... Archives log players' current rating, number of games played in a tournament, gender, age during a tournament, performance in the tournament, and changes in the ratings based on performance. The records provide a huge amount of data across the full range of age and expertise, which in turn enables researchers to investigate influences of age (Roring & Charness, 2007;Vaci, Gula, & Bilalić, 2015), gender differences (Bilalić, Smallbone, McLeod, & Gobet 2009;Chabris & Glickman, 2006;Howard, 2008Howard, , 2009Knapp, 2010), skill acquisition trajectories (Gaschler, Progscha, Smallbone, Ram, & Bilalić, 2014;Howard, 2014b), and even the ongoing nature-versus-nurture debate (Bilalić, Smallbone, et al., 2009;Gobet, Campitelli, & Waters, 2002;Howard, 1999Howard, , 2001. The archival approach is not in contrast to the more experimental expertise approach previously described. ...