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Effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) teas on androgen levels in women with hirsutism
Abstract
Mentha spicata Labiatae, known as spearmint and Mentha piperita Labiatae, known as peppermint can be used for various kinds of illnesses in herbal medicine and flavoring in industry. M. spicata Labiatae grows on the Anamas plateau of Yeniþarbademli town of Isparta, located in southwest part of Turkey. In this town, clinicians thought that consumption of tea steeped with M. spicata or M. piperita caused a diminished libido. Because antiandrogenic effects of spearmint and peppermint were found previously in rats, it was decided to observe the effect of this herbal tea on the androgen levels in hirsute women.
Twenty‐one female hirsute patients, 12 with polycystic ovary syndrome and 9 with idiopathic hirsutism were included to the study. They were took a cup of herbal tea which was steeped with M. spicata for 5 days twice a day in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles. After treatment with spearmint teas, there was a significant decrease in free testosterone and increase in luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone and estradiol. There were no significant decreases in total testosterone or dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate levels. Spearmint can be an alternative to antiandrogenic treatment for mild hirsutism. Further studies are needed to test the reliability of these results and the availability of spearmint as a drug for hirsutism. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Reduction in body mass index of anovulatory obese women decreases testosterone concentration and INS resistance and reinstates ovulation. Mentha spicata also alleviates menstrual pain and hirsutism [14,15]. ...
... All compounds have a good bioavailability score of 0.55 which is more than 0.10 that is required for compound to be considered a potential drug candidate. [15]. This may be due to antiandrogenic properties of spearmint and peppermint. ...
... Spearmint does not affect the total dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and total testosterone levels. In one clinical study, consumption of spearmint tea twice a day for a month resulted in decreased levels of androgens and gonadotropins in plasma [15]. Bioactive compounds are also present in the food one consumes; these compounds are biological activities. ...
Objectives: In this study, phytocompounds of spearmint that is known to have anti-androgenic activity are docked against a protein CYP21A2. This protein is also known as progesterone complex, one of the member cytochrome P450 enzymes; mutations in the genes encoding these proteins are causative factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods: The study was based on computations using different phytochemicals of spearmint docking to a target protein CYP21A2 which causes hormonal imbalance leading to PCOS and hirsutism. Molecular docking was conducted using PyRx-virtual screening tool and Biovia discovery studio 2.0 to determine binding affinities of different phytochemicals to target protein. Results: The docking result revealed that bicyclogermacrene, cubebol, (-)-beta-bourbonene, alpha-bourbonene, and spathulenol showed highest binding affinities between –8.1 and –8.5 kcal/mol. Further, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties of these compounds are explored mainly to understand the possibility of developing potential drugs for PCOS. Conclusion: These bioactive compounds can be considered as potential agents that can be used with polyherbal plant extract to reduce the androgen levels in women suffering from PCOS.
... compounds that inhibit the increased oxidation in the body. [44] The study suggested that coriander has anti-diabetic properties thus, it can inhibit the complication that arises due to PCOS. [45] Quercetin which is obtained from coriander, has free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, and antiplatelet activity. ...
... [43] Several studies demonstrated that spearmint has antioxidant properties as well as antiandrogenic properties in females. [44][45][46] The previous study revealed that spearmint has a protective effect against PCOS. [46] Spearmint is also used for its non-pharmacological benefits. ...
... [46] Spearmint is also used for its non-pharmacological benefits. [44] The Study suggested that spearmint has been found to decrease the level of free testosterone and increase the level of FSH, LH, and estradiol. [47] The study demonstrated that spearmint leaves can be used in the treatment of PCOS-associated mild hirsutism women. ...
Pharmacological Significance
India has a distinct position in history for using spices from cooking to prevent and cure a variety of illnesses. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential of these spices for a variety of conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a condition in which women of reproductive age experience common health difficulties such as genetic, metabolic, and endocrine abnormalities. Notably, this may be distinguished by symptoms such as hirsutism, acne, and obesity.
Aim
In this review, we looked at numerous Indian spices that may help to manage PCOS and its symptoms.
Materials and Methods
All data were gathered from the literature using several databases such as PubMed and Europe PMC, publishers such as Springer, Wiley, Elsevier, and Taylor and Francis, and academic libraries such as Google scholar and Sci-Hub.
Results
This study focuses on natural spices and their chemical constituents that have varied therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-androgenic, anti-estrogenic, anti-thrombolytic, and anti-diabetic for the treatment of PCOS in women.
Conclusion
In this review, we looked at the effects of several Indian spices on the management of PCOS.
... Spearmint is a common constituent of East Asian and Indian diet. 20 It is used in medicines, candies and chewing gums etc. 20,26 It is used as herbal medicine for certain diseases of GIT 25 and urogenital system. 11,13 Spearmint increases the activity of cytochrome P450 21 and decreases the blood concentration of some hormones. ...
... Spearmint is a common constituent of East Asian and Indian diet. 20 It is used in medicines, candies and chewing gums etc. 20,26 It is used as herbal medicine for certain diseases of GIT 25 and urogenital system. 11,13 Spearmint increases the activity of cytochrome P450 21 and decreases the blood concentration of some hormones. ...
... 11,13 Spearmint increases the activity of cytochrome P450 21 and decreases the blood concentration of some hormones. 20,22 In the current study CRL of pup was recorded and found decreased in both experimental groups. The mean CRL was lowest for group C1 and low in group B1 when compared with group A1. ...
... In a case study, androgen levels in women with PCOS have decreased following consumption of spearmint hydroalcoholic extract [11]. In another study, the effects of spearmint in those who suffer from hirsutism have been revealed a decrease in FSH, LH and DHEA level [14]. ...
... Significantly increases of secondary follicle diameter were observed in the PCOS group compared with other groups (Fig. 5) (P < 0.05). [11,14,15]. In this study, we investigate the importance of using a combination of flaxseed and spearmint hydroalcoholic extract on PCOS improvement in a rat model. ...
... In the current study level of testosterone decreased tremendously in the PCOS rats treated with a combination of spearmint and flaxseed extracts, which is four times lower than our previous report when flaxseed was administrated alone [16]. The reason behind it may be due to the anti-androgenic effect of spearmint and phytoestrogen action of flaxseed [11,17] which can lower the amount of free testosterone [11,14,15]. Similarly, a significant decrease in testosterone level was reported following a 12-weeks treatment of forty-eight postmenopausal women with flaxseed [29]. ...
Background:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproduction and endocrine disorder of women in the reproductive age. Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) has anti-androgenic activity and flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) contains phytoestrogen and was reported to improve PCOS conditions. This study aimed to evaluate PCOS conditions following administration of a mixture of these two plants.
Methods:
Twenty-four rats with regular cycles were randomly divided into four groups as control (C) and treatment-control (TC) received a combination of spearmint extract (SE) + flaxseed extract (FE). PCOS was induced in PCOS and treatment (T) groups by a single intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate. The treatment group received a combination of SE and FE for 30 days, 7 weeks after injection of estradiol valerate. Estrous cycles were monitored for 10 days and in the last day animals were sacrificed, ovaries were collected for the histomorphometric study and the serum levels of progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were measured.
Result:
Significant rise in progesterone and a decrease in testosterone and estradiol with no significant change of DHEA in the T group, was observed in comparison with the PCOS group (P < 0.05). No significant difference noticed between T and control groups (C &CT) regarding evaluated hormones. A significant increase in primary, pre-antral and antral follicles noticed in the T group compared to the PCOS group. The number of cystic follicles decreased in the T group compared with the PCOS group. Granulosa layer thickness increased while the thickness of theca decreased significantly in the T group compared to the PCOS group (P < 0.05). No significant endocrine or histological differences noticed between C and TC groups.
Conclusion:
A combination of flaxseed and spearmint extract improved the endocrine profile and the histomorphometric features of the ovary in the T group compared to the PCOS group.
... The algorithm of qualifying publications is shown in Figure 1. Of these, three studies were conducted in Taiwan, China (Chang and Chen, 2016;Chao et al., 2011;Tseng et al., 2005) three in Iran (Zemestani et al., 2016;Rafraf et al., 2015;Zeraatpishe et al., 2011) and one in Turkey (Akdogan et al., 2007), Japan, (Yui et al., 2017) Canada (Connelly et al., 2014) and the UK (Grant, 2010). Of the ten studies identified, seven were good quality and ranking 3 or higher on the Jadad scale (Table II) (Chang and Chen, 2016;Zemestani et al., 2016;Rafraf et al., 2015;Yui et al., 2017;Connelly et al., 2014;Grant, 2010;Tseng et al., 2005). ...
... There are two main forms of Mentha drunk as infusions -Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae (spearmint) and Mentha x piperita L. Lamiaceae (peppermint) (Akdogan et al., 2007). Spearmint has traditionally been used for various kinds of illnesses in herbal medicine and flavouring in the food industry (Akdogan et al., 2007). ...
... There are two main forms of Mentha drunk as infusions -Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae (spearmint) and Mentha x piperita L. Lamiaceae (peppermint) (Akdogan et al., 2007). Spearmint has traditionally been used for various kinds of illnesses in herbal medicine and flavouring in the food industry (Akdogan et al., 2007). Peppermint is also one of the most popular and widely consumed herbal teas or tisanes (McKay and Blumberg, 2006b). ...
Purpose
Increasingly, interest in and the uptake of herbal infusions has advanced, namely, owing to their bioactive properties and potential links to health. Given this, the purpose of the present review was to collate evidence from human trials for five popular herbal infusions.
Design/methodology/approach
The systematic review comprised ten human trials (560 participants), investigating inter-relationships between herbal infusions consumption and health. Only human studies involving German chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla L. Asteraceae ), ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae ), lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis L. Lamiaceae ), peppermint ( Mentha x spicata L. Lamiaceae )/spearmint ( Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae ) and rosehip ( Rosa canina L. Rosaceae ) teas were included in the present paper.
Findings
Most herbal infusions serve as a good source of flavonoids and other polyphenols in the human diet. Studies included in this paper indicate that herbal infusions (1-3 cups tended to be drank daily; infusion rates up to 15 min) could benefit certain aspects of health. In particular, this includes aspects of sleep quality and glycaemic control (German chamomile), osteoarthritic stiffness and hormone control (spearmint), oxidative stress (lemon balm) and primary dysmenorrhea (rosehip).
Research limitations/implications
Ongoing research is needed using homogenous herbal infusion forms, brewing rates and volumes of water to further reinforce these findings. In the meantime, herbal infusions could provide a useful supplementary approach to improving certain aspects of well-being.
Originality/value
The present paper collates evidence from human trials for five popular herbal infusions.
... In other areas of women's health, spearmint tea was perceived to be effective as anti-androgen therapy by female participants with poly-cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who reported improvements in their symptoms of hirsutism, although there were no changes to the objective clinical scores [28]. In a second spearmint study, anti-androgenic effects were observed in a PCOS patient group but not those with idiopathic hirsutism, indicating a possible selective mode of action [29]. ...
... Spearmint decreased free testosterone and increased LH, FSH and oestradiol in PCOS. [29] RCT, pre-and post-test surveys 80 Taiwanese postnatal women with poor sleep quality 1 x lavender tea daily (spending time to appreciate and smell the aroma) (n = 40) for 2 weeks plus post atal care versus control postnatal care only (n = 40). ...
... The anti-androgenic effects of plant phytochemicals was demonstrated in two further studies, with observations that spearmint tea (Mentha spicata) reduced blood levels of free testosterone in females [29]; the tea also improved patient selfscoring of symptoms of hirsutism, although an absence of change to objective clinical scores suggests that a longer duration trial might be required to confirm efficacy [28]. A large number of medical conditions utilise anti-androgen therapy from hirsutism to cancer, and given that plant materials provide a pharmaceutical alternative and the option of fewer adverse events, more clinical studies are needed to further understand these findings, and in particular, the longer-term effects associated with regulating hormonal activity [66]. ...
Herbal teas are used as therapeutic vehicles in many forms of traditional medicine and are a popular global beverage. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the evidence relating to the clinical efficacy and safety of herbal teas, and to identify the main research themes and gaps in knowledge to inform further work. A scoping review methodology was followed that set out the research question and described the sourcing, selection and analysis of studies. Overall, a total of 145 research publications were retrieved from global bibliographic databases, and after applying exclusion criteria, 21 remained. These studies looked at herbal tea use in female health, diabetes, heart disease and weight loss, with plant species including lavender, chamomile, fenugreek, stinging nettle, spearmint, hibiscus, yerba maté, echinacea and combinations of herbs. Observational studies explored associations between herbal tea consumption and cancer risk, liver health, and the risks linked to the consumption of environmental contaminants in the plant material. Despite plant materials being the basis for drug discovery, and the popularity of herbal teas, the number of articles exploring clinical efficacy and safety is small. In this review we discuss how herbal teas may be beneficial in some areas of clinical and preventative health, and what further research is required to understand whether regular consumption can contribute to healthy living more generally.
... Furthermore in another study, the menthol in M. piperita caused hepatocellular changes in rats [3] . And the daily consumption of four cups of spearmint tea reduced libido in men and recorded strong antimutagenic effects on sperm abnormalities [4,15] . Furthermore, sperm concentration, motility and viability in the cauda epididymis also decreased [16] . ...
... Furthermore, sperm concentration, motility and viability in the cauda epididymis also decreased [16] . In another study, when an aqueous solution of the extract (10 mg per day per mouse) was administered orally to male mice with proven fertility for 20, 40 and 60 days, it caused inhibition of fertility while maintaining their normal sexual behavior [4] . However, by increasing the treatment duration, a corresponding decrease in the mean weight of the testes and accessory reproductive organs was evident. ...
... Also there was a significant difference (p˃0.05) in the sperm count, viability and motility in the experimental groups (Groups II and III) at the high dose of the extract and timing close to the period of spermatogenesis in rats (50 days), were used for ensuring the effects of the extract on sperm quality and quantity. The data in this study corroborates the results of previous studies [16,4,15] . The findings suggest that the administration of an aqueous extract of M. crispa in a period of 60 days, at 50 and/or 100 mg/kg/rat, will produce suppressive effects on male spermatogenesis (sperm quality and quantity). ...
The health benefits and inadequacies of the Mentha species have already been demonstrated, but spearmint quality and composition vary in different species, places and still has to be studied. In Sudan, peppermint (Mentha crispa) is widely consumed for different purposes, but has not been used as a male infertility contraceptive agent. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of this plant on the body and vital organ weights of wild rats (Rattus norvegicus; n= 30), as well as sperm parameters and spermatogenesis, based on the administration of an aqueous extract of M. crispa for 60 days. The results of the present study showed that the average body weight decreased significantly in the experimental groups, for animals that received 50 and 100 mg/kg/rat of M. crispa extract, as compared with the control group that received only distilled water. There was no significant difference (p˃0.05) in the kidney, spleen, heart and liver weight of rats, as well as in the reproductive organs (testis, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle) in the experimental groups. However, there was a significant difference (p˃ 0.05) in sperm count, sperm viability and sperm motility (%) in the experimental groups. These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of M. crispa has inhibitory effects on male spermatogenesis (sperm phenotype and quality) which could be useful in the development of male infertility contraceptive agents and free rodenticides, in the sustainable management of rodents.
... Furthermore in another study, the menthol in M. piperita caused hepatocellular changes in rats [3] . And the daily consumption of four cups of spearmint tea reduced libido in men and recorded strong antimutagenic effects on sperm abnormalities [4,15] . Furthermore, sperm concentration, motility and viability in the cauda epididymis also decreased [16] . ...
... Furthermore, sperm concentration, motility and viability in the cauda epididymis also decreased [16] . In another study, when an aqueous solution of the extract (10 mg per day per mouse) was administered orally to male mice with proven fertility for 20, 40 and 60 days, it caused inhibition of fertility while maintaining their normal sexual behavior [4] . However, by increasing the treatment duration, a corresponding decrease in the mean weight of the testes and accessory reproductive organs was evident. ...
... Also there was a significant difference (p˃0.05) in the sperm count, viability and motility in the experimental groups (Groups II and III) at the high dose of the extract and timing close to the period of spermatogenesis in rats (50 days), were used for ensuring the effects of the extract on sperm quality and quantity. The data in this study corroborates the results of previous studies [16,4,15] . The findings suggest that the administration of an aqueous extract of M. crispa in a period of 60 days, at 50 and/or 100 mg/kg/rat, will produce suppressive effects on male spermatogenesis (sperm quality and quantity). ...
The health benefits and inadequacies of the Mentha species have already been demonstrated, but spearmint quality and composition vary in different species, places and still has to be studied. In Sudan, peppermint (Mentha crispa) is widely consumed for different purposes, but has not been used as a male infertility contraceptive agent. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of this plant on the body and vital organ weights of wild rats (Rattus norvegicus; n= 30), as well as sperm parameters and spermatogenesis, based on the administration of an aqueous extract of M. crispa for 60 days. The results of the present study showed that the average body weight decreased significantly in the experimental groups, for animals that received 50 and 100 mg/kg/rat of M. crispa extract, as compared with the control group that received only distilled water. There was no significant difference (p˃0.05) in the kidney, spleen, heart and liver weight of rats, as well as in the reproductive organs (testis, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle) in the experimental groups. However, there was a significant difference (p˃ 0.05) in sperm count, sperm viability and sperm motility (%) in the experimental groups. These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of M. crispa has inhibitory effects on male spermatogenesis (sperm phenotype and quality) which could be useful in the development of male infertility contraceptive agents and free rodenticides, in the sustainable management of rodents.
... Recently, herbal remedies for PCOS have received attention as a form of lifestyle management in traditional medicine clinics, in which the menstrual cycle and normal serum hormones levels can be recovered. 12 Herbal remedies are known to be effective in reducing testosterone as well as increasing FSH and 17-estradiol levels, 13,14 and they have been shown to reduce polycystic ovaries and ovarian volume, improve insulin sensitivity, and normalize reproductive cycles. [15][16][17] Additionally, clinical investigations have reported no adverse effects for herbal medicines. ...
... 12,18 However, conclusive evidence regarding absolute therapy could not be obtained in these clinical studies due to the absence of pre-clinical data explaining the mechanism of PCOS therapy. 12,13,18 Natural substances are becoming more common in replacing established medications for the treatment of PCOS. Considering our interest in GRR extract as an alternative medicine and therapy for PCOS, we investigated whether or not GRR extract regulates hormonal imbalances, irregular follicular phase, and abnormal histologic changes in Letrozole-induced female PCOS rats. ...
... 18 Selection of herbal medicine for treatment of PCOS often includes a combined prescription, which was shown to be more robust than single herbal treatment in several clinical trials. 13,15,33 Based on consistent laboratory and clinical outcomes, herbal medicines were found to be useful for improving PCOS symptoms. However, limitations include inadequate PCOS animal models and small sample sizes. ...
Background
Licorice (Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome, GRR) has long been used as an ingredient in Korean traditional medicinal herbal formulas for various metabolic and reproductive diseases. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women. In the present study, we examined the effects of GRR extract on PCOS-like symptoms in female rats.
Methods
Symptoms of PCOS were induced by Letrozole treatment for 4 weeks in 6-week-old female SD rats, after which the effects of GRR extract on recovery of normal hormonal levels and polycystic ovaries were assessed. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), LH/FSH ratio, and follicular cysts were evaluated, followed by the expression levels of known follicular phase markers such as Kitl, Cyp11a1, and Ptgs2.
Results
The serum level of FSH was reduced only in the Lestrozole treatment group (PCOS), whereas significant recovery of FSH level was observed in the Letrozole and GRR co-treatment group (PCOS + GRR). Serum LH levels were not altered in any of the groups. Furthermore, the LH/FSH ratio (known biomarker for PCOS) was elevated only in the Letrozole treatment group (PCOS), whereas it was significantly reduced in the Letrozole and GRR co-treatment group (PCOS + GRR). For histological changes, follicular cysts, antral follicles, and increased thickness of the theca- and granulosa layers were observed in the PCOS group, whereas these alterations were remarkably reversed by GRR treatment.
Conclusion
These results suggest that GRR extract inhibits the symptoms of PCOS by regulating imbalanced hormonal levels and irregular ovarian follicles.
... Its ability to increase the metabolism rate of androgens by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4.5. or the direct effect of spearmint on the synthesis of androgen hormones may cause this effect [36]. Also, green tea may have an important anti-androgen effect due to its epigallocatechin content, which prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone [13], and marjoram is suggested to have mechanisms (yet to be investigated) that affect adrenal androgen production, other than the established activation of PPARs that improve hyperandrogenemia [37]. ...
... The main limitation of the study was the small numbers of included studies and participants because the clinical trials that investigated the effects of herbal tea on PCOS women were rare. Another limitation was considering hirsutism, instead of PCOS, as an inclusion criterion for participants in a related trial [36]. Another trial has also applied wood betony (Stachys lavandulifolia) as an herbal tea [38]. ...
This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to test our hypothesis that herbal tea may improve anthropometric parameters, metabolic factors, and hormone levels in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). A literature search was conducted on Information Sciences Institute, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar, up to March 2023 without applying language or date restrictions. RCTs that assigned herbal tea vs. placebo on PCOS women and evaluated changes in anthropometric measurements, metabolic indices, or hormonal profiles were included. Six RCTs with 235 PCOS women (119 in the intervention and 116 in the control group) were included. Meta-analysis showed that herbal tea consumption led to significant decreases in weight (weighted mean difference [WMD], −2.02 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], −3.25, −0.80), body mass index (BMI) (WMD, −0.88 kg/m²; 95% CI, −1.47, −0.28) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD, −6.47 mg/dL; 95% CI, −8.49, −4.45), compared to the control group. Herbal tea supplementation has also significantly increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration (WMD, 0.56 IU/L; 95% CI, 0.17, 0.95). Meanwhile, the effect of herbal tea on the waist/hip ratio, hip circumference, waist circumference, body fat, fasting insulin, FBG/insulin ratio, luteinizing hormone, total testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was not significant. Herbal tea might be a potential supplemental therapy to manage weight, BMI, FBG, and FSH in PCOS women. Further large randomized clinical trials are recommended to affirm these findings.
... However, no significant changes in dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate (DHEA-S) and total testosterone were reported. [15] In this study, it appears that the effects of spearmint tea on hair density and growth speed could not be evaluated due to the short duration of the study. ...
... Consequently, normal levels of total testosterone in participants who received spearmint tea could be justified by this increase in SHBG levels. [15] Saw palmetto Serenoa repens as saw palmetto (SP) is a medicinal herb native to the subtropical southeastern United States. SP has been utilized as an alternative treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). ...
Hirsutism is a condition that can have medical, social, and psychological implications, affecting 5% to 10% of women worldwide. Management options include cosmetic procedures and pharmacological interventions. However, medications used to treat hirsutism can have side effects, ranging from mild symptoms like nausea and headaches to more serious complications such as vascular clots, heart attacks, hepatotoxicity, osteoporosis, and effeminization of a male fetus. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential benefits of medicinal plants on hirsutism as a complementary approach, specifically whether they can be used as adjuvants to cosmetic procedures. Databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI, SID, and Mag Iran have been checked with related keywords from 2000 to 2023. Moreover, related articles were isolated. In total, ten trials were identified in the search. The results suggested that various herbs, including fennel, licorice, spearmint, saw palmetto, green tea, combination of Zingiber and neem, curcumin, and teupolioside have the potential as herbal remedies for hirsutism. However, further extensive well-designed studies involving a large sample size on the most promising herbs are necessary to determine their efficacy.
... However, it seems that no adverse effects have been reported after consumption 0.24 mL of pure M. spicata essential oil daily for three continuous weeks in two different clinical studies [193,194]. Leaves of Mentha spicata are known for its contact allergy such as contact cheilitis caused by its essential oil use as toothpaste flavoring [195]. In addition, MPEO is also associated with adverse effects like vomiting, headaches, flushing, heartburn and nausea [196]. ...
... In addition, MPEO is also associated with adverse effects like vomiting, headaches, flushing, heartburn and nausea [196]. Mentha piperita and spearmint tea can deprive the human body of iron and cause anemia if consumed excessively, and carvone and limonene showed to be major allergens [195]. Gürbüz found that pulegone, contained in low concentrations in Mentha piperita oil extracts, is hepatotoxic, and Douros et al. also reported the likely liver injury caused by M. piperita [197,198]. ...
Medicinal plants and their derived compounds have drawn the attention of researchers due to their considerable impact on human health. Among medicinal plants, mint (Mentha species) exhibits multiple health beneficial properties, such as prevention from cancer development and anti-obesity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective effects, as a result of its antioxidant potential, combined with low toxicity and high efficacy. Mentha species are widely used in savory dishes, food, beverages, and confectionary products. Phytochemicals derived from mint also showed anticancer activity against different types of human cancers such as cervix, lung, breast and many others. Mint essential oils show a great cytotoxicity potential, by modulating MAPK and PI3k/Akt pathways; they also induce apoptosis, suppress invasion and migration potential of cancer cells lines along with cell cycle arrest, upregulation of Bax and p53 genes, modulation of TNF, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-8, and induction of senescence phenotype. Essential oils from mint have also been found to exert antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus aureus, Pseudo-monas aeruginosa, and many others. The current review highlights the antimicrobial role of mint-derived compounds and essential oils with a special emphasis on anticancer activities, clinical data and adverse effects displayed by such versatile plants.
... Many natural remedies have been studied and used for the management of hirsutism and acne, however, extensive research has not been conducted for many of them [138][139][140][141]. Some of the naturally derived anti-androgens are spearmint tea, green tea, licorice, Chinese peony, marjoram, and red reishi [141]. ...
... Their gonadotrophin levels and androgen hormones were tested before and after the treatment and a significant reduction of total and free T was observed. Increased LH and FSH were also observed after short administration with spearmint tea [140]. Marjoram is shown to significantly reduce levels of DHEAS and improve IR, and therefore inhibit the production of androgens [143]. ...
Probiotics and synbiotics are known to have beneficial effects on human health and disease. Hirsutism, a disorder that is characterised by the presence of coarse terminal hairs in a male-like pattern, is usually caused by elevated androgen levels in blood plasma. This disorder is usually observed in PCOS women and it is linked to insulin resistance (IR). Although idiopathic hirsutism (IH) is not shown to have excess androgen production from the ovarian and adrenal glands, increased 5α-reductase in peripheral tissues and insulin resistance are common observations. The effect of probiotics and synbiotics have been recently studied on PCOS women; androgens were also included in the hormonal groups that were investigated. Only a few studies focus on hirsutism and the potential effect of the beneficial microbes mentioned, whereas the increasing interest on insulin resistance and synbiotics indicate a potential beneficial effect on hirsutism through the management of insulin resistance.
... In a study on Adult Wistar male rats to investigated the effects of spearmint (Menthaspicata Labiatae) on the reproductive system, fertility serum testosterone concentration decreased while number of non-progressive sperm and immotile sperm increased in the experimental groups compared to the control group 39 .Furthermore, daily consumption of four cups of spearmint tea can diminish libido in men 41 .In a study by 40 showed that spearmint herbal tea has adverse effects on testicular tissue and testosterone level, and alters the level of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), the differences were statistically significant, also, the Johnsen testicular biopsy scores were significantly different statistically between the experimental groups and the control group, despite the beneficial effects of M. piperita and M. spicata in digestion, cautions are necessary of the toxic effects when the herbs are not used in the recommended fashion or at the recommended dose 41 . Hypothyroidism is a syndrome in which reduce or inactive of thyroid hormone leads to a metabolic derangement 42 .Thyroid concluded a major player in junction dynamics during spermatogenesis 43 . ...
... In a study on Adult Wistar male rats to investigated the effects of spearmint (Menthaspicata Labiatae) on the reproductive system, fertility serum testosterone concentration decreased while number of non-progressive sperm and immotile sperm increased in the experimental groups compared to the control group 39 .Furthermore, daily consumption of four cups of spearmint tea can diminish libido in men 41 .In a study by 40 showed that spearmint herbal tea has adverse effects on testicular tissue and testosterone level, and alters the level of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), the differences were statistically significant, also, the Johnsen testicular biopsy scores were significantly different statistically between the experimental groups and the control group, despite the beneficial effects of M. piperita and M. spicata in digestion, cautions are necessary of the toxic effects when the herbs are not used in the recommended fashion or at the recommended dose 41 . Hypothyroidism is a syndrome in which reduce or inactive of thyroid hormone leads to a metabolic derangement 42 .Thyroid concluded a major player in junction dynamics during spermatogenesis 43 . ...
Thyme has been used for thousands of years for a myriad of indications. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of thyme leave extracts on some rat organs and hormones such as TSH, T3, T4 and Testosterone after serial period times of injection with different concentrations. 75 Spargue-Dawley albino adult male rats were randomly distributed into five groups of control and treated groups. Each group had 15 rats, group1 for the negative control, group 2 for the positive control, group 3, 4, and 5 were treated with thyme in the concentration of (500, 750and1000) mg/kg of body weight by injection for 10,20, and 30 days subsequently. According to statistical analysis revealed that the level of T3, T4 and testosterone were decreased in treated groups in comparison with control groups and the decreasing value of these hormones were continuing to occur in high concentrations with long period of time injecting with thyme leave extract, While the level of TSH illustrated increment in high concentrations and long periods of time exposing to thyme leaves extract.
... It is confirmed that spearmint tea has antiandrogen properties and significantly decreases testosterone level and hirsutism in women with PCOS. 3,4 It also has antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties, 5 but the effects of spearmint oil on PCOS have not been determined. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of spearmint oil on an animal model of PCOS. ...
... Studies have shown attenuation of testosterone in PCOS women after receiving spearmint teas. 3,4 The number of primordial follicles in PCOS-induced rats and also in PCOS-induced rats that received either of two doses of spearmint oil and sesame oil was significantly lower than in the control group (p=0.016, p=0.046, p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). ...
Purpose: Given the antiandrogenic effects of spearmint, in this study we evaluated the effects of its essential oil on polycystic ovarian syndrome in a rat model.
Methods: Female rats were treated as follows: Control, normal rats which received 150 mg/kg spearmint oil or 300 mg/kg spearmint oil, or sesame oil; and PCOS-induced rats which received 150 mg/kg spearmint oil or 300 mg/kg spearmint oil, or sesame oil. Then the animals were killed and the levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and ovarian folliculogenesis were evaluated.
Results: Spearmint oil reduced body weight, testosterone level, ovarian cysts and atretic follicles and increased Graafian follicles in PCOS rats.
Conclusion: Spearmint has treatment potential on PCOS through inhibition of testosterone and restoration of follicular development in ovarian tissue.
... This herb is considered stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, and antidote for poisons. It has been reported as a remedy for inflammation, fevers, bronchitis, infantile troubles, vomiting in pregnancy, and hysteria [16] India ...
... The main allergens appear to be carvone and limonene. Spearmint and peppermint tea can cause iron deficiency anemia [16]. Besides, the essential oil from peppermint is associated with adverse effects such as heartburn, nausea, vomiting, allergic reactions, flushing, and headaches [4]. ...
The genus Mentha L. (Lamiaceae) is distributed all over the world and can be found in
many environments. Mentha species, one of the world’s oldest and most popular herbs,
are widely used in cooking, in cosmetics, and as alternative or complementary therapy,
mainly for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like flatulence, indigestion, nausea,
vomiting, anorexia, and ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, it is well documented that
the essential oil and extracts of Mentha species possess antimicrobial, fungicidal, antiviral,
insecticidal, and antioxidant properties. The economic importance of mints is
also evident; mint oil and its constituents and derivatives are used as flavoring agents
throughout the world in food, pharmaceutical, herbal, perfumery, and flavoring industry.
To provide a scientific basis for their traditional uses, several studies have been
conducted to determine the chemical composition of mints and assess their biological
activities. This chapter describes the therapeutic effects and uses of Mentha species and
their constituents, particularly essential oils and phenolic compounds; some additional
biological activities will also be considered.
... This herb is considered stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, and antidote for poisons. It has been reported as a remedy for inflammation, fevers, bronchitis, infantile troubles, vomiting in pregnancy, and hysteria [16] India ...
... The main allergens appear to be carvone and limonene. Spearmint and peppermint tea can cause iron deficiency anemia [16]. Besides, the essential oil from peppermint is associated with adverse effects such as heartburn, nausea, vomiting, allergic reactions, flushing, and headaches [4]. ...
The genus Mentha L. (Lamiaceae) is distributed all over the world and can be found in
many environments. Mentha species, one of the world’s oldest and most popular herbs,
are widely used in cooking, in cosmetics, and as alternative or complementary therapy,
mainly for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders like flatulence, indigestion, nausea,
vomiting, anorexia, and ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, it is well documented that
the essential oil and extracts of Mentha species possess antimicrobial, fungicidal, antiviral,
insecticidal, and antioxidant properties. The economic importance of mints is
also evident; mint oil and its constituents and derivatives are used as flavoring agents
throughout the world in food, pharmaceutical, herbal, perfumery, and flavoring industry.
To provide a scientific basis for their traditional uses, several studies have been
conducted to determine the chemical composition of mints and assess their biological
activities. This chapter describes the therapeutic effects and uses of Mentha species and
their constituents, particularly essential oils and phenolic compounds; some additional
biological activities will also be considered.
... Following treatment with spearmint tea, there was a noteworthy reduction in free testosterone levels and an increase in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol levels. However, there were no significant decreases in total testosterone or DHEAS levels [104]. ...
Adult acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by the excessive production of abnormal sebum favoring an imbalance of the skin microbiota and the hyperproliferation of Cutibacterium acnes and other virulent microbial strains, leading to an inflammatory environment, innate immunity overactivation, and keratinocyte hyperproliferation in hair follicles pores. Degraded keratinocytes plug the pores, consequently forming microcomedons, which can later evolve to papules, nodules, pustules and scars. Distinct from juvenile acne, in adult female acne (AFA) the symptomatology occurs or persists in postadolescence (after age 25). Although hyperandrogenism or the excessive sensitivity of androgen receptors are the main causes, AFA can be triggered by multiple factors, either including or not including androgen disturbances. The prevalence in adult women is 15–20%. Hyperandrogenism is present in 50% of cases; 70% of hyperandrogenism cases feature polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a complex endocrine and metabolic condition. Genetic susceptibility occurs in 80% of acne cases, often with familial inheritance. Beyond classical stepwise therapeutic protocols (topical agents, isotretinoin, antibiotics, hormonal therapy with estrogens, progestins, spironolactone), novel approaches include the highly effective topical antiandrogen clascoterone, the management of insulin resistance by diet, exercise, stress avoidance, and adjuvant therapies such as berberine. Vaccines against the pathogenic proinflammatory C. acnes hyaluronidase A are in development.
... Spearmint was proposed as an antiandrogenic treatment for mild hirsutism. 53 Another clinical trial with more volunteers and a longer duration confirmed these results. 54 In addition to the mentioned benefits, one of the disadvantages of mint essential oil is the possibility of its evaporation during storage in warm weather conditions and the reduction of its expiration time. ...
Background
Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological disorders. Berberis integerrima Bunge belongs to the Berberidaceae family. Several studies on different Berberis species in addition to B. integerrima have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory effects. Spearmint essential oil also has antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the topical combination of B. integerrima root extract and spearmint essential oil in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Methods
Patients with mild to moderate facial acne who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either drug (B. integerrima extract/spearmint essential oil topical solution) or control (clindamycin 1% topical solution) groups. Each group applied the solution twice a day for 4 weeks. Before and at the end of the intervention, the number of lesions and mGAGS (Modified Global Acne Grading Scale) score were recorded.
Results
Thirty patients in each group of drug and control completed the study. Topical B.integerrima root extract/spearmint essential oil significantly reduced the number of lesions (27.33 ± 26.17 vs. 21.58 ± 21.10; p < 0.001) and mGAGS (18.76 ± 8.61 vs. 13.87 ± 8.14; p < 0.001) at the end of the intervention. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the number of lesions (p = 0.906) and mGAGS (p = 0.882).
Conclusions
B. integerrima root extract combined with spearmint essential oil has significant anti‐acne effects, comparable to topical antibiotic clindamycin. It could be considered as a potential treatment for acne vulgaris. However, more studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are required to confirm this effect.
... Its active constituent is βbromobenzene (PubChem CID 324224), which has shown potential therapeutic efficacy against PCOS through the suppression of testosterone and the restoration of follicular growth in ovarian tissue. [77,78,79] ...
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition of the endocrine system that is extremely ubiquitous among women in the reproductive phase. Ovarian dysfunction, hormonal disruptions, and metabolic abnormalities are the main characteristics of this disease. PCOS affects approximately 5-10% of female candidates who are of childbearing age. Many researchers have spent many years trying to uncover the root of this illness but to no avail. The underlying origin of this varied illness, which is often associated with obesity, is unknown. PCOS is usually diagnosed when exploring hirsutism or amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea, but the severity and clinical symptoms of PCOS vary greatly across individuals. PCOS is reportedly one of the causes of infertility. Technically, there is no recognized definition for PCOS; nonetheless, it has been argued that among the following three features, two are necessary for diagnosis: irregular menstruation; a biochemical or clinical androgen excess as depicted through laboratory tests; and the presence of multiple ovarian cysts. Females suffering from this condition are more likely to have emerging glucose intolerance; hence, some experts endorse screening for cardiovascular risk factors and type 2 diabetes, which are directly associated with metabolic syndrome. Infertility, irregular uterine bleeding, gestational diabetes mellitus, anxiety and pregnancy-induced hypertension are all possible complications of pregnancy. Thiazolidinediones are effective at treating PCOS by increasing insulin sensitivity and normalizing irregular menstruation; however, they should be avoided by women who are trying to conceive. In addition, increasing hormone levels and stimulating ovulation may be aided by a balanced diet that features a longer breakfast and a shorter dinner. This post will provide a concise overview of polycystic ovary syndrome.
... It contains a large number of phenols, polyphenols, carotenes, saponin, choline 2 and other compounds such as glycosides, terpenes, terpenoids, coumarins, coumarins, vitamins A and alkaloids, which have a high content of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, sodium, iron, and Tannic acid. 3 The most essential races of Mint (Mentha spicata ) and most prevalent in Iraq are ordinary Mint (Mentha spicata ) M.spicata and wild Mint (Mentha spicata ) M. long folia .The medicinal part used in the plant is the dried leaves and tops of the flowers. 4. Mint (Mentha spicata ) works as a strong diuretic and is recommended for the treatment of obesity because it works to break down fat. ...
The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of the phenolic extract of the Mentha spicata plant on the fertility of laboratory mice. The phenolic compounds were extracted using the Reflex condenser from the leaves of the Mentha spicata plant, and it was chemically detected. In the current study,)Albino Mice of the musculus Mus type was used at an age ranging between (12-11) months. The group was randomly divided into three groups. The control group was injected with a physiological solution (0.9% NaCl), the second group was injected with the phenolic extract of the Mentha spicata plant at (100 mg/kg) concentration, and the third group was injected by concentration (200 mg/kg) from the phenolic extract of the Mentha spicata. The phenols were dissolved in a physiological solution (0.9% NaCl), and all individuals of these groups were injected through the peritoneal membrane I.P. at a rate of 0.5 ml per animal per day for 30 days. The phenolic extract of Mentha spicata leaves caused a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the level of Testosterone and Luteinizing hormone (ng/ml) in the blood serum of the first and second treatment group when compared with the control group. The study also indicates a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the concentration of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in the third treatment group compared with its level in the control group. At the same time, there were no significant changes (P<0.05) for the second treatment group compared with the control group. The average concentration of sperms taken from the caudal epididymis did not change significantly (P<0.05) for both treatments compared to the control group. The percentage of motile sperm decreased significantly (P<0.05) as a result of treatment with the phenolic extract of Mentha spicata leaves, and this percentage is directly proportional to the increase in the doses used of the extract. Sperm vitality compared to the control group, as for the percentage leading to abnormal sperms, the results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the average percentage of abnormal sperms in the caudal epididymis of the second treatment animals when compared with the rates of the first and control groups, while there was no There were no significant changes (P<0.05) in the rate of the first treatment compared to the control. Histologically, the results indicate that treatment with phenolic extract of Mentha spicata leaves caused simple histological changes, represented by a simple vacuole of the interstitial layer between the tubules, slight congestion and partial detachment of the germ cells from the basement membrane with a thick fibrous capsule surrounding the epididymis tubes and congestion of blood vessels. In contrast, the seminal tubules and seminal lumen remained normal. This compared to the control group, which showed the semi- Bionatura http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/CSS/2023.08.03.48 2 niferous tubules, seminal cavity and germ layers commonly with normal spermatozoa stages. Keywords: Phenolic extract, Mentha spicata, Fertility
... Spearmint tea derived from the plant Mentha spicata has demonstrated anti-androgen effects in multiple human trials [56,58]. One RCT observed the effects of twice-a-day spearmint tea consumption in 41 women with PCOS compared to placebo tea [56]. ...
Functional foods, or whole foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value, may provide multiple dermatological benefits. Research studies have documented benefits ranging from enhanced skin barrier function to improved wound healing, radiance, photoprotection, and hormonal regulation. Although the majority of research to date has involved small-scale human interventions or animal models, promising findings have been noted. In this review, we discuss the potential dermatological role of functional foods in hopes of advocating for larger-scale, evidence-based, human studies to expand this promising field.
... Daily intake of spearmint between the meals of about 500 to 900 ml helps in relieving problems related to digestive system. It has been considered as an antidote for poisons (Akdogan et al., 2007). ...
Mint (Mentha) is a medicinal herb, which possesses a lot of bioactive components. Globally, it has been used as a flavor enhancer in foods. Due to the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, it is considered to have a greater number of antioxidants. Mint has been linked to physiological benefits to humans that include protection against microbes; anticancer and antiallergenic properties; positive effects in reducing blood sugar; analgesic property; cures loose motion, indigestion, gas, and irritation bowel syndrome; gives relief from respiratory problems; has wound healing activity; and is good for breastfeeding. The present paper reviews the evidence-based research regarding the bioactive components and health benefits of the mint plant.
... O presente estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa de literatura, sendo uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa sobre a temática Síndrome do Ovário Policístico, aspectos nutricionais e o seu manejo alimentar. Foram utilizados revisões dos últimos 10 anos Research, Society andDevelopment, v. 11, n. 9, e11011931526, 2022 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i9.31526 3 mas, por falta de evidências científicas mais recentes, se fez necessário a indicação de alguns artigos com data de publicação superior há 15 anos, sendo essas Akdoğan (2007), Chan (2006), Cahill (2009), Farshchi (2007, Nestler (2008) ...
Introdução: A Síndrome do Ovário Policístico (SOP), é um distúrbio endócrino que é caracterizado pelo acúmulo de folículos que não estão totalmente desenvolvidos nos ovários. A fisiopatologia da SOP ainda permanece como desconhecida mas as as principais manifestações incluem hiperandrogenismo, oligo ou anovulação ou morfologia de ovário policístico. Objetivo: Avaliar os aspectos nutricionais e o manejo nutricional na Síndrome do Ovário Policístico (SOP), descrevendo a sua patologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamento e a abordagem nutricional na Síndrome do Ovário Policístico. Metodologia: O trabalho trata-se de uma pesquisa de literatura, sendo uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa sobre o tema Síndrome do Ovário Policístico. A busca foi realizada a partir da base de dados científicos: Pubmed, Scielo, Tripdatabase e Google Acadêmico. Resultados e discussão: A prática de exercícios físicos filiado com uma mudança no estilo de vida (alimentação) e um acompanhamento com ginecologista tem sido considerada como um avanço benéfico para o controle dos sintomas em mulheres que apresentam a SOP. Conclusão: Dessa maneira, conclui-se que é indicado uma dieta hipocalórica, com alimentos de baixo índice glicêmico, já que estes podem atuar positivamente no quadro da SOP. Por fim, alguns suplementos como ômega 3, inositol, n - acetilcisteína e a vitamina D podem auxiliar no controle e sintomas da SOP.
... Approximately 25-30 Mentha species have been reported worldwide, including Mentha piperita L., Mentha arvensis L., Mentha suaveolens Ehrh, and Mentha spicata L., stand out as some of the most representative of the Lamiaceae family. Among them, spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) has presented an increase in worldwide cultivation, a higher recognition for its intense aroma, and more reports regarding its stimulant, diaphoretic, antiseptic, gastrointestinal respiratory, and antispasmodic effects [1][2][3][4]. The producing regions are concentred in the United States, Egypt, Australia, and some areas of Asia. ...
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) has been widely studied for its diversity of compounds for product generation. However, studies describing the chemical and biological characteristics of commercial spearmint materials from different origins are scarce. For this reason, this research aimed to bioprospecting spearmint from three origins: Colombia (Col), Mexico (Mex), and Egypt (Eg). We performed a biological activity analysis, such as FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS, inhibition potential of S. pyogenes, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeuroginosa, S. aureus, S aureus Methicillin-Resistant, and E. faecalis. Furthermore, we performed chemical assays, such as total polyphenol and rosmarinic acid, and untargeted metabolomics via HPLC-MS/MS. Finally, we developed a causality analysis to integrate biological activities with chemical analyses. We found significant differences between the samples for the total polyphenol and rosmarinic acid contents, FRAP, and inhibition analyses for Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus and E. faecalis. Also, clear metabolic differentiation was observed among the three commercial materials evaluated. These results allow us to propose data-driven uses for the three spearmint materials available in current markets.
... free or unbound. 28 It is bound 65% to SHBG and 33% bound weakly to albumin [29][30][31] (Fig. 4). ...
... Constant anovulation differs from oligomenorrhea (rare monthly cycle), amenorrhea (a nonattendance of feminine cycle), and useless uterine dying. These unsettling in luences in monthly cycle generally show themselves at menarche and lead to infertility (Akdoğan et al., 2007) . ...
... In this study, PCOS-induced with Letrozole (1 mg/kg) and oral administration of essential oil (300 mg/kg) significantly diminished testosterone level (0.12 ± 0.01), body weight (205.00 ± 10.70 g), ovarian cysts and luteinizing hormone (LH) and atretic follicles and increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when compared to PCOS induced rats. In another study, spearmint tea twice daily for 5 days, the patients had significantly diminished in free testosterone with increases in the follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol (Akdogan et al., 2007). ...
Ethnopharmacology relevance
Mentha spicata L (Lamiaceae), commonly called Spearmint, is wildly cultivated worldwide for its remarkable aroma and commercial value. In addition to traditional foods flavouring agent, M. spicata is well known for its traditional medicinal uses, particularly for the treatment of cold, cough, asthma, fever, obesity, jaundice and digestive problems.
Aim of the review: This review aims to critically appraise scientific literature regarding the traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of M. spicata.
Materials and methods
A review of the literature information on M. spicata was searched from scientific electronic search databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, ACS, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, Springer and SCOPUS. Structures for secondary metabolites were confirmed using PubChem and ChemSpider.
Results
The studies conducted on either crude extracts, essential oil or isolated pure compounds from M. spicata had reported a varied range of biological effects including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal activity, antigenotoxic potential and antiandrogenic activities. Phytochemical analysis of various parts of M. spicata revealed 35 chemical constituents, belonging to phenolic acids, flavonoids and lignans.
Conclusion
The review finding indicates that the pharmacological properties of M. spicata supported its traditional uses. The essential oils and extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. However, more studies, especially in vivo experiments and clinical trials of the human to evaluate cellular and molecular mechanisms based pharmacological, bioactive effectiveness and safety investigation, should be undertaken in the future to provide stronger scientific proof for their traditional medicinal properties.
... It might be concluded that M. spicata acts as an effective antiandrogenic agent in female patients with PCOS by decreasing free and total androgens and reduces the number of ovarian cysts. 30,31 Hypoglycemic & Hypolipidemic effect: M. spicata aqueous leaf extract (300 mg/kg for 21 days) has efficient hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and lipid peroxidation activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 32 Similarly, 14-day treatment of aqueous ethanolic fresh leaf extracts of M. spicata 400 mg/ kg showed an efficient anti-diabetic and moderate hypolipidemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by gynaecological endocrine and metabolic abnormality of women at reproductive ages. It is established that hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, menstrual abnormalities, and chronic absence of ovulation of polycystic ovary are commonly associated with symptoms. It might indicate the multidisciplinary approach for the therapeutic management of PCOS. Conventional medical management concentrated single symptom, is often associated with the side effect, maybe contraindicated and ineffective in some conditions. So far women with PCOS have expressed a desire for alternative medicine. Ayurvedic medicine has been emerging as one of the commonly practised medicines for different health problems, including PCOS. In this review, an attempt has been made to study the use and mode of action of potential Ayurvedic drugs for the treatment of PCOS. This review is mainly based on the scientific literature search. The first search on plant possesses multiple effects against PCOS reproductive and metabolic complications. Selected plants from the first search were used as a keyword for the second search. They include Cinnamomum zeylanium, Gymnema sylvestre, Mentha spicata, Pergularia daemia, Saraka indica, Saw palmetto, Tribulus terrestis, and Withania somnifera. The second search sought the reproductive endocrinal and metabolic demonstrated mechanism of the selected plants.This review supports the alternative Ayurvedic medication as a standard effective and safe drug in the management of PCOS.
... Constant anovulation differs from oligomenorrhea (rare monthly cycle), amenorrhea (a nonattendance of feminine cycle), and useless uterine dying. These unsettling in luences in monthly cycle generally show themselves at menarche and lead to infertility (Akdoğan et al., 2007) . ...
olycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with the predominance of 5 to 7%
among youthful grown-up is a main source of infertility and endocrine issue.
Metabolic clutters, for example, increased levels of LH and FSH in these young
ladies was normal and impacts soundness of the youthful grown-up with PCOS
in long-term. Treatment of female infertility and other entanglements needs
to have direct hormones and get exogenous hormone. In this investigation,
levels of Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
and testosterone among young adults with PCOS were measured. The conse-
quence of this investigation demonstrated that LH, FSH and Free testosterone
hormone levels were altogether extraordinary in this disorder. The adjust-
ments in the hormones show an intense effect on the character of the young
people. It is a time of existence with explicit wellbeing and formative needs
and rights to create information and aptitudes ϑigure out how to oversee feel-
ings and connections, and secure properties and capacities that will be signif-
icant for getting a charge out of the immature years and expecting adult roles.
To identify the effectiveness of self help strategies in reducing PCOS symptoms
... Peppermint tea can increase the level of LH, FSH, and estradiol due to physiological changes in the menstrual cycle. Peppermint tea can replace antiandrogenic treatments for hirsutism [53][54][55]. ...
Background
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine abnormalities in women. Due to the side effects of drugs, the tendency to use natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents to regulate metabolism, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia in PCOS patients has been increased. This review aimed to investigate the role of herbal substances on the treatment of PCOS.
Methods
The present review was carried out using keywords such as polycystic ovary syndrome and/or PCOS and/or herb. Databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to collect all related articles published from 1990 to 2019. We excluded studies unrelated to the PCOS and medical herbs.
Results
Overall, 361 records were identified through database searching. After primary screening and the full-texts assessment, 323 records were excluded, and 38 articles were finally included. The results indicate that some medicinal herbs may have a key role in treating PCOS. The compounds in these medical herbs can affect lipid profiles ( Aloe vera , chamomile, and cinnamon), insulin resistance (cinnamon, chamomile, Aloe vera , and Camellia sinensis ), blood glucose ( Aloe vera , cinnamon, and Camellia sinensis ), hormones ( Aloe vera , silymarin, chamomile, fenugreek, Camellia sinensis , Heracleum persicum , Potentilla , Mentha spicata , Foeniculum vulgar , licorice, and Marrubium ), and ovarian tissue ( Aloe vera , chamomile, Camellia sinensis , Mentha spicata , and silymarin).
Conclusion
Natural substances such as Aloe vera , cinnamon, green tea, fenugreek, and silymarin can be used as a new supportive care for PCOS. Further clinical trials are warranted to confirm their benefits and safety.
... Constant anovulation differs from oligomenorrhea (rare monthly cycle), amenorrhea (a nonattendance of feminine cycle), and useless uterine dying. These unsettling in luences in monthly cycle generally show themselves at menarche and lead to infertility (Akdoğan et al., 2007) . ...
... Hence, it could be a natural alternative for women having mild hirsuitism. [18] ...
Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) is the most common endocrine abnormality of women of reproductive age, and is the commonest cause of infertility due to anovulation. PCOD affects 5-10% of reproductive age women rising till 15% in women with infertility. This disease has been described by eminent Unani Physicians in the classical literary books under the headings of amenorrhoea, obesity, phlegmatic disease and liver disorders.In this review we outline clinical features, presentation and pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD), treatment objectives and therapeutic options in Unani perspective. We focus on and outline the role of the Unani system of medicine in diagnosis and treatment of this condition. We also review recent information of herbal drugs having effect on insulin resistance in PCOD. Finally, we outline the current and future mode of treatment for this common condition in women. Unani concept of PCOD is mainly based on the dominance of khilte balgham (phlegm). The predominant symptoms of PCOD like amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea and obesity have been attributed to arise of phlegm. So it is claimed that PCOD arises due to predominance of phlegm in the body which leads to cyst formation in the ovaries, obesity and amenorrhoea. This disease is complex, as it further gives rise to complications like infertility, cardiovascular ailments, type-2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, carcinoma of breast and endometrium. Such a complicated disease has no satisfactory treatment till now and most often patient gets only symptomatic treatment with hormones and insulin sensitizer and becomes drug dependent in the long term. Unani physicians have recommended regular induction of menstruation as one of treatment modality applied for women who has developed masculine features suggestive of PCOD. They have given a line of management based on correction of temperament, menstrual regulation by use of emmenagogue drugs and local application of herbs to reduce the severity of hair growth, acne and hyper pigmentation due to PCOD.
... The present study pointed that the intubation of female rats in all physiological stages with 5.25 ml of aqueous extract of spearmint caused an increase in the size of lobules that packed with branching dilated alveoli, especially during pregnant and lactation stages compared with control. These histological features indicate that the control mammary glands revealed features of a resting mammary gland, which match the age and physiology of this group (7), while the spearmint treated groups showed that the spearmint had ability to induce mammogensis in the mammary glands of virgin ,pregnant and lactating rats in addition to estrogen , progesterone and prolactine., this might be due to increase in estrogen level that found in experiments treated with spearmint such as Akdogan and others where they found increased in level of estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) serum level with decreased in free testosterone when drink spearmint tea which found the spearmint act as anti androgen (8,9). In mammary tissue, only one Androgen Receptor (AR) type has been reported. ...
This study was carried out to investigate the effect that result from taking of the 5.25 ml of aqueous extract of spearmint Mentha spicata leaves in the growth and development of mammary glands during virgin , pregnancy and lactating stages for 14 days. Forty five (45) rats were used in this experiment divided into nine groups, three groups at maturity stages, three groups at pregnancy stages and three groups at lactating stages (5 rats\groups). The following studies were decided: histological, biochemical and morphometrical studies for each group. Microscopic examination of mammary gland in the virgin rats that treated with spearmint showed more growth in the size of lobules and alveoli. In pregnant, the treated groups showed more branching of alveoli with more flattened epithelium. In lactating treated group showed the lobules were expanded and contained more branching alveoli with discontinuous flattened epithelium. The biochemical studies showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the serum reduced glutathione concentration with decrease in the malondialdehyde concentration in the three physiological statges that treated with spearmint compared with control. The morphometrical study indicated a noticeable increase in the alveolar diameters and numbers in all groups of animals for the three physiological stages (virgin, pregnant and lactating). اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ھﺬه أﺟﺮﯾﺖ اﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎع ﻧﺒﺎت ﻷوراق اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ﺗﻨﺎول ﯾﺆدﯾﮭﺎ أن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻮء ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻂ Menthaa spicata )اﻟﺒﻠﻮغ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻠﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺪد وﺗﻄﻮر وﻧﻤﻮ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ " .(واﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﺤﻤﻞ "اﻟﻌﺬارى وﺑﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎع ﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﺳﺘﮭﺪﻓﺖ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺪرھﺎ 5.25 ﻣﻞ ﻟﻤﺪة اﻟﻠﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺪد وﺗﻄﻮر ﻧﻤﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ 14 اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ .ﯾﻮم 45 ﻓﻲ اﻷﺧﺮى واﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻮغ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﯿﻊ ،ﺛﻼث ﻣﺠﺎﻣﯿﻊ ﺗﺴﻊ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ و اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ھﺬه ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮذ)اﻟﺮﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﯿﻊ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ 5 ﺟﺮذان \
... [35] Herbal teal soaked with Mentha spicata labiatae F (21) Prevents absorption of non-heme iron, ↓ free and plasmatic testosterone levels, ↑ plasmatic levels of LH and FSH, affects spermatogenic levels, alters the germinal epithelium, has benefits for digestion, induces the action of CYP3A4 enzyme, alters the concentrations of androgenic endogenous and steroid hormones, ↓ triglyceride levels significantly. [36] Red clover extract (MF11RCE) F (60) Action mechanism has not been specified, results have been associated with improved karyokinetic maturation, cornification, and basal cell rates. [37] ArginMax supplement consisting of L-arginine, Panax ginseng, G. biloba and Damiana leaves, vitamins A, C, E, B6, B12, biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamine and minerals, calcium, iron, and zinc F (108) Acts on the smooth muscle relaxation, in vascular dilation and in regulating circulation, improves microvascular circulation, affects hormonal receptors. ...
Introduction
The libido is considered to be a sexual drive in individuals that can be determined and influenced by several factors, such as social, psychological, and hormonal factors. It is known that nutritional aspects are important hormone regulators and that sexual dysfunction may, in many cases, be reversed with simple lifestyle changes.
Aims
The aim of the study is to describe the actions of herbal medicine on the libido with an appropriate level of scientific evidence.
Methodology
A systematic review of the PUBMED, Scielo, and EMBASE databases was conducted, using the keywords “libido, food, and nutrient.”
Results
This study identified 2798 articles, 34 of which were selected, as they discussed exclusive studies involving herbal medicine. Some herbal medicines stood out, including Tribulus terrestris , used to increase testosterone serum levels; Eurycoma longifólia , which, in addition to the increased testosterone serum levels, also leads to an increased biosynthesis of several androgens; ginseng , which increases energy levels and stimulates smooth muscle relaxation with nitrous oxide; Maca ( Lepidium meyenii ), which improves sexual performance, in addition to having androgenic effects; and Mondia whitei (ginger), which improves the libido and erection. In addition to these, one study has demonstrated the effective impact of a hypocaloric, hyperproteic, and hypolipidemic diet on the libido, both improving sexual and erectile functions and increasing testosterone levels.
Conclusion
Herbal medicine analyzed in this study demonstrate positive effects on the libido, thus proving that, along with nutritional intervention, it is also a promising field in nutrition actions that provide support to combat sexual dysfunctions.
... For example, one study enrolled female subjects with hirsutism (N = 21; mean age = 22 y) to evaluate the antiandrogenic effects of spearmint tea [39]. Subjects mL of tea/day for five days, prepared with 10 g spearmint [40]. Free testosterone was significantly reduced while luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone levels increased, relative to baseline (P < 0.05), following consumption of the spearmint tea. ...
Background:Cognitive function can decline during theagingprocess andsignificantly reducequality of life. Although a number of interventionshave been investigatedforcognitive dysfunction, including antioxidants,this prominent health concern warrants further explorationof additionalmethods to support cognitive health later in life. An aqueous extract from a proprietary spearmint line has been developed which contains a number of antioxidant compounds, including rosmarinic acid,athigherlevels than typically found incommercially-bred spearmint. Therefore, this pilot trialassessedthe tolerance, bioavailability,andpotential cognitive health implications ofa proprietary spearmint extractin men and women with self-reported memory impairment.Methods:Subjectsconsumed 900 mg/dayspearmint extract for 30 days. The sample population (N = 11) was73% femaleand 27% male with amean age of 58.7± 1.6 y. Tolerabilityparameters were assessed at baseline and end of treatmentvisits. Computerized cognitive function tests were completed and blood was drawnat pre-and post-dose (0.5 to4 h) timepoints duringbaseline and end of treatmentvisits.Subjective cognitionwas also assessed atthe end of treatment.Results:Neitherserious adverse events nor clinically relevant findings were observed in anytolerabilityparameters.Plasmavanillic, caffeic, and ferulic acid sulfates, rosmarinic acid, and methyl rosmarinic acid glucuronide were detected in plasma following acute administration of the spearmint extract. Computerized cognitive function scores improved in reasoning(P =0.023)and attention/concentration(P = 0.002) after 30 days of supplementation.After acute administration,subjects had improvedattention/concentrationin two tests at 2 (P = 0.042and P = 0.025) and 4 h (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002).Conclusions: The results from this pilot trial suggestthatthe spearmint extract,which containshigherrosmarinic acid contentrelative to extracts from typical commercial lines, was well-toleratedat 900 mg/day. The extract was alsobioavailable.Further investigation is warranted regarding its potential for supporting cognitive health.
... It is mainly recommended for its antispasmodic effects, which is related to its carvone content. Studies have demonstrated that Mentha spicata has antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor activity (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Also, since it has antiandrogenic effects, it has been suggested for treatment of hirsutism and PCOS (10,11). ...
In traditional medicine, Mentha spicata is widely used for many diseases, especially in digestive system. It has anti-androgenic effects thus can be used by women experiencing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Also, it has shown to possess antioxidant properties. Although beneficial, studies have shown its detrimental effect on some tissues. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of Mentha spicata extract on oocyte maturation. To this aim, germinal vesicles (GV) were obtained from ovaries of 6-8 week old female C57 mice and cultured for 24 hours in maturation media containing different concentrations of Mentha spicata extract (0, 10, 20, 40 µg/ml). Another maturation medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was determined as a Mentha spicata extract solvent. After 24 hours, number of degenerated, germinal vesicle (GV), metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II (MII) oocytes were determined in each group using an inverted microscope. According to our results, the percentage of degenerated oocytes was higher in experimental groups compared to the control group. This has however not been statistically significant (P=0.473). Additionally, the percentage of GV oocytes was not different in control and experimental groups (P=0.774). The percentage of MI and MII oocytes was lower in experimental as compared to control groups, however statistically insignificant (P=0.410 and 0.855, respectively). In conclusion, Mentha spicata extract has mild detrimental effects on oocyte in vitro maturation. However, with increased concentration, its detrimental effects decrease which may be due to higher level of its antioxidants contents. Therefore addition of appropriate amounts of Mentha spicata as a natural extract in maturation medium may improves oocytes’ maturation rate.
... Sairei-to is a Chinese herbal mixture, which contains 12 active ingredients; in an uncontrolled trial, it has been shown to decrease androgens and induce ovulation (Sakai et al., 1999). The effect of Mentha spicata Labiatae (spearmint) teas on hirsute women has also been evaluated in an uncontrolled trial and may decrease free testosterone and LH concentrations (Akdoğan et al., 2007). In a systematic review, it was concluded that there is limited evidence that the addition of Chinese Herbal Medicine to CC is associated with improved clinical pregnancy rate (Zhang et al., 2010). ...
BACKGROUND
Here we describe the consensus guideline methodology, summarise the evidence-based recommendations we provided to the World Health Organisation (WHO) for their consideration in the development of global guidance and present a narrative review on the management of anovulatory infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE
The aim of this paper was to present an evidence base for the management of anovulatory PCOS.
SEARCH METHODS
The evidence to support providing recommendations involved a collaborative process for: (i) identification of priority questions and critical outcomes, (ii) retrieval of up-to-date evidence and exiting guidelines, (iii) assessment and synthesis of the evidence and (iv) the formulation of draft recommendations to be used for reaching consensus with a wide range of global stakeholders. For each draft recommendation, the methodologist evaluated the quality of the supporting evidence that was then graded as very low, low, moderate or high for consideration during consensus.
OUTCOMES
Evidence was synthesized and we made recommendations across the definition of PCOS including hyperandrogenism, menstrual cycle regulation and ovarian assessment. Metabolic features and the impact of ethnicity were covered. Management includes lifestyle changes, bariatric surgery, pharmacotherapy (including clomiphene citrate (CC), aromatase inhibitors, metformin and gonadotropins), as well as laparoscopic surgery. In-vitro fertilization (IVF) was considered as were the risks of ovulation induction and of pregnancy in PCOS. Approximately 80% of women who suffer from anovulatory infertility have PCOS. Lifestyle intervention is recommended first in women who are obese largely on the basis of general health benefits. Bariatric surgery can be considered where the body mass index (BMI) is ≥35 kg/m2 and lifestyle therapy has failed. Carefully conducted and monitored pharmacological ovulation induction can achieve good cumulative pregnancy rates and multiple pregnancy rates can be minimized with adherence to recommended protocols. CC should be first-line pharmacotherapy for ovulation induction and letrozole can also be used as first-line therapy. Metformin alone has limited benefits in improving live birth rates. Gonadotropins and laparoscopic surgery can be used as second-line treatment. There is no clear evidence for efficacy of acupuncture or herbal mixtures in women with PCOS. For women with PCOS who fail lifestyle and ovulation induction therapy or have additional infertility factors, IVF can be used with the safer gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol. If a GnRH-agonist protocol is used, metformin as an adjunct may reduce the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Patients should be informed of the potential side effects of ovulation induction agents and of IVF on the foetus, and of the risks of multiple pregnancy. Increased risks for the mother during pregnancy and for the child, including the exacerbating impact of obesity on adverse outcomes, should also be discussed.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS
This guidance generation and evidence-synthesis analysis has been conducted in a manner to be considered for global applicability for the safe administration of ovulation induction for anovulatory women with PCOS.
The most common cause of infertility and metabolic problems among women of reproductive age is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a multifaceted disorder. It is an endocrine disorder that occurs in approximately one in seven women. Among these PCOS patients, two thirds will not ovulate on a regular basis and seek treatment for ovulation induction. The symptoms vary in their severity, namely ovulation disorders, excessive androgen levels, or polycystic ovarian morphology. All these symptoms require a therapeutic approach. Many drugs are used to eradicate PCOS symptoms, like metformin, clomiphene citrate, spironolactone, and pioglitazone. Long-term treatment is required to achieve the desired outcome, which is often accompanied by significant adverse reactions. Some herbs and phytochemicals are equally effective for treating PCOS and produce minimal side effects. Recently, herbal products are gaining popularity due to their wide biological activities, safety, availability, and efficacy. The present review covers aetiology, current treatment, pathophysiology, and detailed pre-clinical and clinical studies on plants and phytochemicals that are proven to be useful for the treatment of symptoms associated with PCOS.
Introduction
The purpose of this systematic review was to reach a general conclusion regarding the effects of Lamiaceae plants on hirsutism by performing a meta-analysis of the clinical trials.
Method
PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched and selected from the results of clinical studies to evaluate the effect of Lamiaceae plants on hirsutism.
Result
Three clinical studies were selected for meta-analysis. In the performed meta-analysis, changes in androgenic hormones levels were non-significant for total testosterone (TT) (SMD = -0.03; 95% CI [-0.68, 0.08]; P= 0.12) and significant for free testosterone (FT) (SMD = -0.85; 95% CI [-1.45, -0.25]; P= 0.005). On the other hand, FSH level did not reduce (SMD = -0.39; 95% CI [-1.83, 1.06]; P= 0.60), while LH showed a marginally significant increase (SMD = 0.37; 95% CI [-0.007, 0.75]; P= 0.055). Ferriman – Gallway score did not show a remarkable change based on the meta-analysis of two studies (SMD = 0.89; 95% CI [-0.73, 2.51]; P= 0.28).
Conclusion
The results showed that the Lamiaceae family can reduce serum levels of some hormones and signs of hirsutism. However, they do not change signs of hirsutism.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of spearmint leaves extract on body weight, liver weight and RTWI of pups in Swiss albino mice. Study Design: Experimental study Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department, Shaikh Zayed PGMI, Lahore from 1st March 2014 to 30th June 2014. Methodology: Seven male and 21 female mice were used. After conception female mice were divided into control (A), low dose (B) and high dose (C) experimental groups. There were7 mice in each group. Group A was given distilled water where as group B was given 3g/kg/day and group C were given 6g/kg/day spearmint leaves extract. After 21 days (duration of pregnancy in mice) hysterotomy was done after euthanasia. Three groups of pups were made. These pups were selected randomly and marked as control, low dose and high dose experimental groups (A1, B1 & C1 respectively). Their body weights and liver weights were taken and recorded. Results: Body weight, weight of liver and RTWI of pups in both the experimental groups were decreased significantly with p<0.001 and difference between the experimental groups was also highly significant with p<0.001. Conclusion: The spearmint leaves extract decrease the body weight, weight of liver and RTWI of pups of Swiss Albino mice. Keywords: Spearmint, Garden mint, Herbal tea, Swiss Albino mice, Conception, Body weight, Weight of liver, RTWI
Background
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is defined by excessive production and/or secretion of androgenic hormones in women. This disease has a complicated nature, so its control is difficult and challenging. Therefore, many women use complementary therapies to support medical treatment, one of which is the consumption of mint plants.
Objective
This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) oils, to assess the binding of constituents of the oils to the androgen receptor as well as their pharmacokinetic features.
Methods
The essential oils were isolated by water distillation and then analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID. Thereafter, in silico binding studies were performed between the main volatile constituents and human androgen receptors using Autodock Vina. Besides, the pharmacokinetic properties of the selected compounds were evaluated using SwissADME.
Results
GC analyses showed the presence of 19 and 23 constituents out of the total components (accounting for 94.7% and 97.6%, respectively) with carvone (73.0%), and menthone (33.1%) and menthol (29.3%) as the major compounds in spearmint and peppermint oils, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking studies revealed that carvone has the lowest binding energy to the androgen receptor. On the other hand, all tested compounds finally exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic parameters.
Conclusion
The present study virtually indicated that the main volatile constituent in the spearmint oil, i.e., carvone, could probably cause a beneficial effect on PCOS.
Introduction: Oligomenorrhea is one of the most common menstrual disorders defined as the prolongation of menstrual intervals. This growing disorder reduce the quality of life for women of reproductive age due to complications, such as abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, hirsutism and psycho-social consequences. Due to the complications of hormonal medications which are the common treatment of this disorder, the necessity of using complementary therapies is suggested; therefore, the present review study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic strategies of Persian medicine.
Methods: In this review study, the main sources of Persian Medicine were investigated using the synonyms of oligomenorrhea such as “Ehtebās-e-tams”, “Habs-e- heiz”, reduction and discontinuation of menstruation. Then, to find new studies, the databases such as Google scholar, PubMed and ISI were searched with the keywords of Oligomenorrhea, Amenorrhea, PCOS, Persian Medicine and Traditional Medicine and the results were compared.
Results: In texts of Persian Medicine, oligomenorrhea is referred as the "Ehtebas Tams". Therapeutic approaches to "Ehtebas Tams", like other treatments in Persian Medicine, in the first step include lifestyle modification, dietary modification, sleep and wake adjustment, exercise and bathing. The second step includes the use of emmenagogue herbal medicine which are mostly considered as phytoestrogen. These herbs are prescribed in various forms (Pill, Decoction, Herbal Tea, Vaginal Suppository, Vaginal Douche, ointment and sitz-bath). In the third step, manipulations such as wet cupping and phlebotomy are recommended as a therapeutic approach.
Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of some of these treatments in new studies such as Vitex agnus-castus, Mentha longifolia and Foeniculum vulgare, it is recommended to conduct more clinical studies based on Persian medicine therapies in addition to conventional medicine for treatment of oligomenorrhea.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and spearmint extracts are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) for use as flavoring in beverages, pharmaceuticals, and confectionaries. Studies of spearmint extracts in humans and animals have reported conflicting results with respect to toxicity. Since the chemical composition of these extracts was not reported and the spearmint source material was different, the relevance of these existing data to evaluating the risks associated with ingestion of a dried aqueous spearmint extract standardized to rosmarinic acid is not clear. Hence, the safety and tolerability of the dried aqueous spearmint extract was evaluated as part of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults with age-associated memory impairment. Ingestion of both 600 and 900 mg/day for 90 days had no effect on plasma levels of follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, or thyroid stimulating hormone, or other safety parameters including vital signs, plasma chemistry or whole blood hematology values. Additionally, there were no reported severe adverse events, no significant between-group differences in the number of subjects reporting adverse effects and the adverse events reported could not be attributed to ingestion of the extract. These results therefore show that ingestion of the aqueous dried spearmint extract is safe and well-tolerated.
Even though the term endocrine disruption primarily designates environmental chemicals that can interfere with the action of hormones, in recent years it has been extended to include also plant derived compounds that can reach the human body, naturally, or have been identified and studied as alternative pharmaceutical agents. In fact, for a large number of them, their antihormonal action was appreciated by different traditional herbal medicines. In the present review we report the majority of the plant derived compounds that exhibit an antiandrogenic effect and the known mechanisms of action. These include a disruption at testosterone production level and at the classical androgen receptor triggered pathways, including membrane initiated ones. Finally, for the first time we describe the possible involvement of alternative cell membrane androgen receptor systems and the lipid signaling disruption by natural androgen, providing hints about a novel class of therapeutic involvement of androgens.
This study was conducted to investigate the growth and quality of three mint cultivars. Eau de cologne mint showed the best growth in terms of plant height, number of leaves, and fresh weight. Among quality traits, the chlorophyll content was highest in eau de cologne mint, whereas the vitamin C content was highest in pineapple mint. The nitrate, phosphate, and essential oil contents were higher in eau de cologne mint but the contents of the major essential oil constituents, L-limonene and L-menthone, were higher in apple and pineapple mint. The total yields of all three cultivars gradually increased with increasing harvesting period. The essential oil contents of eau de cologne and pineapple mint increased with increasing harvesting period, but that of apple mint decreased. The menthol contents of essential oil increased in apple and pineapple mint at each harvesting period, and 135 days after transplanting, major changes in oil constituents were detected in apple mint. Eau de cologne mint exhibited the best growth, whereas apple mint, with only slightly poorer growth, had better essential oil constituents. © 2016, Korean Society for Horticultural Science and Springer-Verlag GmbH.
Hirsutism is thought to affect 1 in 10 premenopausal women. The most common cause remains polycystic ovarian syndrome, however, other rare but serious diagnoses must be excluded. Regardless of the cause, hirsutism can have a significant effect on self-esteem and quality of life for those affected and GPs need to know how this condition can be managed.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies affecting women of reproductive age; it is associated with hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia. This study was designed to assess the long term effects of a pure androgen receptor blocker, flutamide, on the lipid profile in women with PCOS and to examine the possible mechanisms by which androgens may exert their influence. Seventeen women with PCOS (10 obese and 7 lean) were studied. All subjects received a 12-week course of oral flutamide (500 mg/day). The baseline and posttreatment evaluations included lipid profile, androgen levels, insulin sensitivity, and serum catecholamine determinations. The primary outcome was the change in the ratio of low density lipoproteins (LDL) to high density lipoproteins (HDL). Treatment with flutamide was associated with a significant decrease in the LDL/HDL ratio by 23% (P = 0.005), in total cholesterol by 18% (P < 0.0001), in LDL by 13% (P = 0.002), and in triglycerides by 23% (P = 0.002). Flutamide treatment was also associated with a trend toward an increase in HDL (by 14%; P = 0.14). The effects on lipid profile were found regardless of obesity and were not associated with a change in weight. Furthermore, actions of flutamide on lipid metabolism were not associated with significant changes in circulating adrenaline or noradrenaline, glucose metabolism, or insulin sensitivity. This report has demonstrated for the first time that treatment with the pure antiandrogen, flutamide, may improve the lipid profile and that this effect may be due to direct inhibition of androgenic actions.
Peppermint plants have been used as a herbal medicine for many conditions, including loss of appetite, common cold, bronchitis, sinusitis, fever, nausea, vomiting and indigestion. This study is aimed at investigating the biochemical and histological effects of Mentha piperita L., growing in the Yenisar Bademli town of Isparta City, and Mentha spicata L., growing on the Anamas high plateau of Isparta City, on rat kidney tissue. Forty-eight male Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were used for this study. Animals were divided into four experimental groups, each with 12 rats, as follows: control group (group I); 20 g/L M. piperita tea (group II); 20 g/L M. spicata tea (group III); 40 g/L M. spicata tea (group IV). The control group rats were given commercial drinking water (Hayat DANONESA water). The tea for the other groups was prepared daily and provided at all times to the rats during 30 days as drinking water. Plasma urea and creatinine levels were determined, and the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were studied in the homogenates of kidney tissue. The levels of plasma urea and creatinine were increased significantly (P < 0.0033) in groups III and IV when compared with group I. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px were decreased significantly (P < 0.0033) in group IV when compared with group I. The activities of CAT were decreased significantly in groups III and IV (P < 0.033, P < 0.0033, respectively) when compared with group I. TBARS levels were increased significantly (P < 0.0033) in groups III and IV when compared with group I. In groups II, III and IV, hydropic degeneration of tubular epithelial cells, the epithelial cells with picnotic nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm, tubular dilatation and enlargements in Bowman capsules were observed histologically. However, in group II histopathological changes were more slight than in groups III and IV. In group IV, in addition to these changes, extremely hydropic degeneration of tubular epithelial cells, some atrophic tubules and glomerules, and focal mononuclear cell infiltrations in the kidney tissues of the rats were observed. In conclusion, the results indicate that M. piperita does not show nephrotoxicity but M. spicata presents markedly nephrotoxic changes in rats.
The plant Mentha piperita, or peppermint, is commonly used in the treatment of loss of appetite, common cold, bronchitis, sinusitis, fever, nausea and vomiting, and indigestion as a herbal agent. In this study, we aimed to investigate biochemical and histological effects of M. piperita Labiatae, growing in the Yenisar Bademli town of Isparta city, and Mentha spicata Labiatae, growing in the Anamas high plateau of the Yenisar Bademli town, on the rat liver tissue. Forty-eight male Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were used for this study. Rats were divided into four groups of 12 animals: Group I received no herbal tea (control group); Group II received 20 g/L M. piperita tea; Group III received 20 g/L M. spicata tea; and Group IV received 40 g/L M. spicata tea. Herbal teas were prepared daily and provided at all times to the rats during 30 days as drinking water. Liver function tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) activities were measured. To evaluate liver antioxidant defences, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) activities were determined in the homogenates of liver tissue. In addition, liver tissues were submitted for histopathologic examination. AST and ALT activities were increased in Group II, Group III and Group IV gradually when compared with the control group. The difference between Group II and the control group was not statistically significant (P > 0.016). Increases in AST and ALT activities of Group III and Group IV were statistically significant when compared with the control group. SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were increased in Group II when compared with the control group but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.016). However, SOD, GSH-Px activities and the TBARS level were significantly increased, and CAT activity was significantly decreased in Group III when compared with the control group. In Group IV, while SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were decreased, the TBARS level was increased as compared with the control group (P < 0.0016). Histopathological evaluation of experimental groups revealed a mild to severe degree of hepatic damage when compared to the control group. In Group II, there was only minimal hepatocytes degeneration. In Groups III and IV, there were granular or ballooning hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, sinusoidal and central vein dilatation. It was concluded that lipid peroxidation and hepatic damage occurs after M. piperita and M. spicata administration in rat liver and the damage seems to be dose dependent.
To justify the effects of Mentha piperita labiatae and Mentha spicata labiatae herbal teas on plasma total testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels and testicular histologic features. We performed this study because of major complaints in our area from men about the adverse effects of these herbs on male reproductive function.
The experimental study included 48 male Wistar albino rats (body weight 200 to 250 g). The rats were randomized into four groups of 12 rats each. The control group was given commercial drinking water, and the experimental groups were given 20 g/L M. piperita tea, 20 g/L M. spicata tea, or 40 g/L M. spicata tea.
The follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels had increased and total testosterone levels had decreased in the experimental groups compared with the control group; the differences were statistically significant. Also, the Johnsen testicular biopsy scores were significantly different statistically between the experimental groups and the control group. Although the mean seminiferous tubular diameter of the experimental groups was relatively greater than in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. The only effects of M. piperita on testicular tissue was segmental maturation arrest in the seminiferous tubules; however, the effects of M. spicata extended from maturation arrest to diffuse germ cell aplasia in relation to the dose.
Despite the beneficial effects of M. piperita and M. spicata in digestion, we should also be aware of the toxic effects when the herbs are not used in the recommended fashion or at the recommended dose.
The effects of different polyphenol-containing beverages on Fe absorption from a bread meal were estimated in adult human subjects from the erythrocyte incorporation of radio-Fe. The test beverages contained different polyphenol structures and were rich in either phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid in coffee), monomeric flavonoids (herb teas, camomile (Matricaria recutita L.), vervain (Verbena officinalis L.), lime flower (Tilia cordata Mill.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), or complex polyphenol polymerization products (black tea and cocoa). All beverages were potent inhibitors of Fe absorption and reduced absorption in a dose-dependent fashion depending on the content of total polyphenols. Compared with a water control meal, beverages containing 20-50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal by 50-70%, whereas beverages containing 100-400 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption by 60-90%. Inhibition by black tea was 79-94%, peppermint tea 84%, pennyroyal 73%, cocoa 71%, vervain 59%, lime flower 52% and camomile 47%. At an identical concentration of total polyphenols, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa, and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea. Adding milk to coffee and tea had little or no influence on their inhibitory nature. Our findings demonstrate that herb teas, as well as black tea, coffee and cocoa can be potent inhibitors of Fe absorption. This property should be considered when giving dietary advice in relation to Fe nutrition.
Deux objectifs etaient assignes a cette etude consacree a la prescription medicinale des epices durant la periode de l'Empire Romain : analyser la pharmacopee romaine et presenter les premiers elements d'une «archeopharmacologie». Un bref rappel est presente du «monde romain des epices» : les substances aromatiques de toute provenance y tenaient une place importante, comparable, par bien des egards, a celle du petrole dans notre societe. Un total de 2500 citations ont ete analysees sur support informatique dans ce travail resumant l'oeuvre de douze auteurs, en particulier Celse, Dioscoride, Scribonius Largus, Marcellus, Pline l'Ancien, Galien, et portant sur plus de trente epices en provenance de contrees exotique (Orient, Inde, Chine et Sud-Est asiatique), en particulier : ferules, poivre, encens, myrrhe, safran et cannelle. Les indications donnees a ces epices medicinales (en particulier en ce qui concerne la pneumologie, la dermatologie, la pathologie ORL et gastro-enterologique) ne different pas notablement de ce qui est assigne aux autres plantes aromatiques : plus que la provenance, le critere des choix parait se situer dans le «profil therapeutique» donne par la tradition a chacune des substances. Les arguments ne manquent pas pour reprendre l'exploration d'un vaste savoir que le «scientisme» des siecles precedents avait ignore. Parmi bien d'autres arguments, l'apparition de nouvelles disciplines telles l'ethno-botanique et l'ethno-pharmacologie ainsi que des nouvelles techniques d'analyse des textes anciens font envisager l'emergence prochaine d'une nouvelle discipline consacree a la recherche de nouveaux medicaments orientee par les textes de l'Antiquite.
The modulating effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata) on benzoyl peroxide-induced responses of tumor promotion in murine skin was investigated. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is an effective cutaneous tumor promoter acting through the generation of oxidative stress, induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity and by enhancing DNA synthesis. BPO treatment (20 mg/animal) increased cutaneous microsomal lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation. The activity of cutaneous antioxidant enzymes, namely catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase, was decreased and the level of cutaneous glutathione was depleted. BPO treatment also induced the ornithine decarboxylase activity and enhanced the [3H]thymidine uptake in DNA synthesis in murine skin. Prophylactic treatment of mice with spearmint extract (10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) 1 hr before BPO treatment resulted in the diminution of BPO-mediated damage. The susceptibility of cutaneous microsomal membrane to lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation was significantly reduced (P <0.05 ). In addition, depleted levels of glutathione, inhibited activity of glutathione dependent and antioxidant enzymes were recovered to a significant level (P <0.01, P <0.05 and P <0.01, respectively). Similarly, the elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity and enhanced thymidine uptake in DNA synthesis was inhibited significantly (P <0.05 ) in a dose-dependent manner. The protective effect of spearmint was dose dependent in all parameters. The result suggests that spearmint is an effective chemopreventive agent that may suppress BPO-induced cutaneous oxidative stress, toxicity and hyperproliferative effects in the skin of mice.
We attempted to evaluate apolipoprotein lipid levels in hirsute hyperandrogenic women and to clarify the influence of insulin resistance versus endogenous sex steroids on these profiles.
Forty-seven women seen for evaluation of hirsutism in the Reproductive Endocrine Clinic were contrasted with 15 normal women. Thirty-one patients were treated with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog, leuprolide acetate, 7.5 mg intramuscularly monthly for 3 months. Insulin resistance was assessed before and after GnRH analog administration. Mean concentrations were compared with the Student t test and analysis of variance.
Hirsute women were heavier and had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, more menstrual irregularities (all p less than 0.01), and higher waist/hip ratios (p less than 0.05). They had higher triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein C-III levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (all p less than 0.01). They had lower apolipoprotein A-I/A-II ratios (p less than 0.01). After administration of GnRH analog, androgen and estrogens were suppressed and insulin resistance was unaltered. Insulin correlated with apolipoprotein lipid abnormalities.
Lipid and apolipoprotein abnormalities in these hirsute women seem to be associated more with insulin resistance than with endogenous androgens or estrogens.
The rate of absorption of iron is adjusted according to body iron requirements, but the virtual absence of heme and the poor bioavailability of the nonheme iron in the diets of many people, especially in developing countries, means that the amount that can be absorbed is limited. Those whose requirements are increased by growth, menstruation, or pregnancy frequently cannot absorb enough. Sufficient is now known about the factors in food that increase or diminish the bioavailability of nonheme iron to permit the effective fortification of dietary staples, although the application of this information has proved difficult particularly in the Third World where nutritional iron deficiency is most prevalent. Effective fortification may lead to iron overload in those whose control of iron absorption is genetically defective, and recent evidence that the HLA-linked recessive gene for idiopathic hemochromatosis may occur much more commonly than hitherto suspected makes it imperative that an effective monitoring system should form a part of every fortification program.
The terpene l-carvone is one of the main constituents of spearmint oil. The sensitizing potential of l-carvone has been considered low, but it has occasionally caused contact allergy in users of spearmint toothpaste and chewing gum. l-Carvone is also an oxidation product of d-limonene that occurs in solvents used increasingly in industry. We included l-carvone 5% pet. in the standard patch test series. In the 1st year, 541 patients were tested and 15 (2.77%) had positive, and 12 doubtful positive (?+) reactions to l-carvone. The strongest reactions were observed in 9 patients with concomitant Compositae sensitivity. The key clinical features and other contact allergies of the patients are presented. When re-testing with l-carvone in the same or lower concentrations, only 2 out of 8 patients had positive reactions. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed in terms of cross-reactions, concomitant sensitization, excited skin syndrome, irritancy and facilitated immunological response.
Allergic reactions to toothpaste flavours are infrequent: only 5 cases in a 26-year period among 46,000 Copenhagen eczema patients (9) and 7 cases in a 6-year period at Gentofte Hospital (3). Spearmint is used in almost every brand of toothpaste as a flavour, together with other flavouring ingredients such as menthol, peppermint, anethole, eugenol and cinnamic aldehyde. It is also used in chewing gum, medicines, etc.
To evaluate the changes in serum sex hormones of gonadal or adrenal origin, the gonadotropic hormones, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in men and women with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), who are undergoing monotherapy with carbamazepine or receiving carbamazepine in combination with other anticonvulsant drugs.
Gonadal hormones (estradiol, testosterone, free testosterone, and inhibin B), adrenal hormones [cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone], and gonadotropic hormones (luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]) were measured in 22 women and 26 men with TLE. The study also measured prolactin; human growth hormone and its major mediator, insulin-like growth factor-I; thyroid hormones (free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine); thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); and SHBG. The results were compared with those obtained from 60 healthy women and 106 healthy men.
In the female patients, TSH, DHEAS, follicular-phase LH, and luteal-phase estradiol were significantly lower than in the control groups, with prolactin and SHBG significantly higher. In the male patients, DHEAS, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, free testosterone, inhibin B, and the testosterone/LH ratio were significantly lower than in the control group, with LH, FSH, and SHBG significantly higher. Increased FSH in 31% of the men indicates an impairment of spermatogenesis; lowered inhibin B in 12% indicates an impaired Sertoli's cell function; and the decreased testosterone/LH ratio in 50% indicates an impaired Leydig's cell function.
The case patients had endocrine disorders, mainly concerning the gonadotropic and gonadal functions in both sexes; the adrenal function, with lowered DHEAS levels in both sexes; and lowered 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels in the men. SHBG levels were increased in patients taking anticonvulsant medications.
The effects of different polyphenol-containing beverages on Fe absorption from a bread meal were estimated in adult human subjects from the erythrocyte incorporation of radio-Fe. The test beverages contained different polyphenol structures and were rich in either phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid in coffee), monomeric flavonoids (herb teas, camomile (Matricaria recutita L.), vervain (Verbena officinalis L.), lime flower (Tilia cordata Mill.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), or complex polyphenol polymerization products (black tea and cocoa). All beverages were potent inhibitors of Fe absorption and reduced absorption in a dose-dependent fashion depending on the content of total polyphenols. Compared with a water control meal, beverages containing 20-50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal by 50-70%, whereas beverages containing 100-400 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption by 60-90%. Inhibition by black tea was 79-94%, peppermint tea 84%, pennyroyal 73%, cocoa 71%, vervain 59%, lime flower 52% and camomile 47%. At an identical concentration of total polyphenols, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa, and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea. Adding milk to coffee and tea had little or no influence on their inhibitory nature. Our findings demonstrate that herb teas, as well as black tea, coffee and coca can be potent inhibitors of Fe absorption. This property should be considered when giving dietary advice in relation to Fe nutrition.
The modulating effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata) on benzoyl peroxide-induced responses of tumor promotion in murine skin was investigated. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is an effective cutaneous tumor promoter acting through the generation of oxidative stress, induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity and by enhancing DNA synthesis. BPO treatment (20 mg/animal) increased cutaneous microsomal lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation. The activity of cutaneous antioxidant enzymes, namely catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase, was decreased and the level of cutaneous glutathione was depleted. BPO treatment also induced the ornithine decarboxylase activity and enhanced the [3H]thymidine uptake in DNA synthesis in murine skin. Prophylactic treatment of mice with spearmint extract (10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) 1 hr before BPO treatment resulted in the diminution of BPO-mediated damage. The susceptibility of cutaneous microsomal membrane to lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation was significantly reduced (P < 0.05 ). In addition, depleted levels of glutathione, inhibited activity of glutathione dependent and antioxidant enzymes were recovered to a significant level (P < 0.01, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Similarly, the elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity and enhanced thymidine uptake in DNA synthesis was inhibited significantly (P < 0.05 ) in a dose-dependent manner. The protective effect of spearmint was dose dependent in all parameters. The result suggests that spearmint is an effective chemopreventive agent that may suppress BPO-induced cutaneous oxidative stress, toxicity and hyperproliferative effects in the skin of mice.
Recent observations have indicated that reproductive endocrine disorders are common among women taking valproate (VPA) for epilepsy, but it is not known whether respective abnormalities develop in men taking VPA for epilepsy. Carbamazepine (CBZ) may induce endocrine disorders in men with epilepsy, but the endocrine effects of oxcarbazepine (OXC) are not known.
Reproductive endocrine function was evaluated in 90 men taking VPA (n = 21), CBZ (n = 40), or OXC (n = 29) as monotherapy for epilepsy and in 25 healthy control men.
Twelve men (57%) taking VPA had increased serum androgen levels. The mean serum level of androstenedione was high in patients taking VPA. Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were low, and serum concentrations of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were high in men taking CBZ. The endocrine effects of OXC seemed to be dose-dependent, because serum hormone levels were normal in patients with low OXC doses (< 900 mg/day), but serum concentrations of testosterone, gonadotropins, and SHBG were high in patients with a daily OXC dose > or = 900 mg.
VPA increases serum androgen concentrations in men with epilepsy. The endocrine effects of CBZ and OXC were different, because CBZ appears to decrease the bioactivity of androgens, whereas OXC does not.
Throughout history different species of mint have been used across the globe for their varying properties, both medi cinal and culinary. Today, the commer cial sales of mints are expanding each year - and at the end of a large meal after-dinner mints are frequently served. But why do we take them?
Peppermint ( Mentha piperita ) is usu ally taken after a meal for its ability to reduce indigestion and colonic spasms by reducing the gastrocolic reflex. It is a naturally occurring hybrid cross between water mint ( M. aquatica) and spearmint ( M. spicata) and is best known for its role as a popular flavour ing agent. Less well recognised is pep permint's potential role in the manage ment of numerous other medical con ditions including certain procedures, e.g. colonoscopy.
With the growing popularity of herbal remedies, among both the pub lic and medical practitioners, it would seem that now is an opportune time to consider further what peppermint has to offer the world of medicine.
Our study was designed to determine the effect of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate on cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) activity in vitro and oral bioavailability of felodipine in humans.
Reversible and mechanism-based inhibitions of nifedipine oxidation were studied in human liver microsomes. The oral pharmacokinetics of felodipine and its dehydrofelodipine metabolite were determined in 12 healthy volunteers after administration of felodipine, 10-mg extended-release tablet, with grapefruit juice (300 mL), peppermint oil (600 mg), ascorbyl palmitate (500 mg), or water in a randomized 4-way crossover study.
Peppermint oil (inhibition constant [K(i)] = 35.9 +/- 3.3 microg/mL, mean +/- SEM) and 2 constituents, menthol (K(i) = 87.0 +/- 7.0 micromol/L), and menthyl acetate (K(i) = 124.0 +/- 7.0 micromol/L), produced reversible inhibition of nifedipine oxidation. Ascorbyl palmitate was more potent (K(i) = 12.3 +/- 0.5 micromol/L). None of these substances were mechanism-based inhibitors. Grapefruit juice and peppermint oil increased the area under the curve (AUC) values of felodipine to 173% (range, 94%-280%; P <.01) and 140% (range, 77%-262%; P <.05), respectively, of those with water. They augmented the peak plasma concentration (C(max)) of felodipine and the AUC and C(max) of dehydrofelodipine but did not alter the half-life (t(1/2)) of either substance. Grapefruit juice decreased the dehydrofelodipine/felodipine AUC ratio, but peppermint oil did not. Ascorbyl palmitate did not change the pharmacokinetics of felodipine or dehydrofelodipine compared with water.
Peppermint oil, menthol, menthyl acetate, and ascorbyl palmitate were moderately potent reversible inhibitors of in vitro CYP3A4 activity. Grapefruit juice increased the oral bioavailability of felodipine by inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated presystemic drug metabolism. Peppermint oil may also have acted by this mechanism. However, this requires further investigation. Ascorbyl palmitate did not inhibit CYP3A4 activity in vivo.
Two main purposes were assigned to this study of medicinal prescription of spices at the time of the Roman Empire: analyze Roman pharmacopoeia of spices in reference to modern criteria and assess a new discipline, close to "ethno-botany" and "ethno-pharmacology", aiming to a new approach of drug research: "archeopharmacology". A brief overview is given of the Roman world of spices : all aromatic substances from Orient, India and Far-East held a major place which can only be compared to the role of petroleum in our modern times. The study is conducted on a thesaurus of 2600 quotations from twelve authors: Apicius, Caelius Aurelianus, Cassius Felix, Celsus, Dioscorides, Galen, Marcellus,(Anonymous) Mulonmedicina, Pelagorius, Pliny the Elder, Serenus Sammonicus and Scribonius Largus and a set of 33 medicinal spices among which: cyperus, ferulas (Asa foetida), frankincense, pepper, myrrh and saffron. Medicinal use of spices (mainly for pneumology, dermatology and gastroenterology) do not differ notably from the rest of Roman pharmacopoeia: the main criteria for prescription of spices is not their place of origin but a "therapeutic profile" which is clearly assigned to each substance by tradition. During the last decades, new methods of therapeutic research: ethno-botany and ethno-pharmacology have been used extensively to explore traditional medicines. A new discipline is ready to emerge: "archeo-pharmacology", aiming towards a drug research based on Ancient texts.
Research leading to the discovery of a series of mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs) was inspired by the idea that smoke produced during cooking of food, especially meat or fish, might be carcinogenic. More than ten kinds of HCAs, actually produced by cooking or heating of meat or fish, have now been isolated and their structures determined, most being previously unregistered compounds. They are highly mutagenic towards Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of S9 mix and are also mutagenic in vitro and in vivo toward mammalian cells. HCAs have now been chemically synthesized in quantity and subjected to long-term animal testing. When HCAs were fed in the diet, rodents developed cancers in many organs, including the colon, breast and prostate, and one HCA produced hepatomas in monkeys. The lesions exhibited alteration in genes including Apc, beta-catenin and Ha-ras, and these changes provide clues to the induction mechanisms. The HCAs are oxidized to hydroxyamino derivatives by cytochrome P450s, and further converted to ester forms by acetyltransferase and sulfotransferase. Eventually, they produce DNA adducts through the formation of N-C bonds at guanine bases. There are HCA-sensitive and resistant strains of rodents and a search for the responsible genes is now under way. While the content of HCAs in dishes consumed in ordinary life is low and not sufficient in itself to explain human cancer, the coexistence of many other mutagens/carcinogens of either autobiotic or xenobiotic type and the possibility that HCAs induce genomic instability and heightened sensitivity to tumor promoters suggest that avoidance of exposure to HCAs or reduction of HCAs' biological effects as far as possible are to be highly recommended. Usage of microwave ovens for cooking and supplementation of the diet, for example with soy-isoflavones, which have been found to suppress the occurrence of HCA-induced breast cancers, should be encouraged. Advice to the general public about how to reduce the carcinogenic load imposed by HCAs would be an important contribution to cancer prevention.
The authors evaluate the effects of 2 months of treatment with 250 mg flutamide daily on adrenal steroidogenesis (ACTH test) and metabolic parameters (lipids, insulin resistance) in 12 PCOS women aged 33.8 +/- 7.5 years and with a BMI of 33.6 +/- 4.2 kg/m2. Significant decreases in basal DHEA-S (p < 0.0001), DHEA (p < 0.01) and androstenedione (p < 0.05), in the ACTH-stimulated levels of DHEA-S (p < 0.0001), testosterone (p < 0.05) and in ACTH-stimulated 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (p < 0.01) were observed. No significant change in basal blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides or in insulin resistance, as estimated by the insulin tolerance test, was found. Flutamide is effective in reducing adrenal androgen production in overweight women, but has no effect on lipid spectrum or on insulin resistance.
The antimutagenic activity of spearmint (Mentha spicata), a popular food flavoring agent, was studied in the Salmonella assay. Spearmint leaves were brewed in hot water for 5 min at concentrations up to 5% (w/v), and the water extracts were tested against the direct-acting mutagens 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine (NPD) and 2-hydroxyamino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (N-OH-IQ) using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. Nontoxic concentrations of spearmint extract inhibited the mutagenic activity of N-OH-IQ in a concentration-dependent fashion, but had no effect against NPD. These experiments by design focused on the water extract consumed commonly as an herbal tea, but chloroform and methanol extracts of spearmint also possessed antimutagenic activity against N-OH-IQ. Water extract of spearmint inhibited the mutagenic activity of the parent compound, 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), in the presence of rat liver S9; however, the concentration for 50% inhibition (IC50) against IQ was approximately 10-fold higher than in assays with N-OH-IQ minus S9. At concentrations similar to those used in the Salmonella assays, spearmint extract inhibited two of the major enzymes that play a role in the metabolic activation of IQ, namely, cytochromes P4501A1 and 1A2, based on ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase assays in vitro. In vivo, rats were given spearmint water extract (2%; w/v) as the sole source of drinking fluid before, during, and after 2-week treatment with IQ; colonic aberrant crypt foci were inhibited significantly at 8 weeks (P < 0.05, compared with rats given IQ alone). Collectively, these findings suggest that spearmint tea protects against IQ and possibly other heterocyclic amines through inhibition of carcinogen activation and via direct effects on the activated metabolite(s).
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- Wild