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[Changes of physical and functional characteristics in soccer players]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the trends in selected physical cardiovascular and metabolic variables in 248 first division professional soccer players within a period of 27 years (1973-2000).
In a cross sectional study (panel) 198 Mexican players and 50 mainly from Brazil and Argentina were evaluated for physical examination, body composition, blood samples, EKG and maximal oxygen uptake on a treadmill. Data were categorized by decade (70's n = 66, 80's n = 84 and 90's n = 98) and analyzed for significant differences by ANOVAS (p < 0.05).
Value are presented in mean +/- standard deviation in chronological order. Age (years) 24 +/- 2, 26 +/- 2 and 27 +/- 3*. Weight (kg) 74 +/- 4, 73 +/- 4 and 74 +/- 5. Height (cm) 173 +/- 4, 175 +/- 4 and 176 +/- 5*. Body fat (%) 15 +/- 4, 12 +/- 4& and 10 +/- 4#*. Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 246 +/- 26, 220 +/- 24 and 198 +/- 20*. Triglycerides (mg/dL) 172 +/- 24, 190 +/- 26 and 147 +/- 24*#. Resting heart rate (bpm) 66 +/- 6, 60 +/- 4& and 54 +/- 5*#. VO2 max (mL.kg-1.min-1) 52 +/- 3, 54 +/- 2 and 57 +/- 2*. (& = p < 0.05 70's vs. 80's, * = p < 0.05 70's vs. 90's, # = p < 0.05 80's vs. 90's).
Our findings indicated that soccer players performing in the 90's are older and taller, lower body fat, lower blood in lipids profile, and higher cardiovascular fitness than those performing in the decade 70's and 80's. In particular these findings might be related to the improvement at international setting of the South American and Mexican soccer level. Despite the favorable changes and the personal claim of great skill in these players more physiological gains must be aimed and acquired in order to compete in similar circumstances with national teams of superior international levels.
... The ages of elite soccer players were found to cover a wide range (17-35 years) and differed according to their positions, while their age means were in the range 20 to 29 years ( (Bloomfield et al., 2005). A cross-sectional study by Díaz et al. (2003) of South American elite level soccer players, between the years of 1973-2000, showed that the mean age was 24±2 years in the 1970's, 26±2 in the 1980's and 27±3 years in the 1990's. Soccer is characteristically long-lasting, endurance-based, highly dynamic, and has different movement routines under high speed/intensity (Bangsbo, 1994;Mohr et al., 2003;Bangsbo et al., 2006;Rampinini et al., 2009). ...
... It is considered that although body size is not a prerequisite for high level performance, a specific height can be a significant factor for tactical success. A cross-sectional study by Díaz et al. (2003), conducted over a period of 27 years, showed that in Central and South America, taller soccer players were preferred in the 1990's (176±5 cm) than in the 1970's (173±4 cm). Although height varied according to their league and playing positions, the mean height of 2,085 elite soccer players in four European leagues (1.81±0.06 ...
Physical Characteristics and Somatotype of Soccer Players according to Playing Level and Position
The purpose of this study was to assess the physical characteristics of soccer players according to playing level and position. A total of 305 professional male soccer players [Turkish Super League (SL) (n = 161) and Turkish First League (FL) (n = 144)] were involved in this study. All data were gathered at the beginning of preparatory period of mid-season. Height, weight, flexed and tensed upper arm and calf girths, humerus and femur biepicondylar breadths, and four skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, supraspinale, and medial calf) were measured. Somatotypes were estimated using the Heath-Carter method. SL players were older (p≥0.002), and heavier (p≥0.007) than FL players, while height (p ≤ 0.497) was similar between SL and FL groups. There were significant differences for BW (p≥=0.000), and height (p≥0.000) between playing positions. Goalkeepers were taller (p≥0.000), and heavier (p≥0.001) than other players. Midfielders were shorter (p≥0.013) than other players, however, they were lighter than forwards (p≥0.008). The mean somatotype of the overall players was 2.4-4.8-2.3 (0.9-0.8-0.7) in SL and was 3.0-4.5-2.6 (0.9-0.9-0.8) in FL. SL players were more mesomorphic (p≥0.01), less endomorphic (p≥0.000), and less ectomorphic (p≥0.001) than FL players. Except for goalkeepers, there were significant differences in paired means between whole somatotype means of the SL and FL according to playing positions. The results of the present study demonstrate that both physical characteristics and somatotype of players were significantly different between playing levels and positions. Although the somatotype of soccer players in both levels was dominated by the mesomorph category, players at the higher playing level were more mesomorphic, and less endomorphic and ectomorphic than players at the lower level at all playing positions.
... A capacidade aeróbia dos atletas de futebol tem sido o foco de uma série estudos, de modo que a literatura científica fornece dados relativos a atletas profissionais [10][11][12][13] , adolescentes [14][15][16] , crianças 17 e do sexo feminino 18 . Em relação ao futsal, a lacuna científica que recai sobre a modalidade inclui também a avaliação da capacidade aeróbia. ...
... As diferenças observadas entre atletas que atuam como goleiros e jogadores de linha nas duas modalidades incentivaram a separação das posições táticas para a realização da comparação entre atletas de futebol e futsal, conforme apresentado na DISCUSSÃO Os valores de VO 2max encontrados no presente estudo para os atletas de futebol condizem com valores reportados na literatura para atletas pro-fissionais desta modalidade [11][12][13]23 . Entretanto, os valores relativos ao LV 2 mostram-se superiores aos relatados 11 , porém ocorrendo em similares percentuais do VO 2max 10,23 . ...
Although soccer and futsal are sports with similar motor actions, the differences in size and match dynamics result in distinct physiological requirements. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare parameters of aerobic capacity between professional soccer and futsal athletes. A total of 553 ergospirometric evaluations were performed: 367 soccer players (32 goalkeepers, 335 on-court players) and 186 futsal athletes (22 goalkeepers, 164 on-court players). The results were analyzed separately for each modality (comparison between goalkeepers and on-court players) and compared between soccer and futsal athletes. Soccer and futsal goalkeepers presented lower maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), second ventilatory threshold (VT2), and speed to reach these thresholds than on-court players of the respective modalities. Soccer goalkeepers were superior in terms of these parameters when compared to futsal goalkeepers. No differences in VO2max or VT2 were observed between soccer and futsal on-court players, although soccer athletes reached the thresholds at higher speeds. In conclusion, soccer and futsal goalkeepers present lower aerobic capacity than on-court players. Soccer players show better performance in aerobic tests than futsal athletes.
... It requires fundamentally aerobic energy content, in addition to explosive movements of short duration. [8][9][10][11] We found significant cardiometabolic and fitness improvements following group sport participation, primarily recreational soccer. These findings suggest that group sport interventions are promising strategies for reducing cardiometabolic risk in adults and consequently in a better condition to play at older ages. ...
ntroduction: the presence of inadequate lifestyles, physicalinactivity, and overeating, generate a cardiometabolicrisk (CMR). CMR induces an increase in the likelihood ofexperiencing cardiovascular events or developing diseaselike diabetes mellitus. Soccer football is the most popularand practiced sport in Mexico and contributes significantlyto the practice of exercise. Despite its importance, thereis not enough information to evaluate the cardiometabolicrisk of soccer players in our country and in the world, interms of their blood variables related to glucose, lipids andproteins. Objective: therefore, the purpose of the presentstudy was to relate cardiovascular and metabolic variables tolongevity as an active player in professional soccer players.Material and methods: participated professional playersof México belonged to the first (n = 10), second division (n= 10) and basic forces (n = 10). The age ranges were (14to 44 years old). They were evaluated in their corporality,functional performance and metabolic variables of glucose,lipids, and proteins. ANOVA and regression and correlationtests were utilized for analysis. Alfa value was fixed at 95%.Results: anthropometric and functional characteristics weresimilar in three groups and proteins and lipids as well. Therewas a difference in glucose level and regression analysisshows an inverse relationship with age. Conclusion: anappropriate food intake, associated with healthy lifestyles,promotes health, decreases the CMR and prolongs sportslife in soccer players
(2) (PDF) La longevidad deportiva del futbolista está relacionada con su estado metabólico. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365019410_La_longevidad_deportiva_del_futbolista_esta_relacionada_con_su_estado_metabolico#fullTextFileContent [accessed Sep 11 2023].
... Differences in VO2max are observed among soccer athletes due to metabolic, morphological and physiological adaptations that increase the oxidative capacity [10,11]. The mean values of VO2max for soccer players vary around approximately 60 ml/kg/min [12][13][14][15]; the minimum values are approximately 51 ml/kg/min [16] and the maximum value can be up to 70 ml/kg/min [17]. ...
PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the association of rs6598964 (A > G), a molecular marker located in the LIN28A gene, with the performance of Brazilian soccer players using the VO2max predicted by performance in the Yo-Yo test as the phenotype.Methods
The study sample comprised 227 male players on a team in the first division of Brazilian soccer distributed in the following categories: U15 (n = 67, VO2max = 52.75 ± 4.74 ml/kg/min), U17 (n = 43, VO2max = 54.37 ± 5.47 ml/kg/min), U20 (n = 79, VO2max = 54.97 ± 5.13 ml/kg/min), and Professional (n = 38, VO2max = 55.84 ± 4.37 ml/kg/min). Genotype models (codominance, A-recessive, A-dominant and overdominance models) were tested using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons tests.ResultsSignificantly higher predicted VO2max was observed in individuals with the A/A genotype (VO2max = 62.12 ± 3.97 mL/kg/min) compared to both the A/G (53.44 ± 8.88 mL/kg/min) and G/G (52.44 ± 6.11 mL/kg/min) genotypes (p < 0.001). Model comparisons suggested the differences in predicted VO2max were best explained by the A-recessive model.Conclusion
This study is the first to associate the LIN28A polymorphism with endurance performance in soccer players. However, further studies are needed to confirm the associations described here and to investigate how LIN28A interacts with other genes related to athletic performance.
... El porcentaje de grasa de futbolistas españoles de élite es de 11.16% [16], siendo para otros países; futbolistas sudamericanos participantes en la Copa América es del 11% [21]; en italianos es del 11.56% [22]; 11.2% en jugadores de la primera división inglesa [23]; 11.8% en holandeses [24]; 11.0% en portugueses [25], los cuales son futbolistas mediterráneos que además aceptan a los futbolistas brasileños como oriundos. Existe un estudio que analizó 248 futbolistas de la primera división de México (población formada por 198 mexicanos y 50 de Brasil y Argentina) entre 1973 y 2000, cuyos resultados se presentan por décadas (70´s, 80´s y 90´s); la media de éstos en la primera década estudiada es de 15%, 12% en la segunda y 10% en la tercera [26]. 9.59% en futbolistas de Estados Unidos [27] pertenecientes a la N.A.S.L. (North American Soccer League); 12.8% en la República Dominicana [28], 10.8% en futbolistas australianos de la selección nacional [29]; 12.4% en la selección nacional finlandesa [30]; 12.3% en la selección de Arabia Saudita [31]. ...
La composición corporal es dentro del estudio cineantropométrico de la población de atletas la que se utiliza con mayor frecuencia, ya que permite de manera inmediata tener una visión global del morfotipo del futbolista sobre el cual se puede actuar modificándolo fácilmente por medio de una adecuada preparación física. Se estudiaron 56 jugadores de fútbol profesional que desarrollan su actividad física en la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, de manera voluntaria, obteniéndose el consentimiento informado previo de cada uno de ellos de acuerdo a la legislación vigente. La composición corporal se realizó mediante la segmentación del cuerpo humano en cuatro componentes. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el programa de software compatible con PC SPSS 11.5. La edad media de los jugadores estudiados es de 26.087 (edad decimal) ± 3.48 años, la talla media es de 177.87 ± 6.78 cm., el peso medio es de 77.24 ± 5.60 Kg., el porcentaje de grasa medio es de un 10.42 ± 0.70%, el porcentaje muscular es de un 50,04 ± 0.79%, el porcentaje óseo es de un 15.44 ± 0.73% y el peso residual de un 24.10%.
... Pozitivne efekte sportskog treninga na aerobnu sposobnost potvrđuju i skorašnja istraživanja Ziemba i saradnika koji su ispitivali uticaj doziranog treninga na izdržljivosti [10]. Do sličnih zapažanja je došao i Diaz sa saradnicima koji su ispitivali uticaj sportskog treninga na aerobni kapacitet fudbalera [11]. ...
... Fudbal spada u grupu mješovitih sportova sa podjednako važnom aerobnom i anaerobnom energetskom komponentom, čiji je odnos aerobnog prema anaerobnom radu 90% prema 10%. Anaerobni rad se odnosi na dribling, sut, povremeno mijenjanje pravca kretanja i utrčavanje što je presudno za postizanje pogotka [13]. ...
... Para os goleiros, os autores reportam dados de 50 a 55 mL/kg/min, muito próximos aos encontrados no presente estudo (56 mL/ kg.min). DÍAZ et al. 19 demonstraram a evolução da preparação física no futebol, apresentando resultados de 248 atletas profissionais de elite nas décadas de 70, 80 e 90, onde os valores do VO 2max foram respectivamente de 52, 54 e 57 mL/kg.min. Com relação ao LV 2 , os valores observados pelo presente estudo (49-53 mL/kg.min) ...
This study aimed to verify the influence of the competitive level and the tactical position on parameters related to aerobic performance of professional soccer players. 453 ergospirometric evaluations were analyzed from soccer professional athletes (42 goalkeepers, 92 full backs, 61 sideways, 174 midfielders and 84 forwards) that acted in four competitive levels: National Championship Series A; Series B; Series C; and State Championship. It was found no differences in mean values of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and second ventilatory threshold (LV2) between the competitive levels (p > 0.05). The goalkeepers showed VO2max and LV2 (56 and 50 mL/kg.min, respectively) significant lower than full backs (59 and 52 mL/kg.min; p = 0.002 e p = 0.028), sideways (60 and 53 mL/kg.min; p = 0.000 e p = 0.004), midfields (59 and 52 mL/kg.min; p = 0.002 e p = 0.031) and forwards (59 and 52 mL/kg.min; p = 0.047 e p = 0.036). Therefore, the findings suggest that: 1) the aerobic performance does not differ according the competitive level; and 2) the goalkeepers have aerobic performance inferior to out-field players, which do not show differences between them.
... Nossos dados se aproximam aos de Diaz (9) , que realizou um estudo cujo objetivo foi examinar as tendências das variáveis cardiovasculares e metabólicas em 248 jogadores profissionais de futebol de elite em um período de 27 anos . Os valores do consumo máximo de oxigênio foram de 54ml /kg/min na década de 1980 e 57ml /kg/min na década de 1990. ...
O consumo de oxigênio (VO2) tem sido de grande valia na avaliação funcional de atletas. A ergoespirometria é um procedimento não invasivo, utilizado para avaliar o desempenho físico ou a capacidade funcional de um indivíduo, conciliando a análise de gases espirados e variáveis respiratórias. No esporte, esse método de avaliação é de fundamental importância, pois traz significativa contribuição na verificação de índices de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, como é o caso do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx.) e o limiar anaeróbio (LA). O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma comparação do consumo de oxigênio e limiar anaeróbio entre atletas profissionais de futebol e futsal em um teste progressivo. Participaram voluntariamente 31 indivíduos do sexo masculino, sendo: 19 atletas profissionais de futebol e 12 atletas profissionais de futsal. Os atletas foram submetidos a um protocolo de avaliação cardiorrespiratória progressiva pelo método ergoespirométrico e os resultados foram analisados quanto a sua diferença estatística através do teste t de Student (p < 0,05). Os valores de VO2 pico médios entre os dois grupos não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante (p > 0,05); entretanto, houve diferença estatística entre os dois grupos em relação ao limiar anaeróbio (LA) (p < 0,05). Com base nos resultados obtidos em nosso estudo pudemos concluir que, mesmo praticando esportes com diferentes características, os atletas de ambos os grupos possuem valores similares de consumo de oxigênio, porém, o limiar anaeróbio entre os dois grupos não apresentou a mesma similaridade, sugerido maior predominância do metabolismo anaeróbio durante o exercício nos atletas de futsal.
... Nossos dados se aproximam aos de Diaz (9) , que realizou um estudo cujo objetivo foi examinar as tendências das variáveis cardiovasculares e metabólicas em 248 jogadores profissionais de futebol de elite em um período de 27 anos . Os valores do consumo máximo de oxigênio foram de 54ml /kg/min na década de 1980 e 57ml /kg/min na década de 1990. ...
Comparative study of the oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold in a progressive exertion test in professional soccer and indoor soccer athletes Oxygen consumption (VO2) has been very useful for the func- tional evaluation of athletes. Ergospirometry is a non-invasive pro- cedure used to evaluate the physical performance or the function- al ability of an individual, connecting the analysis of the inspired gases with the respiratory variables. This evaluation method is extremely important to sports, since it brings significant contribu- tion in the verification of indices of cardiorespiratory aptitude, which is the case f the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and the anaerobic threshold (AT). The present study had as objective to compare oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold in profes- sional soccer and indoor soccer athletes in a progressive test. 31 male individuals voluntarily participated in the test, being: 19 pro- fessional soccer athletes and 12 professional indoor soccer ath- letes. The athletes were submitted to a progressive cardiorespira- tory evaluation protocol through the ergospirometric method, and the results were analyzed concerning their statistical difference through the t-Student test (p < 0,05). The average VO2peak indices between the two groups did not present statistically significant difference (p > 0,05); however, there was statistically difference between the two groups concerning the anaerobic threshold (AT) (p < 0,05). Based on the results obtained in our study we conclud- ed that even practicing sports with different characteristics, the athletes from both groups have similar indices of oxygen consump- tion. Nevertheless, the anaerobic threshold between the two groups did not present the same similarity, suggesting higher pre- dominance of anaerobic metabolism during exercise in the indoor soccer athletes.
... El porcentaje de grasa de futbolistas españoles de élite es de 11.16% [16], siendo para otros países; futbolistas sudamericanos participantes en la Copa América es del 11% [21]; en italianos es del 11.56% [22]; 11.2% en jugadores de la primera división inglesa [23]; 11.8% en holandeses [24]; 11.0% en portugueses [25], los cuales son futbolistas mediterráneos que además aceptan a los futbolistas brasileños como oriundos. Existe un estudio que analizó 248 futbolistas de la primera división de México (población formada por 198 mexicanos y 50 de Brasil y Argentina) entre 1973 y 2000, cuyos resultados se presentan por décadas (70´s, 80´s y 90´s); la media de éstos en la primera década estudiada es de 15%, 12% en la segunda y 10% en la tercera [26]. 9.59% en futbolistas de Estados Unidos [27] pertenecientes a la N.A.S.L. (North American Soccer League); 12.8% en la República Dominicana [28], 10.8% en futbolistas australianos de la selección nacional [29]; 12.4% en la selección nacional finlandesa [30]; 12.3% en la selección de Arabia Saudita [31]. ...
La composición corporal es dentro del estudio cineantropométrico de la población de atletas la que se utiliza con mayor frecuencia, ya que permite de manera inmediata tener una visión global del morfotipo del futbolista sobre el cual se puede actuar modificándolo fácilmente por medio de una adecuada preparación física. Se estudiaron 56 jugadores de fútbol profesional que desarrollan su actividad física en la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, de manera voluntaria, obteniéndose el consentimiento informado previo de cada uno de ellos de acuerdo a la legislación vigente. La composición corporal se realizó mediante la segmentación del cuerpo humano en cuatro componentes. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el programa de software compatible con PC SPSS 11.5. La edad media de los jugadores estudiados es de 26.087 (edad decimal) ± 3.48 años, la talla media es de 177.87 ± 6.78 cm., el peso medio es de 77.24 ± 5.60 Kg., el porcentaje de grasa medio es de un 10.42 ± 0.70%, el porcentaje muscular es de un 50,04 ± 0.79%, el porcentaje óseo es de un 15.44 ± 0.73% y el peso residual de un 24.10%.
El objetivo del presente estudio es proponer una clasificación para identificar el % graso ideal a partir de variables antropométricas en futbolistas profesionales. Para lo cual, fueron utilizados 132 futbolistas profesionales a los que se les evaluó la Masa corporal (kg), Estatura (cm) y pliegues cutáneos (mm). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la estadística descriptiva de media aritmética (X), desviación estándar (DE), coeficiente de variación (CV) y para clasificar las variables antropométricas se utilizó los percentiles. Los resultados muestran que los valores ideales de % graso de los futbolistas oscila entre 9,0 a 12,6%, (p25 a p75), respectivamente. Finalmente, los parámetros adoptados como puntos de corte podrían ser utilizados como posibles indicadores para diagnosticar futbolistas con riesgo de lesión (p<10), delgadez (p10-p25), ideal (p25-p75) y sobrepeso (>p75), a partir del % graso, masa corporal, e inclusive por la sumatoria de cuatro y seis pliegues cutáneos.
The aim of this study is to propose a classification to identify the ideal % fat from anthropometric variables in professional soccer players. To which, using 132 players were professionals who were assessed for body mass (kg) Height (cm) and skinfolds (mm). For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics were used for arithmetic mean (X), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) and to classify the variables used anthropometric percentiles. The results show that the ideal values of % fat of the players ranges from 9.0 to 12.6% (p25 to p75), respectively. Finally, the parameters adopted as cutoff points could be used as indicators to diagnose potential players at risk of injury (p <10), thinness (p10-p25), ideal (p25-p75) and overweight (> p75) from the % fat, body mass, and even by the sum of four and six skinfolds.
One of the basic objectives of prevention,
education and doping control for athletes in the ar
of doping in sports is to protect the athlete’s health
According to the World-Anti-Doping Code, one of
the anti-doping rule violations is the presence of a
prohibited substance or its metabolites or marker
in an athlete’s sample. The prohibited substances
are defned by the World-Anti-Doping-Agency and
each year it issues a Prohibited List which include
the in-competition and out-of-competition prohibit
substances and methods in particular. During the
doping control process, a blood or urine sample is
collected from the athlete. The urine samples can
give the matrix for the analysis which includes the
majority of prohibited substances and methods.
However, some substances and methods can only
be detected from a blood sample. Blood is the only
matrix in which it is possible to fnd the risks of
homologous and autologous blood transfusions, in
particular erythropoiesis receptor activators (CERA
growth hormone (GH), growth hormone releasing
factors, and Haemoglobin - based oxygen carriers
(HBOCs). In order to preserve the integrity of a bloo
sample, and to ensure the athlete’s, as well as the
Doping control ofcers’ health safety, the process
of blood sample collection should be conducted
in compliance with the international health care
standards, and especially in compliance with WAD
Blood Sample Collection Guidelines which defne
the whole process from planning to preparation an
transporting the sample for a laboratory analysis.
The Guidelines are WADA International Standards
for Testing and Investigation supplement, and
they are regularly updated according to the latest
scientifc discoveries.
Você começará agora sua jornada de estudos na disciplina de Metodologia do Ensino
de Futsal e Futebol. Na Unidade 1, o objetivo será apresentar o futebol e o futsal para vocês; a
história, a caracterização de ambos os esportes e os aspectos de seu ensino. Na Unidade 2, o
objetivo é aprendermos sobre os aspectos táticos que envolvem a modalidade; como defender
e como atacar no futebol e no futsal são assuntos que serão abordados. Já na Unidade 3,
veremos as principais regras aplicadas a estas modalidades e as possibilidades de inclusão de
deficientes nos esportes; conheceremos os fatos históricos de ambas as modalidades, como
surgiram, os principais marcos da história, fatos sobre as competições, entre outros eventos;
veremos as principais características físicas destas modalidades e os conceitos que fazem parte
destes esportes; abordaremos sobre a técnica e a tática e as possibilidades de treinamento.
The aim of the study is to determine the effects of the experimental judo program EJP based on the progressive increase of the throwing technique nage-coma-a (NK) number of repetitions on the value of the special judo fitness test (SJFT). We tested 26 young judokas (n = 26), aged 15-17, who were engaged in the training and competition process for at least 5 years. EJP lasted for 4 weeks, wherein we had 20 training units and 2 tests of the initial and final states. The implemented four weeks long EJP was based on gradually increasing the intensity and scope of work in each subsequent week, which is expressed in the increased speed and the total number of throws. The variables used in this research are: 1. the number of throws in the first 15 seconds; 2. the number of throws in the first 30 seconds; 3. the number of throws in the second 30 seconds; 4. the participants’ heart rate immediately after the work - HR; 5. the participants’ heart rate 1 min after the work - and HR1min and SJFT Index. The sample training program was implemented by training in pairs (13 pairs), of approximately the same body weight and height. Given that athletes encounter the SJFT for the first time, the same is presented in detail and demonstrated by the examiner. Descriptive value results are calculated using descriptive statistics, and the differences between the initial and final measurements were calculated by the student’s t-test for paired samples. The analysis of the results shows a growth in the variables indicating the number of throws in the first 15 seconds, the heart rate after testing and SJFT Index (p <.0005). It can be concluded that the EJP has caused corresponding changes which confirms the hypothesis about the positive effects between the two points of measurement. The authors stress the need for a table which classifies the SJFT results for young judokas
The aim of the study is to determine the efficiency of an additional 10-weeks strength training (DTS) on isokinetic knee joint potential of young athletes. The study included 10 young male athletes, aged 15-17. Biodex System was used to estimate the isokinetic potential of the left and right legs knee joint. The selected variables were: Peak torque Extension 60°/s, Total work Extension 60°/s, Peak torque Flexion 60°/s, and Total work Flexion 60°/s. Univariate t-test (Paired Samples Test) pointed out the significant differences between the mean values of the initial and final test (p <.05) in the case of variables Peak torque Flexion 60°/s -left leg (PTILFL60) and Total work Flexion 60°/s -left leg (TVILFL60). The results of the study show that the realized DTS had an effective action on the power increase of the knee joint in young athletes. With proper selection of exercises, methods and training load it is possible to improve the explosive power and dynamic ability of the knee joints. An important precondition for the implementation of strength training is that young athletes should first learn biomechanical structure of the given exercises with external resistance and thereby build a proper coordination of movement. Young athletes should perform strength training under the control of a specialist coach. The authors recommend that strength training for young athletes should be properly dosed and adjusted according to age. DTS can be carried out before the main part of the training, after the warm-up phase, and continuously during the athletes’ training preparation process. This study has indicated the positive effects of DTS to increase the isokinetic potential of knee joints, but the effects in relation to the result of running a sprint distance have not been determined, which can be a weakness of the presented study.
Aim. – The aim of this study was to compare two professionals soccer players groups evaluated by echocardiography in 1985–1987 and more recently in 2000–2005.Materials and method. – Past echocardiographic measurements of 21 soccer' players were reevaluated and compared to those of 58 players of actual decade.Results. – The modifications observed, taking account of morphologic evolution, state on significant increase of left ventricular size and especially left ventricular wall thickness.Conclusion. – These modifications, although significant are not as important as extensive alteration reported in others sport activities, probably because of purely physiologic adaptations.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the aerobic capacity of male professional futsal players.
A total of 186 players (22 goalkeepers and 164 on-court players) of three Brazilian futsal teams from first division performed ergospirometric evaluations (incremental test protocol) in a motorized treadmill. Data from maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and second ventilatory threshold (VT2), as well as speed, heart rate (HR) and BORG scale were presented in relation to total of sample and isolated by two main futsal tactical positions: goalkeepers and on-court players.
The mean values to VO2max and VT2 observed in futsal players were respectively 58.00±6.37 mL/kg/min and 51.25±5.84 mL/kg/min. Players reached the VO2max at 96.95±4.66% of HRmax and the VT2 at 90.07±5.02%. Goalkeepers presented higher values (P<0.01) of body mass and height than on-court players. On-court players presented higher VO2max and VT2 in comparison to goalkeepers, and reached these levels at higher exercise levels (speed) than goalkeepers.
We conclude that goalkeepers are significantly differents than on-court players regarding aerobic capacity. In this perspective, these differences are relevant to coaches when planning aerobic training sessions in futsal teams.
The term “aerobic capacity” represents the sum of aerobic metabolic processes in human organism. It is the basis of the physical working capacity. Value of the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is the best indicator for the aerobic capacity evaluation.The purpose of this study was to check the possibility of using VO2max as the indicator of aerobic capacity in sportsmen and to check differences in VO2max values in regard to non-sportsmen.The goals were: 1.Analyses of the VO2max values in sportsmen of various sports 2. Comparison of values of sportsmen with the values of non-sportsmen.This study included 67 sportsmen (rowers, football players and judoists) and 28 nonsportsmen. VO2max was measured by using a direct method.The results obtained show statistically higher VO2max values in rowers (4,52 L/min - 55,8 mL/kg/min) in regard to football players (4,2 L/min – 53,6 mL/kg/min), judoists (3,58 L/min - 47,2 mL/ kg/min) and non-sportsmen (3,28 L/min – 42,3 mL/kg/min). Successful rowing requires high anaerobic capacity and, therefore, high VO2max.These results show higher values of VO2max in sportsmen in regard to non-sportsmen, which is the result of training only.
50 sedentary males and 128 sports persons (volleyball=82, soccer=46) of 20-24 years were selected from West Bengal, India, to evaluate and compare their anthropometry and body composition. Skinfolds, girth measurements, body fat percentage (%fat), and endomorphy were significantly higher among sedentary individuals, but lean body mass (LBM) and mesomorphy were significantly (p<0.001) higher among the sports persons. Soccer and volleyball players were found to be ectomorphic mesomorph, whereas sedentary subjects were endomorphic mesomorph. The soccer and volleyball players had higher %fat with lower body height and body mass than their overseas counterparts. %fat exhibited a significant correlation with body mass index (BMI) and thus prediction equations for %fat from BMI were computed in each group. The present data will serve as a reference standard for the anthropometry and body composition of Indian soccer and volleyball players and the prediction norms for %fat will help to provide a first-hand impression of body composition in the studied population.
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