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Abstract
Nicotinic acid (also generally known as niacin) and niacinamide (also known as nicotinamide) are similarly effective as a vitamin because they can be converted into each other within the organism. The blanket term vitamin B3 is used for both.
Niacinamide is a component of important coenzymes involved in hydrogen transfer. Here, the two codehydrogenases, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are of central importance. Topical application of niacinamide has a stabilizing effect on epidermal barrier function, seen as a reduction in transepidermal water loss and an improvement in the moisture content of the horny layer. Niacinamide leads to an increase in protein synthesis (e.g. keratin), has a stimulating effect on ceramide synthesis, speeds up the differentiation of keratinocytes, and raises intracellular NADP levels. In ageing skin, topical application of niacinamide improves the surface structure, smoothes out wrinkles and inhibits photocarcinogenesis. It is possible to demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects in acne, rosacea and nitrogen mustard-induced irritation.
Because of its verifiable beneficial effects, niacinamide would be a suitable component in cosmetic products for use in disorders of epidermal barrier function, for ageing skin, for improving pigmentary disorders and for use on skin prone to acne.
... Niacin is naturally present in various foods: offal, meat, and fish are particularly rich sources of nicotinamide, although smaller amounts are found in vegetables [59]. Among cereal crops, wheat has the highest nicotinamide content, whereas corn contains very low levels [60]. Besides, the aforementioned food sources are also rich in tryptophan, an amino acid that can be converted into niacin in the liver [155]. ...
... Niacin plays a pivotal role in numerous biological processes including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cell signaling within the body as mentioned in Table 2. Additionally, its involvement in these processes is closely linked to the development and progression of various diseases [156]. The symptoms of niacin/nicotinamide deficiency are notably evident in the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, and particularly in the skin [60]. Niacin has been also observed to play a role in reducing inflammation. ...
... Previously, it has been reported that nicotinamide could stabilize the epidermal barrier, enhances moisture in the horny layer, smoothens wrinkles on aging skin, and inhibits photocarcinogenesis. These effects are achieved by enhancing protein and keratin synthesis, stimulating ceramide production, and accelerating keratinocyte differentiation [60]. Niacin also has been widely utilized for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis by improving lipid profiles, which are key factors in cardiovascular health [179]. ...
In recent years, the role of coenzymes, particularly those from the vitamin B group in modulating the activity of metalloenzymes has garnered significant attention in cancer treatment strategies. Metalloenzymes play pivotal roles in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, cell signaling, and metabolism, making them promising targets for cancer therapy. This review explores the complex interplay between coenzymes, specifically vitamin Bs, and metalloenzymes in cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Vitamins are an indispensable part of daily life, essential for optimal health and well-being. Beyond their recognized roles as essential nutrients, vitamins have increasingly garnered attention for their multifaceted functions within the machinery of cellular processes. In particular, vitamin Bs have emerged as a pivotal regulator within this intricate network, exerting profound effects on the functionality of metalloenzymes. Their ability to modulate metalloenzymes involved in crucial cellular pathways implicated in cancer progression presents a compelling avenue for therapeutic intervention. Key findings indicate that vitamin Bs can influence the activity and expression of metalloenzymes, thereby affecting processes such as DNA repair and cell signaling, which are critical in cancer development and progression. Understanding the mechanisms by which these coenzymes regulate metalloenzymes holds great promise for developing novel anticancer strategies. This review summarizes current knowledge on the interactions between vitamin Bs and metalloenzymes, highlighting their potential as anticancer agents and paving the way for innovative, cell-targeted cancer treatments.
... Phaeodactylum tricornutum, is recognized for its adaptability, thriving in both marine and brackish water strains [24], but it has also been reported to grow in freshwater [25], showing a remarkable versatility in aquatic environments. It has been used for its anti-inflammatory and barrier repair activities, primarily due to fucoxanthin, which controls pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α [26,27]. The algae The present anti-aging regimen treatment for SS combines different active ingredients that could potentially have beneficial effects on aging and on SS conditions ( Figure 2). ...
... Phaeodactylum tricornutum, is recognized for its adaptability, thriving in both marine and brackish water strains [24], but it has also been reported to grow in freshwater [25], showing a remarkable versatility in aquatic environments. It has been used for its anti-inflammatory and barrier repair activities, primarily due to fucoxanthin, which controls pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α [26,27]. The algae extract in Aquammunist ® consists of P. tricornutum extract encapsulated in liposomes, containing omega-3 fatty acids and standardized to fucoxanthin levels. ...
... All the products also contained niacinamide, which reinforces the skin barrier by stimulating the synthesis of ceramides and lipids in the stratum corneum and increasing the expression of involucrin, filaggrin and keratin [27]. In addition, niacinamide can protect the skin from oxidative damage from pollution, high-energy visible light and UV and reduce coloration, by inhibiting the transfer of melanosomes [28,29]. ...
Featured Application
This work aims to find a well-tolerated and effective therapeutic regimen option as an anti-aging treatment in subjects with sensitive skin for which skincare routines can be challenging when trying to achieve high tolerance and efficacy.
Abstract
Sensitive skin has a great impact on the quality of life of subjects. In this research, we evaluated the efficacy and tolerance of a cosmetic treatment for facial skincare, consisting of a cleanser, serum and cream. A clinical-instrumental study was carried out on 30 healthy female participants with sensitive and reactive skin and slight-to-moderate wrinkles using a new cosmetic regimen based on a new technology. Skin moisturization, skin barrier function, erythema, elasticity and firmness, and wrinkle depth (skin profilometry) were evaluated at basal time (T0), and after 14, 28 and 42 days of treatment (T14, T28 and T42). All the evaluated variables showed significant improvement at T42 when compared to T0. Moisturization, erythema, firmness, and elasticity had significant improvement at T14 and the other attributes after T28 (transepidermal water loss, wrinkle depth). A high level of tolerance and satisfaction reported by subjects were achieved. This treatment regimen combining the cleanser, the daily cream, and the nightly serum, showed a statistically significant improvement in all of the parameters evaluated, demonstrating its effectiveness as an anti-aging regimen while improving the sensitive skin condition. This regimen was well tolerated by all the participants.
... The second study on 120 Japanese women, using the same evaluation parameters as in the first study, comparisons were made among an SPF 15 sunprotection cream with and without 2% niacinamide and the relevant vehicle. As a result, the skin lightened significantly better than the sun cream without niacinamide or the vehicle (Gehring W, 2004;Hakozaki T et al., 2002). ...
... Apart from hydroquinone and the triple combination cream, the other topical agents that act differently in depigment, for example, tyrosinase inhibitor, Dopa oxidase inhibitor, and melanosome transfer prevention, have been studied to exhibit depigmenting properties without severe adverse effects shown (Austin D et al., 2019;Babbush KM et al., 2020;Kwon SH et al., 2018;Sarkar R et al., 2019). Niacinamide is one of melanosome transfer prevention and has been described in many ways of dermatological practice; it is also involved in the cosmetic field to prevent skin aging and brighten skin tone (Boo YC, 2021;Gehring W, 2004). The mechanism is believed to reversely attack hyperpigmentation by inhabiting melanosomal transfer to epidermal keratinocytes through PAR-2 inhibition (Hakozaki T et al., 2002;Hollinger JC et al., 2018;Sarkar R et al., 2019). ...
... As a result, the skin lightened significantly better than the sun cream without niacinamide or the vehicle (Gehring W, 2004;Hakozaki T et al., 2002). ...
ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: The treatment of melasma remains a clinical
challenge because of its pathological complexity and natural prognosis that can be
recurrent, making it difficult to reach the target therapeutically. A multimodal approach
still exists and is required to treat melasma successfully. This study aims to compare
the efficacy and the tolerance using the combination of the 1,064 nm picosecond laser
toning and 4% niacinamide cream versus 4% niacinamide cream alone to treat melasma
in Thai patients.
Study Design/Materials and Methods: Twenty Thai subjects with bilateral melasma
were enrolled. Each subject was randomly treated with a split-face method by one-sided face
treated with 1,064 nm picosecond laser toning combined with 4% niacinamide cream and
4% niacinamide cream alone on the other. All subjects received the treatments at four weeks
intervals for twelve weeks. Baseline and posttreatment Hemifacial modified Melasma Area
Severity Index (mMASI) score and Melanin Index were assessed based on the photographs and Mexameter® MX 18
Results: At 12 weeks of the treatment, the mean (standard deviation, SD)
Hemifacial mMASI score showed significantly improved from baseline on each side
(p < 0.001 on the combination group and p = 0.001 on the cream-alone group). Nonetheless,
the two sides showed no statistically significant differences in the mMASI score and melanin
index.
Conclusion: The use of 1,064 nm picosecond laser toning combined with 4%
niacinamide cream effectively treats melasma in Thai patients. However, it does not
contribute to the additional benefit of using 4% niacinamide cream alone.
Keywords: Picosecond Laser Toning, Niacinamide, Melasma, Thai
... Niacin (Sargent et al. 1944); vitamin D (Cornbleet et al. 1936;Lugg and Ellis 1954;Dam 1978;van der Beek 1991); l-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (Harshman et al. 2018); vitamin E (Cornbleet et al. 1936;Lugg and Ellis 1954;Dam 1978;van der Beek 1991); niacinamide (Gehring 2004) Maintenance of epidermal barrier and moisture: niacinamide (Gehring 2004) Anti-inflammatory, anti-aging effect: niacinamide, vitamin C, and vitamin E (Cornbleet et al. 1936;Lugg and Ellis 1954;Dam 1978;van der Beek 1991;Gehring 2004) UV protection: active vitamin D3, and vitamin C (Pullar et al. 2017;Bocheva et al. 2021) microbiota can convert host proteins into amino acids by their protease (Holland et al. 1979;Byrd et al. 2018), ferment carbohydrates into lactic acids (Ong et al. 2020) or decompose sebum lipids such as triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFAs) (Traisaeng et al. 2019;Belkaid and Segre 2014). In addition, skin microbiota produces AMPs, phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), and antibiotics (Belkaid and Segre 2014;Gallo and Hooper 2012). ...
... Niacin (Sargent et al. 1944); vitamin D (Cornbleet et al. 1936;Lugg and Ellis 1954;Dam 1978;van der Beek 1991); l-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (Harshman et al. 2018); vitamin E (Cornbleet et al. 1936;Lugg and Ellis 1954;Dam 1978;van der Beek 1991); niacinamide (Gehring 2004) Maintenance of epidermal barrier and moisture: niacinamide (Gehring 2004) Anti-inflammatory, anti-aging effect: niacinamide, vitamin C, and vitamin E (Cornbleet et al. 1936;Lugg and Ellis 1954;Dam 1978;van der Beek 1991;Gehring 2004) UV protection: active vitamin D3, and vitamin C (Pullar et al. 2017;Bocheva et al. 2021) microbiota can convert host proteins into amino acids by their protease (Holland et al. 1979;Byrd et al. 2018), ferment carbohydrates into lactic acids (Ong et al. 2020) or decompose sebum lipids such as triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFAs) (Traisaeng et al. 2019;Belkaid and Segre 2014). In addition, skin microbiota produces AMPs, phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), and antibiotics (Belkaid and Segre 2014;Gallo and Hooper 2012). ...
... Niacin (Sargent et al. 1944); vitamin D (Cornbleet et al. 1936;Lugg and Ellis 1954;Dam 1978;van der Beek 1991); l-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (Harshman et al. 2018); vitamin E (Cornbleet et al. 1936;Lugg and Ellis 1954;Dam 1978;van der Beek 1991); niacinamide (Gehring 2004) Maintenance of epidermal barrier and moisture: niacinamide (Gehring 2004) Anti-inflammatory, anti-aging effect: niacinamide, vitamin C, and vitamin E (Cornbleet et al. 1936;Lugg and Ellis 1954;Dam 1978;van der Beek 1991;Gehring 2004) UV protection: active vitamin D3, and vitamin C (Pullar et al. 2017;Bocheva et al. 2021) microbiota can convert host proteins into amino acids by their protease (Holland et al. 1979;Byrd et al. 2018), ferment carbohydrates into lactic acids (Ong et al. 2020) or decompose sebum lipids such as triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFAs) (Traisaeng et al. 2019;Belkaid and Segre 2014). In addition, skin microbiota produces AMPs, phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), and antibiotics (Belkaid and Segre 2014;Gallo and Hooper 2012). ...
Skin is a complex ecosystem colonized by millions of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Skin microbiota is believed to exert critical functions in maintaining host skin health. Profiling the structure of skin microbial community is the first step to overview the ecosystem. However, the community composition is highly individualized and extremely complex. To explore the fundamental factors driving the complexity of the ecosystem, namely the selection pressures, we review the present studies on skin microbiome from the perspectives of ecology. This review summarizes the following: (1) the composition of substances/nutrients in the cutaneous ecological environment that are derived from the host and the environment, highlighting their proposed function on skin microbiota; (2) the features of dominant skin commensals to occupy ecological niches, through self-adaptation and microbe–microbe interactions; (3) how skin microbes, by their structures or bioactive molecules, reshape host skin phenotypes, including skin immunity, maintenance of skin physiology such as pH and hydration, ultraviolet (UV) protection, odor production, and wound healing. This review aims to re-examine the host–microbe interactions from the ecological perspectives and hopefully to give new inspiration to this field.
... A niacinamida (NIA), vitamina hidrossolúvel que integra a família B3, é um componente encontrado em nucleotídeos de piridina, a nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo (NAD) e a nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo fosfato (NADP), as quais, são coenzimas envolvidas fisiologicamente na transferência de hidrogênio e reações de oxirredução, responsáveis por transformar nutrientes em energia. A niacinamida também atua no aumento da síntese de queratina e diferenciação de queratinócitos (Matts;Bissett, 2002;Gehring, 2004). ...
... No organismo humano, a NIA é encontrada na forma livre e na forma ligada e quando ingerida é absorvida quase que completamente pelo intestino delgado, ficando armazenada na forma de NAD no fígado (Matts;Bissett, 2002;Berge, 2005). O uso tópico da NIA têm objetivado estabilizar a barreira cutânea da pele, a vitamina promove a hidratação devido ao aumento dos níveis de umidade da camada córnea, evitando a perda de água, também atua na suavização de linhas finas, diminuição de manchas hiperpigmentadas e processos inflamatórios oriundos da obstrução dos poros (Gehring, 2004;Boo, 2021). ...
A niacinamida é uma vitamina hidrossolúvel que tem sido amplamente estudada por suas propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e regenerativas, que podem contribuir para a saúde cutânea quando utilizada dermatologicamente. Contudo, é necessário que a concentração do ativo e a classificação do produto sejam adequadas para o fim desejado. Dessa maneira, o presente estudo objetivou comparar a composição química dos cosméticos registrados na Anvisa de maneira a avaliar o seu perfil químico e sua segurança. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva quantitativa no site da Anvisa dos produtos registrados que continham niacinamida e comparou-se sua formulação. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos produtos (40,6%) são séruns, seguidos por hidratantes faciais (12,3%); apenas 32,1% dos produtos possuem comprovação científica de sua eficácia; os produtos classificados como grau 2 apresentaram maior concentração de niacinamida do que os produtos grau 1. Logo, foi possível considerar que os produtos cosméticos contendo niacinamida são seguros e eficazes, entretanto é importante verificar a concentração do ativo bem como dos demais componentes e buscar a orientação de um profissional capacitado antes do uso.
... This high UVB absorption is significant because even a slight increase in UVB absorption can result in a substantial increase in SPF number. 5 Another motivation behind developing ND-ZnO technology stems from the necessity to overcome the limitations of conventional skincare ingredients, which often struggle with poor absorption 6 and limited efficacy in promoting skin healing and regeneration. 7 ND-ZnO technology not only facilitates deeper skin penetration of active ingredients but also enhances their bioavailability, ensuring more effective results. ...
... To evaluate the efficacy of ND-ZnO in various skin regenerative processes, we conducted experiments focusing on wound healing, 8 collagen synthesis, and the transdermal delivery of active ingredients. 6 In our wound healing assays, ND-ZnO significantly promoted dermal fibroblast growth and migration, resulting in a 198% increase in cell migration compared to the control. Collagen synthesis assays demonstrated that ND-ZnO effectively prevented and reversed age-associated collagen degradation, with significant improvements in collagen production. ...
Background
Recent advancements in dermatological therapeutics have highlighted the need for treatments that enhance skin regeneration and healing. Diamond‐Augmented Zinc Oxide (ND‐ZnO) technology combines zinc oxide with diamond particles in a unique core‐shell structure, offering a multifaceted approach to overall skin health.
Aims
This study evaluates the efficacy of ND‐ZnO in promoting human dermal fibroblast migration and growth, enhancing total collagen synthesis, and improving transdermal delivery of active ingredients as a daily comprehensive skin regeneration topical therapy.
Patients/Methods
In vitro assays assessed wound healing, collagen production, and skin absorption. Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFs) were used in scratch wound assays. Collagen synthesis was quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Permeation tests were performed on reconstructed human epidermal tissues to evaluate niacinamide absorption. Clinical case studies validated ND‐ZnO efficacy in post‐CO₂ laser treatments and Actinic Keratosis removal recovery.
Results
ND‐ZnO increased HDF migration by 198% compared to controls. Collagen synthesis assays showed a 71.3% restoration of collagen production in aged HDFs. Skin permeation studies revealed a 203% increase in niacinamide skin absorption with ND‐ZnO. Clinical case studies demonstrated faster and more effective healing post‐ablative CO₂ laser and significant improvements in Actinic Keratosis recovery.
Conclusions
ND‐ZnO technology enhances wound healing, collagen synthesis, and active ingredient delivery, offering substantial benefits for daily skin regeneration and other dermatological applications. This innovative approach holds promise for advancing dermatological therapeutics, providing comprehensive skin care solutions that address both protective and regenerative needs.
... Additionally, in its divalent form, Zn 2+ acts as a cofactor in more than thousands of biochemical reactions related to the growth and differentiation of cells in multiple tissues [14]. Other studies report its use in the development of pharmaceutical products, mainly associated with the nicotinamide (NA) ligand [15,16], due to the antimicrobial and anti-acne potential attributed to this association exhibiting systemic effects [17,18]. NA is commonly used to treat acne and inflammatory skin disorders caused by vitamin B3 deficiency in the body [17,18]. ...
... Other studies report its use in the development of pharmaceutical products, mainly associated with the nicotinamide (NA) ligand [15,16], due to the antimicrobial and anti-acne potential attributed to this association exhibiting systemic effects [17,18]. NA is commonly used to treat acne and inflammatory skin disorders caused by vitamin B3 deficiency in the body [17,18]. It has shown satisfactory results against acne bacteria, inhibiting the lipase enzyme, reducing sebum production and the inflammatory effects [19,20]. ...
A dichlorobis(nicotinamide)zinc(II) complex, [Zn(nicotinamide) 2 Cl 2 ], was crystallized through the slow evaporation method, and its vibrational, electronic, structural, and thermal properties have been characterized. Density functional theory (DFT) was used for the accurate analysis of intramolecular vibrational modes, obtaining chemical reactivity indices and comparative studies of geometric and electronic parameters, including solvation effects in methanol, ethanol, and water, as well as in vacuum. Additionally, the nature and strength of the bonds associated with the coordination sphere (Cl-Zn and N-Zn) were elucidated from the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital analyses. Powder X-ray diffraction showed that the coordination compound belongs to a monoclinic symmetry with P2 1 /a (C 5 2h) space group. Thermal analyses revealed that the material is stable up to 200 • C. From DFT calculations, the complex is chemically more stable in solvents compared to vacuum conditions, with the aqueous medium offering greater stability. The chemical stability was also analyzed by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, with the results showing spectral changes mainly for the vibrational spectra obtained in methanol, ethanol, and water against those obtained in vacuum. Biological experiments showed the complex antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mainly against the Cutibacterium acnes ATCC 6919 strain. A computational study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), and drug-likeness were calculated to support the experimental data.
... Results from studies conducted with topical niacinamide show that in addition to having antioxidant activities, this vitamin can help improve skin texture, as well as the appearance of wrinkles and age spots. 21,22 MSM is a compound that contributes sulfur to replenish glutathione levels within the body, resulting in a reduction in ROS-mediated cellular damage as glutathione is a free radical scavenger. 23 ...
... were calculated for groups A and B. Based on the images captured, following the use of the facial serum with Liposomal Blend for 24 weeks, the participants had a 54.46% reduction in total number of wrinkles, 22.94%, 23.07%, and 38.34% reduction in wrinkle width, length, and severity, respectively. ...
Background
Skin aging is a natural process that occurs because of oxidative stress. Facial skin aging is often concerning for individuals due to the exposure of the face.
Objectives
To assess and compare the effects of two anti‐aging facial serums on the following characteristics associated with facial skin aging: fine lines/wrinkles, age spots, firmness, elasticity, texture, radiance, tone, lifting, clarity, and complexion.
Methods
A 24‐week, double‐blind controlled study was conducted on 130 participants who were randomized into two groups: facial serum with Liposomal Blend and facial serum without Liposomal Blend. Clinical evaluations (Visual Analog Scale) and instrumental evaluations (Cutometer, SIAscope, and Clarity Pro image analysis) were performed at weeks 0 (baseline), 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 to assess for changes in skin aging characteristics.
Results
A total of 123 participants completed the study; participants that used the facial serum with Liposomal Blend had significantly greater improvements in skin aging characteristics compared to those that used the facial serum without Liposomal Blend. This study shows that Liposomal Blend is a vehicle with the ability to enhance the anti‐aging properties of the ingredients within the facial serum by facilitating its delivery into the underlying layers of the skin. Higher concentration of ingredients at the site of action could potentially lead to greater damage repair and improvements in signs of facial skin aging.
Conclusion
By using Liposomal Blend, practitioners and pharmacists could potentially improve the delivery of the ingredients within their formulations into the skin, which may lead to increased treatment efficacy.
... In addition to piroctone olamine and caffeine, the formulations contained several other cosmetic ingredients known for their beneficial effects on skin and hair (Table 1). Niacinamide is known for its anti-inflammatory and barrier-stabilizing effects [30] and hydrolyzed wheat protein has conditioning effects on the skin and hair based on ionic interactions [31]. The further contained panthenol also bears hair-and skin-conditioning functions [32]. ...
... However, the comparability of both substances and methods is limited. Although the percentage of follicular orifices on the skin surface is comparable for the back and the calf region according to Otberg et al. [30], the infundibular volume of the hair follicles in the calf region is significantly higher, which could explain the higher intrafollicular proportion of caffeine in the present study. Furthermore, hair follicle density on the scalp is much higher compared to the calf, and hair follicle size is comparable [35]. ...
A key factor in the prevention of hair loss is the provision of optimal conditions on the scalp. In this regard, reduction of oxidative stress on the scalp is one critical requirement to support the hair follicles to function optimally. Recently, a novel shampoo formulation technology containing anti-oxidants such as piroctone olamine has been demonstrated to improve hair retention based on micellar degradation and coacervation effects. Caffeine has also been shown to exhibit anti-oxidant activity including the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. As with piroctone olamine, it is expected that follicular delivery of caffeine will enhance its anti-oxidant activity in a region that will be beneficial for hair retention. In this study, two shampoo formulations as well as a control formulation were applied to the calf area of n = 9 male participants. The technique of differential tape stripping was applied to obtain the caffeine penetrated to the stratum corneum and to the hair follicles. Isotope-dilution liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed to demonstrate caffeine follicular delivery from the shampoo formulas. The results showed that the percentage of caffeine recovered in the hair follicles was 8–9% of the caffeine absorbed into the skin and matched an existing caffeine-based shampoo. In conclusion, a novel shampoo formulation technology has been developed that effectively delivers beneficial anti-oxidants to improve hair retention. This new shampoo is expected to be especially useful in the goal of retaining hair during aging.
... Enhanced Hair Health: Can reduce scalp irritation and support growth. (Gehring, 2004) 34. Spironolactone Hormonal Regulation: Blocks androgen receptors to reduce hair loss. ...
... Retinoids function by normalizing the process of desquamation through a reduction in keratinocyte proliferation and the promotion of differentiation. Niacinamide has the ability to regulate sebum production and also possesses anti-inflammatory properties [20,21]. Our study also demonstrates a significant reduction in both redness (a*) and volume of the targeted raised inflammatory lesion after using the products, suggesting that it not only prevents skin irritation but also possesses potential anti-inflammatory properties. ...
Acne vulgaris is a dermatological condition characterized by the hyperkeratinization of sebaceous follicles, which can further lead to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Considering the intricate pathophysiology of acne, it is essential to develop novel topical therapies that are capable of targeting multiple underlying mechanisms of acne. The objective of this study was to study the effect of products containing retinol, niacinamide, ceramides, and dipotassium glycyrriszinate on acne-related markers. A total of 43 women with acne skin (including sensitive skin) were enrolled. To evaluate the effect of test products on acne-related indicators following 4 weeks of use, this study combined clinical assessments of skin condition (acne lesion counts), instrumental assessments (skin gloss), and photo tracking using VISIA-CR and Primos CR systems, which encompass metrics such as a*, ITA°, skin area (%) covered by sebum spots, and the presence of sebum spots. Adverse reactions were also assessed. After 4 weeks of treatment, significant reductions were observed in both the inflammatory acne lesion count and non-inflammatory acne lesion count, while there was also a significant decrease in skin redness a* and skin area (%) covered by sebum spots and a significant increase in skin brightness ITA° and gloss. No adverse events occurred during the entire testing process. In summary, the daily application of products containing retinol, niacinamide, and ceramides not only improves acne-related symptoms but also alleviates post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation caused by acne, which suggests that such products have the potential to meet the dual needs of brightening and acne care.
... The concentration of 12 wt% was selected based on previous electrospinning experiments with sericin, where it provided the most consistent fiber formation and optimal morphological results. Niacinamide was incorporated into the solutions at a final concentration of 2 wt% to enhance the potential bioactivity of the resulting nanofibers [45]. The solutions were stirred for 8 h at room temperature (22-25 • C) to ensure complete dissolution and homogeneity. ...
This study investigates the extraction, characterization, and cosmetic application of silk sericin, a protein derived from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons, with a focus on its potential in sustainable and biodegradable cosmetic formulations. Sericin was extracted using a high-temperature, high-pressure autoclave degumming method and spray-dried into a stable powder. The molecular weight distribution of sericin was analyzed, revealing fractions ranging from 10 to 37 kDa in Elution 1A and 25–40 kDa in Elution 1B. Electrospinning of sericin led to increased β-sheet content compared to raw sericin, as shown by secondary structure analyses. The electrospun sericin was then blended with gelatin to enhance mechanical strength and stability, resulting in robust films suitable for cosmetic applications. These films were developed into eye contour patches designed to deliver moisturizing, elasticizing, and smoothing effects. The efficacy of the patches was evaluated in 20 participants, showing increased skin elasticity (+35.1%) and smoothness (Ra: −30.7%, Rz: −26.6%), though a decline in hydration was observed, potentially indicating opportunities for further optimization.
... Niacin 0.4 mg Essential for energy metabolism and proper functioning of enzymes (Central, 2018;Gehring, 2004) Pantothenic acid 0.309 mg Plays a key role in the synthesis of coenzyme A, essential for metabolism (Central, 2018;Leonardi & Jackowski, 2007) (Vilvert, de Freitas, dos Santos, S. Ribeiro, & Veloso, 2024). As demonstrated before, scientific evidence clearly states that acerola's promise as a superfruit is due to its abundance in PCs that exert many biological activities. ...
... Nicotinamide (NA), also known as niacinamide (C 6 H 6 N 2 O), is an amide corresponding to the carboxylic acid of niacin (nicotinic acid), representing the active, water-soluble form of vitamin B3. 1 Although its form is not classified as a drug, this vitamin is vital for many biological systems, acting as a neuroprotective agent, antioxidant, pigmentation reducer, sebum production, and immunosuppression induced by ultraviolet radiation from the sunlight. 2,3 In addition, NA can be found in a wide variety of foods, including poultry, pork, cattle, fish, grains, legumes, mushrooms, and coffee. 4 Its deficiency in the human organism causes pellagra, a rare and endemic disease characterized by the four Ds (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death) that compromises the nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. ...
... Its physical properties, such as high tensile strength, adhesiveness, elasticity, and remodelability, play a vital role in the wound healing process (Sharma et al., 2022). Niacinamide and retinol enhance skin barrier function and promote cell renewal (Gehring, 2004;Mukherjee et al., 2006). The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of tea tree leaf extract and ethyl ascorbyl ether further support the reduction of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress (Carson et al., 2006;Telang, 2013). ...
Introduction
Wound healing is a complex process involving multiple stages, including inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Effective wound management strategies are essential for accelerating healing and improving outcomes. The CELLADEEP patch, incorporating iontophoresis therapy and microneedle technology, was evaluated for its potential to enhance the wound healing process.
Methods
This study utilized a full-thickness skin defect model in Sprague-Dawley rats, researchers compared wound healing outcomes between rats treated with the CELLADEEP Patch and those left untreated. Various histological staining techniques were employed to examine and assess the wound healing process, such as H&E, MT and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory and proliferative capabilities were further investigated using biochemical assays.
Results
Macroscopic and microscopic analyses revealed that the CELLADEEP patch significantly accelerated wound closure, reduced wound width, and increased epidermal thickness and collagen deposition compared to an untreated group. The CELLADEEP patch decreased nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species levels, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, indicating effective modulation of the inflammatory response. Immunofluorescence staining showed reduced markers of macrophage activity (CD68, F4/80, MCP-1) in the patch group, suggesting a controlled inflammation process. Increased levels of vimentin, α-SMA, VEGF, collagen I, and TGF-β1 were observed, indicating enhanced fibroblast activity, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix production.
Discussion
The CELLADEEP patch demonstrated potential in promoting effective wound healing by accelerating wound closure, modulating the inflammatory response, and enhancing tissue proliferation and remodeling. The CELLADEEP patch offers a promising non-invasive treatment option for improving wound healing outcomes.
... It is the amide form of niacin, which can also be endogenously synthesized in the liver from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Niacinamide is currently used extensively in cosmetic products due to its ample beneficial applications for skin health, including skin barrier and elasticity improvement, increased collagen and epidermal ceramide synthesis, reducing skin diseases such as hyperpigmentation, rosacea and acne, and improving overall skin appearance [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. ...
Niacinamide is a versatile compound widely used in the personal care industry for its ample skin benefits. As a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), essential for ATP production and a substrate for poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1), studies have highlighted its roles in DNA repair, cellular stress mechanisms, and anti-aging benefits. Niacinamide was also studied for its antimicrobial activity, particularly in the context of host-infection via host immune response, yet its direct antimicrobial activity and the mechanisms of action remain unclear. Its multifunctionality makes it an appealing bioactive molecule for skincare products as well as a potential preservative solution. This study explores niacinamide’s antimicrobial mode of action against four common cosmetic pathogens. Our findings indicate that niacinamide is causing microbial cell cycle arrest; while cells were found to increase their volume and length under treatment to prepare for cell division, complete separation into two daughter cells was prevented. Fluorescence microscopy revealed expanded chromatin, alongside a decreased RNA expression of the DNA-binding protein gene, dps. Finally, niacinamide was found to directly interact with DNA, hindering successful amplification. These unprecedented findings allowed us to add a newly rationalized preservative facete to the wide range of niacinamide multi-functionality.
... Similarly, product A and product B demonstrated improvement on scaliness, roughness and dry line which are closely related to the skin barrier. Once the skin barrier is damaged, the skin may become dry, scaly, and wrinkled, and a series of skin problems may occur 24 .Although all products have a positive effect on TEWL and SCH, product B repairs the skin barrier at a faster rate and also increases higher skin hydration levels after 28 days of use than product A. This is maybe because product B contains niacinamide which is known to not only stimulates the production of multiple skin physiological lipids, such as ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol, in the skin simultaneously 25 , but also increases barrier layer protein content 26 . ...
... alpha.-hydroxy-16methylene has novel therapeutic properties, aspidofractinine-3carboxylic acid acts as an antifungal compound, diisooctyl phthalate is used in food products as an adhesive compound (Huang et al., 2021), 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid has various applications in food, cosmetic, and pharmacy products (Li and Wang, 2004;Velika and Kron, 2012), nicotinic acid widely used in food, pharmaceutical to reduce unhealthy fats and also use in biochemical and cosmetic industries (Gehring, 2004;Sinthupoom et al., 2015;Lisicki et al., 2022). methoxyphenyl acts as an intermediate in the manufacture of flavor and perfumes, ester-type lubricants, plasticizers, and vinyl stabilizers. ...
... Niacinamide is a constituent of co-enzymes included in hydrogen transfer in mithocondria. 20 It can modulate the inflammatory response by the inhibition of the nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, 21 and also is able to lessen pruritus by the inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase, which takes part in histamine release from mast cells. 22 Allantoin is a nucleotide which is synthesized widespread in plants and animals, and has been shown to modulate the inflammatory response by precluding the release of numerous reactive species. ...
BACKGROUND: Sensitive skin is a self-diagnosed condition with subjective signs as burning, prickling and pruritus, which is a therapeutic challenge for clinical dermatology. In this study, regarding the physiopathologic aspects of the disorder, a new formula for facial sensitive skin was designed and clinically tested. METHODS: The study was conducted as a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial for one week with 32 subjects. The sensitive skin cream was prepared as the combination of conventional active agents, skin microbiota restoring probiot-ics/prebiotics, and thermal water with anti-inflammatory effects. The signs and symptoms of the patients were recorded according to a four-grade-semi-quantitative severity index in the beginning and at the end of the study. RESULTS: All studied parameters were found to be significantly improved in the sensitive skin cream group. The results were more pronounced for burning, prickling, and flushing. In placebo cream group none of the parameters was found to be significant, except itching with a low significance. In case of tolerability, the ratio of leaving the trial due to complaints was approximately four times higher in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the new formula for facial sensitive skin is safe and effective. Regarding the numerous etiologic factors, and various clinical signs and symptoms, an effective cream for sensitive skin should contain carefully selected ingredients, aiming beyond simple moisturization.
... Nicotinamide is a precursor of NAD + required for mitochondrial ATP production. The topical application of nicotinamide has anti-inflammatory effects against rosacea, acne, and hyperpigmentation [41]. It is also a popular additive for rejuvenating aged and sundamaged skin [42]. ...
The study aimed to explore the impact of a novel near-infrared LED (nNIR) with an extended spectrum on skin enhancement and hair growth. Various LED sources, including White and nNIRs, were compared across multiple parameters: cytotoxicity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction, skin thickness, collagen synthesis, collagenase expression, and hair follicle growth. Experiments were conducted on human skin cells and animal models. Cytotoxicity, ATP synthesis, and ROS reduction were evaluated in human skin cells exposed to nNIRs and Whites. LED irradiation effects were also studied on a UV-induced photoaging mouse model, analyzing skin thickness, collagen synthesis, and collagenase expression. Hair growth promotion was examined as well. Results revealed both White and nNIR were non-cytotoxic to human skin cells. nNIR enhanced ATP and collagen synthesis while reducing ROS levels, outperforming the commonly used 2chip LEDs. In the UV-induced photoaging mouse model, nNIR irradiation led to reduced skin thickness, increased collagen synthesis, and lowered collagenase expression. Additionally, nNIR irradiation stimulated hair growth, augmented skin thickness, and increased hair follicle count. In conclusion, the study highlighted positive effects of White and nNIR irradiation on skin and hair growth. However, nNIR exhibited superior outcomes compared to White. Its advancements in ATP content, collagen synthesis, collagenase inhibition, and hair growth promotion imply increased ATP synthesis activity. These findings underscore nNIR therapy’s potential as an innovative and effective approach for enhancing skin and promoting hair growth.
... Generally, NAM is used for topical applications for removing wrinkles and moisturizing [33]. Conversely, in this study, NA was found to increase NAD + levels in epidermal keratinocytes, potentially enhancing skin barrier function through anti-aging mechanisms. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes within mammalian cells, including energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, and genetic regulation. In the majority of mammalian cellular contexts, NAD⁺ biosynthesis primarily relies on vitamin B3, including nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinic acid (NA). The concept of NAD⁺ augmentation therapy has recently emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate aging-associated phenomena, termed rejuvenation. Despite the involvement of diverse enzymatic cascades in NAD⁺ biosynthesis, certain cellular environments exhibit deficiencies in specific enzymes, suggesting cell type-dependent variability in optimal NAD⁺ precursor selection. However, the optimization of NAD⁺ precursors for topical formulations has received scant attention thus far. In the present investigation, we sought to delineate the most efficacious precursor for augmenting NAD⁺ levels in human skin keratinocytes. Remarkably, NA supplementation led to a significant 1.3-fold elevation in intracellular NAD⁺ levels, even in the presence of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibition by FK866. Additionally, NA mononucleotide demonstrated a 1.5-fold increase (but not significant) in NAD⁺ levels following 100 μM application. Conversely, NAM and its derivatives failed to elicit a NAD⁺ response in keratinocytes. Notably, NA supplementation elicited up-regulation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), indicative of its beneficial impact on mitochondrial function. Furthermore, NA mitigated rotenone-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Collectively, these findings advocate for the potential utility of NA in topical applications aimed at skin rejuvenation.
... In addition, it can also brighten the skin [4], moisturize dry skin, and reduce sebum excretion [5]. Topical use of niacinamide at a dose of 2% can reduce sebum and brighten the skin, while 5% can reduce acne [6]. ...
Niacinamide is the amide form of vitamin B3, which is usually analyzed for concentration using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, HPLC, and KLT. The development of niacinamide analysis methods using cyclic voltammetry has not been widely studied. The use of working electrodes in cyclic voltammetry is usually carbon paste electrodes. However, these electrodes have disadvantages, relatively low sensitivity and slower electron transfer kinetics, so it is necessary to research working electrode modification to increase electrode sensitivity. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of nanobentonite and nano TiO2 on carbon paste electrodes in improving electron transfer and electrode sensitivity in the analysis of niacinamide by cyclic voltammetry. Variations in electrode composition were conducted to determine the optimum composition in measuring niacinamide solution and the optimum pH in measuring niacinamide. Nanobentonite obtained from the synthesis using the sonochemical method produces an average particle size of 46.9 nm, and the composition of carbon, paraffin, nanobentonite, and nano TiO2 electrodes with a variation of 3:2:3:2 b/v has the highest current peak. The better the conductivity of the working electrode, the greater the maximum current peak produced due to the easy transfer of electrons for the reduction and oxidation reaction process. Using a buffer solution to adjust the pH of the niacinamide solution affects the analysis process, as evidenced by the IpA value at pH 7. The effect of pH variation also affects the stability of existing ions. So that the resulting current is higher, the higher the peak current value produced indicates, the more sensitive the electrode is due to high electron transfer. It maximizes the analysis of the concentration of the test solution because the measured concentration is linear with the measured current.
... Нікотинова кислота (вітамін РР) [11,19,26] розширює периферійні кровоносні судини; активує обмінні процеси в тканинах, що перешко джає випаданню волосся та стимулює їх зростання; допомагає насичувати та збагачувати всю шкіру голови і волосяні цибулини корисними поживними речовинами; пробу джує нові волосини, зміцнює коріння, знижує вироблення шкірного сала і збільшує синтез білка, тому волосся стає густішим. ...
Objective. Increase the effectiveness of complex therapy for patients with telogen alopecia with simultaneous use of the drug «Volvit tablets» (biotin 5 mg) inside and «Volvit intensive care shampoo» with biotin externally. Materials and methods. Patients with telogen alopecia, aged 22 to 40 years, who had complaints and a history of the disease (time of onset of increased hair loss, connection of baldness with stress, medication, viral infection, etc.) were under observation. The main diagnostic measures included: pull test, dermatoscopy, trichoscopy, trichogram, laboratory tests (general blood test, general urine test, biochemical blood test; basic trace elements and vitamins, thyroid gland research), scalp biopsy indicated. Consultations with an endocrinologist, psychotherapist, hematologist and other specialists were scheduled. Results and discussion. On the basis of the analysis of literary sources and own clinical and laboratory studies, a complex therapy of diffuse telogen alopecia was developed with the simultaneous appointment of the drug «Volvit tablets» (biotin 5 mg) and «Volvit intensive care shampoo» with biotin, which has a dual effect (treatment from the inside and cosmetic care behind the hair and scalp from the outside). The diagnosis of diffuse telogen alopecia was established on the basis of the clinical picture of the disease and laboratory diagnostic data. Clinical symptoms in patients with telogen alopecia are manifested by uniform, intense hair loss over the entire head, which is noticed after washing the head and combing, when a lot of hair that has fallen out remains. After examining the patient, an individual treatment plan was drawn up, taking into account the identified factors of the disease and accompanying pathology. One of the most common causes of hair loss is an insufficient amount of biotin in the body, and the causes of a decrease in the amount of biotin in the body are stressful situations, an unbalanced diet with an insufficient amount of biotin in products, intestinal dysbacteriosis, diseases of internal organs, disorders of the endocrine system, transferred viral diseases, taking antibiotics and other. Taking into account the above, in the complex therapy of patients with diffuse telogen alopecia, the drug «Volvit tablets» (biotin 5 mg) inside 5 mg once a day and «Volvit intensive care shampoo with biotin» were prescribed at the same time, as a result, good therapeutic results were achieved. Conclusions. Complex therapy of diffuse telogen alopecia with the simultaneous appointment of the drug «Volvit tablets» (biotin 5 mg) internally and «Volvit intensive care shampoo» with biotin externally helps to stop hair loss, restores the hair follicles to their normal function, is expedient in view of effectiveness and safety and can to be recommended for wide implementation in the practical work of doctors
... Currently, the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) recommends that sunscreen should offer broad-spectrum protection against both ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB), be water resistant for 40 to 80 minutes, and have a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 [5]. Additionally, targeting oxidative stress via the topical application of antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid [6,7] and niacinamide [8][9][10], has been shown to abate photoaging of the skin. Furthermore, the application of topical retinoids, a derivative of vitamin A, has also been shown to ameliorate signs of photoaging [11]. ...
Background
In the field of aesthetic dermatology, there is currently very little data on affordability and cost analysis regarding cosmeceuticals as more demand from patients showing interest in cosmeceutical products to reduce and prevent aging continues to grow. Photoaging, a form of extrinsic aging from sun exposure, can be ameliorated by applying sunscreen and retinol products. Topical ascorbic acid and niacinamide have been shown to target the oxidative stress process that contributes to photoaging. These four products have been identified as the cosmeceutical ingredients with the most evidence-based data on photoaging prevention and treatment.
Objective
Given the demand for effective skin care, the paucity of data on cost differentiation, and the availability of cosmeceutical products, we analyzed the unit cost of four anti-aging products from major online and physical retailers in the United States. Such a cost comparison may facilitate more economically appropriate recommendations on skin care to consumers.
Methods and materials
We analyzed sunscreen, topical vitamin C (ascorbic acid), topical vitamin B3 (niacinamide), and topical vitamin A (retinol) products sold by four major United States retailers: Walmart, Ulta, Walgreens, and Amazon. The average cost in dollars per ounce (dollar/oz) was calculated for each product category at each retailer. Statistical analyses were done to determine statistical significance for each product category between retailers as well as between each category of product.
Results
Between the four retailers, Walmart offered the lowest cost per ounce for every product. In contrast, Amazon offered the highest cost per ounce for every product except for sunscreen. We also found that sunscreen products are less expensive per ounce as compared to retinol, ascorbic acid, and niacinamide products.
Conclusion
Dermatologists should be knowledgeable of product costs when providing patients with anti-aging product recommendations. Our study provides data on the financial cost by retail location of evidence-based anti-aging cosmeceuticals to better guide physicians in patient consulting and economical resource sharing.
... 15,16 Vichy volcanic mineralizing water (VVMW) is a highly mineralized water containing 15 minerals that confer antioxidant properties to strengthen the skin barrier and help protect the skin against exposome aggressions. 17 Niacinamide (vitamin B3) has been shown to have an exfoliating effect, reduce dark spots, improve skin barrier function, 18 increase lipid biosynthesis, and reduce TEWL 19,20 to improve skin hydration and wrinkles. 21 Vitamin C and vitamin E have antioxidant, photoprotective, and hydration benefits. ...
Background
The decline in estrogen levels from several years before (perimenopause) and during menopause has various negative effects, including skin specific issues, which often receive less attention than other menopausal symptoms despite having a significant negative effect on quality of life (QoL). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of anti‐aging dermocosmetic products designed for women during the perimenopause and menopause.
Materials and methods
An open study of 101 perimenopausal women (no menstruation for 4–12 months or irregular menstruation for <5 years) and 101 menopausal women (no menstruation for >12 months), not taking hormone replacement therapy, was conducted. Adapted dermocosmetic regimens, specific to each group (day cream, night cream and serum), were applied for 56 days. Assessments included automatic artificial intelligence diagnostics of eight clinical facial signs, hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and a menopause skin QoL questionnaire.
Results
Mean age was 50 ± 3.9 years (range 41–57) and 59 ± 3.8 years (range 50–66) for the perimenopause and menopause groups, respectively. Significant improvements in wrinkles and vascular signs, increases in hydration, decreases in TEWL, and a positive impact on QoL were observed after 56 days of application of the respective dermocosmetic regimens for both the perimenopause and menopause groups.
Conclusion
The anti‐aging skin care products designed specifically for perimenopausal and menopausal women increased skin hydration and improved wrinkles with a positive impact on QoL.
... É importante enfatizar também sua importância quanto a sua forma farmacológica, ou seja, pode ser utilizada em diversos tratamentos na pele pois estabiliza a barreira cutânea com melhora da perda de água da pele, promovendo assim a hidratação da camada córnea, que é onde são depositadas as células mortas da pele. Através de avaliações clinicas foi percebido que a utilização da niacina na pele promove suavização das rugas da pele através do aumento de síntese proteína e ceramida (GEHRING, 2004). A ampla atividade clínica da niacinamida pode ser explicada pelo seu papel como um precursor da energia celular, um modulador de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e um inibidor da enzima poli (ADP-ribose) polimerase-1 (PARP-1) que desempenha importante papel no reparo ao DNA, na manutenção da estabilidade genômica e na resposta celular à ferimentos, incluindo inflamação e apoptose. ...
A niacinamida é um ativo promissor no tratamento de problemas relacionados a pele. Também conhecido como forma amida da vitamina B3, a niacinamida é uma alternativa para tratamento de manchas na pele. O objetivo deste estudo é evidenciar os efeitos do uso tópico da niacinamida na pele para o clareamento de manchas. Como metodologia de estudo utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica, ou seja, pesquisa da literatura acerca do tema em artigos científicos, revistas, livros e periódicos, afim de dar base teórica ao estudo. A partir da literatura consultada foi possível identificar a eficiência da niacinamida no tratamento de várias condições da pele, dentre elas o clareamento de manchas como a hiperpigmentação e o melasma. A niacinamida tem ação antioxidante, hidratante, reparadora, anti-inflamatória e clareadora. Foram apontados 2 estudos onde demonstrou-se os benefícios do ativo para a redução da pigmentação da pele com manchas. Suas propriedades melhoram a aparência da pele por seu efeito terapêutico, sendo este um agente importante a ser estudado para evidenciar outros benefícios e possíveis tratamentos para outros problemas na pele.
... The topical application of vitamin E is able to alter the biosynthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycan in the skin owing to its antioxidant properties [11,12]. Vitamin B3 (also known as niacinamide or nicotinamide) in a topical form can exert a stabilizing effect on epidermal barrier function, presenting with a decrease in transepidermal water loss and an increase in the moisture content of the stratum corneum [13]. Besides, it can increase the biosynthesis of ceramide and other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier [14]. ...
Skin aging is one of the most concerning issues that occur after menopause. The Genistein Nutraceutical (GEN) product, containing genistein, vitamin E, vitamin B3, and ceramide, has been formulated as a topical anti-aging product for improving the health of postmenopausal women’s facial skin. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of the GEN product on postmenopausal women’s facial skin. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomly assigned 50 postmenopausal women to receive either the GEN product (n = 25) or the placebo (PLA) product (n = 25), topically applied twice daily for 6 weeks. The outcome assessments included multiple skin parameters related to skin wrinkling, color, hydration, and facial skin quality at baseline and week 6. The percentage mean changes or absolute mean changes, where appropriate, in skin parameters were compared between the two groups. The mean age of the participants was 55.8 ± 3.4 years. For skin wrinkling and skin color parameters, only skin redness was significantly higher in the GEN group when compared to the PLA group. Following the application of the GEN product, skin hydration increased while fine pores and their area decreased. Subgroup analysis of older women (age ≥ 56 years) with adequate compliance found significant differences between the two groups in the percentage mean changes of most skin wrinkle parameters. The GEN product has benefits for the facial skin of postmenopausal women, particularly those who are older. It can moisturize facial skin, lessen wrinkles, and enhance redness.
... As reviewed in the ref [4], the appropriate sources of NAD + -precursor differ by the cell types. Generally, NAM is used for topical applications for removing wrinkles and moisturizing [10]. Conversely, in this study, NA was revealed to act against the epidermal keratinocyte to increase NAD + levels, which potentially leads to skin-barrier functions of anti-aging mechanisms. ...
Nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD ⁺ ) is an important component for various biological processes in mammalian cells, such as energy production, redox state maintenance, and gene regulation. In most mammalian cells, NAD ⁺ is produced by vitamin B3, including nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinic acid (NA). Recently, NAD ⁺ up-regulation therapy has attracted attention for suppressing the aging processes, called rejuvenation. Although various enzymes participate in the NAD ⁺ production pathway, some enzymes are lacking in particular cells. Therefore, it is thought that the suitable material for NAD ⁺ production varies with the types of cells. However, the optimization of the NAD ⁺ -precursor for use in topical formulations has rarely been considered. In this study, we asked which precursor is suitable for application against human skin keratinocytes. As a result, NA supplementation 1.3-fold up-regulated intracellular NAD ⁺ level significantly, even with a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor, FK866, and its metabolites NA mononucleotide also increased NAD ⁺ level by1.5-fold with 100 μM application. Surprisingly, NAM and its derivatives could not up-regulate cellular NAD ⁺ levels in keratinocytes. The NA supplementation also up-regulated mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), which indicates the effect for mitochondria. NA also alleviated rotenone-induced mitochondrial ROS accumulation. These results suggest that NA can be used for topical application for skin rejuvenation.
... Though PVL pathology and the exact cytotoxic molecular mechanism are not fully elucidated, in some instances, PVL is associated with ROS production that ultimately leads to DNA damage and cell death [53,54]. It is well-established that vitamin C and B3 have the ability to scavenge ROS and free radicals formed intracellularly [32,55]. For instance, oral and topical nicotinamide inhibited skin photocarcinogenesis that is mediated by ROS produced via UV radiations in murine models [56]. ...
Background: Panton–Valentine Leukocidin sustains a strong cytotoxic activity, targeting immune cells and, consequently, perforating the plasma membrane and inducing cell death. The present study is aimed to examine the individual effect of ascorbic acid and nicotinamide on PVL cytotoxicity ex vivo, as well as their effect on granulocytes viability when treated with PVL. Materials and Methods: The PVL cytotoxicity assay was performed in triplicates using the commercial Cytotoxicity Detection Kit PLUS (LDH). LDH release was measured to determine cell damage and cell viability was measured via flow cytometry. Results and discussion: A clear reduction in PVL cytotoxicity was demonstrated (p < 0.001). Treatment with ascorbic acid at 5 mg/mL has shown a 3-fold reduction in PVL cytotoxicity; likewise, nicotinamide illustrated a 4-fold reduction in PVL cytotoxicity. Moreover, granulocytes’ viability after PVL treatment was maintained when incubated with 5 mg/mL of ascorbic acid and nicotinamide. Conclusions: our findings illustrated that ascorbic acid and nicotinamide exhibit an inhibitory effect on PVL cytotoxicity and promote cell viability, as the cytotoxic effect of the toxin is postulated to be neutralized by antioxidant incubation. Further investigations are needed to assess whether these antioxidants may be viable options in PVL cytotoxicity attenuation in PVL-associated diseases.
... It has been found to upregulate ceramide, sphingolipid, free fatty acid, and cholesterol synthesis in human keratinocytes. Its efficacy has been translated in vivo with a reduction of dry skin appearance, TEWL [9] and increased keratinocyte differentiation [10]. More recently, niacinamide has been shown to mitigate the release of pro-inflammatory lipids, such as arachidonic acid and prostaglandin D2, during skin barrier disruption [11]. ...
The Scandinavian region is home to a unique biome with endemic plant species. The aim of this study was to explore this natural diversity and identify plant extracts providing positive skin barrier effects. Six plant extracts were identified as starting material. Following biochemical screening, two candidates outperformed the rest: Betula alba (BA) and Empetrum nigrum (EN). Quantitative PCR analysis showed that BA and EN upregulated barrier genes, when used individually and in combination. Betula alba increased AQP3 and OCLN protein expression, something niacinamide was incapable of. Additionally, the skin barrier was strengthened, evidenced by inhibition of KLK5 and hyaluronidase and showed strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through DPPH and COX2 inhibition, respectively. A first split-face clinical study was conducted using the combination of extracts versus placebo. There was a significantly better skin restructuring effect and corneocyte cohesion on the side treated with combined extracts. A second split-face clinical study assessed the combined extracts versus 3% niacinamide. Significant variations in skin hydration and TEWL were observed in favor of the extract treated side. In conclusion, we identified a natural alternative to niacinamide for improving skin barrier health, in Scandinavian plant extracts, which yield strong performance, but at a lower concentration.
... Niacinamide has been shown to strengthen the epidermal barrier and reduce skin inflammation in several disorders, including rosacea. 46 A facial moisturizer containing niacinamide was applied on the arms and face of subjects with rosacea. Participants applied the study moisturizer on one arm and used a vehicle cream on the other arm as a control. ...
Background:
Rosacea is an inflammatory dermatosis with at least a ten percent prevalence reported among white adults. Rosacea occurs in nonwhite populations, but prevalence data is limited.
Methods:
Five dermatologists from Latin America (the panel) met virtually after completing a survey of their prescription and adjunctive therapy practices when managing Latin American patients with rosacea. Panel members were chosen based on their dermatology expertise in treating a range of skin phototypes. Survey results were reviewed and discussed, along with a review of published guidelines for rosacea treatment.
Results:
The panel addressed diagnostic challenges in richly pigmented skin individuals. Pathophysiology and treatment of rosacea were reviewed, with a primary focus on how to treat the skin barrier dysfunction in those affected, using prescription and over-the-counter measures.
Conclusions:
Appropriate skincare is crucial for effective rosacea management. Cleansers and moisturizers with ingredients such as ceramides, hyaluronic acid, and niacinamide promote a healthy skin barrier, improving rosacea control. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(10):1111-1118. doi:10.36849/JDD.7010.
... Niacinamide, or nicotinamide, is a biologically active form of niacin (vitamin B3) found in the root of many vegetables and yeast. It is an essential precursor of coenzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleophosphate (NADPH) molecules with a potent antioxidant action [42]. In vitro studies have shown that niacinamide significantly decreases the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes, interfering in the cell signaling pathway between keratinocytes and melanocytes, decreasing melanogenesis [43]. ...
Melasma is a prevalent chronic relapsing pigmentary disorder that affects photoexposed areas, especially in women of childbearing age. Although there is currently no curative treatment available for melasma, this manuscript critically reviews the knowledge regarding photoprotection, topical and oral therapies, and procedures such as peelings, laser, and microneedling that represent the main strategies for control and prevention of this disease. As the pathogenesis of melasma is not entirely understood, there are prospects for the development of new therapeutic strategies that might act on the pathways that promote sustained pigmentation rather than merely decreasing melanin synthesis and removing melanin from the epidermis.
Acne, a commonly treated skin disease, requires control of one’s daily routine for an optimal outcome. As skincare products continue to advance, and with the introduction of dermocosmetics (active cosmetics, functional cosmetics, cosmeceuticals), it is necessary for clinicians to stay updated and give professional guidance. Following a literature review, a panel discussed and, using an online review process, explored the available acne dermocosmetics and convened to develop consensus statements on acne skincare incorporating patient- and treatment-related factors. Recommendations tailored to several distinct patient subgroups, namely, preadolescent acne, adolescent/adult acne, acne with comorbid atopic dermatitis, acne in pregnancy, drug-induced acne, and acne cosmetica, were generated to maximize the use of dermocosmetics in acne management. In adolescent and adult acne, products with active ingredients that mark key aspects of acne pathophysiology are called for; in atopics, agents which protect and restore the skin barrier are primarily considered; and in the preadolescent age group and pregnant and lactating women, the use of acne dermocosmetics should be prioritized as there are limited treatment options. While skincare alone is often sufficient for mild acne and for maintenance, adjunctive skincare can enhance treatment efficacy as well as patient adherence in various settings. This guideline seeks to offer insights into acne dermocosmetics and provide skincare recommendation tailored to Asian patient subgroups.
Niacinamide has a mechanism of action as an anti-aging agent by increasing fibroblast production by stimulating collagen synthesis and can increase elastin which can prevent wrinkles on the skin of the facial area. The most commonly used method is thin layer hydration followed by sonication. Determination of the optimum formula using expert design with the simplex lattice design method. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of Phosphatidylcholine concentration of 0.5-5% and Cholesterol concentration of 0.3-5% on the physical properties of niacinamide liposomes, obtain the optimal formula for nano liposomes niacinamide and determine the anti-aging activity of Niacinamide liposomes tested on the backs of rabbits. In the simplex lattice design method, the optimal formula of Phosphotidylcholine with a concentration of 4.7% and cholesterol with a concentration of 0.3% was obtained which produced nanoliposome characteristics including particle size of 135.7 zeta potential -77.19, Adsorption Efficiency of 98.01% and has anti -aging activity with parameters increasing collagen 29.98% and elasticity 65.56%. Niacinamide preparations provide a large increase in anti-aging activity and increase permeability so that they can provide a faster effect than niacinamide serum without liposomes.
Effects of pre- and probiotics on intestinal health are well researched and microbiome-targeting solutions are commercially available. Even though a trend to appreciate the presence of certain microbes on the skin is seeing an increase in momentum, our understanding is limited as to whether the utilization of skin-resident microbes for beneficial effects holds the same potential as the targeted manipulation of the gut microflora. Here, we present a selection of molecular mechanisms of cross-communication between human skin and the skin microbial community and the impact of these interactions on the host’s cutaneous health with implications for the development of skin cosmetic and therapeutic solutions. Malassezia yeasts, as the main fungal representatives of the skin microfloral community, interact with the human host skin via lipid mediators, of which several are characterized by exhibiting potent anti-inflammatory activities. This review therefore puts a spotlight on Malassezia and provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge about these fungal-derived lipid mediators and their capability to reduce aesthetical and sensory burdens, such as redness and itching, commonly associated with inflammatory skin conditions. Finally, several examples of current skin microbiome-based interventions for cosmetic solutions are discussed, and models are presented for the use of skin-resident microbes as endogenous bio-manufacturing platforms for the in situ supplementation of the skin with beneficial metabolites.
Skincare is currently important because of the many problems that occur in the skin. Some of the problems that occur have caused a reaction from the community by using several skin care products that are believed to be able to overcome these problems. One of them is Niacinamide. This review aims to summarize the relevant literature on the role and potential of Niacinamide in various skin problems and to compare the results of studies from several articles. We summarize 21 articles obtained from PubMed and NCBI using several keywords. The review results show that Niacinamide is a substance that has particular benefits in the field of skin care product development. Based on literature studies from various studies show that Niacinamide has good potential in overcoming various problems that occur in the skin.
The present review deals with two main ingredients of energy/power drinks: B vitamins and glucuronolactone and their possible effect on the immune system. There is a strong relationship between the recommended daily dose of selected B vitamins and a functional immune system. Regarding specific B vitamins: (1) Riboflavin is necessary for the optimization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the fight against bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. (2) Niacin administered within normal doses to obese rats can change the phenotype of skeletal fibers, and thereby affect muscle metabolism. This metabolic phenotype induced by niacin treatment is also confirmed by stimulation of the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of free fatty acids (FFAs) and oxidative phosphorylation at this level. (3) Vitamin B5 effects depend primarily on the dose, thus large doses can cause diarrhea or functional disorders of the digestive tract whereas normal levels are effective in wound healing, liver detoxification, and joint health support. (4) High vitamin B6 concentrations (>2000 mg per day) have been shown to exert a significant negative impact on the dorsal root ganglia. Whereas, at doses of approximately 70 ng/mL, sensory symptoms were reported in 80% of cases. (5) Chronic increases in vitamin B12 have been associated with the increased incidence of solid cancers. Additionally, glucuronolactone, whose effects are not well known, represents a controversial compound. (6) Supplementing with D-glucarates, such as glucuronolactone, may help the body’s natural defense system function better to inhibit different tumor promoters and carcinogens and their consequences. Cumulatively, the present review aims to evaluate the relationship between the selected B vitamins group, glucuronolactone, and the immune system and their associations to bioavailability, doses, and efficiency.
Mushrooms have two components, the fruiting body, which encompasses the stalk and the cap, and the mycelium, which supports the fruiting body underground. The part of the mushroom most commonly consumed is the fruiting body. Given that it is more time consuming to harvest the fruiting body versus simply the mycelia, we were interested in understanding the difference in metabolite content between the fruiting bodies and mycelia of four widely consumed mushrooms in Taiwan: Agrocybe cylindracea (AC), Coprinus comatus (CC), Hericium erinaceus (HE), and Hypsizygus marmoreus (HM). In total, we identified 54 polar metabolites using 1H NMR spectroscopy that included sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, nucleosides and purine/pyrimidine derivatives, sugars, and others. Generally, the fruiting bodies of AC, CC, and HM contained higher amounts of essential amino acids than their corresponding mycelia. Among fruiting bodies, HE had the lowest essential amino acid content. Trehalose was the predominant carbohydrate in most samples except for the mycelia of AC, in which the major sugar was glucose. The amount of adenosine, uridine, and xanthine in the samples was similar, and was higher in fruiting bodies compared with mycelia, except for HM. The organic acid and sugar alcohol content between fruiting bodies and mycelia did not tend to be different. Although each mushroom had a unique metabolic profile, the metabolic profile of fruiting bodies and mycelia were most similar for CC and HE, suggesting that the mycelia of CC and HE may be good replacements for their corresponding fruiting bodies. Additionally, each mushroom species had a unique polar metabolite fingerprint, which could be utilized to identify adulteration.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is designated as a convoluted nerve cell devastating disorder that encompasses the profound declination of dopaminergic (DArgic) nerve cells of the mesencephalon region. The condition is sketched by four eminent motor manifestations, namely, slow movement, muscle tension, shaking, and disrupted balance, but the pathology behind these manifestations is still vague. Modern-day medicinal treatment emphasizes curbing the manifestations via introducing a gold standard (levodopa) instead of forestalling the DArgic nerve cell destruction. Therefore, the invention and utilization of novel neuroprotective candidates are of paramount importance in overcoming PD. Vitamins are organic molecules engaged in the modulation of evolution, procreation, biotransformation, and other operations of the body. Numerous studies employing varying experimental models have promulgated a prominent linkage between vitamins and PD. Vitamins, owing to their antioxidant and gene expression modulation abilities, might be efficacious in PD therapy. Recent corroborations depict that adequate augmentation of vitamins might de-escalate the manifestations and emergence of PD; however, the safety of daily vitamin intake must be considered. By assembling the comprehensive information obtained from existing publications via searching various renowned medical portals, the investigators render in-depth insights into the physiological association amongst vitamins (D, E, B3, and C) and PD and concerned pathological processes and their safeguarding actions in varied PD models. Furthermore, the manuscript delineates the remedial aptitude of vitamins in PD therapy. Conclusively, augmentation of vitamins (owing to their antioxidant and gene expression regulation capabilities) might appear as a novel and terribly efficacious ancillary therapeutic approach for PD.
The aim of this study was to prepare niacinamide (NA) imprinted biomaterials for treating hyperpigmentation using mungbean starch (MS), PVA, and plasticizers (glycerol (GL) and citric acid (CA)). Biomaterials and NA were characterized by FE-SEM, FT-IR, and 1H NMR. To evaluate the applicability of the NA imprinted biomaterials for a transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS), NA release experiment was conducted in different pH and temperature conditions. Results of NA release properties indicated that NA was released about 99 % rapidly in the initial 10 min. NA release in low pH and high temperature was also higher than that in high pH and low temperature. The determination of experimental conditions and the analysis of NA release results were achieved using response surface methodology (RSM). Results of NA release using artificial skin indicated that NA release from NA imprinted biomaterials was increased at a relatively steady rate for 90 min. To verify for treating hyperpigmentation of the prepared biomaterials, tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant inhibitory were performed. Results indicated that NA imprinted biomaterials with the addition of CA exhibited 55.8 % of tyrosinase inhibitory and 73.0 % of antioxidant inhibitory. In addition, their ability to inhibit melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells was evaluated.
Vit B3, also known as niacin or nicotinic acid, is a water-soluble member of the Vit B3 complex, a family of vitamins that includes nicotinamide and nicotinamide riboside. Niacin was first described by chemist Hugo Weidel in his studies of nicotine [1]. It was later extracted from liver tissue by biochemist Conrad Elvehjem in 1937, who later identified the active ingredient, then referred to as the “pellagra-preventing factor” and the “anti-blacktongue factor.” [2] Nowadays, niacin is referred to as Vit B3 because it was the third of the B vitamins to be discovered. Niacin cannot be directly converted to nicotinamide, but since both compounds are precursors of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) in vivo, the term Vit B3 is used as a blanket term for both [3].
This study established an ex vivo skin test method, which can effectively test the whitening and moisturizing effects of facial mask products. Simulate the subject's process of applying a facial mask on the isolated skin sample for 15 min a day for 5 d. After the treatment, the isolated skin samples were made into skin tissue sections. Fontan-Masson staining was used to evaluate the whitening effect of the mask. AQP3, Claudin-1 and Filaggrin immuno-fluorescence staining were used to evaluate the moisturizing effect of the samples. The results showed that the mask can significantly reduce the melanin content in the epidermal layer and had a whitening effect. At the same time, the mask can increase the positive rate and fluorescence intensity of AQP3, Claudin 1 and Filaggrin, indicating that the mask has the effect of moisturizing and enhancing the epidermal barrier. The ex vivo skin test method also has great application potential in the other efficacy evaluation of cosmetics.
A case of a new unilateral poikilodermatous rash on the lateral aspect of the neck in a middle-aged man is presented. He had been treated for comedones and seborrhea with a low glucose-index diet, niacinamide and riboflavin for 6 months. Dermatoscopy of the area affected showed the uniform pattern of reticular linear vessels pierced by the whitish hair follicle openings, which made the grid polygonal. Erythemo-teleangiectatic variant of poikiloderma of Civatte, poikilodermatous mycosis fungoides, erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli and niacinamide-induced flushing were considered the possible differentials. With combining the data from the patient’s history, considering the clinical presentation and dermatoscopic clues reported for the differential diagnoses, the diagnosis of niacinamide-induced poikilodermatous flushing was made. Niacinamide-induced flushing is a common side effect in patients taking this drug, yet the erythema itself is not associated with toxicity. That is the first report of dermatoscopy of niacinamide-induced poikilodermatous erythema. Further observations are needed in regard to specificity of that clue. In patients with facial flushing/head-and-neck erythema, especially transient and asymmetrical, physicians should consider the role of niacinamide supplementation, as even non-toxic doses may evoke the symptoms. Dermatoscopy is a usable auxiliary diagnostic modality, that paired with taking the detailed history and clinical examination, may help to exclude some differentials and provide the dermatologist with the clues to the diagnosis.
The use of in vitro preparations of human skin to study percutaneous absorption is widespread. Yet, up to the present time, little has been done to systematically validate this model and demonstrate the extent to which it mimicks in vivo absorption. In this study, the permeability of 12 organic compounds has been evaluated in excised skin and the results compared to those obtained previously by others in living man. With special emphasis being given here to duplicating in vivo conditions, it was possible to demonstrate an excellent qualitative agreement between the two methods. In all cases, the absorption pattern determined in vitro rather precisely paralleled the pattern which was obtained in vivo. Quantitative agreement between the two sets of data was less than perfect, although the in vitro method adequately distinguished compounds of low permeability from those of high permeability and ranked then in approximately the same order found in vivo. This systematic comparison of in vitro with in vivo data was clearly shown how accurately in vitro absorption studies can reflect the living state.
Hyperbaric oxygen has been established as an acceptable treatment for the chronic healing wound. Nicotinamide has been shown to be angiogenic and accelerate the physiologic process following wounding. Therefore both nicotinamide and hyperbaric oxygen were evaluated to enhance flap survival in an island pedicle skin flap model. These two treatment modalities were evaluated alone and in combination to assess if there is an addictive effect to enhance flap survival. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats (weight 300-350 grams) were treated for 14 days preoperatively 1 day post-operatively with either 400 mg of nicotinamide i.p. or saline i.p. On day 14, a 7 X 7 cm island pedicle skin flap was elevated ligating the left inferior epigastric neurovascular pedicle and were sutured in their normal position. Twenty animals then underwent hyperbaric oxygen treatments. Forty-eight hours post-operatively animals were re-anesthetized and were given a single injection of fluorescein (25 mg/kg) via the tail vein. The % survival of the flap and SEM of the groups are as follows: Saline 45.67 +/- 31.14, nicotinamide 85.30 +/- 9.24, saline-hyperbaric oxygen 76.70 +/- 9.42 and nicotinamide-hyperbaric oxygen 90.86 +/- 3.94 with statistical significance of p less than 0.01. Nicotinamide appears to be another acceptable therapeutic modality in the management of the acceleration of wound healing.
Topical nicotinamide (niacinamide) has demonstrable preventive activity against photocarcinogenesis in mice. To better understand how this vitamin prevents ultraviolet (UV) carcinogenesis, we tested systemic administration of another form of the vitamin, niacin, and its capacity to elevate cutaneous nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) content as well as to decrease photoimmunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis. BALB/cAnNTacfBR mice were fed the AIN-76A diet supplemented with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% niacin throughout the experiment. UV irradiation consisted of five 30-minute exposures per week to banks of six FS40 Westinghouse sunlamps for 22 weeks in the carcinogenesis experiments, yielding a total cumulative dose of approximately 1.41 x 10(6) Jm-2 of UV-B radiation. Dietary supplementation with 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% niacin reduced the control incidence of skin cancer from 68% to 60%, 48%, and 28%, respectively, at 26.5 weeks after the first UV treatment. Two potential mechanisms by which niacin prevents tumor formation were identified. Photoimmunosuppression, critical for photocarcinogenesis, is measured by a passive transfer assay. Syngeneic, antigenic tumor challenges grew to an average of 91.6 +/- 19.7, 79.8 +/- 11.5, 41.9 +/- 11.7, or 13.2 +/- 4.1 mm2 in naive recipients of splenocytes from UV-irradiated mice treated with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% niacin supplementation, respectively, demonstrating niacin prevention of immunosuppression. Niacin supplementation elevated skin NAD content, which is known to modulate the function of DNA strand scission surveillance proteins p53 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, two proteins critical in cellular responses to UV-induced DNA damage. These results clearly demonstrate a dose-dependent preventive effect of oral niacin on photocarcinogenesis and photoimmunosuppression and establish the capacity of oral niacin to elevate skin NAD levels.
• A patient with tuberculous meningitis developed a pellagra-like skin eruption after treatment with isoniazid. Administration of the drug was continued, and a topical preparation of niacinamide (nicotinamide) was applied to one half of the face and the back of one hand. The areas treated responded rapidly, and subsequently all affected areas of the patient were treated, with almost complete resolution of the rash. At the same time, there was noticeable improvement in the patient's depression and apathy. We suggest that all of these changes could be due to percutaneous absorption of niacinamide.
(Arch Dermatol 112:70-72, 1976)
in the lower stratum comeurn but underwent degradation towards the upper surface of the stratum corneum. These observations contrasted with xerotic skin, which had disorganized lipid bilayers in the upper stratum corneum, although apparently normal lipid bilayers in the deeper tissue regions. Also, desmosomes remained undegraded in the upper layers of the xerotic stratum corneum, a finding corrobo- rated by western blotting showing increased levels of desmoglein 1. Chromatographic analysis of stratum comeurn lipids showed decreased ceramide and increased fatty acid levels in subjects with xerosis compared with normal individuals, particularly in the outer stratum corneum layers. Although ceramides were lost from the stratum comeurn, the increased levels of fatty acids may be due in part to the deposition of soap fatty acids. Our results support previous studies demonstrating the importance of desmosomal degradation in desquamation. Furthermore, we have been able to show changes in the normal membrane structure of intracellular lipids in the desquamating layers of the stratum comeurn. These studies also provide new insights into soap-induced winter xerosis, revealing abnormalities in stratum comeurn lipid composition and organization together with reduced desmosomal degradation.
The healing of wounds in the donor area of splitted grafts was observed. The transplants served to graft an already existing wound which had not healed spontaneously. 120 wounds sustained by 95 patients were examined either histologically or by Rebuck's method of skin fenestration. 30 wounds were dressed with ointment and tulle, in 55 cases the wound was covered with perforated cellophane and an Allen-Koch compression bandage. These patients also received 1500 mg Complain in 500 ml physiological saline solution daily, by continuous drip infusion, for three days postoperatively. In 35 patients the wounds were only covered with perforated cellophane, but without additional medication. The application of Complamin shortened the healing process to seven to ten days in contrast to the control group where the wounds took 15 to 17 days to heal.
Topical applications of a 1.5 percent aqueous solution of 6-aminonicotinamide for four weeks resulted in substantial improvement or complete clearing of plaques of psoriasis in 27 of 34 patients. These results were clearly superior to those that were obtained with the solvent alone. Dermatitis or marked itching occurred in five of 34 patients. Topically applied thionicotinamide also produced improvement or clearing of some psoriatic lesions in an initial screening trial. The toxic hazards of 6-aminonicotinamide to the central nervous system are discussed.
A patient with tuberculous meningitis developed a pellagra-like skin eruption after treatment with isoniazid. Administration of the drug was continued, and a topical preparation of niacinamide (nico-tinamide) was applied to one half of the face and the back of one hand. The areas treated responded rapidly, and subsequently all affected areas of the patient were treated, with almost complete resolution of the rash. At the same time, there was noticeable improvement in the patient's depression and apathy. We suggest that all of these changes could be due to percutaneous absorption of niacinamide.
• Ninety-nine patients with psoriasis were treated topically with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) in four years. In a double-blind study, 1% 6-AN gel was superior to 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in 29 comparisons, equal in three, and inferior in one when applied without occlusion for four weeks. In an open study, 1% 6-AN was better than four "potent" steroid creams in 34 comparisons, equal in four, and inferior in one.
Substantial improvement or complete clearing of plaques occurred in 85 of 99 patients. Tachyphylaxis occurred in ten, but was not permanent. Mucocutaneous toxicity appeared in 25% but was usually easily controlled.
Tinnitus occurred in four, but none had deterioration of audiogram readings. The combination of topical 6-AN and oral niacinamide therapy gives promise of an effective and safe treatment for psoriasis.
One of three patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris improved considerably with 6-AN.
(Arch Dermatol 114:1632-1638, 1978)
This chapter discusses the biochemistry and function of stratum corneum lipids. The study of lipids as a class of chemical constituents of the stratum corneum offers a unique opportunity to investigate the functional specialization of this tissue. The daily rate of epidermal lipid synthesis in man is equal to the lipid content times the daily loss of stratum corneum. Total epidermal lipid constitutes approximately 10–14% of the dry weight of mammalian epidermis. However, by themselves, isolated intercellular lipids possess no water-holding capacity. The ability of the intercellular lipids to form lamellar bilayers, in the absence of phospholipids, is dependent upon the amphipathic properties of ceramides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, and perhaps lesser constituents such as cholesterol sulfate and proteolipids. The lamellar bilayers are stabilized in an aqueous environment by van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds. Moreover, recently, it has been suggested that a major component of the stratum corneum is a ceramide, consisting of 30 to 34-carbon chain length, N-acyl, ω-hydroxyacids covalently bound to the cornified envelope. This leaflet may serve as a scaffold for the intercellular bilayers, thereby contributing to both the barrier and the cohesive properties of the stratum corneum.
Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) often present with a dry skin. To clarify the relationship between dry skin and lipid abnormalities within stratum corneum, stratum corneum lipids were collected from six AD patients aged 15 to 25 years and from sex- and age-matched controls. All major stratum corneum lipid classes were separated and quantitated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography/photodensitometry. Six ceramide fractions were also isolated and quantitated by thin-layer chromatography/photodensitometry. Esterified fatty acids of both ceramide 1 (acylceramides) and wax esters were analysed by capillary gas chromatography. The relative amounts of all the stratum corneum lipid classes including squalene, cholesterol esters, wax esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, ceramides, cholesterol sulphate and phospholipids did not differ statistically between AD patients and controls. However, a significant decrease in proportion of ceramide 1, which is believed to be a carrier of linoleate responsible for a water-barrier function, and increased levels of esterified C18:1 fatty acids (oleate) of ceramide 1 were observed in AD patients. On the other hand, the fatty acid compositions as well as the proportions of C16:1 straight-chain component in sebum wax esters of AD patients were very similar to those of controls. These results suggest that a significantly reduced amount and/or structural alterations of ceramide 1 deriving from epidermal keratinocytes may be responsible for the impaired water-barrier function of the skin in AD.
Stratum corneum lipids are an important determinant for both water-retention function and permeability-barrier function in the stratum corneum. However, their major constituent, ceramides, have not been analyzed in detail in skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis that show defective water-retention and permeability-barrier function. In an attempt to assess the quantity of ceramides per unit mass of the stratum corneum in atopic dermatitis, stratum corneum sheet was removed from the forearm skin by stripping with cyanoacrylate resin and placed in hexane/ethanol extraction to yield stratum corneum lipids. The stratum corneum was dispersed by solubilization of cyanoacrylate resin with dimethylformamide, and after membrane filtration, the weight of the stratum corneum mass was measured. The ceramides were quantified by thin-layer chromatography and evaluated as microgram/mg stratum corneum. In the forearm skin of healthy individuals (n = 65), the total ceramide content significantly declined with increasing age. In atopic dermatitis (n = 32-35), there was a marked reduction in the amount of ceramides in the lesional forearm skin compared with those of healthy individuals of the same age. Interestingly, the non-lesional skin also exhibited a similar and significant decrease of ceramides. Among six ceramide fractions, ceramide 1 was most significantly reduced in both lesional and non-lesional skin. These findings suggest that an insufficiency of ceramides in the stratum corneum is an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin.
We studied the percutaneous penetration of 21 organic chemicals. The experimental method consisted of the application of the chemical to the human forearm and quantitating its penetration through the skin by its appearance in urine.
There was a great diversity in the ability of the chemicals to penetrate human skin. Compounds such as hippuric acid, nicotinic acid, and nitrobenzene support the generally held view of the excellent chemical barrier properties for them.
Closely related compounds showed great differences in penetration. Benzoic acid was absorbed at 200 times the amount of its glycine conjugate—hippuric acid. Nicotinic acid barely penetrated; 10% of its amide, nicotinamide, penetrated. This suggests that molecules may be tailored to decrease or increase penetration as needed for the most suitable biological function.
A brief review of the epidemiological history of pellagra is attempted. In Europe and North America Pellagra is practically eradicated at the present time. However, in mediterranean countries, with much sunlight, cases of the disease are sporadically seen. Nevertheless, in countries with a low nutritional level Pellagra still exists as endemic form. In Athens, Greece, the last decade 1971-1981, 56 new cases of Pellagra were studied. A short analysis of the above cases concerning mainly the real cause of the disease is presented. Moreover, the more recent aspects concerning the aetiological factors responsible for the appearance of Pellagra, with special emphasis to vitamins, is reported.
Systemic and topical antimicrobials are effective in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris; however, widespread use of these agents is becoming increasingly associated with the emergence of resistant pathogens raising concerns about microorganism resistance and highlighting the need for alternative nonantimicrobial agents for the treatment of acne. Nicotinamide gel provides potent antiinflammatory activity without the risk of inducing bacterial resistance.
In our double-blind investigation, the safety and efficacy of topically applied 4% nicotinamide gel was compared to 1% clindamycin gel for the treatment of moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. Seventy-six patients were randomly assigned to apply either 4% nicotinamide gel (n = 38) or 1% clindamycin gel (n = 38) twice daily for 8 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated at 4 and 8 weeks using a Physician's Global Evaluation, Acne Lesion Counts, and an Acne Severity Rating.
After 8 weeks, both treatments produced comparable (P = 0.19) beneficial results in the Physician's Global Evaluation of Inflammatory Acne; 82% of the patients treated with nicotinamide gel and 68% treated with clindamycin gel were improved. Both treatments produced statistically similar reductions in acne lesions (papules/pustules; -60%, nicotinamide vs. -43%, clindamycin, P = 0.168), and acne severity (-52% nicotinamide group vs. -38% clindamycin group, P = 0.161).
These data demonstrate that 4% nicotinamide gel is of comparable efficacy to 1% clindamycin gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Because topical clindamycin, like other antimicrobials, is associated with emergence of resistant microorganisms, nicotinamide gel is a desirable alternative treatment for acne vulgaris.
Erythema is the initial symptom that occurs after sulfur mustard (HD) cutaneous exposure. The time course of HD-induced erythema is similar to that observed after UV irradiation, which can be reduced by indomethacin. Sulfur mustard lethality is decreased by using promethazine, which is an antihistamine. Niacinamide can reduce microvesication after HD vapor exposure in hairless guinea pig (HGP) skin. The present study examines the effect of the combined administration of niacinamide, indomethacin and promethazine used alone or in all possible combinations on the degree of erythema and histopathologic skin damage after HD exposure in HGP. Niacinamide (750 mg kg-1, i.p.), promethazine (12.5 mg kg-1, i.m.) or indomethacin (4 mg kg-1, p.o.) used singly or in combination was given as a 30-min pretreatment before an 8-min HD vapor cup skin exposure. Using a combination pretreatment of niacinamide, promethazine and indomethacin, erythema was reduced at 4 (91%) and 6 (55%) h, but not 24 h after HD. The incidence of histopathological skin changes (microvesicles, follicular involvement, epidermal necrosis, intracellular edema and pustular epidermatitis) 24 h after HD was not reduced. This study indicates that HD-induced erythema may result from several different mechanisms, including inflammation, histamine release and DNA damage. It is suggested that two phases of inflammation may occur: an early phase sensitive to antihistamines and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and a late phase of extensive cell damage that was not sensitive to these drug pretreatments.
Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation leads to a potent immunosuppression of the capacity to reject syngeneic, antigenic tumors. If this immunosuppression is critical for the development of most skin tumors, then its prevention should result in prevention of photocarcinogenesis. We previously showed a correlation between the inhibition of photoimmunosuppression and prevention of photocarcinogenesis by dl-alpha-tocopherol, tannic acid, or alpha-difluoromethylornithine. The current study was designed to determine whether topical nicotinamide, the active form of vitamin B-3, or niacin, prevents immunosuppression and skin cancer in UV-irradiated mice. In a passive transfer assay for immunosuppression, splenocytes from UV-irradiated mice enhanced the growth of antigenic tumor challenges in recipient mice. Treatment of the UV-irradiated mice with 40 mumol of nicotinamide twice weekly starting two weeks before UV irradiation and throughout the experiment prevented this immunosuppression. UVB irradiation consisted of five weekly 30-minute exposures to banks of six FS40 Westinghouse fluorescent sunlamps. Mice received approximately 6.2 x 10(5) J/m2 in the passive transfer assays and 1.09 x 10(6) J/m2 in the photocarcinogenesis studies. Application of nicotinamide to UV-irradiated mice reduced skin tumor incidence from 75% to 42.5% (p = 0.016, Cox proportional hazards analysis). Thus topical nicotinamide prevented the immunosuppression and skin tumor induction by UVB irradiation.
Pellagra was diagnosed in a 48-year-old female patient with a bullous skin disease. The skin disease with purple/red sharply demarcated spots on hands and feet had worsened after sun exposure. She was a chronic alcoholic and for the last few months she had had diarrhoea. The treatment included vitamin B3, vitamin B complex and a high-quality protein diet. Within three days her skin disease improved. Pellagra is caused by a deficiency of nicotinamide or of its precursor tryptophan. It may occur in patients with dietary deficiency diseases (e.g. chronic alcoholics), carcinoid syndrome, HIV infections and drugs: fluorouracil, isoniazid, chloramphenicol and mercaptopurine. Pellagra leads to the triad: dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia, eventually followed by death. The skin changes are characteristic and pathognomonic. Recognition of pellagra is important; the prognosis is good after treatment.
Pellagra was in existence for nearly two centuries in Europe before being recognized in the United States, where it was first reported in 1902. Over the next two decades, pellagra occurred in epidemic proportions in the American South. Poverty and consumption of corn were the most frequently observed risk factors. Since the exact cause and cure of pellagra was not known, a culture of "pellagraphobia" formed among the public. Patients were shunned and ostracized. The medical community implicated spoiled corn as the cause of pellagra, which had economic repercussions for agriculturists. Joseph Goldberger, MD, of the United States Public Health Service eventually solved the secret of the malady: faulty diet. Goldberger was able to prevent and induce pellagra by dietary modification, a landmark event in the annals of medicine, nutrition, and epidemiology. His work and the social history of that period are reviewed.
Nicotinic acid is a lipid-lowering agent widely used to treat hypertriglyceridemia and to elevate low high density lipoprotein levels. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, G protein activation by nicotinic acid and derivatives was assessed as stimulation of guanosine 5'-(gamma-[(35)S]-thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding, and [(3)H]nicotinic acid was used for specific labeling of binding sites. Nicotinic acid (EC(50) approximately 1 microM) stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in membranes from rat adipocytes and spleen, but not from other tissues. G protein activation in adipocyte membranes in the presence of maximally activating concentrations of the selective A(1) adenosine receptor agonist 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine and nicotinic acid was almost additive, indicating that G proteins of mostly distinct pools were activated by these agonists. G protein activation by nicotinic acid and related substances in spleen and adipocytes revealed identical pharmacological profiles. [(3)H]Nicotinic acid specifically detected guanine nucleotide-sensitive binding sites of identical pharmacology in adipocyte and spleen membranes. The site of action of nicotinic acid is distinct from other G protein-coupled receptors. These data indicate that nicotinic acid most probably acts on a specific G protein-coupled receptor.
Effects of niacinamide on ceramide biosynthesis and differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes
- O Tanno
- Y Ota
- N Kitamura
- Inoue
Tanno O, Ota Y, Kitamura N, Inoue S. Effects of niacinamide on ceramide biosynthesis and differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes. 3rd ASCS Conference Taipei, Taiwan, 1997.
An increase in endogenous epidermal lipids improves skin barrier function
- O Tanno
- Y Ota
- R Hikima
- M Matsumoto
- M Ota
- Inoue
Tanno O, Ota Y, Hikima R, Matsumoto M, Ota M, Inoue S. An increase in endogenous epidermal lipids improves skin barrier function. XXIst IFSCC International Congress, Berlin, 2000.
New facial moisturizer technology increases exfoliation without compromising barrier function
- Ertel Kd
- Ca Berge
- Mercurio
- Mg
- Tj Fowler
- Amburgey
- Ms
Ertel KD, Berge CA, Mercurio MG, Fowler TJ, Amburgey MS. New facial moisturizer technology increases exfoliation without compromising barrier function. 58th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, San Francisco, 2000.
Wundheilung nach Entnahme von Spalthautlappentransplantaten [Wound healing after removal of split‐skin flap grafts]
- Myczkowski T.
22 Myczkowski T. Wundheilung nach Entnahme von Spalthautlappentransplantaten [Wound healing after removal of split-skin flap grafts]. Med Klin 1975; 70: 861– 6.
Decreased level of ceramides in stratum of atopic dermatitis: a factor in atopic dry skin?
- Abe G A Imokawa
- Jin
Imokawa G, Abe A, Jin K et al. Decreased level of ceramides in stratum of atopic dermatitis: a factor in atopic dry skin? J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96: 523 – 6.
- Herschel S
- Meyrick-Thomas RH
Topical niacinamide provides improvements in aging human facial skin
- Bissett
- Oblong
- M Saud
- Levine
- Herschel S
Effects of niacinamide on ceramide biosynthesis and differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes
- Kitamuran Tannoo Otay
- Inoues
Reduction of DNA damage by nicotinamide after reactive oxygen species treatment
- Shen SC
New facial moisturizer technology increases exfoliation without compromising barrier function
- Ertelkd Bergeca Mercuriomg Fowlertj Amburgeyms
Predicting visual perception of human skin surface texture using multiple-angle reflectance spectrophotometry
- Mattspj Solechnicknd
Topical niacinamide provides improvements in aging human facial skin
- Sauda Bissettdl Oblongje
- Levinem
Lokale Behandlung der Mykosis fungoides mit Stickstofflost in Kombination mit Lichttherapie [Local treatment of mycosis fungoides with nitrogen mustard in combination with light therapy]
- Gehring W
Pellagra (deficientie van vitamine B3 of van het aminozuur tryptofaan) een ziekte die nog steeds voorkomt in Nederland [Pellagra (deficiency of vitamin B3 and of the amino acid tryptophan): a disease still extant in the Netherlands]
- Pasmans SG
Effect of niacinamide on collagen synthesis and markers of keratinocyte differentiation
- Oblongje Bissettdl Ritterjl Kurtzkk Schnickerms
Topical niacinamide reduces human skin hyperpigmentation
- Hakozakit Matsubaraa Miyamotok Hillebrandgg Bissettdl
Niacinamide inhibits transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes
- Boissyre Minwallal Bissettdl Zhuangjc Chhoam
A fascial moisturising product as an adjunct in the treatment of rosacea
- Drealoszd Ertele Bergec Amburgeyms