie. Dodatek ekstraktu niwelował ten efekt. Inne badane cechy skóry nie uległy zmianie. Oceniając wyniki oceny subiektywnej i obiektywnej poziomu nawilżenia skóry, uwidoczniono dodatnią korelację pomiędzy jej wynikami. Pozostałe cechy (pH, TEWL, elastyczność skóry) nie uwidoczniły znamiennych korelacji. Ekstrakt z zielonej herbaty wykorzystany w prostej formie kosmetycznej nie jest składnikiem poprawiającym nawilżenie. Jego dodatek do kosmetyku zamaskował wręcz działanie nawilżające składników bazy kosmetycznej, za co odpowiadają
najprawdopodobniej związki garbnikowe obecne w surowcu roślinnym. W krótkotrwałej obserwacji nie wpływa także na jej odczyn kwasowo-zasadowy, funkcje barierowe skóry i jej sztywność. W trakcie naboru ani w trakcie przeprowadzania badań żadna z uczestniczek nie miała żadnych działań niepożądanych wynikających ze stosowania badanego preparatu kosmetycznego.
Tea is the most popular beverage globally, with areas of Asia reporting the highest consumption per capita. In 2013, the global production of green tea was approx. 1.7 million tons, with a forecast to double in volume by 2023 [1]. Green tea, just like all types of tea, is made from the processed leaves of evergreen shrub Camellia sinensis. The leaves of Camellia sinensis undergo different withering and oxidation processes to attain varying levels of oxidation, resulting in different tea colors, namely green tea, white tea, yellow tea, oolong, pu-erh tea, and black tea [2]. Drinking tea has been considered a health-promoting habit since antiquity, and more than two-thirds of the world’s population consumes this beloved beverage, making it the second-most popular beverage next to water. However, most of the tea consumed in the world is black tea (78%), whereas green tea consumption comprises only 20% [3].
Introduction: Hair follicle regeneration and control of growth cycling is a small but growing field of study. Here we considered some of the more common in vitro and ex vivo hair follicle models that are available for examining follicle growth and cycling, epithelial-mesenchymal signaling, stem cell activity, and follicular neogenesis. Methods: Cited literature was selected using the Pubmed database and the associated MESH terms, or conference proceedings. Results: A variety of in vitro and ex vivo assay models have been developed over the last 35 years. In vitro research started with simple 2D culture of dermal papilla or dermal sheath cells, but this has now progressed to 3D single cell type aggregate cultures that more accurately reflect the gene and protein expression profiles of dermal papilla and dermal sheath cells in vivo. Combining hair follicle mesenchyme and epithelial cells together in 3D “organoid” cultures enables formation of rudimentary proto-hair follicles. More recently, 3D cultured skin equivalents incorporating hair follicle-like structures have been produced from adult cells as well as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Ex vivo models are focused on amputated or full-length hair follicles microdissected from scalp skin, follicular units, or whole scalp skin explant culture. Conclusions: Each of the culture systems described holds potential for modelling different aspects of hair follicle growth and regeneration. Potentially, several methods may also be used to provide cells or tissue constructs for treating hair loss. The advantages and limitations of each approach are explored in this review.
Objectives:
Camellia seed cake is a byproduct of Camellia oleifera Abel seed after oil extraction. Washing hair with Camellia seed cake extract is a traditional Chinese custom that has lasted for over one thousand years. However, the hair growth-promoting effects of Camellia seed cake extract were not investigated so far. This work examined the effects of de-saponinated Camellia seed cake extracts (DS-CSE) on hair growth, using in vitro and in vivo models.
Methods:
The studies on cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation and K+ channels activation effects of DS-CSE were performed on human dermal papilla cells (DPCs). Relative expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) in DPCs was determined by RT-PCR. Relative expression of ERK and AKT was determined by western blot analysis. Hair growth promoting effects was also measured in C57BL/6J mice model.
Results:
DS-CSE treatment significantly proliferated DPCs, relating to the increased proportion of DPCs in S and G2 /M phases, the activation of potassium channels as well as the promoted phosphorylation of ERK and AKT in DPCs. DS-CSE treatment also significantly upregulated the mRNA levels of HGF, VEGF and IGF-1, and downregulated the mRNA level of TGF-β1. Topical application of DS-CSE promoted hair growth on shaven back mice and also upregulated the expression of VEGF in mice.
Conclusion:
Our results demonstrated that DS-CSE exerts a hair growth promoting effect in vitro and in vivo by proliferating DPCs through the ERK and AKT signaling pathways and regulating the expression of growth factors.
Hair is a deeply rooted component of identity and culture. Recent articles in this series have focused on scientific evidence relating to hair growth and new insights into the pathogenesis and mechanism of hair loss. This article reviews emerging evidence that has advanced our understanding of hair growth in both of these areas to provide a context for outlining current and emerging therapies. These include finasteride, minoxidil, topical prostaglandins, natural supplements, microneedling, low-level laser light, platelet-rich plasma, fractional lasers, cellular therapy, Wnt activators and SFRP1 antagonism.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the synovial joints. RA has well-known clinical manifestations and can cause progressive disability and premature death along with socioeconomic burdens. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in the pathology of RA where it can stimulate pannus formation, osteoclastogenesis, and oxidative stress. Flavonoids are plant metabolites with beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and others. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in a variety of plants, vegetables, and fruits. Many flavonoids have demonstrated anti-arthritic activity mediated mainly through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review thoroughly discusses the accumulate data on the role of flavonoids on IL-6 in RA.
The primary aim of this study is to access the salient herbal plants with the active constituent of potentially anti-hair fall activities. It also presents the various reasons behind hair loss ailments. As part of this study, a focus is placed on active phytochemicals within these medicinal plants or natural products in terms of various hair fall disease treatments. As natural products have a beneficial effect to minimize hair loss and have promoted the potential for new hair growth, it presents the medicinal values of natural plants in reference to safety and effectiveness for health.
Background
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of non‐scarring alopecia in humans. Several studies have used different laboratory models to study the pathogenesis and interventions for AGA. These study models have proved beneficial and have led to the approval of two drugs. However, the need to build on existing knowledge remains by examining the relevance of study models to the disease.
Objective
We sought to appraise laboratory or pre‐clinical models of AGA.
Method
We searched through databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, World CAT, Scopus and Google Scholar) for articles on AGA‐related studies from 1942 to March 2019 with a focus on study models.
Results
The search rendered 101 studies after screening and deduplication. Several studies (70) used in vitro models, mostly consisting of two‐dimensional monolayer cells for experiments involving the characterization of androgen and 5‐alpha reductase (5AR) and inhibition thereof, the effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and biomarker(s) of AGA. Twenty‐seven studies used in vivo models of mice and monkeys to investigate DHT synthesis, the expression and inhibition of 5AR and hair growth. Only four studies used AGA‐related or healthy excisional/punch biopsy explants as ex vivo models to study the action of 5AR inhibitors and AGA‐associated genes. No study used three‐dimensional [3‐D] organoids or organotypic human skin culture models.
Conclusion
We recommend clinically relevant laboratory models like human or patient‐derived 3‐D organoids or organotypic skin in AGA‐related studies. These models are closer to human scalp tissue and minimize the use of laboratory animals and could ultimately facilitate novel therapeutics.
Since an important commercial interest lies in the nutritional value of various vitamin and amino acid supplements, an important question that arises is whether increasing the content of an already adequate diet with specific amino acids, vitamins, and/or trace elements may further promote hair growth and pigmentation. Pharmacy aisles and Internet drugstores are full of nutritional supplements promising full, thick, luscious hair for prices that range from suspiciously cheap to dishearteningly exorbitant. It would appear that unless hair loss is due to a specific nutritional deficiency, there is only so much that nutritional therapies can do to enhance hair growth and quality. However, there are internal and external factors, such as aging and environmental stressors, that influence hair health to such a degree that nutritional therapy may boost hair that is suffering from these problems. Protein is the main component of hair with the primary component of the hair fiber being keratin that is made from amino acids. The most abundant of these is cysteine which gives the hair fiber much of its strength through the linking of the sulfur in cysteine molecules of adjacent keratin proteins together in disulfide bonds. Meanwhile, the hair follicle exhibits a high rate of metabolism. As a group, B complex vitamins are important for metabolic functions and therefore required to utilize other nutrients like carbohydrates and amino acids: biotin (vitamin H), calcium pantothenate (B5), niacinamide (B3), folic acid, and vitamins B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) and B12 (cobalamin). Further insights into the role of oxidative stress could open additional strategies for interventions into age-dependent hair and pigmentation loss. Specifically, the body possesses endogenous defense mechanisms, such as antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and nonenzymatic antioxidative molecules (vitamins E and C, glutathione, ubiquinone), protecting it from free radicals. With age, the production of free radicals increases, while the endogenous defense mechanisms decrease. This imbalance leads to the progressive damage of cellular structures, ultimately resulting in the aging phenotype.
In Ayurveda medicine, Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (emblica) has been used as a hair nourisher for more than a decade by soaking it overnight, but no study has proved the effect of emblica on hair. This research aims to determine the effect of emblica solution on the tensile strength of three types of hair: virgin hair (VH), bleached hair (BH), and twice bleached hair (TH). The investigated active substances were deionized water (DI water) as a control, 3% emblica extract solution (3% EXS), 6% emblica extract solution (6% EXS), and 9% emblica extract solution (9% EXS). Black Virgin Asian hair was measured and analyzed before bleaching with a 12% bleaching agent once (BH) and twice (TH). Three treatments and the control were applied to each type of hair under a controlled condition. The tensile characteristics and surface morphology of all treated hairs were measured and analyzed by texture analysis (TA.XT Plus Texture Analyzer, Stable Micro Systems), Aramo (Aramo-SG Skin & Hair analysis system), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM model JSM-5410LV JEOL). The results of the nanoindentation test proved that the tensile strength and extensibility of all three types of hair increased in all concentrations (DI water, 3% EXS, 6% EXS, and 9% EXS). High magnification SEM images were taken from the cuticle surfaces and cross-sections. Emblica extracted solution (EXS) formed a coating around the hair, especially cuticle damaged by bleaching (BH and TH). The breaking pattern from the cross-section images showed that emblica extract solution reinforced all hair types. In conclusion, the emblica extract solution has a significant positive effect on the tensile strength and extensibility of VH, BH, and TH. The result has proved the ancient intelligence that the emblica nourishes the hair. In addition, our results show additional benefit by strengthening virgin hair and bleached hair.
en
Objective
The human scalp harbours a vast community of microbiotal mutualists. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), the most common form of hair loss in males, is a multifactorial condition involving genetic predisposition and hormonal changes. The role of microflora during hair loss remains to be understood. After having characterized the scalp microbiota of 12 healthy male subjects and 12 AGA male subjects (D0), the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the capacity of Lindera strychnifolia root extract (LsR) to restore a healthy bacterial and fungal scalp microflora after 83 days (D83) of treatment.
Material and methods
The strategy used was based on high‐throughput DNA sequencing targeting the encoding 16S ribosomal RNA for bacteria and Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 ribosomal DNA for fungi.
Results
Test analysis of relative abundance comparing healthy and AGA subjects showed a significant increase of Cutibacterim acnes (P < 0.05) and Stenotrophomonas geniculata (P < 0.01) in AGA subjects. AGA scalp condition was also associated with a significant (P < 0.05) decrease of Staphylococcus epidermidis relative abundance. A lower proportion of Malassezia genus in samples corresponding to AGA scalps and an increase of other bacterial genera (Wallemia, Eurotium) were also noted. At the species level, mean relative abundance of Malassezia restricta and Malassezia globosa were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the AGA group. Eighty‐three days of treatment induced a significant decrease in the relative abundance of C. acnes (P < 0.05) and S. geniculata (P < 0.01). S. epidermidis increased significantly (P < 0.05). At the same time, LsR treatment induced a significant increase in the proportion of M. restricta and M. globosa (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Data from sequencing profiling of the scalp microbiota strongly support a different microbial composition of scalp between control and AGA populations. Findings suggest that LsR extract may be a potential remedy for scalp microbiota re‐equilibrium.
Resume Francais
fr
Objectif
Le cuir chevelu humain abrite une vaste communauté microbienne. L'alopécie androgénétique (AGA), la forme la plus courante de perte de cheveux chez l'homme, est une pathologie multifactorielle impliquant une prédisposition génétique et des changements hormonaux. Le rôle de la microflore lors de la chute des cheveux reste à comprendre. Après avoir caractérisé le microbiote du cuir chevelu de 12 hommes sans alopecie et 12 hommes porteur d'une alopécie, (J0), l'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer la capacité de l'extrait de racine de Lindera strychnifolia (LsR) à restaurer une microflore bactérienne et fongique saine du cuir chevelu après 83 jours (D83) de traitement.
Matériel et méthodes
La stratégie utilisée était basée sur un séquençage d'ADN à haut débit ciblant l'ARN ribosomal 16S codant pour les bactéries et l'ADN ribosomal de l'espaceur transcrit interne 1 pour les champignons.
Résultats
Une augmentation significative de Cutibacterim acnes (P < 0,05) et Stenotrophomonas geniculata (P < 0,01) chez les sujets AGA a ete note a J0 comparativement aux sujets non alopecique. L'état du cuir chevelu AGA était également associé à une diminution significative (P < 0,05) de l'abondance relative de Staphylococcus epidermidis. Une plus faible proportion du genre Malassezia dans les échantillons correspondant aux cuirs chevelus AGA et une augmentation d'autres genres bactériens (Wallemia, Eurotium) ont également été notées. Au niveau des espèces, l'abondance relative moyenne de Malassezia restricta et Malassezia globosa était significativement plus faible (P < 0,05) dans le groupe AGA. Quatre‐vingt‐trois jours de traitement ont induit une diminution significative de l'abondance relative de C. acnes (P < 0,05) et S. geniculata (P < 0,01). S. epidermidis a augmenté de manière significative (P < 0,05). Dans le même temps, le traitement LsR a induit une augmentation significative de la proportion de M. restricta et M. globosa (P < 0,05).
Conclusion
Les données de séquençage soutiennent fortement une composition microbienne différente du cuir chevelu entre les populations témoin et AGA. Les résultats suggèrent que l'extrait de LsR peut être un remède potentiel pour le rééquilibre du microbiote du cuir chevelu.
A vast majority of the world’s population lacks access to essential medicines
and the provision of safe healthcare services. Medicinal plants and herbal
medicines can be applied for pharmacognosy, or the discovery of new drugs, or as an aid for plant physiology studies. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the search for new chemical entities and the expression of resistance of many drugs available in the market has led to a shift in paradigm towards medicinal research. Herbal treatments, the most popular form of folk medicine, may become an important way of increasing access to healthcare services.
Advanced Pharmacological Uses of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of drug discovery from natural sources that allow for the effective treatment of human health problems without any side effects, toxicity, or drug resistance.
Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as ethnobotany, therapeutic applications, and bioactive compounds, this book is ideally designed for pharmacologists, scientists, ethnobotanists, botanists, health researchers, professors, industry professionals, and health students in fields that include pharmaceutical drug development and discovery.
The primary aim of this study is to access the salient herbal plants with the active constituent of potentially anti-hair fall activities. It also presents the various reasons behind hair loss ailments. As part of this study, a focus is placed on active phytochemicals within these medicinal plants or natural products in terms of various hair fall disease treatments. As natural products have a beneficial effect to minimize hair loss and have promoted the potential for new hair growth, it presents the medicinal values of natural plants in reference to safety and effectiveness for health.
The Ras oncogene regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, transformation, and survival through multiple downstream
signals. Ras signals through its effector phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase to the Pak protein kinase (p65pak), but the steps from Ras to Pak remain to be elucidated. PI3 kinase can stimulate the small G protein, Rac, a direct activator
of Pak, as well as the Akt proto-oncogene, a serine-threonine protein kinase. We found that activated Akt stimulated Pak,
whereas a dominant negative Akt inhibited Ras activation of Pak in transfection assays. Akt stimulation of Pak was not inhibited
by dominant negative mutants of either Rac or Cdc42 suggesting that Akt activated Pak through a GTPase-independent mechanism.
We also developed a novel cell-free system to study Ras activation of Pak. In this system Ras activated Pak only in the presence
of a crude cell extract but failed to activate Pak when Akt was immunodepleted from the extract. Akt protects cells from apoptosis
through phosphorylation of downstream targets such as the Bcl-2 family member, Bad. We found that activated Pak decreased
apoptosis and increased phosphorylation of Bad, whereas dominant negative Pak increased apoptosis and decreased phosphorylation
of Bad. These studies define a new oncogene-mediated cell survival signal.
We report for the first time the successful maintenance and growth of human hair follicles in vitro. Human anagen hair follicles were isolated by microdissection from human scalp skin. Isolation of the hair follicles was achieved by cutting the follicle at the dermo-subcutaneous fat interface using a scalpel blade. Intact hair follicles were then removed from the fat using watchmakers’ forceps.
Isolated hair follicles maintained free-floating in supplemented Williams E medium in individual wells of 24-well multiwell plates showed a significant increase in length over 4 days. The increase in length was seen to be attributed to the production of a keratinised hair shaft, and was not associated with the loss of hair follicle morphology. [methyl-3H]thymidine autoradiography confirmed that in vitro the in vivo pattern of DNA synthesis was maintained; furthermore, [35S]methionine labelling of keratins showed that their patterns of synthesis did not change with maintenance.
The importance of this model to hair follicle biology is further demonstrated by the observations that TGF-βl has a negative growth-regulatory effect on hair follicles in vitro and that EGF mimics the in vivo depilatory effects that have been reported in sheep and mice.
The Ras oncogene regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, transformation, and survival through multiple downstream signals. Ras signals through its effector phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase to the Pak protein kinase (p65(pak)), but the steps from Ras to Pak remain to be elucidated. PI3 kinase can stimulate the small G protein, Rac, a direct activator of Pak, as well as the Akt proto-oncogene, a serine-threonine protein kinase. We found that activated Akt stimulated Pak, whereas a dominant negative Akt inhibited Ras activation of Pak in transfection assays. Akt stimulation of Pak was not inhibited by dominant negative mutants of either Rac or Cdc42 suggesting that Akt activated Pak through a GTPase-independent mechanism. We also developed a novel cell-free system to study Ras activation of Pak. In this system Ras activated Pak only in the presence of a crude cell extract but failed to activate Pak when Akt was immunodepleted from the extract. Akt protects cells from apoptosis through phosphorylation of downstream targets such as the Bcl-2 family member, Bad. We found that activated Pak decreased apoptosis and increased phosphorylation of Bad, whereas dominant negative Pak increased apoptosis and decreased phosphorylation of Bad. These studies define a new oncogene-mediated cell survival signal.
Nearly 50 years ago, Chase published a review of hair cycling in which he detailed hair growth in the mouse and integrated hair biology with the biology of his day. In this review we have used Chase as our model and tried to put the adult hair follicle growth cycle in perspective. We have tried to sketch the adult hair follicle cycle, as we know it today and what needs to be known. Above all, we hope that this work will serve as an introduction to basic biologists who are looking for a defined biological system that illustrates many of the challenges of modern biology: cell differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, stem cell biology, pattern formation, apoptosis, cell and organ growth cycles, and pigmentation. The most important theme in studying the cycling hair follicle is that the follicle is a regenerating system. By traversing the phases of the cycle (growth, regression, resting, shedding, then growth again), the follicle demonstrates the unusual ability to completely regenerate itself. The basis for this regeneration rests in the unique follicular epithelial and mesenchymal components and their interactions. Recently, some of the molecular signals making up these interactions have been defined. They involve gene families also found in other regenerating systems such as fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt pathway, Sonic hedgehog, neurotrophins, and homeobox. For the immediate future, our challenge is to define the molecular basis for hair follicle growth control, to regenerate a mature hair follicle in vitro from defined populations, and to offer real solutions to our patients' problems.
Plant extracts have been widely used as topical applications for wound-healing, anti-aging, and disease treatments. Examples of these include ginkgo biloba, echinacea, ginseng, grape seed, green tea, lemon, lavender, rosemary, thuja, sarsaparilla, soy, prickly pear, sagebrush, jojoba, aloe vera, allantoin, feverwort, bloodroot, apache plume, and papaya. These plants share a common character: they all produce flavonoid compounds with phenolic structures. These phytochemicals are highly reactive with other compounds, such as reactive oxygen species and biologic macromolecules, to neutralize free radicals or initiate biological effects. A short list of phenolic phytochemicals with promising properties to benefit human health includes a group of polyphenol compounds, called catechins, found in green tea. This article summarizes the findings of studies using green tea polyphenols as chemopreventive, natural healing, and anti-aging agents for human skin, and discusses possible mechanisms of action.
Apoptosis plays an important role during neuronal development, and defects in apoptosis may underlie various neurodegenerative
disorders. To characterize molecular mechanisms that regulate neuronal apoptosis, the contributions to cell death of mitogen-activated
protein (MAP) kinase family members, including ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-JUN NH2-terminal protein kinase), and p38, were examined after withdrawal of nerve growth factor (NGF) from rat PC-12 pheochromocytoma
cells. NGF withdrawal led to sustained activation of the JNK and p38 enzymes and inhibition of ERKs. The effects of dominant-interfering
or constitutively activated forms of various components of the JNK-p38 and ERK signaling pathways demonstrated that activation
of JNK and p38 and concurrent inhibition of ERK are critical for induction of apoptosis in these cells. Therefore, the dynamic
balance between growth factor-activated ERK and stress-activated JNK-p38 pathways may be important in determining whether
a cell survives or undergoes apoptosis.
AKT1 (c-AKT, PKBα) is the cellular homolog of the protein-serine/threonine kinase oncogene, v-akt. AKT1 is activated through the insulin and platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathways in transfected fibroblasts, but little is known about the regulation of endogenous AKT1 in tumor cells. AKT1 levels were higher in a panel of human breast carcinoma cell lines than in breast epithelial cells, particularly those with higher HER2 expression. AKT1 activity was increased by either estradiol or IGF-I in estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells, and both factors acted synergistically to increase AKT1 activity and promote cell proliferation. Stimulation of AKT1 activity by estradiol and IGF-I was blocked by the antiestrogen ICI 182780 and by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. MCF-7 cells transfected with AKT1 exhibited partial estrogen- and IGF-I-independent growth and were more responsive to the combination of IGF-I and estradiol. AKT1-overexpressing MCF-7 cells were less sensitive to apoptosis induced by wortmannin. These findings suggest that AKT1 is a downstream effector of estrogen- and IGF-I-dependent proliferation and survival in hormone-responsive MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells.
Dermal papillae were isolated from human hair follicles and primary cell cultures were established from the papilla explants. The cultured papilla cells spread slowly, initially as a monolayer, and eventually formed multi-layered parallel arrays of fibroblast-like cells. At the edges of expanding colonies the cells were large and flattened and showed a tendency to form clumps. The behaviour of human dermal papilla cells in culture is very similar to that reported in cultures of papilla cells from rat vibrissa follicles.
A tetrazolium salt has been used to develop a quantitative colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and proliferation. The assay detects living, but not dead cells and the signal generated is dependent on the degree of activation of the cells. This method can therefore be used to measure cytotoxicity, proliferation or activation. The results can be read on a multiwell scanning spectrophotometer (ELISA reader) and show a high degree of precision. No washing steps are used in the assay. The main advantages of the colorimetric assay are its rapidity and precision, and the lack of any radioisotope. We have used the assay to measure proliferative lymphokines, mitogen stimulations and complement-mediated lysis.
Nearly all cell surface receptors utilize one or more of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in their repertoire of signal transduction mechanisms. Recent advances in the study of such cascades include the cloning of genes encoding novel members of the cascades, further definition of the roles of the cascades in responses to extracellular signals, and examination of cross-talk between different cascades.
REVIEW
Bcl-2 and related cytoplasmic proteins are key regulators of apoptosis, the cell suicide program critical for development,
tissue homeostasis, and protection against pathogens. Those most similar to Bcl-2 promote cell survival by inhibiting adapters
needed for activation of the proteases (caspases) that dismantle the cell. More distant relatives instead promote apoptosis,
apparently through mechanisms that include displacing the adapters from the pro-survival proteins. Thus, for many but not
all apoptotic signals, the balance between these competing activities determines cell fate. Bcl-2 family members are essential
for maintenance of major organ systems, and mutations affecting them are implicated in cancer.
The enzyme steroid 5 alpha-reductase (EC 1.3.99.5) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of the double bond of a variety of 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroids including the conversion of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. In humans, 5 alpha-reductase activity is critical for certain aspects of male sexual differentiation, and may be involved in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia, alopecia, hirsutism, and prostate cancer. Certain natural products contain components that are inhibitors of 5 alpha-reductase, such as the green tea catechin (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). EGCG shows potent inhibition in cell-free but not in whole-cell assays of 5 alpha-reductase. Replacement of the gallate ester in EGCG with long-chain fatty acids produced potent 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors that were active in both cell-free and whole-cell assay systems. Other flavonoids that were potent inhibitors of the type 1 5alpha-reductase include myricetin, quercitin, baicalein, and fisetin. Biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol were much better inhibitors of the type 2 than the type 1 isozyme. Several other natural and synthetic polyphenolic compounds were more effective inhibitors of the type 1 than the type 2 isozyme, including alizarin, anthrarobin, gossypol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, and octyl and dodecyl gallates. The presence of a catechol group was characteristic of almost all inhibitors that showed selectivity for the type 1 isozyme of 5 alpha-reductase. Since some of these compounds are consumed as part of the normal diet or in supplements, they have the potential to inhibit 5 alpha-reductase activity, which may be useful for the prevention or treatment of androgen-dependent disorders. However, these compounds also may adversely affect male sexual differentiation.
The effect of the green tea polyphenol-(-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was tested in cultures of normal and transformed NIH-pATM ras fibroblasts. In this system transformation can be induced at will by the addition of dexamethasone, which induces the expression of H- ras by activating the mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV-LTR) promoter. This facilitates a reliable comparison of the susceptibility of normal and transformed cells to EGCG. It has been shown that EGCG inhibited the growth of transformed but not of the normal fibroblasts. In an attempt to elucidate the mode of the preferential inhibitory activity of EGCG, its effect on growth promoting factors has been examined. The level of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17), which is a signal for cellular proliferation, was reduced by EGCG in the transformed but not in the normal cells. EGCG also showed strong inhibition of tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities, without affecting the kinases in the normal cells. Similarly, EGCG also preferentially decreased the levels of the oncogenes Ras and Jun in transformed cell. EGCG preferentially induced apoptosis in the transformed fibroblasts. In vitro chemosensitivity tests demonstrated that EGCG inhibited the proliferation of leukemic cells. These findings suggest that EGCG has a therapeutic potential in the combat against cancer.
We attempted to establish a coculture model of human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) from androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and keratinocytes (KCs) to study the pathomechanism of AGA. Since expression of mRNA for the androgen receptor (AR) decreased during subcultivation of DPCs in vitro, we transiently transfected the AR expression vector into the DPCs and cocultured them with KCs. In this coculture, androgen inhibited the growth of KCs by 50%, indicating that the DPCs produce diffusible growth suppressive factors into the medium in an androgen-dependent manner. Since recently increasing evidence has shown the importance of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in hair growth, we further examined the concentration of TGF-beta1 in this coculture medium after androgen treatment by ELISA assays. The results showed that androgen treatment increased the secretion of TGF-beta1 into the conditioned medium. Moreover, neutralizing anti-TGF-beta1 antibody reversed the inhibition of KC proliferation. Thus, we suggest that androgen-inducible TGF-beta1 derived from DPCs mediates hair growth suppression in AGA.
Beneficial effects attributed to green tea, such as its anticancer and antioxidant properties, may be mediated by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). In this study, the effects of EGCG on cell proliferation and UV-induced apoptosis were investigated in normal epidermal keratinocytes. When topically applied to aged human skin, EGCG stimulated the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes, which increased the epidermal thickness. In addition, this topical application also inhibited the UV-induced apoptosis of epidermal keratinocytes. EGCG was found to increase the phosphorylation of Bad protein at the Ser112 and Ser136. Moreover, EGCG-induced Erk phosphorylation was found to be critical for the phosphorylation of Ser112 in Bad protein, and the EGCG-induced activation of the Akt pathway was found to be involved in the phosphorylation of Ser136. Furthermore, EGCG increased Bcl-2 expression but decreased Bax expression, causing an increase in the Bcl-2-to-Bax ratio. In addition, we demonstrate the differential growth inhibitory effects of EGCG on cancer cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that EGCG promotes keratinocyte survival and inhibits the UV-induced apoptosis via two mechanisms: by phosphorylating Ser112 and Ser136 of Bad protein through Erk and Akt pathways, respectively, and by increasing the Bcl-2-to-Bax ratio. Moreover, these two proposed mechanisms of EGCG-induced cell proliferation may differ kinetically to promote keratinocyte survival.
The most abundant green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), was found to induce differential effects between tumor cells and normal cells. Nevertheless, how normal epithelial cells respond to the polyphenol at concentrations for which tumor cells undergo apoptosis is undefined. The current study tested exponentially growing and aged primary human epidermal keratinocytes in response to EGCG or a mixture of the four major green tea polyphenols. EGCG elicited cell differentiation with associated induction of p57/KIP2 within 24 h in growing keratinocytes, measured by the expression of keratin 1, filaggrin, and transglutaminase activity. Aged keratinocytes, which exhibited low basal cellular activities after culturing in growth medium for up to 25 days, renewed DNA synthesis and activated succinate dehydrogenase up to 37-fold upon exposure to either EGCG or the polyphenols. These results suggest that tea polyphenols may be used for treatment of wounds or certain skin conditions characterized by altered cellular activities or metabolism.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways
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