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Composition of the Essential Oil of Calamintha grandiflora
... The chemotype of C. grandiflora essential oil analyzed may be characterized by the oxygenated p-menthane skeleton monoterpenes, namely menthone, isomenthone, isomenthol and pulegone [21]; the same structures were most abundant in previous studies of these plants from Greece and France origin [22,23] at various percentages. A completely different chemotype was reported in Turkish C. grandiflora with isopinocamphone as major compound (52.6%) in the total oil [24,25]. This is not surprising because chemical polymorphism is characteristic of many Lamiaceae family species. ...
The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of some increasing polarity soluble fractions of hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Algerian Lamiaceae Calamintha baborensis Batt., including hexanoic (Hex), chloroformic (Chlor), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanolic (n-BuOH) and four subfractions (A, B, C, D) resulting from fractionation on a polyamide column. The EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts of the plant gave the highest values of antioxidant power by different methods: ABTS, percentage inhibition of 68.9/81.7%; DPPH, 27.6/80.99%; ORAC/FRAP, 37.28/28.47 and 21.73/19.52 μM/mL, respectively; IC50 values, 23 and 53.5 ppm. In addition, they were evaluated for their total phenolic content. The antibacterial activity of extracts showed good results with hexanoic and chloroformic fractions against E. coli (19 mm and 19.2 mm diameter of inhibition zone and MIC values about 43 and 43.4 μg/mL, respectively.) Apolar fractions from the leaves of C. Baborensis Batt. were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main components of the essential oil of C baborensis Batt. are eugenol (27.04%) and 3-methoxy acetophenone (26.4%).
... The oil of French origin contained as main constituents pulegone (27.6%), isomenthone (24.7%), neo-isomenthone (23.7%) and menthol (10.8%) (12). In the oil of Turkish origin collected from Kütahya: Domaniç-Daritepe region, isopinocamphone (52.6%) was found as the main constituent (13). ...
In this study, the aerial parts of Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench collected from two different location of Turkey were distilled using Eppendorf Microdistiller® and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Isopinocamphone (35.4 %), pinocamphone (8.4 %) and linalool (7.6 %) were detected as main constituents in sample A; β-pinene (19.4%), isopinocamphone (19.0%), pinocamphone (15.1%) and limonene (12.1%) were found as main constituents in sample B.
... Although bicyclic monoterpene ketones are characteristic components of the genus Hyssopus, nevertheless, they have also been reported in other plant species, viz. Calamintha grandiflora (Bas¸erBas¸er and Ozek, 1993), Artemisia alba Turra. (Ronse and Pooter, 1990), Ocimum basilicum ( Martino et al., 2009), Sphaeranthus suaveolens DC (De Pooter et al., 1991), Aloysia gratissima ( Trovati et al., 2009), and Stachys persica Gmel. ...
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), family Lamiaceae is an important perennial culinary and medicinal plant cultivated in temperate regions of Asia, Europe and America. The hydrodistilled volatile oils derived from leaf, flower and stem of H. officinalis, collected from Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India (western-Himalaya) were investigated by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Essential oil yield varied from 0.22-4.4% in the different parts of the plant. Fifty-seven constituents, representing 99.8% of the leaf oil composition; forty-four constituents, representing 99.4% of the flower oil composition and fifty-seven constituents, comprising 88.4% of the stem oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oils were cis-pinocamphone (49.7-57.7%), pinocarvone (5.5-24.9%), β-pinene (5.7-9.3%), 1,8-cineole (2.9-8.0%), β-phellandrene (1.8-3.2%), myrtenyl methyl ether (2.7-3.0%), sabinene (0.8-1.9%), isopimara-9(11),15-diene (<0.05-1.9%), myrtenol (1.4-1.7%), myrcene (0.5-1.3%), and trans-pinocamphone (<0.05-1.3%). The comparative results clearly indicated that the leaf and stem oil compositions were quite similar in terms of cis-pinocamphone and pinocarvone content. However, the flower oil composition could be differentiated from the leaf and stem oils by the presence of a higher amount of pinocarvone.
... nepeta (L.) Savi; 24] and a second with isopinocamphone as the main constituent (C. grandiflora; 28). As such, essential oil composition has not proven to be a chemotaxonomic marker in the genus. ...
The co-occurrence of individual Calamintha glandulosa (Req.) Bentham plants of two different chemotype within the same population is reported. The main constituents of the essential oil of plants of Chemotype I, were, cis- and trans-piperitone oxide, limonene and piperitenone oxide and of Chemotype II, were, menthone, pulegone, piperitenone and piperitone II chemotypes were conserved in cultivated plants. The end-products of monoterpene biosynthesis in April (vegetative stage) were trans-piperitone oxide and menthone in Chemotype I and II, respectively while in early September (flowering) there was an increase in precursory intermediates and their related biosynthetic products, i.e. limonene and piperitenone oxide in Chemotype I and pulegone, piperitenone and piperitone in Chemotype II. Differences in the percentage composition of the main oil constituents were observed between the oils from the different organs of plants in the same developmental stage and between the same organs in different developmental stages.
Essential oil was isolated from the leaves of Calamintha grandiflora L. by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most abundant compounds in C. grandiflora essential oil were isomenthone, neo-isomenthol, pulegone and isomenthol, constituting 34.07%, 7.65%, 19.83% and 19.54%, respectively. The residues obtained after hydrodistillation were separated into the solid and liquid fractions, the former one was extracted with acetone, methanol and ethanol, while the latter one was sprayed or freeze dried. Antioxidant potential of extracts was evaluated by DPPH() (batch and HPLC-on-line) and ABTS(+) radical scavenging, ferric ion reduction (FRAP) assays and by the effect on oil peroxidation in Oxipres apparatus. The content of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and flavonols was determined spectrophotometrically. Rosmarinic and salvianolic C acids were identified as the main antioxidants in C. grandiflora.
The essential oil of the aerial parts of Calamintha officinalis was investigated by GC and GC-MS. The oil yield of the dried plant obtained by hydrodistillation was 1.2% (v/w). Twenty-one compounds constituting 99.3% of the C. officinalis oil was identified. The oxygenated monoterpenes (ketone compounds, 69.6%) were the major group of constituents in the oil and carvone (46.7%) and pulegone (22.1%) were the main substances of this fraction. The hydrocarbon monoterpenes represented 26.1% of the oil constituents and limonene (24.6%) was the main compound in this part.
An oil of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi ssp. nepeta var. subisodonda (Borb.) Hayek obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Eleven constituents were identified (96.5%). The main constituents in the oil were pulegone (75.5%), piperitenone oxide (6.0%), menthone (5.3%) and menthol (4.3%). The microbial activity of the oil was screened against Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was found that all mentioned microorganisms were sensitive to the oil.
The essential oil of three populations of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. native to the mountain region of southwestern Serbia and one population of Calamintha vardarensis Šilic from southern former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia were studied. The highest oil yields were found in C. vardarensis (1.54%), whereas in C. sylvatica oil yields varied from 0.11% up to 0.94%. In all samples, cis-piperitone oxide was a major compound. The highest percentage was found in the oil of C. vardarensis (65.6%). In C. sylvatica piperitone oxide varied from 48.9–59.2%. In the examined samples, oil composition appeared to vary more according to geographical rather than genetic factors.
An oil of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi ssp. glandulosa (Req.) P. W. Ball obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and 36 constituents were identified (98.4%). The main constituents in the oil were pulegone (37.5%), menthone (17,6%), piperitenone (15.0%) and piperitone (10.2%).The antimicrobial activity of the oil was screened against Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The microorganisms were found to be susceptible to the oil
The essential oil of Calamintha vardarensis (Lamiaceae) obtained after water distillation was subjected to GC and GC/MS analysis and 30 constituents were identified (98.9%). The main constituents in the oil were menthone (48.3%), pulegone (34.8%) and cis-piperitone oxide (7.4%).
A chemotype of Mentha arvensis, having the genotype AA pp rr FF with 79% (+)-pulegone, less than 6% (−)-menthone and less than 0.1% menthofur