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Influence of vibration on delayed onset of muscle soreness following eccentric exercise * COMMENTARY

Authors:
  • Semnan University of Medical Sciences
  • Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

Abstract and Figures

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), which may occur after eccentric exercise, may cause some reduction in ability in sport activities. For this reason, several studies have been designed on preventing and controlling DOMS. As vibration training (VT) may improve muscle performance, we designed this study to investigate the effect of VT on controlling and preventing DOMS after eccentric exercise. Fifty healthy non-athletic volunteers were assigned randomly into two experimental, VT (n = 25) and non-VT (n = 25) groups. A vibrator was used to apply 50 Hz vibration on the left and right quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscles for 1 min in the VT group, while no vibration was applied in the non-VT group. Then, both groups walked downhill on a 10 degrees declined treadmill at a speed of 4 km/hour. The measurements included the isometric maximum voluntary contraction force (IMVC) of left and right quadriceps muscles, pressure pain threshold (PPT) 5, 10 and 15 cm above the patella and mid-line of the calf muscles of both lower limbs before and the day after treadmill walking. After 24 hours, the serum levels of creatine-kinase (CK), and DOMS level by visual analogue scale were measured. The results showed decreased IMVC force (P = 0.006), reduced PPT (P = 0.0001) and significantly increased mean of DOMS and CK levels in the non-VT group, compared to the VT group (P = 0.001). A comparison by experimental groups indicates that VT before eccentric exercise may prevent and control DOMS. Further studies should be undertaken to ascertain the stability and effectiveness of VT in athletics.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Influence of vibration on delayed onset of muscle soreness
following eccentric exercise
Amir H Bakhtiary, Ziaeddin Safavi-Farokhi, Atefeh Aminian-Far
...................................................................................................................................
See end of article for
authors’ affiliations
........................
Correspondence to:
Amir H Bakhtiary,
Physiotherapy Department,
Rehabilitation Faculty,
Semnan University of
Medical Sciences, Km 5
Road to Damghan, Semnan,
Iran; amir822@yahoo.com
Received20 September2006
Revised 20 September 2006
Accepted 8 November 2006
Published Online First
29 November 2006
........................
Br J Sports Med 2007;41:145–148. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.031278
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), which may occur after eccentric exercise, may cause some reduction
in ability in sport activities. For this reason, several studies have been designed on preventing and controlling
DOMS. As vibration training (VT) may improve muscle performance, we designed this study to investigate the
effect of VT on controlling and preventing DOMS after eccentric exercise.
Methods: Fifty healthy non-athletic volunteers were assigned randomly into two experimental, VT (n = 25) and
non-VT (n = 25) groups. A vibrator was used to apply 50 Hz vibration on the left and right quadriceps,
hamstring and calf muscles for 1 min in the VT group, while no vibration was applied in the non-VT group.
Then, both groups walked downhill on a 10
˚
declined treadmill at a speed of 4 km/hour. The measurements
included the isometric maximum voluntary contraction force (IMVC) of left and right quadriceps muscles,
pressure pain threshold (PPT) 5, 10 and 15 cm above the patella and mid-line of the calf muscles of both
lower limbs before and the day after treadmill walking. After 24 hours, the serum levels of creatine-kinase
(CK), and DOMS level by visual analogue scale were measured.
Results: The results showed decreased IMVC force (P = 0.006), reduced PPT (P = 0.0001) and significantly
increased mean of DOMS and CK levels in the non-VT group, compared to the VT group (P = 0.001).
Conclusion: A comparison by experimental groups indicates that VT before eccentric exercise may prevent
and control DOMS. Further studies should be undertaken to ascertain the stability and effectiveness of VT in
athletics.
T
he first detailed description of delayed onset muscle soreness
(DOMS) was given by Hough in 1902.
1
DOMS is often
precipitated predominantly by eccentric exercise, such as
downhill running, plyometrics and resistance training. It has been
explained
23
that the injury itself is a result of eccentric exercise
causing damage to the muscle cell membrane, which sets off an
inflammatory response. In other words, shocking the muscles
during the eccentric range of motion is probably the leading factor
in producing DOMS. It has been claimed that the type of force
development during eccentric exercise may cause sarcoma
disruption and consequently an inflammatory response within
the muscle.
4–6
DOMS is typically experienced by all individuals
regardless of fitness level, and is a normal physiological response
to increased exertion and the introduction of unfamiliar physical
activities.
7
The pain and discomfort associated with DOMS
typically peaks 24–48 hours after an exercise bout, and resolves
within 96 hours.
8
Generally, an increased perception of soreness
occurs with greater intensity and a higher degree of unfamiliar
activities.
9
Other factors that play a role in DOMS are muscle
stiffness, contraction velocity, fatigue, and angle of contraction.
2
Due to the sensation of pain and discomfort, which can impair
physical training and performance, prevention and treatment of
DOMS is of great concern to coaches, trainers and therapists.
10
Although DOMS is experienced widely, science has not estab-
lished a sound and consistent treatment for it.
Recent research has shown that vibration training (VT) may
improve muscle performance.
11 12
By considering this mechan-
ism, we designed this study to find out if VT before eccentric
exercise may prevent DOMS by improving muscular strength
and power development strategy,
13–17
improving kinesthetic
awareness,
18
and providing insights into the effects of fati-
gue,
19 20
within the vibrated muscles.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was approved by the ethical committee of Semnan
University of Medical Sciences. Fifty healthy non-athletic
volunteers (25 females, mean (SD) age 21.1 (0.2) years and
25 males mean (SD) age 20.1 (0.5) years) were assigned
randomly into two experimental, VT and non-VT groups.
Exclusion criteria included a history of cardiac and neuromus-
cular diseases, undertaking severe sport activity or having
received an intramuscular injection during the last week.
A computer generated randomisation list was drawn up by
the statistician for each group. It was given to the physiother-
apy department in sealed numbered envelopes. When the
subjects qualified to enter the study and had signed their
informed consent forms, the appropriate numbered envelope
was opened at the reception; the card inside indicated the
subject’s allocation to one of the VT or non-VT groups. This
information was then given to the physiotherapist to admin-
ister the appropriate intervention.
Intervention
Both experimental groups walked downhill on a 10
˚
declined
treadmill at a speed of 4 km per hour for 30 min. In the VT
group, a 50 Hz vibrator apparatus (model VR-7N, ITO, Tokyo,
Japan) was used to apply vibration on the middle line of each of
the left and right quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscles for 1
min before downhill treadmill walking, while the subjects in
the non-VT group did not receive any vibration before downhill
treadmill walking.
Measurements
Measurements were performed before and 24 h after treadmill
walking and included isometric maximum voluntary contrac-
tion. The IMVC force of the left and right quadriceps muscles in
100
˚
of knee flexion was measured in the sitting position. The
subject was asked to sit on a back-supported quadriceps table
and a load cell was connected to the distal end of her/his leg by
means of a tight sling. The output of the load cell was
connected to a digital monitor so it was possible to record and
save the maximum tension on the load cell. After bringing to
145
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zero the output of the load cell, the subject was encouraged to
perform IMVC by pulling the sling tight as hard as she/he could,
three times, with 30-second intervals between each pull. The
best attempt was recorded and considered as the quadriceps
IMVC force in newtons.
Pressure pain threshold (PPT) on the 5, 10 and 15 cm above
the left and right patellae and also on the middle line of calf
muscles was measured by a 20 ml syringe with a spring inside
which was scaled from 0 to 10. The rounded tip of syringe was
placed at the above points in a vertical position and the piston
was pressed down. The subject was asked to announce any
unpleasant sensation (pain), and then the indicating number
on the syringe was recorded as the PPT.
The level of muscle soreness was evaluated by mean of a
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The day after treadmill walking,
the subject was asked to indicate her/his feel of the level of
muscle soreness in each lower limb along a 10 cm line ranging
from 0 (‘‘no muscle soreness at all’’) to 10 (‘‘the most severe
muscle soreness that I can imagine).
The serum level of creatine kinase (CK) was measured
24 hours after treadmill walking by taking 3 cc blood samples
from the brachial artery in the front of the elbow and then the
level of CK enzyme was measured in the laboratory.
Statistics
To compare the possible effect of VT on DOMS, an intention to
treat analysis was used which involved all subjects who were
randomly assigned to their group. Student’s t tests were used to
compare the mean changes in the IMVC force, PPT values and
the mean of CK level and muscle soreness between the
experimental groups.
RESULTS
Fifty healthy subjects were randomly assigned into two
experimental VT (n = 25, 12 male and 13 female) and non-VT
(n = 25, 13 male and 12 female,) groups and the study was
then completed. The mean age was 20.6 (1.9) years (mean
(SD)) for the VT group, and 20.6 (2.1) years (mean (SD)) for
non-VT group, without any significant differences between the
two groups.
Isometric maximum voluntary contraction force
A comparison of the mean change in the IMVC force in the
right quadriceps showed a significantly higher decrease
(P = 0.001) in the non-VT group (239.6 (46.6) years, mean
(SD)) compared with the VT group (37.2 (100.1) years, mean
(SD)). This reduction was also seen in the left quadriceps (non-
VT group 216.5 (77.6) years vs VT group 56.8 (100.9) years,
P = 0.006), fig 1.
Pain pressure threshold
Table 1 shows the mean changes in PPT at 5, 10 and 15 cm
above the right and left patella. Comparison of these values
from non-VT and VT groups showed significant reduction of
PPT in the non-VT group (P = 0.0001). The same significant
reduction (P = 0.0001) of PPT was seen in the calf muscles of
the non-VT group (right 21.1 (1.3) and left 21.3 (1.4))
compared with the VT group (right 0.4 (0.8) and left 0.4 (1.2)).
Level of muscle soreness
The comparison of mean level of muscle soreness recorded the
day after treadmill walking showed higher soreness in the non-
VT group (right 2.3 (1.9) and left 2.3 (2.1)) vs VT group (right
0.4 (1.1) and left 0.5 (1.1)). These differences were significant
in both lower limbs (P = 0.0001), fig 2.
Level of CK enzyme
The higher mean of the CK enzyme was found in the non-VT
group (195.2 (109.2)) compared with the VT group (116.1
(27.8)) which was statistically significant (P = 0.001), fig 3.
Figure 1 Mean change of maximum isometric voluntary contraction force
of quadriceps.
Table 1 Mean changes in the pain pressure threshold of the right and left quadricepsat5,10
and 15 cm above the patella
5 cm above patella 10 cm above patella 15 cm above patella
Right
mean (SD)
Left
mean (SD)
Right
mean (SD)
Left
mean (SD)
Right
mean(SD)
Left
mean (SD)
VT group 0.3 (1.5) 0.4 (1.1) 0.5 (1.3) 0.1 (1.1) 0.5 (0.8) 0.3 (0.7)
Non-VT
group
21.8 (1.3) 21.6 (1.4) 21.3 (1.0) 21.2 (1.1) 21.3 (0.9) 21.1 (1.1)
p Value 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
Figure 2 Mean change of delayed onset muscle soreness at 24 h after
eccentric exercises.
146 Bakhtiary, Safavi-Farokhi, Aminian-Far
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DISCUSSION
Delayed onset muscle soreness and reduced muscle strength
after eccentric exercise
521
may decrease functional activities in
athletics.
722
Because of this, different methods have been
investigated and recommended to prevent these symptoms.
2
This study was designed to find the possible effects of VT to
control and prevent DOMS after eccentric exercise.
A previous study showed muscle strength reduction after
eccentric activities,
9
while our findings showed no muscle
strength reduction in the IMVC force of quadriceps in the VT
group, which may be due to the establishment of optimum
neuromuscular function in the quadriceps muscles by applying
VT. This has been reported by other researchers,
12 15
who
showed better muscle performance after vibratory stimulation.
Thompson and Belanger (2002) also showed that VT may
increase muscle spindle activities and establish motor unit
activity synchronisation that may optimise neuromuscular
function.
23
By contrast, it has been shown that muscle spindle
stimulation by vibration may increase the afferent activities of
muscle spindles which may increase background tension in the
vibrated muscles.
24 25
This increased background tension and
motor unit activity synchronisation in the vibrated muscle may
prevent sarcoma disruption or damage to excitation–contrac-
tion coupling, which may happen due to tension development
during eccentric exercise.
4
Therefore, this optimised muscle
performance may control and prevent muscle damage and so
reduce DOMS. This reduction in DOMS was seen in our study,
as we found increased PPT in the right and left quadriceps and
calf muscles, lower muscle soreness, and lower levels of CK
enzyme in the VT group compared with the non-VT group.
The CK enzyme has been defined as an index for muscle
damage and its level will be increased within 24 to 48 hours
after eccentric activities,
522
which is a sign of eccentric muscle
damage. However this increase was seen only in the non-VT
group, and not in the VT group. In fact, the lower CK level in
the VT group may indicate lower muscle damage in this group,
while the non-VT group showed a higher CK level and so higher
muscle damage, which was accompanied by higher muscle
soreness.
These findings may indicate that vibration training before
eccentric exercise may help the muscles to build up a
background tension and optimal neuromuscular activity to
overcome the increased passive tension within the exercised
muscles during eccentric activities. Thus, vibration training
could be used before eccentric activities to control and prevent
delayed onset muscle soreness and it might be a useful method
for athletes to prevent any DOMS in their sports activities.
CONCLUSION
DOMS is a major complication faced by athletes after eccentric
activities, which may compel them to postpone their sports
activities, thus prevention and treatment of DOMS is of great
concern to coaches, trainers, and therapists. In this study, we
investigated the effect of vibration on muscle before downhill
treadmill walking and our results showed that applying
vibration before eccentric activities may prevent DOMS and
so it may help non-athletic people to follow and complete their
sport activities without any delay. Further studies are needed to
investigate these results to find the possible application in
athletics.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported financially by the Semnan University of
Medical Sciences. We thank the physiotherapists Miss Gafari and Ranj-
Keshande and all the people in the Rehabilitation Clinic of the Semnan
Rehabilitation Facility who help us complete this study.
Authors’ affiliations
.......................
Amir H Bakhtiary, Physiotherapy Department, Rehabilitation Faculty,
Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Km 5 Road to Damghan, Semnan,
Iran
Ziaeddin Safavi-Farokhi, Atefeh Aminian-Far, Rehabilitation Faculty,
Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
Competing interests: None declared
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Figure 3 Mean serum level of creatine kinase enzyme at 24 h after
eccentric exercise.
What is already known on this topic?
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is one of the
complications that has been most reported by athletes after
severe exercise. Several methods have been applied to prevent
DOMS but it is still a matter of recent study. By contrast,
vibration training (VT) has been used recently as a useful
method to increase muscle performance. By considering these
findings, we propose that applying VT before eccentric exercise
may improve muscle performance and thus prevent DOMS.
What this study adds?
Our findings show that VT may improve muscle performance
and thus prevent DOMS by prevention of sarcoma disruption,
which is caused by high tension development during eccentric
exercises.
Influence of vibration on delayed onset of muscle soreness following eccentric exercise 147
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13 Johnston RM, Bishop B, Coffey GH. Mechanical vibration of skeletal muscles.
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...............
COMMENTARY
...............
This study investigated the effect of vibration training on
preventing and controlling delayed onset of muscle soreness.
The author has measured the isometric force of knee extensor
muscles, pain threshold pressure, delayed onset of muscle
soreness (DOMS) level and creatine kinase enzyme to compare
two experimental and control groups. The results showed lower
values of isometric force and pain pressure threshold and
higher values of DOMS level and creatine kinase enzyme in a
non-vibration training group (control group). The authors
suggest that the use of vibration training before eccentric
exercise can prevent and control DOMS. The authors base their
study on the observation that in previous studies, the use of
vibration training would establish an optimum neuromuscular
function in the quadriceps muscle via muscle spindle stimula-
tion. They stated that this function of vibration may prevent
sarcoma disruptions of the muscle. In fact, this is the major
point of this study, by which one can prevent a major
complication of athletes after eccentric muscle contraction.
Asghar Rezasoltani
Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tehran,
Islamic Republic of Iran; arezasoltani@yahoo.com
ECHO.......................................................................................................................
Cognition is best yardstick of fitness after concussion
Please visit the
British Journal
of Sports
Medicine
website [www.
bjsportmed.
com] for a link
to the full text
of this article.
C
oncussed athletes must wait until cognitive function returns to normal before resuming
their sport, researchers are urging, after prospectively comparing performance of
Australian rules footballers with and without symptoms days after their initial injury.
Waiting until symptoms resolve, as currently recommended, is not enough, they say.
Footballers showed significantly reduced performance in motor function and divided
attention on computerised tests if they still had even minimal symptoms at the time of testing.
Performance dipped only for divided attention if the footballers had no symptoms; their
cognitive function equalled that at baseline and that of uninjured control players. On pencil and
paper neuropsychological tests footballers with symptoms performed as well as at baseline but
did not show the significant improvements evident in those without symptoms and the controls.
Footballers with symptoms took longer to return to sport, and it seemed that symptoms at
injury, symptom resolution, cognitive performance, and time before resuming training and
competition may turn out to be interrelated.
The prospective study was performed on 615 footballers, all of whom completed cognitive and
neuropsychological tests at the start to the season. Those footballers concussed during the
season, 25 with symptoms and 36 without, were retested up to 11 days after their injury, and the
controls were tested at the end of the season.
This study is one of the few to test the assumption that lack of symptoms after concussion
indicates a return to full mental fitness and cognitive functioning.
m Collie A, et al. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2006;77:241245.
148 Bakhtiary, Safavi-Farokhi, Aminian-Far
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... This finding is in agreement with those of previous studies that massage or vibration (Imtiyaz et al., 2014) and rolling (West who revealed that vibration (50 Hz) and massage interventions before eccentric exercises resulted in less muscle damage and, thus, lower levels of CK in the blood compared with a control intervention (Imtiyaz et al., 2014). Another study revealed that vibration treatment (50 Hz) applied to the left and right quadriceps, hamstrings, and calf muscles before a downhill treadmill walk resulted in significantly lower levels of CK compared with nonvibration treatment (Bakhtiary, Safavi-Farokhi, & Aminian-Far, 2007). The aforementioned protective effects can be attributed to several mechanisms, including neural, mechanical, and cellular adaptations (Imtiyaz et al., 2014;McHugh, 2003). ...
... This reduction in DOMS was also observed in our study. Bakhtiary et al. (2007) proposed that the pressure from VFR may increase the PPT. Furthermore, the pressure from VFR may overload skin receptors, reducing pain perception (Wiewelhove et al., 2019). ...
... Other studies have reported a reduction in muscle strength and ROM following eccentric activities (Chen et al., 2011;West et al., 2020), although our findings demonstrate no such reduction in the VFR group. Vibration may stimulate the muscle spindles and increase their afferent activities, leading to increased intramuscular tension and motor unit activity synchronization (Ren et al., 2004;Shinohara et al., 2005); this could lead to increased force production and optimum neuromuscular function (Bakhtiary et al., 2007). A distribution of contractile stress over numerous active fibers can reduce damage to muscles (Aminian-Far et al., 2011). ...
Article
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether adding a set of vibrating foam rollers (VFR) to a regular running‐based warm‐up before a bout of multidirectional repeated sprints provides protective effects against the sprinting‐induced muscle damage. Twenty‐four elite college handball and rugby players participated in this study. After the familiarization visit, the subjects were randomly divided into either the vibration rolling (VFR) or the general warm‐up (GW) group. Before (pretest), post‐24, 48, and 72 h after the muscle‐damaging protocol (15 sets of 30‐m maximal multi directional repeated sprints), plasma creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness, hip flexion passive range of motion (ROM), isometric strength, and hexagon agility was measured. After the VFR, the CK and DOMS were significantly less than GW (p < 0.05). In addition, when compared with the GW, the hamstring isometric strength, hexagon agility, and 0–10 m and 0–30‐m sprint performances showed faster recovery for the VFR (p < 0.05). The VFR protocol had protective effect on multidirectional repeated sprinting‐induced muscle damage markers than GW protocol. Therefore, preconditioning warm‐up activities using VFR can be integrated into a traditional sport‐specific warm‐up protocol for elite athletes before competitions/training may take advantage of this strategy to facilitate muscle recovery.
... Sixteen articles were finally included in the meta-analysis based on inclusion criteria. The literature screening process and results are shown in Figure 1 and Table 2. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] ...
... Twelve of the included studies [25][26][27][28][29][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]40,41] evaluated the effect of VT on subjective pain in DOMS using the pain VAS score in a total of 317 subjects. Statistical heterogeneity was detected (χ 2 = 310.77, ...
... Three published systematic reviews [19][20][21] were analyzed, as shown in Table 3. To address previous shortcomings, [38,49,50] we include 16 studies written in Chinese or English literature for analysis. Our findings revealed that after performing VT intervention in DOMS, VAS and CK and LDH concentrations decreased significantly relative to controls, and PPT increased significantly, but there was no significant improvement in knee mobility. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused by unaccustomed exercise, especially eccentric exercise, and is highly likely to cause skeletal muscle injury. It mainly manifests as ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle, as well as decreased muscle strength, muscle soreness, swelling, and elevated levels of creatine kinase (CK). Vibration training (VT) has been attracting increasing attention as a new type of rehabilitation therapy. It can effectively minimize the occurrence and relieve the symptoms of DOMS, reduce muscle stiffness and soreness, and reduce serum concentrations of CK and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This article systematically assessed the impact of VT on the mitigation of DOMS through a meta-analysis to provide updated evidence-based information. Methods: Electronic databases such as China Knowledge Network, VIP Electronics, PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science were searched to identify randomized controlled trials of VT on DOMS. Searches were performed from database creation to November 2021. The quality of the literature was assessed using the Cochrane Manual for the Systematic Review of Interventions, and meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Results: VT intervention in DOMS was shown to effectively reduce subjective pain, improve pain tolerance, and accelerate the reduction of serum CK and LDH concentrations. Subgroup analysis of different test time periods showed that subjective pain decreased more significantly after 48 hours than after the other 2 time periods, and pain tolerance increased more significantly after 72 hours than the other 2 time periods; serum CK was significantly increased after 24 and 48 hours of intervention, but showed no significant change compared with the control group after 72 hours. Serum LDH decreased significantly after 24 hours of intervention, but there was no significant difference compared with the control group after 48 hours or 72 hours. Conclusion: VT effectively reduced the subjective pain sensation after DOMS, increased the pain threshold, reduced serum LDH and CK concentrations, and accelerated muscle damage repair compared with control interventions. However, the effect of improving the range of motion of the joints is not clear and should be studied further. Registration: number: INPLASY2021120115.
... In previous studies, VT (50 Hz, 5 min) on the elbow in ordinary young women shows that the MIVC increases at 72 h (Koh et al., 2013). VT (50 Hz, 30 min) on common male/female femoral quadriceps reveals a significant increase in MIVC for 24 h (Bakhtiary et al., 2007). The above study partly supports the present study's conclusions. ...
... The analysis may be related to the activation of increased motor units (DOMS sites) in increased muscle tension. Muscle spindle stimulation by vibration may increase the afferent activities of muscle spindles, which may increase background tension in the vibrated muscles (Bakhtiary et al., 2007;Broadbent et al., 2010;Koh et al., 2013). Furthermore, given the reduced muscle pain, the subject is believed to have reduced muscle strength caused by pain (afraid to force) during the isometric muscle force test. ...
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Objective: Kinesio taping (KT) and vibration treatment (VT) can alleviate delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) to some extent. However, the literature reports on the difference between the two treatments, and whether a joint intervention (JI) works better than single treatments remains unknown. This study compares the effects of KT, VT and JI on DOMS in college students. Methods: A total of 88 college students were randomly divided into the KT (KTG, n = 21), VT (VTG, n = 22), JI (JIG, n = 23) and control (CG, n = 22) groups. All subjects underwent DOMS moulding. The baseline; immediate and 24, 48 and 72 h visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and knee extensor maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) were determined. Results: The intergroup comparison showed the following results. 1) The VAS scores of the four groups peaked at 24 h and gradually decreased. The immediate, 24 h and 48 h VAS scores followed the order: JIG > KTG and VTG > CG. The 72 h VAS score followed the order: KTG < VTG < JIG < CG. 2) The knee extension MIVC in the four groups was lowest at 24 h and then gradually increased. JIG had larger immediate MIVC than CG. KTG, VTG and JIG had larger 24 h MIVC than CG. JIG had larger 48 h MIVC than KTG and CG. Conclusion: KT and VT can reduce muscle pain and strength loss caused by DOMS to varying degrees. VT is better than KT in improving pain. The combined intervention worked better than single interventions.
... It is now known that whole body vibration (WBV) is used in sports training to increase muscle strength, as demonstrated by research from various scientists [4][5][6]. Authors [7][8][9][10][11] have also shown in their publications that vibrations are effective in alleviating muscle pain caused by physical exertion. Unfortunately, current studies provide limited information on how the reduction of muscle pain, especially from short-term intense physical exertion, correlates with the recovery and potential hypercompensation of muscle strength. ...
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Background/Objectives: High-intensity anaerobic physical training frequently results in muscle damage among boxers and kickboxers, which can impede performance and recovery. Vibrational therapy (VT) and passive rest (PR) have been employed as methods to enhance muscular recovery and performance. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these two recovery methods on upper limb muscle strength and lactate levels in plasma after high-intensity exertion. Methods: Eighteen elite boxers and kickboxers, aged 19-32 years, underwent tests employing VT and PR as recovery methods in a controlled, crossover study. Muscle performance was assessed via isokinetic dynamometry, and lactate levels were measured pre-exercise, post-exercise, and post-recovery. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and was approved by the relevant bioethics committee. Results: The results showed that VT led to a faster recruitment of muscle fibers and improved muscle endurance as indicated by decreased fatigue work indices compared to PR. However, no significant differences were observed in peak torque or lactate levels between the two recovery methods. The VT group exhibited quicker recovery times in torque generation and better performance in fatigue resistance. Conclusions: VT appears to provide superior muscular recovery compared to PR following intense anaerobic effort, particularly in terms of muscle strength endurance and activation speed. These findings support the potential of VT in sports recovery protocols, although similar lactate response suggests that metabolic recovery rates are not significantly affected.
... It is now known that whole-body vibration (WBV) is used in sports training to increase muscle strength, as demonstrated by research from various scientists [11][12][13]. Authors [14][15][16][17][18] have also shown in their publications that vibrations are effective in alleviating muscle pain caused by physical exertion [19]. Unfortunately, current studies provide limited information on how the reduction of muscle pain, especially from short-term intense physical exertion, correlates with the recovery and potential hypercompensation of muscle strength. ...
Article
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Background: High-intensity anaerobic physical training frequently leads to muscle fatigue among boxers and kickboxers. Vibrational therapy (VT) and passive rest (PR) have been employed as methods to enhance muscular recovery and performance. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these two recovery methods on upper limb muscle strength and lactate levels in plasma after high-intensity exertion. Methods: Eighteen elite boxers and kickboxers, aged 19-32 years, underwent tests employing VT and PR as recovery methods in a controlled, crossover study. Muscle performance was assessed via isokinetic dynamometry, and lactate levels were measured pre-exercise, post-exercise, and post-recovery. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and was approved by the relevant bioethics committee. Results: The results showed that VT led to a faster recruitment of muscle fibers and improved muscle endurance as indicated by decreased fatigue work indices compared to PR. However, no significant differences were observed in peak torque or lactate levels between the two recovery methods. The VT group exhibited quicker recovery times in torque generation and better performance in fatigue resistance. Conclusions: VT appears to provide superior muscular recovery compared to PR following intense anaerobic effort, particularly in terms of muscle strength endurance and activation speed. These findings support the potential of VT in sports recovery protocols, although similar lactate response suggests that metabolic recovery rates are not significantly affected.
... Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS): The participants were also asked, 24 h after each session, if they had any muscle pain or soreness following the previous day's Pilates session (yes/no) [42]. This question was sent to each participant via a dedicated mobilephone application. ...
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... After WBV, lower pain ratings and lower quadriceps tension were indicated. It has also been shown that WBV can be used as a warm-up to reduce the risk of DOMS before exercise [6,24]. ...
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The aim of this project was to indicate the optimal parameters such as frequency, duration of a single vibrotherapy, and body position, which will be used as a form of recovery modality after physical exercise. Sixteen healthy male volunteers were involved in this study. The aerobic and anaerobic capacity of participants was assessed. Each of the subjects performed a set of intensive physical exercises and then underwent vibrotherapy treatment. In random order, each of the men tested the effectiveness of eight of the combinations of frequency, duration, and body position. The effect of the procedure accelerating recovery was assessed 24 h after physical exercise with the Wingate test. Changes in oxygen saturation and biochemical markers (interleukins: Il-1β, Il-6, and creatine kinase: CK), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) were assessed 1 h and 24 h after the physical effort. Lactate concentrations were measured 3, 15, 30, and 60 min after the end of the vibration. It was indicated that the optimal treatment should be based on lower ranges of frequency values (2–52 Hz). The procedure with raised feet is also more beneficial than the flat, supine position. To improve the overall work, and a number of biochemical markers (CK and Il-1β), a 45 min treatment will be more efficient, because significantly lower CK activity was indicated for the 45 min treatment. For this duration, higher values of Il-1β were indicated in the measurement carried out for samples collected 60 min after the treatment and lower in the measurement carried out 24 h after the treatment.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of wearable local vibration therapy (VT) on muscle soreness, joint position sense, and dynamic balance in recovery after squat exercise. Twenty males (age: 22.25±1.97 years) participated in the study. Muscle soreness, joint position sense, and dynamic balance were evaluated before exercise, 24 and 48 hours after exercise. All participants performed six sets of 10 repetitions of squat exercises. VT was applied to one thigh of the participants randomly for 10 minutes after exercise, and the other thigh was determined as the control. The muscle soreness increased significantly for VT (p.05). No significant difference was found between VT and control (p>0.05). No significant difference was found after exercise at knee joint position sense for both conditions (p>.05). No significant difference was observed between VT and control (p>.05). There was a significant difference between before exercise and 48 hours after exercise at anterior direction of the modified Star Excursion Balance Test for VT (p=.033). A significant difference was found between before exercise and 24 hours after exercise at posteromedial (p=.012) direction for VT. There was only significant difference at posteromedial (p=.028) direction at 24 hours after exercise between VT and control. The wearable local VT after squat exercise did not affect muscle soreness and knee joint position sense. However, local VT contributed to the improvement of dynamic balance.
Chapter
De Quervain’s tenosynovitis (DQ) corresponds to damage to the tendons and synovial sheaths (tenosynovitis) (Dictionnaire médical de l’Académie de Médecine - Définition ténosynovite 2022) of the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) muscles (Bouillot 2011) (Fig. 6.1).
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Eccentric exercise continues to receive attention as a productive means of exercise. Coupled with this has been the heightened study of the damage that occurs in early stages of exposure to eccentric exercise. This is commonly referred to as delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). To date, a sound and consistent treatment for DOMS has not been established. Although multiple practices exist for the treatment of DOMS, few have scientific support. Suggested treatments for DOMS are numerous and include pharmaceuticals, herbal remedies, stretching, massage, nutritional supplements, and many more. DOMS is particularly prevalent in resistance training; hence, this article may be of particular interest to the coach, trainer, or physical therapist to aid in selection of efficient treatments. First, we briefly review eccentric exercise and its characteristics and then proceed to a scientific and systematic overview and evaluation of treatments for DOMS. We have classified treatments into 3 sections, namely, pharmacological, conventional rehabilitation approaches, and a third section that collectively evaluates multiple additional practiced treatments. Literature that addresses most directly the question regarding the effectiveness of a particular treatment has been selected. The reader will note that selected treatments such as anti-inflammatory drugs and antioxidants appear to have a potential in the treatment of DOMS. Other conventional approaches, such as massage, ultrasound, and stretching appear less promising.
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High-intensity eccentric contractions induce performance decrements and delayed onset muscle soreness. The purpose of this investigation was to study the magnitude and time course of such decrements and their interrelationships in 26 young women of mean(s.d.) age 21.4(3.3) years. Subjects performed 70 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors on a pulley system, specially designed for the study. The non-exercised arm acted as the control. Measures of soreness, tenderness, swelling (SW), relaxed elbow joint angle (RANG) and isometric strength (STR) were taken before exercise, immediately after exercise (AE), analysis of variance and at 24-h intervals for 11 days. There were significant (P < 0.01, analysis of variance) changes in all factors. Peak effects were observed between 24 and 96 h AE. With the exception of STR, which remained lower (P < 0.01), all variables returned to baseline levels by day 11. A non-significant correlation between pain and STR indicated that pain was not a major factor in strength loss. Also, although no pain was evident, RANG was decreased immediately AE. There was no relationship between SW, RANG and pain. The prolonged nature of these symptoms indicates that repair to damaged soft tissue is a slow process. Strength loss is considered particularly important as it continues when protective pain and tenderness have disappeared. This has implications for the therapeutic management of patients with myopathologies and those receiving eccentric exercise for rehabilitation.
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Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) generally occurs between 24 and 72 hours after a bout of unaccustomed exercise that involves eccentric muscle action. In this review, a variety of aerobic and anaerobic activities are described emphasizing the eccentric component. It is suggested that the experience of severe DOMS can adversely impact various aspects of performance. During endurance events there may be a decrease in economy of movement, impairment of glycogen repletion and an alteration in biomechanical execution of a movement. Reductions in strength/power are also associated with severe DOMS. It is suggested that these changes might put an athlete at increased risk of injury. Although treatment is available to alleviate or prevent DOMS, the wisdom of routinely engaging in such a practice is questioned. Finally, it is noted that one bout of unaccustomed eccentrics results in some adaptation, which has a protective effect during subsequent bouts of eccentric exercise in that DOMS and other markers of muscle trauma are significantly reduced. Recommendations are made for dealing with DOMS at the initiation of an exercise program and during a regular season. (C) 1992 National Strength and Conditioning Association
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It is well documented in animal and human research that unaccustomed eccentric muscle action of sufficient intensity and/or duration causes disruption of connective and/or contractile tissue. In humans, this appears to be associated with the sensation of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). During the late 1970's, it was proposed that this sensation of soreness might be associated with the acute inflammatory response. However, subsequent research failed to substantiate this theory. The present article suggests that the results of much of the research concerning DOMS reflect events typically seen in acute inflammation. Similarities between the two events include: the cardinal symptoms of pain, swelling, and loss of function; evidence of cellular infiltrates, especially the macrophage; biochemical markers such as increased lysosomal activity and increased circulating levels of some of the acute phase proteins; and histological changes during the initial 72 h. In the final section of this paper, a theoretical sequence of events is proposed, based on research involving acute inflammation and DOMS.
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In order to investigate how vibration affects endurance during muscular contraction, knee-joint extension efforts were performed with and without superimposed vibrations. Fourteen healthy non-smoking 20-year-old males performed maximal isometric and sustained knee-joint extension efforts (angle 90°) in sitting posture three times with each leg, with or without vibration. The tests were done once with each leg in a randomly chosen order. The frequency of the vibration was 20 Hz and the acceleration 20 m/s2 RMS, applied in a horizontal sagittal direction to the ankle. The endurance was defined as the time in seconds that it took for the exerted force to decrease by 10% of the initial value. The endurance time averages 22.5 s without vibration and 15.8 s with vibration. The vibratory stress reduced endurance by 6.7±1.84 s (mean ±SEM) (P<0.005). The difference in maximal force recorded initially was 34 ± 1.9 N (P<0.1). Our conclusion is that vibration may decrease the endurance of maximal och sustained isometric muscular contraction.
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