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Sampling methods: Selecting your subjects
... An electronic survey was developed using Qualtrics software (Qualtrics Inc., Provo, UT, USA, October 2023) that included the DASS-21 and a participant demographic questionnaire. Participants (i.e., emerging adults and adult participants) [20] were recruited using a combination of snowball and convenience sampling methods [21]. Researchers sent the link to personal contacts and advertised the study on social media pages. ...
... Barlett's test for sphericity (<0.001) and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (≥0.70) were assessed [18]. The following criteria were used to determine the appropriate number of factors to retain: (1) factors with eigenvalues > 1.0; (2) examination of the scree plot inflection point; (3) parallel analysis, which compares eigenvalues in the original dataset to a randomly ordered dataset [26]; and (4) factors that accounted for ≥5% of the variance [11,21,23]. Following extraction, items were assessed and removed individually using the following recommendations: loading < 0.40; cross-loading ≥ 0.30; low internal consistency; high bivariate correlations with another item; and theoretical or conceptual misfit [18,19,25,27]. ...
Background: The prevalence of mental health disorders calls for valid and reliable instruments that are easy to administer and assess for clinicians and researchers. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) is a commonly used instrument to assess psychological distress; however, model fit and internal reliability issues have been reported. Our objective was to assess the factorial and structural validity of the DASS-21. Methods: A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on the full sample (n = 1036) to assess the proposed three-factor DASS-21 using a priori cut-off values. Because model fit indices were not met, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify a parsimonious model. The resulting three-factor structure (i.e., DASS-9) was then assessed using CFA and multigroup invariance testing procedures. Results: The proposed three-factor DASS-21 did not meet model fit criteria. The DASS-9 did meet recommended model fit criteria and was invariant between sex, injury status, mental health diagnosis, and activity level groups. Statistically different group means were found between mental health diagnosis and activity level groups, while no differences between sex or injury status groups were found. Conclusions: The current study provides support to use a condensed DASS-21 instrument, such as the DASS-9. Future research is necessary to establish the DASS-9 prior to its adoption in research and clinical practice. Additionally, there is a need to identify and review all condensed versions of the DASS-21, so individuals know which instrument can be used for clinical or research purposes.
... This cross-sectional study involved 34 ECEC centers, with data collected pre-COVID in the fall of 2019 (Y- 19) and during COVID-19 in the fall of 2020 (Y-20), across the province of Alberta, Canada as part of a larger study investigating a health and wellness educational support program. Eligibility requirements for childcare center recruitment in the fall of 2019 and 2020 were matched to ensure the recruited centers were from similar geographic locations and cities with similarly sized centers, and had similar auspices (profit/not-forprofit) and preschooler-care characteristics, in order to guarantee the homogeneity of the sample [20,21]. The larger study served as the sampling frame for this study, with baseline data from the trial presented within this paper. ...
... Because eligibility requirements for childcare centers were matched for similar geographic locations, city center sizes, auspices (profit/not-for-profit), and preschooler-care characteristics between recruitment years, baseline data for these groups were expected to be similar [20,21]. However, the results in this study indicate that the healthy eating environment subscale of CHEERS was greater in the 2020 group. ...
Early childhood education and care (ECEC) environments influence children’s early development and habits that track across a lifespan. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of COVID-19 government-mandated guidelines on physical activity (PA) and eating environments in ECEC settings. This cross-sectional study involved the recruitment of 19 ECEC centers pre-COVID (2019) and 15 ECEC centers during COVID (2020) in Alberta, Canada (n = 34 ECEC centers; n = 83 educators; n = 361 preschoolers). Educators completed the CHEERS (Creating Healthy Eating and activity Environments Survey) and MEQ (Mindful Eating Questionnaire) self-audit tools while GT3X+ ActiGraph accelerometers measured preschooler PA. The CHEERS healthy eating environment subscale was greater during COVID-19 (5.97 ± 0.52; 5.80 ± 0.62; p = 0.02) and the overall score positively correlated with the MEQ score (r = 0.20; p = 0.002). Preschoolers exhibited greater hourly step counts (800 ± 189; 649 ± 185), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (9.3 ± 3.0 min/h; 7.9 ± 3.2 min/h) and lower sedentary times (42.4 ± 3.9 min/h; 44.1 ± 4.9 min/h) during COVID-19 compared to pre-COVID, respectively (p < 0.05). These findings suggest the eating environment and indices of child physical activity were better in 2020, which could possibly be attributed to a change in government-mandated COVID-19 guideline policy.
... The research included interviews and discussions with various stakeholder groups (Table 2). To ensure a consistent representation of stakeholders, respondents were selected using stratified random sampling (Datar, 2017;Panacek & Thompson, 2007). The study used semi-structured questionnaires. ...
Accuracy of information and timeliness are essential in tourism management. This study explores the role of big data in supporting coastal ecotourism performance, which in this mixed mode study involves two expert discussion groups. We derived the themes for discussion and analysis from relevant literature. A total of 485 questionnaires were distributed and analysed using SAS Contextual Analysis 15.1. the results show that Big Data has the potential to benefit both tourists and stakeholders by providing quick and accurate access to information. However, the management, storage, and retrieval of big data pose challenges due to its vast and continuously expanding volume. Dealing with such massive amounts of data can be arduous. Big data can be used by both government and tour operators to manage and develop coastal ecotourism activities with minimal environmental impact. Tourists can access trend data on coastal tourism. This includes both general and ecotourism’ -based information to plan visits and businesses that meet market demand. This study identifies the factors that contribute to creating value from big data and explores their impact on positive service encounter in marketing intelligence within business ecosystems.
... In criterion sampling, the individuals planned to be included in the study are determined according to certain criteria. The criteria may be created by the researcher, or a previously prepared list of criteria can be used [10]. ...
Objective
People's attitudes about aging are formed in early childhood, develop in adulthood, and are fully shaped in old age. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of self-esteem on attitudes toward aging in the elderly.
Method
A total of 264 people over the age of 65 without any known psychiatric or neurologic disease were included in the study. The sociodemographic data form, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) with 12 sub-dimensions, and Attitude to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ) with three sub-dimensions were applied to each participant. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between quantitative variables. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors predicting the attitude toward aging.
Results
A moderately significant negative relationship was found between the AAQ sub-dimension of psychosocial loss score and RSES sub-dimension self-esteem (r=-0.340, p=0<0.001), continuity of self-concept (r=-0.258, p<0.001), depressive affect (r=-0.423, p<0.001), and psychosomatic symptoms (r=-0.311, p<0.001). Self-esteem was found to be predictive of attitude toward aging. When sociodemographic factors were controlled, it was found that 25.6% of the variance in attitude toward psychosocial loss (R² change=25.6; p<0.001), 30.5% of the variance in attitude toward physical change (R² change=30.5; p<0.001), and 34.9% of the variance in attitude toward psychosocial development (R² change=34.9; p<0.001) could be explained by the specified sub-dimensions of RSES.
Conclusion
In our study, it was observed that self-esteem shaped from childhood to the present day is at least as effective as sociodemographic characteristics in the attitude toward aging.
... To achieve this purpose, the respondents are divided into two groups such as Mill owners & Managerial level employees of textile sectors. After that, a population has been created, which is attached in Appendix 1, to select the sample of respondents for the interview by random sampling method, which is the best suited for probabilistic analysis [14]. A consent letter was obtained from all the interview respondents before the interview, which is also attached along with the interview data sheet. ...
The textile sector in Bangladesh is at a mature stage, accounting for more than 75% of all export earnings and ranking as the world's second-highest garment exporter behind China. In order to stay competitive in the global market despite scarce resources and other issues, this industry engages in some unethical behavior that could eventually jeopardize its long-term viability. Using a SWOT analysis, this research study explores the current state of the Bangladeshi textile industry (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis. The study utilized interviews as its major data-gathering method with the primary goal of gaining insights into the industry's present conditions and future expansion opportunities. Every respondent was chosen from Bangladesh with consideration for the study's goal. To achieve a thorough grasp of the textile business and gather various opinions, the research conducted in-depth interviews with management practitioners in the field. Through in-depth thematic data analysis and interpretation, the research identified the intrinsic characteristics that sustain the Bangladeshi textile industry's standing in the global market. Furthermore, the research revealed significant shortcomings that necessitate focused actions to improve sustainability and competitiveness. Furthermore, the study revealed prospective avenues for additional development and broadening within a dynamic worldwide economic environment. Ultimately, the examination exposed impending dangers that might impede the industry's advancement in the future.
... For this study, the research team utilized purposive sampling as described by Panacek and Thompson, 2007. The experts with a high level of knowledge or skill relating to APN were identified by the research team knowledgeable about the APN expert positions in Finland. ...
What is already known about this topic As specialist and advanced practice nursing roles are implemented increasingly around the world, established frameworks and practice standards will be beneficial for countries developing these roles.
The Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool has been increasingly used to delineate nursing and advanced practice nursing roles.
What this paper adds Based on the content validation study on the Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool, a 45‐item modification of the tool was created.
The item content validity index of the modified 45‐item Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool varied between 0.88 and 1.00, reflecting excellent item validity. The scale content validity index average was 0.97, indicating high content validity and acceptability of the modified tool within a Finnish context.
The implications of this paper The Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool has been validated for use in the Finnish context, and the generalizability of the results may be limited in other countries. Further research is needed to validate the content and construct of the modified tool across countries.
The modified Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool may be utilized to develop, standardize and delineate various nursing and advanced practice nursing roles within health‐care organizations.
... Upon receiving Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, participants were recruited using a combination of snowball and convenience sampling methods [14]. An electronic survey was developed using Qualtrics software, Version March 2020 (Qualtrics Inc., Provo, UT, USA) that included the SCS, the OOMP-8, and a participant demographic questionnaire. ...
This study investigated the association between self-compassion and psychological pain across various demographic variables. Using canonical correlation analysis, we observed an inverse relationship between the combined factors of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) and the Orbach and Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (OMMP-8). Subgroup analyses revealed differences in SCS subscales among demographic groups with females, individuals with mental health diagnoses, and non-athletes displaying higher scores on negative SCS subscales and PsyPn. Injury status did not significantly affect self-compassion levels, although injured individuals scored higher on the irreversibility subscale of PsyPn. Negative SCS factors exhibited larger group differences and stronger correlations with PsyPn, indicating the potency of negative thinking in influencing psychological pain. These findings underscore the importance of self-compassion in mental health and suggest potential implications for intervention strategies.
... A sample refers to the segment of the population which is selected for investigation. It also entails a subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study (Panacek & Thompson, 2007) . The sample for this study comprised of the staffs from the public sectors namely; Prime Minister's office, President Office -Regional administration and local government, internal audit departments and all executives in local governments. ...
... Ada beberapa tahap dalam menentukan kerangka sampling, yaitu tentukan populasi target dengan jelas, buat kerangka sampel, dan pilih teknik sampling yang tepat (Taherdoost, 2016). Untuk menentukan populasi target perlu ditetapkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusinya, sehingga sampel yang diambil dari populasi sudah homogen (Panacek & Thompson, 2007;Firmansyah & Dede, 2022 ...
Salah satu indikator kualitas penelitian kuantitatif ialah ketepatan dalam menggunakan teknik sampling, yaitu probability sampling. Namun, masih banyak ditemukan penelitian kuantitatif yang belum mengikuti kaidah randomisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kesalahan penggunaan teknik sampling pada penelitian kuantitatif. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif kuantitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada hasil-hasil penelitian kuantitatif yang telah dipublikasikan pada jurnal-jurnal keperawatan Sinta 2. Variabel pada penelitian ini adalah penggunaan teknik sampling. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua hasil penelitian kuantitatif yang dipublikasikan pada jurnal keperawatan sinta 2 yang memenuhi kriteria. Sampel sebanyak 47 hasil penelitian diambil dengan teknik cluster sampling, yaitu memilih secara acak jurnal keperawatan sinta 2 dan mengambil semua artikel hasil penelitian yang ada pada jurnal terpilih hingga jumlah sampel terpenuhi. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan lembar check list. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan uji univariate. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa hampir seluruh hasil penelitian kuantitatif yang telah dipublikasikan pada jurnal terakreditasi kemenristekdikti memiliki kesalahan dalam penggunaan teknik sampling, yaitu sebanyak 38 jurnal (80,85%). Teknik sampling yang paling banyak digunakan adalah nonprobability sampling, yaitu purposive sampling (47,37%) dan consecutive sampling (42,11%). Pemahaman terhadap teknik sampling perlu ditingkatkan kembali melalui seminar atau pelatihan agar dapat menyempurnakan hasil penelitian kuantitatif yang dilakukan oleh para peneliti.
... These two main groups are also divided into sub-groups as Important stakeholders are divided into three sub-groups: a) Academician, b) Government Officer, and c) Non-Government Organization (NGO), whereas Practitioners are divided into Mill owner & Managerial level employees of textile sectors. After that, a population has been created, which is attached in Appendix 1, to select the sample of respondents for the interview by random sampling method, which is the best suited for probabilistic analysis (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). A consent letter was taken from all the interview respondents before taking the interview, which is also attached along with the interview data sheet in Appendix 1. Stakeholders might be contacted directly, formally, or informally to obtain information, known as an interview. ...
With the primary objective of gaining insights into the industry's prevailing conditions and potential avenues for growth, the study employed interviews as the primary data collection method. The research conducted in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, including industry experts, policymakers, manufacturers, and workers, to capture multifaceted perspectives and ensure a comprehensive understanding of the sector. The research unraveled the inherent strengths that bolster the Bangladesh textile industry's position in the global market through rigorous thematic data analysis and interpretation. Additionally, the study identified critical weaknesses that require targeted interventions to enhance competitiveness and sustainability. Moreover, the research unearthed potential opportunities for further growth and expansion in an ever-evolving global economic landscape. Finally, the analysis revealed looming threats that could pose challenges to the sector's progress in the future.
... Individuals aged 65 and older (see demographics in Table 1), living independently, were recruited via convenience and snowball sampling (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). Participants had to be at least functionally fluent in English, and those with cognitive impairments were excluded based on their scores on the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). ...
Creativity involves generating novel and valuable ideas. While the importance of creative thinking is widely acknowledged, its cognitive basis is poorly understood, particularly in older adults. This study aimed to develop and test an explanatory model of creative thinking to elucidate its underlying cognitive functions in an elderly sample. The role of demographic variables, including age, multilingualism, socioeconomic status (SES), level of education, and gender in creative thinking was also investigated. One hundred and twenty-five participants aged 65 years and above-completed measures of divergent, convergent and associa-tive thinking, as well as task-switching, inhibition and fluid intelligence. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyzed the relationships between these cognitive functions, and group differences assessed whether there were significant differences in the cognitive measures based on the demographic variables. Creative thinking appeared to entail the cooperation between divergent and convergent thinking, which both rely on associative thinking, suggesting an associative basis of creative thinking. Creative thinking involved fluid intelligence and task-switching, but not inhibition, recasting it as a higher-order function. This study supports the dual-process account of creative thinking by demonstrating an associative basis and the role of executive functions. Differences among education and SES groups occurred for most cognitive functions analyzed. These findings inform prevailing theoretical frameworks of creative thinking.
... The random sampling method was adopted in the data collection process. This method assures that every prospective participant has the same chance to be included in the research, and therefore, improves the validity that the collected data could be the surrogate of the targeted population (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). ...
To assist with exploring strategies for effectively promoting vocational noncollegiate flight schools to diverse student markets of nontraditional student pilots, traditional student pilots, and teenage student pilots, this study compared and analyzed school choice factors of marketing approaches, relevant people, institutional features, and training program features that influenced these three groups of student pilots’ school selections. The study data was collected via a survey questionnaire, and the sample included 176 participants. There were 42 choice factor survey items, and the participants were guided to rate the level of influence of each factor on their school choice decisions. Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA methods were utilized to analyze the collected data. According to the key findings, all three groups highlighted the following factors as most influential on their school choice: training quality, availability of flying opportunities, training costs, safety records of the programs, reputation of flight instructors, the overall reputation, length of time to complete the program, scheduling flexibility, training capacity, and administration integrity. While the typical discrepancies of the key findings among the three groups revealed that both traditional and teenage student pilots considered relevant people of family members as having the most influence. Nontraditional student pilots deemed institutional features of geographic proximity as a key factor. Teenage student pilots emphasized institutional features of career placement as relatively more influential. The ANOVA results showed that significant differences existed in the influence of relevant people of school’s flight instructors and of family members.
... SD = 6.52). The study has predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). ...
The primary aim of the current study was to explore the impact of altruism, heroism, and psychological distress on the quality of life among social workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study comprised of a sample of 300 social workers belonging to different nongovernmental organizations and social worker centers. Data were collected through purposive sampling technique with cross-sectional research design during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed that altruism and heroism were positively correlated with compassion satisfaction-a subscale of quality of life, whereas these variables were negatively correlated with burnout and secondary traumatic stress-subscales of quality of life. Additionally, the psychological distress was negatively correlated with compassion satisfaction and positively correlated with burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The results of hierarchical regression revealed that altruism and heroism were positive predictors of compassion satisfaction, whereas they were negative predictors of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Psychological distress was a negative predictor of compassion satisfaction, whereas a positive predictor of burnout and secondary traumatic stress related to quality of life. The study has concluded and recommended that the appropriate measures should be taken to promote altruism and heroism while the psychological distress upon social workers should be mitigated to minimize their burnout and secondary traumatic stress, and to enhance their compassion satisfaction-quality of life during COVID-19 and/or similar stressful situations like pandemics, floods, earthquakes, droughts, etc. The study has implications for the social and rescue workers, their managers, counsellors, and governing bodies.
... As previously mentioned, the data was collected between July and October 2019. The study used a random sampling method so that every prospective participant would have an equal opportunity to be part of the research; the random sampling method ascertained the study sample to be the exemplar of the targeted population (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). ...
As the U.S. domestic commercial aviation activities have been recovering and will continue to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic over the next few years, a trend of the shortage in the regional airline pilot workforce is noted. Therefore, it is crucial to increase the reservoir of pilot candidates to sustain the industry’s pilot occupation rigor. To assist advance flight schools’ recruitment of new pilot candidates, this study examined how various marketing communication approaches influenced student pilots’ selections of flight schools. This study also further investigated how student pilots’ preferences in accessing school information differed in accordance with their different demographic profiles/market segments of residency status, types of school the participants attended, gender, annual incomes, ages, and education levels. The study sample included 201 student pilots who participated in an online survey which was conducted in 2019 examining their school choice experiences pertaining to vocational noncollegiate flight schools in California. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the survey data. The findings revealed that, in general, student pilots considered contact with school flight instructors, contact with staff, and word of mouth referrals as the three most influential marketing communication approaches in their decisions in choosing a flight school. Statistically significant differences in the perceived influence of marketing communication approaches on school selections among student pilots with different demographic profiles were mostly identified between domestic students versus international students and Part 61 school students versus Part 141 school students.
... Healthcare practitioners working within the department of Geriatric Medicine in a large District General Hospital in the UK were invited to take part. In order to capture maximum variation in the experiences of healthcare practitioners in the department a maximum variation sample was recruited using a combination of purposive, convenience and snowballing techniques [15]. Recruitment continued until we had recruited staff with a mix of role type (including consultants, nurses and healthcare therapists), seniority, age and gender. ...
Objectives
This study explored the experience of delivering care remotely among practitioners in a UK geriatric medicine clinic.
Methods
Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with consultants (n = 5), nurses (n = 2), a speech and language and an occupational therapist, and thematically analysed.
Results
Four themes developed; Challenges of remote consultations; Perceived advantages of remote consultations; Disruption of involvement of family members; Impact on care staff. Participants felt that rapport and trust had been more feasible to develop remotely than they had anticipated, although this was more challenging for new patients and those with cognitive or sensory impairments. While practitioners identified advantages of remote consultations, including involving relatives, saving time, and reducing anxiety, they also experienced disadvantages such as consultations feeling like a ‘production line’, missing visual cues and reduced privacy. Some participants felt their professional identity was threatened by the lack of face-to-face contact, linked to feeling that remote consultations are not suitable for frail older adults or those with cognitive deficits.
Discussion
Staff perceived barriers to remote consultations that went beyond practical concerns, and suggest support for building rapport, involving families, and protecting clinician identity and job satisfaction may be warranted.
... A total of 121 recruitment emails were sent out to Residential Directors from universities in six states and to professional associations via listservs in the spring and summer of 2018. We also utilized snowball sampling, with individuals forwarding emails and personally reaching out to others who they knew had experienced student suicide (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). A total of 11 individuals volunteered to participate. ...
College student suicide is increasing but little research addresses it. We examine student-housing-staff responses to student suicide using meaning making, trauma theory, and trauma-informed counseling. The phenomenological study included 11 participants who experienced student suicide on campus. Student staff experienced trauma, guilt, and responsibility. Counseling was recommended, but whether student staff received counseling remained unclear. Some indications of meaning making followed the suicide. Implications for practice, policy, and research are provided.
... The research adopted a single-group quasi-experiment, and the participants were selected via purposive sampling, a sampling method to be used when the sample is small because the researcher has specific requirements for the sample and needs full cooperation from the chosen subjects, according to Panacek and Thompson [67]. Therefore, considering the small number of Thai language learners and the limited number of accredited academic institutions that deliver Thai courses on a regular basis, this study adopted purposive sampling, selecting a total of 90 participants from three advanced Thai language classes at a university in northern Taiwan, with 30 students per class. ...
Thai has its own unique spelling system and grammatical rules. Its word order is quite different from that of Mandarin and English, thus making it more difficult for students in Taiwan to learn. Past studies also point out that learning word order is one of the most difficult aspects when learning foreign languages. As science and technology advance, emerging technologies have been widely applied in foreign language learning. This research aims to explore the effect of using a multi-language VR learning assessment system on assisting Thai learners to learn grammatical word order, and to investigate the correlates between Thai self-efficacy, Thai language anxiety, word order learning retention, and task value of VR learning. In order to accomplish this purpose, we invited Thai learners who took Thai courses in the continuing education division of a national university in northern Taiwan to participate in a 5-week teaching experiment, during which the participants were asked to practice Thai word order for 20 min. They were administered a questionnaire to fill out after five weeks of practice and were tested for retention one month after the experiment. A total of 84 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective return rate of 93.3%. Of the respondents, 30 were male (35.7%), and 54 were female (64.3%). The data were subjected to item analysis, reliability and validity analysis, and then underwent PLS-SEM for research model validation. The results revealed that: (1) Thai language self-efficacy was positively related to learning retention and task value; (2) Thai language anxiety was negatively related to learning retention and task value; (3) Learning retention was positively related to the task value of learning and continuous usage intention.
... Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique opposite to probability sampling. It is highly dependent on the judgment of the researcher (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). There are various types of non-probability techniques involved, such as convenience, purposive, and snowball sampling. ...
Current business organizations want to be more efficient and constantly evolving to find ways to retain talent. It is well established that visionary leadership plays a vital role in organizational success and contributes to a better working environment. This study aims to determine the effect of visionary leadership on employees' perceived job satisfaction. Specifically, it investigates whether the mediators meaningfulness at work and commitment to the leader impact the relationship. I take support from job demand resource theory to explain the overarching model used in this study and broaden-and-build theory to leverage the use of mediators. To test the hypotheses, evidence was collected in a multi-source, time-lagged design field study of 95 leader-follower dyads. The data was collected in a three-wave study, each survey appearing after one month. Data on employee perception of visionary leadership was collected in T1, data for both mediators were collected in T2, and employee perception of job satisfaction was collected in T3. The findings display that meaningfulness at work and commitment to the leader play positive intervening roles (in the form of a chain) in the indirect influence of visionary leadership on employee perceptions regarding job satisfaction. This research offers contributions to literature and theory by first broadening the existing knowledge on the effects of visionary leadership on employees. Second, it contributes to the literature on constructs meaningfulness at work, commitment to the leader, and job satisfaction. Third, it sheds light on the mediation mechanism dealing with study variables in line with the proposed model. Fourth, it integrates two theories, job demand resource theory and broaden-and-build theory providing further evidence. Additionally, the study provides practical implications for business leaders and HR practitioners. Overall, my study discusses the potential of visionary leadership behavior to elevate employee outcomes. The study aligns with previous research and answers several calls for further research on visionary leadership, job satisfaction, and mediation mechanism with meaningfulness at work and commitment to the leader.
... This database is annually updated by searching online research and media publications. Additional names of potential interviewees were added along the way as part of a snowball sampling technique (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). The list of philanthropists contained the names of 63 major, well-known Israeli philanthropists who engage in organized charitable activities and who have had previous experience in joint ventures with governmental agencies. ...
Following a study on the changing relations between government and philanthropy in Israel, this study highlights the need to rethink the typology of social welfare regimes proposed by Anheier and Daly (2007). The findings of our study indicate that there has been a rapprochement between government and philanthropy in Israel. This trend has led to formal dialogue and collaborations. This trend has also promoted the development of policies toward philanthropy in various government ministries and agencies. The development and implementation of these policies have been facilitated by changes in the unique contextual factors of Israel’s welfare regime. Based on the findings, we propose a conceptualization for understanding governmental policies toward philanthropy in shifting welfare regimes. With regard to the theoretical and practical implications of the study, we propose a model for hybrid welfare regimes that are experiencing ongoing changes.
... Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria allow specification of the patient population to be examined. 18 Inclusion criteria should consider patient demographics, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, physical capabilities, diagnoses, medical co-morbidities, habits, and medication/drug exposure. To avoid potential ethical dilemmas or problems with data analysis, well-defined exclusion criteria need to be outlined. ...
Conducting high-quality research in early onset scoliosis (EOS) is challenging, requiring the assistance of PhD trained biostatisticians and epidemiologists with expertise in research methodology. Biostatisticians develop theoretical and statistical methods to analyze data in support of evidence-based decision-making. Epidemiologists provide empirical confirmation of disease processes, identifying factors that affect prognosis to guide the process toward clinical relevancy. Within each step in the study process, there are important principles that investigators can apply to improve the quality of research in EOS: Ask a research question that tests a hypothesis or formulate a hypothesis that answers a research question worth answering Formulate a focused, testable hypothesis Create a study design that tests the hypothesis (i.e. results prove/disprove hypothesis) Identify appropriate patient cohorts (treatment, controls) according to inclusion/exclusion criteria established a priori (prospective and retrospective studies) Specify the variables (categorical or quantitative – discrete and/or continuous) to be measured: Variables hypothesized to impact outcomes Independent - patient cohort, gender, treatment method Co-variates (e.g. medical co-morbidities, age, habitus, socioeconomic status, physical abilities) Dependent variables - objective measures of outcomes that reflect disease pathophysiology, treatment and/or prevention: clinical biomarkers, image-based anatomy, HRQOL) Analyze data using applicable statistical tests Sample size (power) calculations are predicated on the type of statistical tests that will be applied to the data and require specification of a pre-determined effect size (i.e., strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables) and an estimate of the extent of variation in the dependent variables Interpret results established on appropriately powered statistical tests in support/rejection of the hypothesis These points, as relevant to early onset scoliosis (EOS) research can be illustrated through an example of a retrospective de novo study identifying risk factors for increased mortality and decreased health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in EOS patients with cerebral palsy (CP) undergoing spine surgery.
... In addition, 110 non-collegiate flight schools were invited to help distribute the survey. A random sampling method was utilized to ensure that all prospective study participants had the same opportunity to participate in the research; this sampling method allows for the collected data to represent the targeted population (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). ...
As international civil aviation activities resume from the COVID-19 pandemic, along with fleet growth and high retirement rates for senior pilots, there is a concern about the industry’s capability in supplying sufficient numbers of competent professional pilots. In order to advance the industry’s recruitment, it is necessary to determine effective approaches that may attract prospective student pilots to flight schools. This study investigated how school choice factors influenced U.S. domestic student pilots’ selections of vocational, non-collegiate flight schools in comparison to international student pilots. The study data were adopted from a 2019 survey research, which included 157 domestic and 44 international participants. The participants were invited to rate how much influence various choice factors, including marketing approaches, relevant people, and institutional factors, had on their school choice decision-making. Key findings regarding marketing approaches revealed that word of mouth and media-based marketing approaches were significantly more influential for international student pilots. Whereas domestic student pilots seemed to prefer personal communication-based marketing approaches. With respect to the influence of relevant people, this study found that certain school members (i.e., flight instructors, current trainees, executive committee, and sales personnel) had a significantly higher influence on international student pilots’ school choice decisions than for domestic student pilots. In regard to institutional factors, it was found that both groups included the following factors as the key influencers: training quality, availability of flying opportunities, training costs, safety record of the programs, the overall reputation, length of time to complete program, reputation of flight instructors, scheduling flexibility, and training capacity. Moreover, international student pilots endorsed that institutional factors pertaining to school campus life had significantly more influence on their school selections than their domestic counterparts. Implications and recommendations were proposed. This study helps fill a gap in the current literature on vocational flight school choices.
... Healthcare practitioners working within the department of Geriatric Medicine in a large District General Hospital in the UK were invited to take part. A maximum variation sample was recruited using a combination of purposive, convenience and snowballing techniques (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). It was anticipated that between ten and 15 participants would give a su cient range of experiences and depth of data to reach data saturation (Guest et al., 2006;Mays & Pope, 1995). ...
Objectives
This study explored the experience of delivering care remotely among practitioners in a UK geriatric medicine clinic.
Methods
Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with consultants (n = 5), nurses (n = 2), a speech and language and an occupational therapist, and thematically analysed.
Results
Three themes developed; Rapport Building; Setting and Context; Patient-Professional relationships.
Discussion
Participants felt that rapport and trust had been more feasible to develop remotely than they had anticipated, although this was more challenging for new patients and those with cognitive or sensory impairments. While practitioners identified advantages of remote consultations, including involving relatives, saving time, and reducing anxiety, they also experienced disadvantages such as consultations feeling like a ‘production line’, missing visual cues and reduced privacy. Some participants felt their professional identity was threatened by the lack of face-to-face contact, linked to feeling that remote consultations are not suitable for frail older adults or those with cognitive deficits.
... A full account of the study protocol, including methods and measures, has been published elsewhere. 22 Briefly, the 23-min survey used minimum quota sampling 23 based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data on school enrolments 24 with proportional quotas calculated for two strata: (1) school type (government, Catholic and other non-government schools); sex (male and female); and year in school for year 10 and 12 students; and (2) states and territories populations with oversampling quotas for small populations (e.g. Northern Territory). ...
Background
Reducing sexually transmitted infections among adolescents is an important public health goal in Australia and worldwide. This study estimated the association between condom use during last heterosexual sexual experience with two descriptive norms among a large, national sample of secondary school students from Australia.
Methods
A large, national online survey of 14- to 18-year-olds in Australia was conducted in 2018; a sub-analysis of sexually active participants (n = 2989) used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the relationships between condom use during last sexual experience and condom use norms. The analysis controlled for the effects of age, sex, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, remoteness and knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases.
Results
Overall, 1673 (56.0% [95% confidence interval: 54.2%, 57.8%]) sexually active respondents reported using condoms during their last sexual experience. Perceiving that all same-age peers used condoms conferred higher odds of using condoms during their last heterosexual sexual experience (adjusted odds ratio: 3.06 [95% CI: 1.6, 6.0]). Perceptions about whether the suggestion to initiate condom use came from boys, girls, or both boys and girls was not associated with condom use. Differences in condom use related to socio-demographic characteristics are reported.
Conclusions
As part of a holistic approach to sexuality education, health educators and service providers may emphasise that young people frequently choose to use condoms.
... A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed among nurses randomly selected from the study hospital staff records. Systematic random sample method (Panacek and Thompson, 2007) was used for selecting the participants. We received 426 responses, of which 395 responses were considered valid (valid response rate 79%). ...
Background
Evidence emphasises a strong relationship between nursing workload and job satisfaction. This study sets out to test empirically the roles of psychological meaningfulness and perceived organisational support on the nursing workload-satisfaction relationship.
Objective
To investigate empirically the role and impact of psychological meaningfulness and perceived organisational support on the relationship between nursing workload and job satisfaction.
Design
Prospective cross-sectional study.
Setting
A large acute care and teaching hospital in China.
Participants
500 nurses were asked to participate in this study and respond to a survey questionnaire. 426 nurses participated in this study, of which 395 responses (valid response 79%, 52% general nurses, 40% nurses in charge, and 9% senior nurses) were considered valid.
Methods
A multi-item questionnaire was used to assess the constructs of interest, which included demographic items; items related to nursing satisfaction, meaningfulness, and perceived organisational support; and lastly items assessing workload. Included items were a combination of previously validated scales and items co-developed between the research team and nurses of the study hospitals. Since the study relies on self-reported scales, the common latent factor technique was initially used to ensure that the common bias was not a major concern. Model fitness was tested using one-factor congeneric measurement. The research hypotheses were tested using the SPSS add-on PROCESS v3.3 model in a bootstrap approach.
Results
In the first part of the analysis, 43 of 51 factors survived the initial tests using common latent factor technique and model fitness measurements. We found that the direct effect of psychological meaningfulness on the workload-satisfaction relationship was significant. This suggests that psychological meaningfulness mediates the relationship. It further illustrates that perceived organisational support acts as a moderator for the relationship and accordingly it specifies conditions under which the workload can be related to job satisfaction. However, in the presence of psychological meaningfulness, the perceived organisational support moderated the workload-psychological meaningfulness relationship and its direct effect on workload-job satisfaction relationship became non-significant.
Conclusion
Our study provides an understanding of how psychological meaningfulness and perceived organisational support may play out in the context of nursing work. To the best of our knowledge, this the first study to directly measure and explore these relationships in a quantitative manner. Our results indicate the critical role of perceived organisational support, where present, in allowing nurses to see the connection between their workload and their ultimate aspirations so that their work becomes more psychologically meaningful.
Tweetable Abstract: This study provides an understanding of how psychological meaningfulness and perceived organisational support affect nursing work.
... 110 non-collegiate flight schools in the U.S. were contacted to help distribute the survey to prospective participants. The random sampling method was utilized to ensure that each potential participant had an equal chance to be included in the study (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). ...
This study examined school choice factors influencing decisions to enroll in vocational flight schools among student pilots enrolled as teenagers. The purpose of identifying these factors is to inform flight school recruiters about possible insights for effectively recruiting teenage students. The study data was based on a 2019 survey. This study included 45 participants who met the following inclusion criteria: intended to become airline pilots, were aged 15-18 at enrollment, and were enrolled in vocational, non-collegiate flight schools for private pilot training in California in 2016-2019. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The key findings regarding training program factors that influenced decisions were: training quality, safety records of the programs, the reputation of certificated flight instructors, availability of flying opportunities, length of time to complete the program, scheduling flexibility. In terms of institutional factors, the participants highlighted training costs, overall school reputation, training capacity, career placement, administration integrity, friendliness of the campus, financial aid availability, and administration effectiveness. Moreover, the participants considered family members, school flight instructors, and school staff as the most important individuals influencing their school selection. With respect to school marketing promotion approaches, the teenage group identified contact with school flight instructors, contact with school staff, campus visits, word of mouth, and school's website as relatively more influential approaches. This study contributes to the current literature on vocational school choice decision-making, specifically for teenage students choosing flight schools. In addition, collegiate aviation programs recruiting young adult students could also benefit from this study's findings since very few studies have been conducted examining students' choice patterns for collegiate aviation institutions.
... There are numerous sampling protocols for data collection (e.g. random, stratified, clustered, subjective) Panacek and Thompson (2007); Hulley et al. (2007); Etikan and Bala (2017), with data possibly aggregated from composite sources. Morever the current machine learning (ML) paradigm, with its reliance on large data availability, encourages to repurpose retrospective data. ...
Datasets are rarely a realistic approximation of the target population. Say, prevalence is misrepresented, image quality is above clinical standards, etc. This mismatch is known as sampling bias. Sampling biases are a major hindrance for machine learning models. They cause significant gaps between model performance in the lab and in the real world. Our work is a solution to prevalence bias. Prevalence bias is the discrepancy between the prevalence of a pathology and its sampling rate in the training dataset, introduced upon collecting data or due to the practioner rebalancing the training batches. This paper lays the theoretical and computational framework for training models, and for prediction, in the presence of prevalence bias. Concretely a bias-corrected loss function, as well as bias-corrected predictive rules, are derived under the principles of Bayesian risk minimization. The loss exhibits a direct connection to the information gain. It offers a principled alternative to heuristic training losses and complements test-time procedures based on selecting an operating point from summary curves. It integrates seamlessly in the current paradigm of (deep) learning using stochastic backpropagation and naturally with Bayesian models.
... Researchers solicited respondents based on professional judgment of those most suited to the study. 27 Data from a general population was initially collected (N = 1045). A subset of data specific to this study isolated for those respondents who were 18-24 and were in university, previously had some university experience, or held a university degree (N = 270). ...
Objective: University students exist in unpredictable, challenging circumstances. This heightens social anxiety, which can manifest in lack of identity formation, consumption of alcohol, and suicide ideation. To better understand the psychological motivators in the student experience, this study develops and tests a contemporary 10-item university student resilience scale. Participants: Respondents (N = 270) were 18–24 in university, previously had some university experience, or held a university degree. Methods: Scale variables are tested through network analysis, then exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to identify interrelationships and dimensions in university student perception of resilience. Results: University students are most resilient by relying on friends and family, seeing adversity as a learning opportunity, and helping themselves by helping others. The most highly correlated measures are “positive attitude” and “open mind” while “faith in a higher power” holds a negative relationship with “being responsible for my own problems.” Regression analysis indicates a strong will, not giving up, and maintaining an open mind are predictors of resilience. A 3-factor structural model captures the latent dimensions “Infinite Possibilities,” “Like a Rock” and “Surrounded by Love.” Conclusion: This scale offers practical application for university counselors and administrators creating protocols for students requiring support in developing resilient outcomes. The most powerful factor in this model indicates an “open mind while helping others” creates the greatest effect in resilient behavior. Opportunities for resilience can be incorporated as a benefit of social justice training and education. It will allow students to learn about identities other than their own as well as develop the ability to empathize based on lived experiences.
... The University Institutional Review Board approved the study and participants provided informed consent prior to beginning the survey. Emerging adults and adult participants (Sigelman & Rider, 2017) were recruited using a combination of convenience and snowball sampling methods (Panacek & Thompson, 2007). Members of the research team utilized personal contacts and social media pages to contact and advertise the study to participants. ...
Background
Suicide is a public health concern, with an estimated 1 million individuals dying each year worldwide. Individual psychological pain is believed to be a contributing motivating factor. Therefore, establishing a psychometrically sound tool to adequately measure psychological pain is important. The Orbach and Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (OMMP) has been proposed; however, previous psychometric analysis on the OMMP has not yielded a consistent scale structure, and the internal consistency of the subscales has not met recommended values. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the OMMP in a diverse sample.
Methods
A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the 9-factor, 44-item OMMP was conducted on the full sample ( n = 1151). Because model fit indices were not met, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on a random subset of the data ( n = 576) to identify a more parsimonious structure. The EFA structure was then tested in a covariance model in the remaining subset of participants ( n = 575). Multigroup invariance testing was subsequently performed to examine psychometric properties of the refined scale.
Results
The CFA of the original 9-factor, 44-item OMMP did not meet recommended model fit recommendations. The EFA analysis results revealed a 3-factor, 9-item scale (i.e., OMMP-9). The covariance model of the OMMP-9 indicated further refinement was necessary. Multigroup invariance testing conducted on the final 3-factor, 8-item scale (i.e., OMMP-8) across mental health diagnoses, sex, injury status, age, activity level, and athlete classification met all criteria for invariance.
Conclusions
The 9-factor, 44-item OMMP does not meet recommended measurement criteria and should not be recommended for use in research and clinical practice in its current form. The refined OMMP-8 may be a more viable option to use; however, more research should be completed prior to adoption.
... We recruited participants through convenience and snowball sampling [115]. We looked for participants worldwide via public internet profles of professional esport gamers and event organizers; additionally, we reached out to local esports organizations, as well as esports departments at local institutions. ...
... e College of Education and Behavioral Sciences was purposively selected because opinion was sought from trainee teachers. Further sampling was based on a classification of the institution's trainees as a system of streams followed by the application of simple random sampling methods [66]. Accordingly, trainee teachers were r sampled using stratified sampling methods to help capture perceptions of the university from the different strata of disciplinary backgrounds. ...
The evidence base continues to confirm the leveraging effect of reputation in higher education as an important strategic resource influencing a university’s visibility, attractiveness, credibility, impact, and competitive position nationally and internationally. From their expressed interest in their relative national and continental rankings, Ethiopian universities seem to have started sensing the relevance of their reputational position. In this article, we report a mixed methods study of the reputation of Addis Ababa University using data from a random sample (N = 153) of teacher training students of science, social science, and humanities and languages backgrounds under the College of Education and Behavioural Sciences (CEBS). A piloted and validated university reputation scale with open-ended items was used to illicit student opinion. In addition to descriptive statistics, inferential designs that involved correlation and ANOVA procedures were employed. Ratings for global reputation, quality of academic programs, quality of external performance, and emotional engagement are reported. Limitations and directions for further research are indicated.
... Thus, convenience or opportunity sampling was the method used. One disadvantage highlighted in the literature regarding the use of this method is that may not be fully representative of the population, the relevance of bias and high sampling error (Etikan, 2016;Panacek & Thompson, 2007). However, despite being interpretative research, the aim is to provide insights and not to collect data for generalizations (Thomas, 2017). ...
... Frank recruited participants using a combination of purposive and snowball sampling based initially on contacts maintained through his previous experience as a PWUD and as someone on MMT (Panacek and Thompson, 2007). He had used illegal opioids regularly from approximately 1994-2005 in multiple cities including Chicago, IL, New York, NY, Sheffield, United Kingdom, and Portland, OR, and has been in MMT since then at two separate clinics: one in Chicago, IL and one in The Bronx, NY. ...
Background: Often people assume that entry into drug treatment is a voluntary action for persons who use drugs (PWUD). This narrative informs the organizational and regulatory structure of most treatment programs and consequently affects patients’ ability to exert agency over their own treatment. Yet, this view ignores the complex interplay between individual and structural factors in peoples’ decision-making processes, particularly among people who use drugs who are stigmatized and criminalized. Treatment programs that assume voluntary entry may lack appropriate services for the populations of treatment seekers that they serve.
Methods: This paper uses semi-structured interviews with 42 participants in Opioid Substitution Treatment (OST) (including patients, clinic doctors and staff, and advocates) informed by one of the author’s own lived experience in OST, to examine patients’ treatment decisions, and in particular, if and how, the structural context of drugs’ illegality/criminalization affected their willingness to pursue treatment. A Critical Discourse Analysis was used to identify key themes.
Results: Interview data demonstrates that most people who use drugs enter treatment under constrained conditions related to drugs’ illegality. Themes that emerged included: 1. A feeling of limited choices due to drugs’ illegality; 2. Peer and family pressure; 3. Fear of losing children; and 4. Internalized stigma (i.e. feeling they are dirty or bad for using).
Conclusion: Narratives that frame PWUD’s treatment decisions as volitional provide political cover to policies that criminalize PWUD by obscuring their effect on PWUD’s treatment decisions. Treatment models, particularly those that serve highly criminalized populations, should be re-conceptualized outside of normative narratives of individual choice, and be broadened to understand how larger structures constrain choices. By looking at macro-level factors, including the interplay of criminalization and drug treatment, programs can begin to understand the complexity of PWUD motivations to enter drug treatment. Recognizing the role of the War on Drugs as a force of oppression for people who use drugs, and that their treatment decisions are made within that setting, may enable people in treatment, and providers, to develop more productive ways of interacting with one another. Additionally, this may lead to better retention in treatment programs.
Culture and language have long been focal points of investigation, and both have been intensively discussed in the academic literature, but little attention has been paid to the influence of EFL students’ linguistic backgrounds on their attitudes toward the target culture, especially in the Saudi context. This mixed-method study aimed to explore the impact of learners’ linguistic backgrounds (mainly their language academic achievement levels and contexts of language learning) on their attitudes toward the target culture. The data was collected using an online questionnaire. A total of 84 students from the Faculty of Language and Translation at King Khaled University participated in this study. A Pearson correlation coefficient test and thematic analysis were used to interpret the data. The results showed a significant relationship between the participants’ linguistic backgrounds and their attitudes. The results also indicated that the participants had an overall positive attitude toward the integration of the target culture into language learning. In light of the findings, EFL students’ linguistic background should be taken into consideration before embedding the target culture into language learning.
Purpose
The paper aims to investigate key aspects of climate change adaptation strategies of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) across two different climate-vulnerable country contexts, developed, i.e. Australia and developing, i.e. Bangladesh, while identifying the key factors affecting the formulation and implementation of such strategies.
Design/methodology/approach
The research uses a qualitative research method using interviews and document analysis while considering distinctive factors manifest in Australia and Bangladesh and focussing on the agricultural seed business sector.
Findings
The research reveals that no specific pattern of adaptation strategies exists across MNCs. They either follow a proactive “deliberate” strategy or a reactive “emergent” strategy. MNCs also follow a distinct strategy, “subliminal”, i.e. unintended or inadvertent strategy, by following the “business as usual” approach.
Practical implications
In recent years, many MNCs have started embracing strategies to reduce their negative environmental footprint but barely adopted any formal strategies to adapt to climate change impacts on their business operations. This study provides insights into the existing climate change adaptation strategies of MNCs, which could be beneficial for companies in better planning and implementing their existing as well as future climate change adaptation strategies.
Originality/value
Based on a developed-developing country comparison and together with a novel focus on the agricultural seed business sector, the paper has used a variety of business strategies in providing insights and understanding of the status of MNC climate change adaptation strategies. The research has identified and coined the term, “subliminal” or unintended strategy as a new addition to the MNC adaptation strategy literature.
Human resources management practices are carried out in order to ensure that people efficiently, effective and actively work and to maximize their contribution to the organization during the process from entering an organization to leaving that organization. Since the importance of innovation has been understood in terms of the competitiveness of businesses, it has been one of the topics of interest to manage employees and to understand human resource management practices to support their innovation capacities. In this study, it has been tried to determine the effect of human resources management practices carried out on the personnel working as a lower level (blue collar) in these IT sector businesses on the open innovation climate of the organization. For this purpose, practices of human resource management including human resources planning, training and development, personnel empowerment, performance evaluation, wage management and reward system, recruitment and placement, worker health and safety have been revealed statistically impact on open innovation climate dimensions (innovation and flexibility, outward focus and insight). In conclusion, it has been determined to be effective human resources planning, which is one of the human resources management practices on all three of the open innovation climate dimensions. Also, the occupational health and safety practice has a positive effect on the external focus dimension.
Introduction:
Emotional dysregulation (ED) is a transdiagnostic phenomenon that has received increased attention, due to its potential ability to explain the development and maintenance of various psychiatric disorders. The identification of ED may serve as a potential target for both preventive and treatment interventions, however, the frequency of transdiagnostic ED among children and adolescents has not previously been evaluated. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency and types of ED in accepted and rejected referrals to the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (CAMHC), Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark, regardless of psychiatric status and across diagnoses. We aimed to evaluate how often ED would be a leading cause in seeking professional help, and whether children with ED not directly reflecting symptoms of known psychopathology would have higher rejection rates than children with more distinct symptoms of psychopathology. Finally, we assessed associations between sex and age with various types of ED.
Methods:
We examined ED in a retrospective chart review of referrals of children and adolescents aged 3-17 years to the CAMHC between August 1st, 2020, and August 1st, 2021. We ranked problems described in the referral as primary, secondary, and tertiary depending on severity. Further, we examined group differences in the frequency of ED in accepted vs. rejected referrals, as well as group differences in types of ED in age and sex distributions, and diagnoses occurring with specific types of ED.
Results:
ED was present in 62.3 % of the 999 referrals and was assessed as the primary issue in twice as many rejected referrals (11.4 %) compared to accepted referrals (5.7 %). Boys were significantly more often described with externalizing and internalizing behavior (55.5 % vs. 31.6 %; 35.1 % vs. 26.5 %) as well as incongruent affect (10.0 % vs. 4.7 %), whereas girls were more often described with depressed mood (47.5 % vs. 38.0 %) and self-harm (23.8 % vs. 9.4 %). The frequency of different types of ED varied with age.
Conclusion:
The present study is the first to evaluate the frequency of ED in children and adolescents referred to mental health services. The study offers insights into the high frequency of ED and the associations between ED and subsequent diagnoses, which may prove to be a method of early identification of risk of psychopathology. Our findings suggest that ED may rightly be considered a transdiagnostic factor, independent of specific psychiatric disorders, and that an ED-centered as opposed to diagnosis-specific approach to assessment, prevention, and treatment could target transversal symptoms of psychopathology in a more holistic manner. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Objective:
To develop and evaluate a relevant and readily accessible post-professional opioid use disorder (OUD) education program for a rural and frontier state.
Design:
Observational study.
Setting/participants:
Healthcare providers enrolled in Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) Idaho Opioid, a tele-mentoring education program.
Main outcome measure:
Participant-level demographics of those that attended the ECHO Idaho Opioid program and post-session and program evaluation -surveys.
Results:
A total of 273 individuals attended at least one ECHO Idaho Opioid session (per session average = 22.8); 183 post-session evaluations (per session average = 6.3) and 42 program evaluations were completed. The program was well received by providers in a rural and frontier state and may be a viable option to enhance patient care for OUD patients in these communities.
Conclusion:
The Project ECHO model is successful at reaching providers across diverse geographic regions, overcoming barriers associated with attending advanced trainings or developing peer networks to improve patient care. The model can be used to develop educational content and delivery that participants believe is satisfactory, valuable, and applicable to their profession and practice.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a Child-Centred Approach (CCA) or Student-Centred Approach (SCA) and a Learner-Centred Approach (LCA) were introduced to address the issue of deep-rooted Teacher-Centred Approaches (TCA) and rote learning in Myanmar. Pyinya Sanyae began to provide LCA trainings in 2007. This study was conducted to gauge the success and barriers in putting LCA into practice in teaching and learning. The study employed mixed methods research in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analysed. The study found that Pyinya Sanyae trained teachers have positive attitudes toward LCA. They reported that they use LC methods in their teaching but there are barriers preventing teachers from using LCA such as their own attitude towards LCA, a Pass/Fail exam system, demands of curriculum, institutional barriers, etc. The teachers found in-service programs contribute to their subject knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and LCA knowledge.
The role of the JSE AltX as a platform for sustainability and growth
Introduction
Error in interpretation of trauma radiographs by referrers is a problem which has detrimental effects on the patient and causes unnecessary repeat attendances. Radiographers can reduce errors by offering their opinion at the time of imaging. The Society and College of Radiographers have a longstanding recommendation that Red Dot (RD) schemes should be replaced by Preliminary Clinical Evaluation (PCE). The purpose of the study was to evaluate radiographer interpretation of skeletal trauma radiographs in clinical practice, determine if there was any difference in ability to interpret appendicular and axial studies, and evaluate appropriateness of PCE implementation.
Methods
A convenience sample of 23 self-selecting radiographers provided RD and PCE on 762 examinations. Each case was compared against the verified report and assigned a true negative/positive or false negative/positive value. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated and performance measures between RD versus PCE, and appendicular versus axial were compared using Two-sample Z-Tests. Error analysis was performed and inter-observer consistency determined.
Results
Overall RD and PCE accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for the study were 90%, 72% and 97% (RD), and 92%, 80% and 97% (PCE) respectively. Significant difference was demonstrated for sensitivity with PCE more sensitive than RD (p-value 0.03) and appendicular more sensitive than axial (RD p-value <0.02, PCE p-value <0.0001). Most errors were false negatives. Inter-observer consistency was evaluated by review of 128 cases and no difference between reviewers was established.
Conclusion
Radiographers without specific training were able to provide RD and PCE to a high standard. Radiographers interpreted positive findings more accurately using PCE than RD, and positive findings on appendicular cases were interpreted more accurately than those on axial cases.
Implications for practice
This study supports local PCE implementation, contributes to the wider evidence base to justify transition towards PCE and identifies the necessity for local axial image interpretation training.
Scientific Research is a study that is systematically planned with a view of solving real life problems through creating new knowledge. A researcher requires to draft questions in line with the constructs and concept being handled. Data analysis begins with proper analysis of the variables and literature to be reviewed. However, scientific field data analysis involves descriptive, exploratory, inferential, predictive, causal and mechanistic. A desktop literature review of articles published in accredited research journals and books was conducted. This review paper will be of great help to both occasional and seasonal researchers as they analyze data to solve problems scientifically and generate new knowledge.
This article developed an integrated framework for idea screening in the front end of innovation. A hierarchical decision model was used to develop the integrated framework. The proposed framework is deployed via a questionnaire of 15 experts from 7 well-known high technology organizations across multiple countries, using Delphi method to identify and validate criteria in front end new product idea screening process. The findings from integrating three perspectives (intuition, rationality, and reflections) show that idea screening can be improved in the context of creativity, quality, transparency, and effectiveness in decision making. This integration helped to reveal additional screening criteria to existing studies. The conversion of implicit to explicit knowledge that can be documented is beneficial to continuous improvement in decision making. Combining the three perspectives within the deployed framework contributes to a more in-depth understanding of idea screening that is complementary and represents a robust approach in comparison to existing studies that use either one or two perspectives, particularly since the findings complement the limitations of a human mind; given that much of idea screening occurs in the minds of experts. Future work involves applying the proposed framework in practice, for selecting the best idea to fund in a specific organization.
Introduction:
Radiology referrals are assessed for appropriate imaging based on the available clinical information. The task is legally the responsibility of the radiologists but could be delegated to radiographers under guidance. Knowledge of how this task is organised in radiology departments is limited. The study aim was to identify workplace factors facilitating the radiographers' assessment of referrals for medical imaging.
Methods:
Five radiographers were recruited by convenience- and snowball-sampling techniques through the online social media platform LinkedIn. The participants represented different private and public hospitals and had from three to above ten years of experience with assessment of referrals for plain and cross sectional imaging. Following a qualitative approach, 60-min in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted through online video meetings. Interviews followed a topic guide with 15 questions and 20 keywords, previously tested through a pilot interview. Systematic text condensation was performed using NVivo 12, where central themes and underlying subthemes were developed.
Results:
Five central facilitating factors were identified, each with subthemes identified as: (1) Formal responsibilities; Documented delegation, Specific role description, (2) Training; Achieving skills, Maintaining skills, (3) Guidelines; Clinical indications, Priority, (4) Resource allocation; Time, Staff, (5) a Supporting environment; Teamwork, Mutual benefits, Feedback and knowledge sharing.
Conclusion:
The study adds new and valuable insights into workplace factors facilitating the radiographers' delegated task of assessing referrals. Workflows adapting such factors benefit radiographers by increasing knowledge and professional development, while positively re-allocating radiologist resources.
Implications for practice:
The study findings may support radiology workplaces in establishing or improving referral assessment by radiographers. Subsequently, improved quality of patient services may be achieved.
Research for the health professional: a practical guide
- D M Bailey
Bailey DM. Research for the health professional: a practical guide. 2nd ed. Philadelphia,
PA: FA Davis; 1997.
Health research design and methodology
- E N Okolo
Okolo EN. Health research design and methodology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1990.
Cheryl Bagley Thompson, RN, PhD, is an associate professor and director of the health informatics program at the University of Nebraska Medical Center
- Edward A Panacek
- Mph Md
Edward A. Panacek, MD, MPH, is professor of emergency medicine and director of clinical trials at the UC Davis Medical Center in
Sacramento, California. Cheryl Bagley Thompson, RN, PhD, is an
associate professor and director of the health informatics program at
the University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Nursing in
Omaha, Nebraska. She can be reached at cbthompson@unmc.edu.