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Colloidal Oatmeal: History, Chemistry and Clinical Properties
Abstract
Oatmeal has been used for centuries as a soothing agent to relieve itch and irritation associated with various xerotic dermatoses. In 1945, a ready to use colloidal oatmeal, produced by finely grinding the oat and boiling it to extract the colloidal material, became available. Today, colloidal oatmeal is available in various dosage forms from powders for the bath to shampoos, shaving gels, and moisturizing creams. Currently, the use of colloidal oatmeal as a skin protectant is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) according to the Over-The-Counter Final Monograph for Skin Protectant Drug Products issued in June 2003. Its preparation is also standardized by the United States Pharmacopeia. The many clinical properties of colloidal oatmeal derive from its chemical polymorphism. The high concentration in starches and beta-glucan is responsible for the protective and water-holding functions of oat. The presence of different types of phenols confers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Some of the oat phenols are also strong ultraviolet absorbers. The cleansing activity of oat is mostly due to saponins. Its many functional properties make colloidal oatmeal a cleanser, moisturizer, buffer, as well as a soothing and protective anti-inflammatory agent.
... Oats are of high dietary value compared to other Gramineae cereals since it contains; selenium, tryptophan, thiamine, vitamin E and manganese. It contains more protein content than any other grains of cereals (9) with avenin protein (10) . Oat bran contains beta-glucan, which is a highly viscous soluble polysaccharide (9) . ...
... It contains more protein content than any other grains of cereals (9) with avenin protein (10) . Oat bran contains beta-glucan, which is a highly viscous soluble polysaccharide (9) . Benefits of oats could be seen in alleviation of; depression, rheumatism, chronic neurological pain, bladder atonia, and skin cleanser, emollient from outside (9) . ...
... Oat bran contains beta-glucan, which is a highly viscous soluble polysaccharide (9) . Benefits of oats could be seen in alleviation of; depression, rheumatism, chronic neurological pain, bladder atonia, and skin cleanser, emollient from outside (9) . ...
... The transcription factor, NF-κB regulates the expression of cytokines including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-8, IL-6, and IL-13, through proteolytic degradation of IκBα 8,9 . Oats (Avena sativa L.) (Poaceae) has been traditionally used as a remedy for different dermatological disease, such as atopic dermatitis, dry skin, contact dermatitis and psoriasis [10][11][12][13] . Protein-free oat plantlet extract and oligomer extract inhibited atopic dermatitis in patients and vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced skin inflammation in human, respectively 11,13,14 . ...
... Oats (Avena sativa L.) (Poaceae) has been traditionally used as a remedy for different dermatological disease, such as atopic dermatitis, dry skin, contact dermatitis and psoriasis [10][11][12][13] . Protein-free oat plantlet extract and oligomer extract inhibited atopic dermatitis in patients and vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced skin inflammation in human, respectively 11,13,14 . Avenanthramides (Avns) are conjugates of a phenylpropanoid and 5-hydroxy anthranilic acid, which are soluble phenolic compounds, extracted from oats 13 . ...
... Avns are group of naturally occurring polyphenols discovered in oats. Avns have shown potential anti-inflammatory, anti-irritant and anti-oxidant effects 11,13 . The anti-irritant function of oats has also been demonstrated in clinical trials 11 . ...
Mast cells play a crucial role in allergic diseases via the release of inflammatory mediators, particularly histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Avenanthramide (Avn) C, a polyphenol found mainly in oats, is known to exhibit various biological properties. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Avn C from germinated oats against mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation. For the in vitro study, RBL-2H3, mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells and rat peritoneal mast cells were used. Avn C (1–100 nM) inhibited the immunoglobulin (Ig)E-stimulated mast cells degranulation by suppressing phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phospholipase Cγ1 and decreasing intracellular calcium levels. It inhibited IgE-stimulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines via suppression of FcεRI-mediated signaling proteins Lyn, Syk, Akt, and nuclear factor-κB. To verify the effects of Avn C in vivo, ovalbumin-induced active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) and IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) models were used. Oral administration of Avn C dose-dependently attenuated the ASA reactions, as evidenced by the inhibition of hypothermia and reduction of elevated serum histamine, IgE, and interleukin-4 levels. Avn C also inhibited the PCA reactions, such as ear swelling and plasma extravasation. Our results suggested that Avn C from germinated oats might be a possible therapeutic candidate for mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation.
... It is included in the FDA's OTC monograph for skin protectant drug products, indicating its recognized safety and effectiveness. Recent evidence has indicated that colloidal oatmeal can also serve as a prebiotic, which could promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms, supporting the skin's microbial balance [59]. The formulations of colloidal oatmeal are offered in various forms such as bath treatments, cleansing bars, body washes, shampoos, lotions, creams, and shaving gels [59]. ...
... Recent evidence has indicated that colloidal oatmeal can also serve as a prebiotic, which could promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms, supporting the skin's microbial balance [59]. The formulations of colloidal oatmeal are offered in various forms such as bath treatments, cleansing bars, body washes, shampoos, lotions, creams, and shaving gels [59]. It is also a common ingredient in many commercial moisturizers that are designed to combat dry skin and associated itching, and it is especially beneficial for conditions such as AD [60]. ...
This review aims to explore the evolving role of cosmetics in alleviating itch, transcending their traditional aesthetic function. With a focus on formulations enriched with natural oils and other bioactive components, we examine the efficacy and safety of various cosmetic ingredients designed to control itch. Highlighted are ingredients such as colloidal oatmeal, postbiotics, menthol, peppermint, cryosim-1, capsaicin, asivatrep, polidocanol, pramoxine hydrocholoride, and palmitoylethanolamide, which are recognized to reduce itch. Special attention is also given to phytochemicals that can modulate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway and carry the potential as an itch-relieving cosmetic ingredient. This review encompasses clinical studies that verify the itch relieving effect of these cosmetic ingredients. By integrating current scientific evidence, we aim to shed light on the potential of anti-itch cosmetics as an adjunct to standard itch treatment, thereby broadening our understanding of their role in dermatological care.
... Waterholding and skin protective features of oat originates from its high starch and beta-glucan concentrations. 25 Studies have shown that avenanthramides, recently described components of whole oat grain, can inhibit the activity of nuclear factor kappa B, and the release of histamine together with some proinflammatory cytokines. 26,27 Some of the oat phenols are also strong ultraviolet absorbers. ...
... 26,27 Some of the oat phenols are also strong ultraviolet absorbers. 25 It has been demonstrated that colloidal oatmeal extract decrease arachidonic acid, cytosolic phospholipase A 2 and TNF-α. 2,26 Also the extracts of colloidal oatmeal have been found to increase the gene expressions related to epidermal differentiation, tight junctions and lipid regulation in skin, and improve pH-buffering capacity. ...
BACKGROUND: Sensitive skin is a self-diagnosed condition with subjective signs as burning, prickling and pruritus, which is a therapeutic challenge for clinical dermatology. In this study, regarding the physiopathologic aspects of the disorder, a new formula for facial sensitive skin was designed and clinically tested. METHODS: The study was conducted as a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial for one week with 32 subjects. The sensitive skin cream was prepared as the combination of conventional active agents, skin microbiota restoring probiot-ics/prebiotics, and thermal water with anti-inflammatory effects. The signs and symptoms of the patients were recorded according to a four-grade-semi-quantitative severity index in the beginning and at the end of the study. RESULTS: All studied parameters were found to be significantly improved in the sensitive skin cream group. The results were more pronounced for burning, prickling, and flushing. In placebo cream group none of the parameters was found to be significant, except itching with a low significance. In case of tolerability, the ratio of leaving the trial due to complaints was approximately four times higher in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the new formula for facial sensitive skin is safe and effective. Regarding the numerous etiologic factors, and various clinical signs and symptoms, an effective cream for sensitive skin should contain carefully selected ingredients, aiming beyond simple moisturization.
... Colloidal oatmeal (Avena sativa), composed of various phytochemicals (27), is a safe and effective ingredient in a variety of skin care products (28,29) and is the only over-the-counter (OTC) skin protectant indicated by the US Food & Drug Administration for the treatment of eczema symptoms (30). Despite the higher prevalence of AD in children with skin of color, there is a lack of clinical evidence for the use of colloidal oatmeal in this population. ...
... Oatmeal contains a variety of lipids that help restore the skin barrier by promoting epidermal differentiation, lipid synthesis, and ceramide processing, and reducing transepidermal water loss (27). Furthermore, colloidal oatmeal helps normalize the skin pH, which also enhances the barrier function of the skin (27)(28)(29). ...
Background
The efficacy and safety of an over-the-counter (OTC) 1% colloidal oatmeal cream versus a ceramide-based prescription barrier cream in children with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD) were previously described.
Objectives
Here, findings are reported for the Black/African American subgroup.
Methods
Patients were randomized to 1% oatmeal cream or prescription barrier cream twice daily or as needed for three weeks. Assessments included Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores, Investigator’s Global Atopic Dermatitis Assessment (IGADA) scores, and patients’/caregivers’ assessment of eczema signs and symptoms.
Results
Overall, 49 Black/African American children aged 2–15 years with mild/moderate AD were included. At week 3, mean (SD) changes from baseline in EASI scores were −2.4 (1.7) with 1% oatmeal cream and −2.1 (2.3) with barrier cream; improvements were observed from week 1. At week 3, mean (SD) changes from baseline in IGADA scores were −0.6 (0.7) and −0.7 (0.6), respectively. Improvements in subjective ratings of signs/symptoms of eczema were observed. Both study treatments were well tolerated.
Conclusion
OTC 1% oatmeal cream was at least as effective and safe as prescription barrier cream in this population, providing a novel, fast-acting, and cost-effective option for the symptomatic treatment of mild-to-moderate AD in Black/African American children.
... Colloidal oatmeal has a long-standing history of advantage in dermatologic conditions related with itch and disturbance due to capacity to relieve and protect inflamed skin. It contains an assortment of active components, including polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, saponins, enzymes, flavonoids, nutrients, and avenanthramides (polyphenol) (Figure 16) [83]. In 1989, the FDA perceived the estimation of colloidal oats as a safe and active skin protectant. ...
... In 2003, colloidal oats turned into an affirmed over-the-counter monograph ingredient [84]. Current, prepared to-use oatmeal preparations are the concentrated starch-protein portion of the oat grain combined with emollient [83]. Fine particles disperse on the skin and form a protective, occlusive boundary that retards water loss and saturates to help improve the epidermal barrier. ...
... Its grains contain a relatively high protein and fat content, with 65%-85% polysaccharides, such as starches (fibres and β-glucan (around 5%), 15%-20% proteins, 3%-11% lipids), mainly unsaturated triglycerides, as well as flavonoids, including avenanthramides and saponins (avenacins) [41]. ...
... According to the United States Pharmacopeia, colloidal oatmeal is a powder obtained from grinding and processing the whole oat grains [42]. Several studies show the soothing and anti-irritant properties of colloidal oatmeal baths at a minimum concentration of 0.007% alone or 0.003% in combination with 30%-35% mineral oil [41]. It has been used since Roman times for cleansing the skin, and as a therapy for multiple dermatological conditions. ...
Objective
Sensitive skin is characterized by self-reported sensory perceptions in response to stimuli that should not provoke unpleasant sensations. Cosmetic products for sensitive skin are designed to minimize these symptoms. This study aims to unveil the most used active ingredients for sensitive skin in facial care products.
Methods
A pool of products whose label included the expressions “sensitive skin”, “reactive skin” or “intolerant skin” were analyzed. The active ingredients were identified from product compositions and ranked in descending order of occurrence. The scientific evidence regarding the mechanism of action and efficacy of each ingredient was also compiled.
Results
Eighty-eight products from 19 multinational brands were included. Niacinamide leads the top, followed by Avena sativa, allantoin, glycyrrhetinic acid and derivatives and Laminaria ochroleuca. Ingredients which can reduce skin inflammation and act on the skin barrier were used in more than half of the products analyzed. The clinical studies regarding the active ingredients used in these products remain sparse and lack methodological quality. Among the top ingredients, niacinamide, panthenol and acetyl dipeptide-1 cetyl ester were the only ones studied on volunteers having sensitive skin, while acetyl dipeptide-1 cetyl ester and palmitoyl tripeptide-8 were designed to act on the molecular targets involved in this condition.
Conclusion
This study reveals the most used active ingredients in cosmetic products for sensitive skin, as well as the scientific evidence supporting their efficacy and the mechanisms of action. This insight is meaningful for dermatologists and other health professionals to provide customized advice based on the symptomatology of individuals with sensitive skin, and for the formulation of cosmetic products and design of new active ingredients.
... They also possess potent antioxidant properties and have shown several interesting nutraceutical properties in laboratory tests. A number of studies demonstrate that these natural products have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiitch,anti-irritant, and antiatherogenic activities (Kurtz andWallo 2007 &Koening et al., 2011). ...
... They also possess potent antioxidant properties and have shown several interesting nutraceutical properties in laboratory tests. A number of studies demonstrate that these natural products have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiitch,anti-irritant, and antiatherogenic activities (Kurtz andWallo 2007 &Koening et al., 2011). ...
... This powder, when suspended in water, will remain in solution. The Ancient Romans documented using colloidal oatmeal as a skin treatment [1], and it has been used as a folk remedy in the US for centuries, especially in the southern Appalachian area [7]. Commercial colloidal oat products show significant clinical improvements in skin dryness, scaling, roughness, and itch intensity and colloidal oat extracts have been shown to diminish proinflammatory cytokines in vitro [12,13]. ...
... β-Glucan is considered a hydrocolloid and holds moisture to the skin. Macromolecules in oats help to create a neutral pH, which facilitates healing [1]. Trace molecules also have a role in oat's antiitch properties. ...
Originally seen as a weed, oats have become an international food staple and the usefulness of oats has steadily increased. Oats contain macronutrients such as protein, fat, and dietary fiber and micronutrients, such as phenolic acids, vitamins, and minerals. Deficiencies of micronutrients, required by organisms throughout life in small quantities, are often known as "hidden hunger," since they are less visible than deficiencies of macronutrients such as protein. The micronutrients in oats include not only trace minerals but also vitamins, as well as phytochemicals such as carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, avenanthramides, and saponins. Oats are nutrient dense and have a healthy composition of macromolecules; the high protein content of oats sets it apart from other commonly eaten cereals. Whole oats contain many nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals, and oat consumption is demonstrated to reduce the risk of several diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and possibly certain types of cancer.
... These Avns are constitutively expressed in the kernel, reaching the highest concentration in the bran, and appear in almost all milling fractions [17]. A number of studies demonstrate that these natural products have strong antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-itching, anti-irritant, antiatherogenic, and antiproliferative activities, which may prevent or limit cellular oxidative dysfunctions and the development of oxidative stress-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and provide additional protection against skin irritation, aging, CHD, and cancer [16,17,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. ...
... Oatmeal has been used for centuries as a soothing agent to relieve itch and irritation associated with various xerotic dermatoses. Today, it is available in various dosage forms from powders for the bath to shampoos, shaving gels, and moisturizing creams, and has been approved as a skin protectant by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [27]. Among oat constituents, Avns are known to suppress histamine release at very low doses, helping to plump up the skin, reduce wrinkles, and restore the skin natural barrier. ...
Oat ( Avena sativa ) is a cereal known since antiquity as a useful grain with abundant nutritional and health benefits. It contains distinct molecular components with high antioxidant activity, such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, and flavanoids. In addition, it is a unique source of avenanthramides, phenolic amides containing anthranilic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid moieties, and endowed with major beneficial health properties because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. In this review, we report on the biological activities of avenanthramides and their derivatives, including analogs produced in recombinant yeast, with a major focus on the therapeutic potential of these secondary metabolites in the treatment of aging-related human diseases. Moreover, we also present recent advances pointing to avenanthramides as interesting therapeutic candidates for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) disease, a major cerebrovascular disorder affecting up to 0.5% of the human population. Finally, we highlight the potential of foodomics and redox proteomics approaches in outlining distinctive molecular pathways and redox protein modifications associated with avenanthramide bioactivities in promoting human health and contrasting the onset and progression of various pathologies.
... It is also the primary ingredient in several cosmetic formulations. It contains a host of dermo-protective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant molecules [21]. Most soluble fiber in oatmeal is glucan, a linear polysaccharide composed of trimers or tetramers of -(1 → 4) linked -d-glucose interconnected by -(1 → 3) linkages. ...
... The OAT-containing scaffolds displayed a significant free radical scavenging ability of 50%, compared to the 24% scavenging observed in KGM + KER scaffolds. Avena sativa extracts contain vitamin E and various phenolics and flavonoids that can act as antioxidants [21]. The antioxidant capabilities of the wound dressing material will complement tissue healing by quenching reactive oxygen species. ...
... Регулярное использование комбинации топических увлажняющих и липидовосполняющих средств для лечения ксероза кожи -важнейший компонент комплексного таргетного лечения, направленного на восстановление барьерной функции кожи [27][28][29][30]. Топические препараты для наружного лечения, называемые «базовыми терапевтическими средствами», могут быть рекомендованы для больных с атопическим дерматитом, ихтиозом и другими заболеваниями кожи, проявляющимися ксерозом: 1) в период активной терапии -в сочетании с основными способами и методами лечения; 2) в период ремиссии -с целью длительного сохранения полученного эффекта. ...
Xerosis is a widespread symptom of dermatoses of various etiologies and pathogenetic mechanisms, which is recorded in people of different ages with a wide range of frequency and severity. The article contains the most current data on the features of the development and clinical manifestations of xerosis in terms of its connection with various factors of endo- and exogenous nature. An analysis of modern publications devoted to the study of the mechanisms of xerosis formation depending on genetic and premorbid factors, the influence of external causes associated with the characteristics of skin care in healthy individuals, patients with endocrinopathies, infectious and non-infectious diseases, visceropathy and iatrogenics is presented. Regardless of the origin of xerosis, it is justified to include in basic therapy topical preparations of the Lipobase line based on colloidal oats in combination with auxiliary components, the systematic use of which makes it possible to relieve the symptoms of xerosis and improve the quality of life of patients.
... Among the various approaches used to enhance skin barrier function, colloidal oatmeal has emerged as a promising natural remedy with a long history of traditional use [20,21]. Colloidal oatmeal, which is FDA approved as an over-the-counter (OTC) ingredient for the treatment of eczema, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-calming properties [22]. ...
Skin barrier dysfunction and thin epidermis are hallmarks of sensitive skin and contribute to premature aging. Avenanthramides are the primary bioactive components of colloidal oatmeal, a commonly used treatment to enhance skin barrier function. This study investigated the relationship between skin barrier function and epidermal characteristics and explored the potential of dihydroavenanthramide D (dhAvD), a synthetic avenanthramide, to improve the skin barrier. We observed a significant correlation between impaired skin barrier function and decreased epidermal thickness, suggesting that a weakened barrier contributes to increased sensitivity. Our in vitro results in HaCaT cells demonstrated that dhAvD enhances keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and tight junction protein expression, thereby strengthening the skin barrier. To mimic skin barrier dysfunction, we treated keratinocytes and full-thickness skin equivalents with IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines that are implicated in atopic dermatitis, and confirmed the downregulation of tight junction and differentiation markers. Furthermore, dhAvD treatment restored the barrier function and normalized the expression of key epidermal components, such as tight junction proteins and natural moisturizing factors, in keratinocytes treated with inflammatory cytokines. In the reconstructed human skin model, dhAvD promoted both epidermal and dermal restoration. These findings suggest that dhAvD has the potential to alleviate skin sensitivity and improve skin barrier function.
... Dietary modulation by barley or oat β-glucans is useful to immune system and increase resistance against pathogens [7]. Barley and oat are good dietary sources of amino acids, sugar, carbohydrate, minerals such as, Ca, P, Na, K, F, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mg as well as water soluble, fat soluble and insoluble antioxidants include vitamin E, tocotrienals, vitamins, β-glucans, phenolic flavons, flavonoids and selenium [8,9,10]. Nuts are a concentrated food and suggest that some early civilizations relied on nuts as a staple food before cereal grains. ...
على مر السنين ، كانت خصوبة الرجال في انخفاض بسبب العوامل البيئية والخلقية. بحثت هذه الدراسة في التأثير الغذائي للشعير والشوفان والجوز واللوز والبندق والفول السوداني على التقييم البيولوجي ، وتحليل السائل المنوي ، وهرمونات الخصوبة ، والفحص المرضي للخصية. يتغذى 48 من ذكور الجرذان الناضجة على النظام الغذائي الممزوج بالحبوب (الشعير والشوفان 10٪) والمكسرات (الجوز واللوز والبندق والفول السوداني 2.5٪) من كل مجموعة بعد 30 يومًا من حقن النيكوتين. أظهرت النتائج انخفاضًا معنويًا في وزن الجسم ، ونسبة كفاءة التغذية ، ووزن الأعضاء النسبي ، ونسبة الحركة ، والنسبة المئوية التقدمية ، وعدد الحيوانات المنوية ، والتغيرات النسيجية المرضية للخصية نتيجة حقن النيكوتين. لكن النظام الغذائي المكمّل بالحبوب والمكسرات حسّن البيانات السابقة نحو المستوى الطبيعي مقارنة بمجموعة النيكوتين. لذلك ، أكدت هذه النتائج أنه يمكن استخدام مكملات الحبوب والمكسرات لتحسين العقم ضد تسمم النيكوتين بين ذكور الجرذان والمدخنين بسبب تناول كميات كبيرة من النيكوتين.
... A aveia (Avena sativa) é outro exemplo insumo com potencial efeito na pele devido à composição rica em amidos e substâncias com atividade antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, além da presença de betaglucanas, avenacinas e avenatramidas. Possui em sua composição ácidos avênicos A e B, ácido pantotênico, ácido salicílico, vitaminas B1 e B2, aminoácidos de betaglucans que proporcionam o aumento do fator de hidratação natural da pele (KURTZ; WALLO, 2007;TESCAROLLO, DIOGO, 2020;RAMOS et al., 2023). De acordo com Harcharik e Emer (2014), a aveia coloidal, por exemplo, possui propriedades hidratantes e anti-inflamatórias. ...
A crescente demanda por produtos sustentáveis e a tendência de vegetalização das fórmulas tem impulsionado o setor cosmético a utilizar, cada vez mais, matérias-primas de origem vegetal, reduzindo o uso de insumos sintéticos que possam oferecer risco à saúde e causar impacto negativo ao meio ambiente. Produtos pós-sol têm a indicação única para hidratar e refrescar a pele que foi exposta às radiações solares. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e avaliação de estabilidade de hidrogéis fitocosméticos à base de calêndula e aveia para acalmar e refrescar a pele exposta ao sol. Os extratos de calêndula e a aveia apresentam propriedades antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e cicatrizante. Foram propostas três formulações distintas de hidrogéis com base em pesquisas teóricas prévias, considerando os benefícios, facilidade de produção e estabilidade. Para garantir o desenvolvimento farmacotécnico de fitocosméticos de qualidade foram realizados os testes de estabilidade e avaliação dos parâmetros organolépticos, físico-químicos e microbiológicos. Os resultados obtidos permaneceram dentro das especificações estabelecidas para os produtos.
... This may be because the low precipitation conditions are unsuitable for other major food crops, whereas coarse cereals adapt well to water deficiency, can be grown in more areas and produce better yields, making them a better choice for arid or semiarid regions (Killi and Haworth, 2017). (Katz et al., 2001;Saltzman et al., 2001;Ji et al., 2003;Liu et al., 2004;O'Moore et al., 2005;Kurtz and Wallo, 2007;Guo et al., 2010;Xue et al., 2021) ...
As we face increasing challenges of world food security and malnutrition, coarse cereals are coming into favor as an important supplement to human staple foods due to their high nutritional value. In addition, their functional components, such as flavonoids and polyphenols, make them an important food source for healthy diets. However, we lack a systematic understanding of the importance of coarse cereals for world food security and nutritional goals. This review summarizes the worldwide cultivation and distribution of coarse cereals, indicating that the global area for coarse cereal cultivation is steadily increasing. This paper also focuses on the special adaptive mechanisms of coarse cereals to drought and discusses the strategies to improve coarse cereal crop yields from the perspective of agricultural production systems. The future possibilities, challenges, and opportunities for coarse cereal production are summarized in the face of food security challenges, and new ideas for world coarse cereal production are suggested.
... Furthermore, it is recognised that oat derivatives have additional positive health effects due to the abundance of soluble fibres and antioxidants capable of reducing triglycerides and LDL cholesterol 44 . Oat is rich in avenanthramides (about 300 mg/kg in kernels), phenolic compounds reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [45][46][47] , while rice oil provide γ-oryzanol with similar effects 48 . However, the content of avenathramides is highly correlated with the whole grain oat content 49 . ...
The decline in fresh milk in the Western world has in part been substituted by an increased consumption of plant-based beverages
(PBB). These are often marketed as healthy and sustainable alternatives to milk and dairy foodstuff, although studies have
suggested PBB to be of lower nutrient quality. The current study considered different brands of almond-, oat-, rice-, coconut- and
soya-based beverages for a comparative analysis and found that they indeed presented lower contents of total protein, lipids,
amino acids, and minerals than cow and goat milk. The only exception was given by soya-based beverages which approximated
the protein content (3.47% vs. 3.42 and 3.25% in cow and goat milk, respectively) and amino acid composition of animal milk, and
also demonstrated high mineral content. The natural presence of phyto-compounds in PBB characterised as antinutrients and their
potential to exacerbate the issue of low nutrient quality by lowering bioavailability have been discussed.
... In addition, oat contains polyphenols, which exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as saponins that have skin-cleansing effect. Besides, the high starch and β-glucan are responsible for water-holding functions (Kurtz & Wallo, 2007). ...
The use of plants as a source of active principles for cosmetics has significantly increased in the last few years. Safety, compatibility with all types of skin, fewer side effects, and availability are among the advantages of herbal cosmetics above synthetic ingredients. The present review aims to explore the most important plants used in cosmetics. A literature search was carried out in several electronic databases with the following phrases: skincare and plants; cosmetics and plants; natural and cosmetics; and natural and skincare. Furthermore, more detailed filters such as clinical studies, meta-analyses, and systemic reviews were applied to positive results. Various plants and plant extracts currently used in skin care, scaring, whitening, and aging, as well as in sun protection, acne, eczema, and others, have been included in this review. The effectiveness of these plants is based mainly on preclinical research, and to a lesser extent on clinical studies. Some plant extracts or oils have been tested clinically, such as onions, aloe, and tea tree oil, more than other plant extracts. Despite many studies on natural products to improve dermal needs, proper clinical cosmeceutical trials are much fewer than expected. Therefore, more clinical trials are needed to evaluate appropriate efficacy. Furthermore, new formulation technologies might enhance the cosmeceutical benefits, but more work is warranted.
... The oat grain has the ability to accumulate a large amount of fat in the endosperm compared to other cereals [47]. It has a relatively high total lipid content and consequently also a high energy value [48]. The total fat content and the ability to accumulate lipids in the endosperm are strongly determined by the cultivar. ...
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the agricultural crops that can be grown in marginal areas. Grain and straw are used mainly for food and fodder purposes. However, due to the high-fat content in the grain and the small amount of ash, it can be an attractive raw material for energy production. The biomass can be straw and oat grain. Grain should be intended for food purposes, but if it does not meet the quality requirements, it can be used for energy purposes. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the energy usefulness of four oat cultivars depending on the applied level of nitrogen fertilization. The research results show that oat grain and straw can be used as fuel for energy purposes. The average calorific value of grain was 18.7 MJ·kg−1, and the ash content in dry matter was 2.03%. With the increase in the dose of nitrogen fertilization, a decrease in the calorific value of oat and straw grains and a decrease in ash content were noted. The findings show significant varietal differences. Oat straw had a lower calorific value and a higher ash content, which indicates its lower usefulness for energy purposes compared to grain.
... V2 on ISP No.3 (oat meal agar) showed wrinkled colony after long incubation of 21 days. This may be attributed to microbial growth inhibitory properties of oat seeds (Kurtz and Wallo 2007). Growth on ISP No.4 (starch-mineral agar) was moderate. ...
... The proposed mechanism of action is that colloidal oatmeal tends to form an occlusive coating over the skin and thus, maintains an optimal level of pH and hydration of the skin. 61 Capsaicin Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6nonenamide) is an alkaloid from chilli peppers and is believed to cause depletion of neuropeptides from peripheral nerves which in turn leads to selective, long-lasting depression of C-polymodal nociceptors, thereby resulting in inhibition of generation of pruritis signals. 62 Topically applied capsaicin is in use as a safe and effective treatment for pruritis of various origins and hence, there is a potential of its application in PBP. ...
Post burn pruritis is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions afflicting the burn survivors. It is frequently debilitating and significantly impacts the quality of life. A wide range of pathophysiological factors and mechanisms have been postulated in recent years. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options have been introduced, but the optimal management option has not yet been agreed upon. This article briefly reviews the pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, quantification scales and current management options of postburn pruritis.
... V kozmetičnih izdelkih, namenjenih atopijski koži, pogosto najdemo tudi aktivne sestavine z antipruritičnim delovanjem, kar izboljša kakovost življenja bolnikov z AD. V kozmetičnih izdelkih na trgu se za ta namen najpogosteje uporablja izvleček belega ovsa (33). V nekaterih izdelkih najdemo tudi mentol (ali njegove derivate), ki kožo ohladi in s tem zmanjša občutek srbenja (34). ...
Atopijski dermatitis je najpogostejša kronična vnetna bolezen kože, za katero so značilne spremembe v strukturi kože. Kažejo se kot pordeli, suhi in luščeči se predeli, ki jih spremlja srbenje. Ker gre za izredno kompleksno bolezen, ki predstavlja velik terapevtski izziv, sodobne terapevtske smernice poudarjajo pomen celovitega zdravljenja. Zelo pomembna je redna in pravilna nega atopijske kože z izdelki z aktivnimi sestavinami, ki po različnih mehanizmih delovanja obnavljajo njeno okrnjeno pregradno vlogo. V odvisnosti od stopnje vnetja in obsega kožnih sprememb se poslužujemo lokalne ali sistemske terapije, pri čemer velja, da prvenstveno uporabljamo zdravila za lokalno zdravljenje, dokler je to mogoče oziroma se bolnik nanje odziva. Običajno so učinkovine za nanos na kožo, ki so namenjene aktivni negi in/ali zdravljenju, vgrajene v klasične formulacije, kot so mazila, kreme, dermalne raztopine in emulzije. V zadnjih letih pa se intenzivno razvijajo predvsem inovativni lipidni dostavni sistemi, kot so liotropni tekoči kristali, mikro- in nanoemulzije, vezikularni sistemi in lipidni nanodelci. V prispevku so tako sistematično zbrane in predstavljene aktivne sestavine sodobnih kozmetičnih izdelkov za nego atopijske kože ter zdravilne učinkovine in farmacevtske oblike, registrirane v Sloveniji za zdravljenje atopijskega dermatitisa. Hkrati prikazujemo atraktivne znanstvene raziskave, patentne objave in novosti na področju inovativnih lipidnih dostavnih sistemov s temi učinkovinami, ki kažejo na edinstvene prednosti teh formulacij, ki omogočajo bolniku prijaznejše zdravljenje in s tem izboljšani terapevtski izid.
... More recent studies have documented the effects of oats and their products in cosmetics. Currently, in cosmetics, flour, oat flakes and oil, oat herb and extracts enriched with individual ingredients such as beta-glucan, avenanthramide or protein complexes are used [1,2]. In 1989, the FDA recognized colloidal oatmeal as a safe, freely available substance. ...
Oats belongs to widely grown cereals. It contains a number of cosmetically active substances – proteins and β-glucan that act as moisturizing and immunostimulatory, and unsaturated fatty acids, forming an occlusive layer, including linolenic acid, particularly beneficial for the skin and other fatty acids influencing the PPAR receptors. It
has strong antioxidant properties related to the presence of specific phenolic acid derivatives – avenanthramides, classic phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin E in the highly active form of α-tocotrienol. It also contains particular plant ceramides, improving the condition of the epidermal barrier. Owing to these substances, oats and their products
have found application in beauty care cosmetics as multifunctional products with a multidirectional effect. They are used as substances preventing the ageing of the skin, for the care of atopic, prone to irritation and susceptible skin. The raw material market offers oat products and extracts. In addition, oat flakes are generally available.
Despite this, the number of „oatmeal” cosmetics is still tiny, which seems incomprehensible in the prevailing fashion for natural products.
... Besides, colloidal oatmeal has been used in the treatment of a viral infection called Molluscum contagiosum, caused by poxvirus [103]. In addition, colloidal oatmeal is used for skin protection against ultra-violet (UV) light, as flavonoids in oats absorb the UV light in the range of 320 to 370 nm [168]. ...
Oat is among the food crops and ancient grains cultivated and consumed worldwide. It is gaining in popularity owing to its nutritional composition and multifunctional benefits of select bioactive compounds. Beta-glucan is an important component of dietary fiber found in oat grains. It is the major active compound in oats with proven cholesterol-lowering and antidiabetic effects. Oats also provide substantial levels of other bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, tocols, sterols, avenacosides, and avenanthramides. The consumption of oats has been determined to be beneficial for human health by promoting immunomodulation and improving gut microbiota. In addition, oat consumption assists in preventing diseases such as atherosclerosis, dermatitis, and some forms of cancer. While much has been published in relation to oat nutrients and oat fibers and their impact on major diseases, the oat industries and consumers may benefit from greater knowledge and understanding of clinical effects, range of occurrence, distribution, therapeutic doses and food functional attributes of other oat bioactives such as avenanthramides and saponins as well as other anti-inflammatory agents found in the cereal. This review focuses on the various studies relevant to the contribution of the consumption of oats and oat-based products in preventing human diseases and promoting human health.
... Oatmeal has long been used to treat itch associated with diverse xerotic dermatitis [73]. Avenanthramides appear to be associated at least partly with this property, since they exhibit anti-inflammatory activity on dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes and mast cells [74][75][76][77]. ...
Les phénolamides constituent une famille des métabolites spécialisés qui s’accumulent chez une grande diversité d’espèces végétales. Ils ont des fonctions dans l’initiation florale, interviennent dans les réponses des plantes à des stress, et ils entrent dans la composition des parois de grains de pollen. De plus, leur bioactivité thérapeutique a été décrite en tant que molécule anti-oxydante, anti-inflammatoire, anti-microbienne ou anti-cancéreuse. Des travaux récents du laboratoire ont montré que la tomate produit des phénolamides, notamment lorsqu’elle subit l’herbivorie du ravageur Tuta absoluta. Leur rôle dans la défense des plantes reste à instruire. Dans ce cadre, un premier objectif de ma thèse a été de moduler la composition en phénolamides chez la tomate afin d’évaluer les conséquences de cette modulation sur le fonctionnement de la plante et sa capacité à se défendre. Un second objectif a été de déterminer le potentiel thérapeutique de ces phénolamides identifiés chez la tomate, par des tests de criblage d’activité. Un préalable à la génération de plantes modifié génétiquement pour leur capacité de synthèse de phénolamides, a été d’identifier de nouveaux gènes contrôlant l’accumulation de phénolamides dans la plante. Nous avons exploité notre banque ARN Seq de tomate et des travaux chez d’autres solanacées. Nous avons identifié dix gènes candidats, dont deux codant pour des facteurs de transcription et huit pour des acyltransférases. La caractérisation fonctionnelle de ces candidats n’a, pour le moment, pas mené à l’identification de nouvelle fonction enzymatique associée à la voie des phénolamides. Ce travail devra être poursuivi en élargissant le spectre de substrat testés sur les candidats identifiés et en ciblant d’autres gènes candidats. Pour générer les plantes modifiées génétiquement, j’ai réalisé un travail de développement méthodologique volumineux, ayant nécessité de maitriser au laboratoire des protocoles de transformation et de régénération sur l’espèce tomate, et d’acquérir et maîtriser la technique d’édition de gène (CRISPR/cas9). La technique mise au point conduit à une forte efficacité de transformation, que ce soit en surexpression ou en édition de gène. Nous avons généré ainsi 94 lignées de tomates dont l’expression des gènes de putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl transférase (PHT) responsable de l’accumulation de caféoylputrescine, a été modifiée à la hausse ou à la baisse, tout comme l’expression du facteur de transcription solyc06g083900.2 susceptible d’être impliqué dans l’accumulation d’un ensemble plus large de phénolamides. Les plantes obtenues sont maintenant disponibles pour un travail de caractérisation de leur contenu métabolique et des conséquences physiologiques des modifications générées. Nous avons évalué le potentiel thérapeutique de quelques phénolamides de tomate induits par l’herbivorie de T. absoluta. L’obtention de molécules pures a demandé le concours de chimistes. Parmi les molécules évaluées, la caféoylputrescine et la kukoamine présentent des activités antibactériennes modérées vis-à-vis de Staphylococcus aureus. Les tests ont révélé la propriété anti-inflammatoire de la caféoylputrescine sur des cellules de macrophage. Ces travaux confirment le potentiel thérapeutique des phénolamides. Ils seront poursuivis en vue de l’évaluation de leurs propriétés anti-cancéreuses.
... Yulaf kepeği B vitamin kompleksi, E vitamini, çeşitli yağ ve mineraller ve β-glukan açısından zengin bir kaynaktır. [19][20][21] Yulaf ayrıca çok farklı antioksidan ve anti-inflamatuvar nitelikleri olan fenol türevleri de içermektedir. Bunların arasında özellikle aventramidlerin pek çok farklı hücre üzerinde antioksidan ve anti-inflamatuvar etki gösterdiği bilinmektedir. ...
ÖZET: Otoimmün büllöz hastalıkların tedavi şemalarının merkezinde sistemik immünosupresif ve/veya diğer immünomodülatör ilaçlar yer almaktadır. Banyo tedavileri ve pansumanlar, bu hastalıkların seyri sırasında görülebilen sekonder (özellikle bakteriyel) enfeksiyonları önlemek, sulantılı lezyonları kurutmak ve bu sayede erode veya ülsere deri alanlarının reepitelizasyonunu başlatmak/hızlandırmak amacıyla önerilmektedir. Dermatolojik banyo ve pansuman tedavilerine dair en kapsamlı bilgiler; atopik dermatit, psoriazis gibi inflamatuvar dermatozlar, farklı etyolojik faktörlere bağlı kutanöz ülserler ve deri enfeksiyonları gibi hastalıkların tedavisi sırasında elde edilmiş ve buradan kazanılan klinik tecrübelere dayanarak büllöz hastalıklarda da uygulanmışlardır. Ne yazık ki, tıbbi banyo ve pansumanların otoimmün büllöz hastalıkların tedavisindeki yerine dair kanıt derecesi yüksek çalışma ve meta-analizler bulunmamaktadır. Türk Dermatoloji Derneği'nin Otoimmün Büllöz Hastalıklar kitabının bir bölümü olan bu makalede, bahsi geçen banyo ve pansuman tedavi yöntemleri toparlanmış, bu tedavilerde kullanılan formülasyonlar ve bu tedavilerin uygulanma şekilleri mümkün olduğunca spesifik ve detaylı bir şekilde anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır.
... La harina de avena coloidal es una preparación a base de harina de avena (1/25 p/v) que se utiliza como un agente calmante para aliviar los síntomas asociados a la dermatitis 13,21 . La actividad antiirritante de la harina de avena coloidal ha sido ampliamente estudiada, tanto en ensayos in vitro como en estudios clínicos en pacientes con diferentes tipos de dermatitis 34,47 . ...
Resumen
El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la fermentación láctica como bioestrategia para potenciar la actividad antioxidante de la avena. Se evaluó la capacidad de 31 cepas de bacterias lácticas (BL) para adaptarse a un sistema de avena/agua (SAA) mediante la determinación del crecimiento, la acidificación y la actividad fermentativa (método impedimétrico; tiempo de detección [DT], velocidad máxima de cambio de conductabilidad [VMCC] y porcentaje de cambio de conductabilidad [PCC]). Además, se determinó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos (CF) mediante el método de Folin-Ciocalteu (equivalentes de ácido gálico [EAG]), así como de péptidos, de aminoácidos libres y de actividad antirradicalaria (métodos DPPH• y ABTS•+) de los extractos metanólicos y acuosos obtenidos a partir de los SAA fermentados (SAAf). Seis cepas mostraron la mejor adaptabilidad al SAA y produjeron altos valores de VMCC (0,34-0,47 μS/min) y PCC (53,6-66,6%), con bajos valores de DT (≤ 3 h). Estos cambios fueron acompañados por modificaciones en la concentración de CF, péptidos y aminoácidos libres, los cuales fueron dependientes de la cepa. Se evidenció un incremento de la concentración de CF en los SAAf de las seis cepas (29,1-39,85 μg EAG/ml) con respecto al SAA control (17,1 μg EAG/ml). Además, hubo un incremento (9-25,5%) en la actividad antioxidante de los extractos metanólicos de SAAf medida por ambos métodos. Respecto del contenido en péptidos/aminoácidos libres de los SAAf y de su actividad antioxidante, se encontraron modificaciones de menor magnitud. Los resultados muestran que las BL son capaces de adaptarse a la avena como sustrato de fermentación e incrementar su contenido de compuestos antioxidantes.
... Due to many of these qualities, oat has been used more recently to produce nondairy milk and yogurt products. In addition to the benefits from direct consumption, colloidal oatmeal and oat extracts have been used extensively as a topical medicine to treat skin dermatitis and reduce inflammation (Kurtz and Wallo 2007;Cerio et al. 2010). These benefits have been attributed to avenanthramides, flavonoids, tocopherols, polysaccharides, and lipids. ...
Oat (Avena sativa L.) seed is a rich resource of beneficial lipids, soluble fiber, protein, and antioxidants, and is considered a healthful food for humans. Little is known regarding the genetic controllers of variation for these compounds in oat seed. We characterized natural variation in the mature seed metabolome using untargeted metabolomics on 367 diverse lines and leveraged this information to improve prediction for seed quality traits. We used a latent factor approach to define unobserved variables that may drive covariance among metabolites. One hundred latent factors were identified, of which 21% were enriched for compounds associated with lipid metabolism. Through a combination of whole-genome regression and association mapping, we show that latent factors that generate covariance for many metabolites tend to have a complex genetic architecture. Nonetheless, we recovered significant associations for 23% of the latent factors. These associations were used to inform a multi-kernel genomic prediction model, which was used to predict seed lipid and protein traits in two independent studies. Predictions for eight of the 12 traits were significantly improved compared to genomic best linear unbiased prediction when this prediction model was informed using associations from lipid-enriched factors. This study provides new insights into variation in the oat seed metabolome and provides genomic resources for breeders to improve selection for health-promoting seed quality traits. More broadly, we outline an approach to distill high-dimensional ‘omics’ data to a set of biologically-meaningful variables and translate inferences on these data into improved breeding decisions.
... Ancient literature for example described oat properties as being both anti-inflammatory and anti-itching, which today is still widely used and refined due to its high content of micronutrients with multifaceted health benefits. 110 Today we are still discovering novel insights on how the nutritional intake can influence our health and specifically our skin health, down at the molecular level. ...
Higher demands on skin care cosmetic products for strong performance drive intense research to understand the mechanisms of skin aging and design strategies to improve overall skin health. Today we know that our needs and influencers of skin health and skin aging change throughout our life journey due to both extrinsic factors, such as environmental factors and lifestyle factors, as well as our intrinsic factors. Furthermore, we need to consider our microflora, a collection of micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which is a living ecosystem in our gut and on our skin, that can have a major impact on our health. Here, we are viewing a holistic approach to understand the collective effect of the key influencers of skin health and skin aging both reviewing how each of them impact the skin, but more importantly to identify molecular conjunction pathways of these different factors in order to get a better understanding of the integrated “genome-microbiome-exposome” effect. For this purpose and in order to translate molecularly the impact of the key influencers of skin health and skin aging, we built a digital model based on system biology using different bioinformatics tools. This model is considering both the positive and negative impact of our genome (genes, age/gender), exposome: external (sun, pollution, climate) and lifestyle factors (sleep, stress, exercise, nutrition, skin care routine), as well as the role of our skin microbiome, and allowed us in a first application to evaluate the effect of the genome in the synthesis of collagen in the skin and the determination of a suitable target for boosting pro-collagen synthesis. In conclusion, we have, through our digital holistic approach, defined the skin interactome concept, as an advanced tool to better understand the molecular genesis of skin aging and further develop a strategy to balance the influence of the exposome and microbiome to protect, prevent, and delay the appearance of skin aging signs and preserve good skin health condition. In addition, this model will aid in identifying and optimizing skin treatment options based on external triggers, as well as helping to design optimal treatments modulating the intrinsic pathways.
... Oatmeal has long been used to treat itch associated with diverse xerotic dermatitis [73]. Avenanthramides appear to be associated at least partly with this property, since they exhibit anti-inflammatory activity on dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes and mast cells [74][75][76][77]. ...
Phenolamides constitute a family of metabolites, widely represented in the plant kingdom, that can be found in all plant organs with a predominance in flowers and pollen grains. They represent a large and structurally diverse family, resulting from the association of phenolic acids with aliphatic or aromatic amines. Initially revealed as active compounds in several medicinal plant extracts, phenolamides have been extensively studied for their health-promoting and pharmacological properties. Indeed, phenolamides have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties, but also protective effects against metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarise this large body of literature, including in vitro and in vivo studies, by describing the diversity of their biological properties and our actual knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind them. With regard to their considerable pharmacological interest, the question of industrial production is also tackled through chemical and biological syntheses in engineered microorganisms. The diversity of biological activities already described, together with the active discovery of the broad structural diversity of this metabolite family, make phenolamides a promising source of new active compounds on which future studies should be focused.
... In one study, colloidal oatmeal was shown to reduce itch better than antihistamine preparations when used as a shower/bathing agent between the fifth and seventh day post-burn [52]. This may be related to the formation of an occlusive barrier on the skin and enhancing the maintenance of skin hydration and pH [53]. The itch and flare reactions associated with histamine release are reduced by pretreatment with lidocaine [2]. ...
Post-burn pruritus is the pruritus that occurs after burn during the rehabilitation and healing process of burn wounds. The post-burn pruritus is a common and serious complication of burn injury, which severely lowers the quality of life of the patient. Many potential treatments are available for pruritus but there is no consensus of the best single treatment yet. The precise mechanism of post-burn pruritus has not been elucidated, but it appears to have pruritogenic and neuropathic aspects. Clinically, post-burn pruritus tends to be intractable to conventional treatment but rather responds to neuroleptic agents, such as gabapentin and pregabalin. During wound healing, various neuropeptides secreted from the nerves of the skin control epidermal and vascular proliferation and connective tissue cells. When keratinocytes are activated by an itch-inducing substance, they secrete a variety of inflammatory substances that increase the susceptibility of the itch receptor. There are two mechanisms underlying post-burn neuropathic pruritus. The first one is peripheral sensitization. The second one is the intact nociceptor hypothesis. An effective treatment for post-burn pruritus will also be effective in other neuropathic and intractable itching. In this review, we summarized the interaction and mechanism of keratinocytes, immune cells, and nerve fibers related to post-burn pruritus.
... It has excellent safety record and is approved by FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) as an over-the-counter (OTC) skin protectant. 9 Oatmeal possesses potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties that its clinical benefits in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory dermatologic disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and dry skin have been shown in the previous studies. [10][11][12] The active ingredients in oatmeal consist of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, saponins, enzymes, flavonoids, vitamins, and avenanthramides. ...
Background
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is the most frequent cause of hand eczema (HE). There is promising evidence with the use of topical oatmeal compounds in the management of inflammation- and itch-responses associated with diverse dermatologic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical benefit of colloidal oatmeal cream in the management of chronic irritant HE.
Methods
From October 2018 to November 2019, 79 patients with diagnosis of chronic irritant HE were allocated into either intervention or control groups by block randomization method. Besides fluocinolone 0.025% ointment for the first 2 weeks of treatment period, patients in the intervention and control groups were asked to use colloidal oatmeal 1% cream or base cream for additional 4 weeks as monotherapy. Changes in the HE severity based on the hand eczema severity index (HESCI) score, pruritus severity based on the visual analogue scale (VAS), and impact of skin disorder on patients quality of life based on the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) from baseline to weeks 2, 4, and 6 were assessed in the study groups.
Results
Fifty subjects, 26 in intervention and 24 in control, completed the course of the study. The results indicated, though relatively comparable decrease in mean HESI and VAS scores was observed in both groups by the end of week 2, thereafter until end of the study a non-return of symptoms to baseline conditions was observed in the intervention group, while there was a significant return of symptoms to baseline conditions in the control group (p value<0.001 in both conditions). Further, a noticeable improvement in the DLQI score was seen in the intervention group compared with the control group (p value<0.001).
Conclusion
Findings demonstrate that colloidal oatmeal, a natural product with proven barrier protection, moisturization, anti-inflammatory, and soothing properties, can have ameliorative effects on eczema severity symptoms in patients with chronic irritant HE.
... 13 The average molecular weight of small peptides for a batch of Hydrolyzed Oats was reported to be 1,365 Da. 14 The average molecular weight for Hydrolyzed Oats was reported to be approximately 1,000 Da. 14,15 The high concentration of starch and b-glucan in colloidal oatmeal has a water-holding function; phenols (constituents of these botanical ingredients) reportedly have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and act as ultraviolet absorbers. 16 The cleansing activity of oat is from the saponins. ...
This is a safety assessment of Avena sativa (oat)–derived ingredients. The reported functions of these ingredients in cosmetics include abrasives, antioxidant, skin conditioning agents, absorbents, and bulking agents. The Panel reviewed relevant animal and human data related to these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing the same constituents of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and to avoid reaching levels that may lead to sensitization or other toxic effects. The Panel stated that industry should continue to use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities and concluded that all but one of the Avena sativa (oat)–derived ingredients are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be nonsensitizing; data are insufficient to come to a conclusion of safety for Avena Sativa (Oat) Meristem Cell Extract.
... The historical record reports the use of oats (Avena sativa) to treat skin conditions thousands of years of years ago. Today, oats, in particular colloidal oats, are present in many commercial personal care products (e.g., soaps, shampoos, and shaving creams) (30,31). Identification of active molecules in oats identified avenanthramide alkaloids (32,33) which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro (34) and in vivo (35). ...
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a recently discovered class of biologically active lipids. Here, we identify the linoleic acid ester of 13-hydroxy linoleic acid (13-LAHLA) as an anti-inflammatory lipid. An oat oil fraction and FAHFA-enriched extract from this fraction showed anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced cytokine secretion assay. Structural studies identified three LAHLA isomers (15-, 13-, and 9-LAHLA) as being the most abundant FAHFAs in the oat oil fraction. Of these LAHLAs, 13-LAHLA is the most abundant LAHLA isomer in human serum after ingestion of liposomes made of fractionated oat oil, and it is also the most abundant endogenous LAHLA in mouse and human adipose tissue. As a result, we chemically synthesized 13-LAHLA for biological assays. 13-LAHLA suppresses LPS-stimulated secretion of cytokines and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. These studies identify LAHLAs as an evolutionarily conserved lipid with anti-inflammatory activity in mammalian cells.
... This treatment also downregulated proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 production by 1.4-fold. These data revealed a new atopic application of AVA in dermatology to attenuate skin inflammation and itch, such as atopic dermatitis and eczema [118]. ...
Oat avenanthramides are a group of diphenolic acids found only in oats. Although oat consumption is much lower than that of wheat and rice, it has gained more and more attention due to its numerous health benefits. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) events of xenobiotics are widely studied in toxicology, nutrition, and pharmacology. The phytochemicals contained in food or beverages go through several steps in the body after oral indigestion and dissolution in the gut fluids, including ADME. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiproliferative effects have been proven, revealing its great potential to alleviate chronic diseases and sports injury. Although health benefits have been shown in vitro and in vivo, more epidemiologic or interventional studies should be carried out to further substantiate these effects. Increasing oat consumption therefore not only provides health benefits but also has an economic impact with the potential to increase production and export.
... The dried seeds were used to make a decoction to relieve the symptoms of eczema, the soothing emollient activity of the seeds decreased itching and nourished the skin. Oat colloidal extract containing avenanthramides has also proved to have antihistamine and antiirritation activity [239][240][241][242]. ...
Several medicinal plants possessed a wide range of dermatological effects included antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, anticancer, hair growth-promoting activity, wound healing effects, for the treatment of burns, eczema, acne, vitiligo, and psoriasis, as skin lightening, as skin protection therapy and to slow down skin ageing. The current review will discuss the medicinal plants which showed dermatological effects and applications.
... In this study, the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) database [23] was interrogated to analyse emollient use and healthcare utilisation in patients with DS&E beginning in 2008-a year after publication of NICE guidelines recommending emollient therapy [5,24]. In addition, our study investigated the use of Aveeno, an emollient that contains active colloidal oatmeal known to be beneficial in the treatment of DS&E [25,26]. ...
Background
The Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) was used to evaluate the overall costs to the National Health Service, including healthcare utilisation, of prescribing emollients in UK primary care for dry skin and atopic eczema (DS&E).
Methods
Primary care patients in the UK were identified using the CPRD and their records were interrogated for the 2 years following first diagnosis of DS&E. Data from patients with (n = 45,218) and without emollient prescriptions (n = 9780) were evaluated. Multivariate regression models were used to compare healthcare utilisation and cost in the two matched groups (age, sex, diagnosis). Two sub-analyses of the Emollient group were performed between matched groups receiving (1) a colloidal oatmeal emollient (Aveeno-First) versus non-colloidal oatmeal emollients (Aveeno-Never) and (2) Aveeno prescribed first-line (Aveeno-First) versus prescribed Aveeno later (Aveeno-Subsequently). Logistic regression models calculated the odds of prescription with either potent / very potent topical corticosteroids (TCS) or skin-related antimicrobials.
Results
Costs per patient were £125.80 in Emollient (n = 7846) versus £128.13 in Non-Emollient (n = 7846) matched groups (p = 0.08). The Emollient group had fewer visits/patient (2.44 vs. 2.66; p < 0.0001) and lower mean per-visit costs (£104.15 vs. £113.25; p < 0.0001), compared with the Non-Emollient group. Non-Emollient patients had 18% greater odds of being prescribed TCS and 13% greater odds of being prescribed an antimicrobial than Emollient patients. In the Aveeno-First (n = 1943) versus Aveeno-Never (n = 1943) sub-analysis, costs per patient were lower in the Aveeno-First compared with the Aveeno-Never groups (£133.46 vs. £141.11; p = 0.0069). The Aveeno-Never group had ≥21% greater odds of being prescribed TCS or antimicrobial than the Aveeno-First group. In the Aveeno-First (n = 1357) versus Aveeno-Subsequently (n = 1357) sub-analysis, total costs were lower in the Aveeno-First group (£140.35 vs. £206.43; p < 0.001). Patients in the Aveeno-Subsequently group had 91% greater odds of being prescribed TCS and 75% greater odds of being prescribed an antimicrobial than the Aveeno-First group.
Conclusions
Acknowledging limitations from unknown disease severity in the CRPD, the prescription of emollients to treat DS&E was associated with fewer primary care visits, reduced healthcare utilisation and reduced cost. Prescribing emollients, especially those containing colloidal oatmeal, was associated with fewer TCS and antimicrobial prescriptions.
Trial registration
The study is registered at http://isrctn.com/ISRCTN91126037.
... The caryopsis of oat has a considerable ability to accumulate a high amount of oil in the endosperm as compared to other cereals (Banas et al., 2007). Therefore, oat has a relatively high content of total lipids (Kurtz and Wallo, 2007). Total fat content and ability to accumulate lipids in the endosperm are strongly affected by genotype (Thro et al., 1985). ...
Oat is a cereal with a long history of cultivation and great importance in human nutrition, not only because of its starch and protein content, but also because of its substantial fat content with a relatively high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. The fat content, fatty acid composition, and nutritional value of six new oat cultivars were evaluated. Total fat content ranged from 2.9 g/100 g (Korok) to 6.1 g/100 g of sample (Kamil). Naked oat cultivars had significantly higher fat content than hulled oat cultivars (p < 0.0001). The most abundant fatty acids in all tested oat cultivars were linoleic (34.6–38.2%), oleic (30.7–32.2%), and palmitic acid (21.4–22.7%). Naked cultivars had significantly higher amounts of linoleic (pyellow = 0.0125, pblack = 0.0472) and lower amounts of palmitic acid (pyellow = 0.0019, pblack = 0.0031) than hulled oat cultivars. All analysed oat samples had low atherogenic (0.17–0.19) and thrombogenic indices (0.30–0.34). These findings indicate that the tested new cultivars could be a good source of nutritionally valuable oil that plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Cereals are considered the most important food group in the world. These foods provide different nutrients and their consumption in a balanced diet is recommended. Cereal is any edible fruit or seed of the grass family that can be used as food. Grasses are herbaceous plants that have very small flowers and dry fruits called grains or “caryopses”, comprising about 8000 species. These caryopses can be naked, showing only the germ, endosperm and seed membrane (wheat, corn and rye) or present the coated caryopse, with the same structure coated with a husk (rice, oats, barley and sorghum). The main cereals used in human and animal food are: wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats, rye and sorghum, but there are others less used such as millet, triticale, spelt, and pseudocereals, such as amaranth, wheat buckwheat and quinoa. Cereals are produced all over the world and, because they contain a large amount of carbohydrates, they are the main source of energy ingested by human beings. They also have, on average, water (12–13%), protein (9–13%), lipids (2–5%), fiber (0.5–2%) and minerals (1–3%). The main use of cereals is for the manufacture of flour intended for bakery products and the fibers and bran for the manufacture of animal feed.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a disease that affects millions of patients worldwide and is characterized by debilitating itch. The pathophysiology of pruritus in AD consists of multiple players, including pruritogens, unique receptors, and ion channels found on unmyelinated C-nerve fibers. The sensation of the itch is also perpetuated by the disrupted epidermal skin barrier characterizing this disease, as well as sensitization phenomena in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Thankfully, treatment options for atopic itch are abundant. These range from topical therapies, to systemic immunomodulators, to systemic therapies, which attenuate itch transmission in the nervous system. Topical treatment of itch includes a variety of medications including corticosteroids, calcineurin antagonists, and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. Systemic treatment includes oral prednisone, methotrexate, cyclosporine, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil. Moisturizing topical treatments remain one of the mainstays of treatment. Emerging therapies, such as novel monoclonal antibodies that are directed against itch mediators, such as interleukin-31, as well as drugs targeting the Janus kinase-STAT system, are promising treatments that will hopefully improve the lives of many patients.
Atopic dermatitis is a complex disease process requiring a multifactorial approach in managing baseline disease, responding appropriately to flares, and optimizing preventative measures. This chapter reviews the role of bathing practices, topical anti-inflammatories, and topical antimicrobials in such management. Bathing practices, including frequency, duration, use of additives, and choice in cleansers/soaps, can improve or worsen the epithelial barrier. Although data are mixed and recommendations vary by organization and region, we recommend daily bathing in lukewarm water for less than ten minutes using neutral to mildly acidic non-soap cleansers, followed by the immediate application of emollients. Topical anti-inflammatories include topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. Topical corticosteroids are the standard therapy for acute flares and patients who have failed conservative management with emollient alone. Providers must be astute in their utilization and optimize dosing, application vehicle, frequency, duration, and body location, to maximize benefit while minimizing potential side effects. Topical calcineurin inhibitors represent a steroid-sparing alternative that can be used for patients who require application to sensitive areas such as the face, eyelids, or genitalia, or who have developed side effects from or failure to respond to topical corticosteroids. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors are a newer steroid-sparing alternative also to be considered. Topical antimicrobial methods include judicious utilization of topical antibiotics and the use of dilute bleach baths for prevention/decolonization. The data on the benefit of such methods are mixed, but they can be considered adjunctive therapy in those patients with frequent disease flares.
Itch and skin pain are hallmark symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Both symptoms vary from patient to patient but can significantly affect quality of life. There are numerous treatments available to treat itch and pain in atopic dermatitis, with recommended regimens dependent on the severity, burden of disease, and predominant symptoms of the patient. Therapies for limited or less severe symptoms include non-pharmacologic modalities such as bathing practices and emollients as well as numerous topical medications. Moderate to severe or recalcitrant symptoms may require systemic immunosuppressants or newer biologic and small-molecule agents. The more recently developed agents act on the molecules and receptors of the neural and immune axes implicated in the itch and pain symptoms of atopic dermatitis and have shown impressive results in clinical trials. Additional therapies and experimental treatments are also on the horizon for the treatment of this common condition.
Itch pathogenesis is broadly characterized into histaminergic and nonhistaminergic pathways and transmitted via two main receptor families - G-protein coupled receptors and transient receptor potential channels. In the skin, itch is primarily transmitted by unmyelinated type C and thinly myelinated type Aδ nerve fibers. Crosstalk between the immune and neural systems modulates itch transmission at the skin, spinal cord, and brain. Among the many known pruritogens, Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, and TSLP are particularly important mediators that signal through shared janus kinase pathways, representing novel targets for novel itch therapeutics. Emerging evidence has also revealed that the opioidergic system is a potent modulator of itch transmission, with increased μ-opioid activity and decreased κ-opioid activity contributing to itch pathogenesis. Optimal management of itch requires tailoring treatment approaches to specific etiological itch subtypes. When the etiology is unknown and patients are given a diagnosis of chronic pruritus of unknown origin, treatment should be guided by the presence of Th2 polarization, often reflected by increased blood eosinophils. In the second article of this two-part series, we outline our current understanding of itch pathogenesis and discuss available and emerging treatments for itch.
Данные, полученные на клеточных фармакологических моделях, свидетельствуют о том, что полифе- нольные экстракты овса Rhealba обладают противовоспалительным действием на важные патофизио- логические звенья, вовлекаемые в патогенез атопического дерматита. Эти экстракты восстанавливают функцию эпидермального барьера и ликвидируют сухость кожи, что ведет к уменьшению кожного зуда, расчесывания и риска инфицирования. Использование экстрактов овса в клинических условиях подав- ляет проявления атопического дерматита, включая зуд и расчесы. Клинические испытания показыва- ют, что мягчительные средства, содержащие экстракт овса Rhealba, являются высокоэффективными стероид-замещающими агентами и рассматриваются как средства первой линии при ведении больных атопическим дерматитом, настоятельно рекомендуемые международными и национальными согласи- тельными документами и руководствами.
Background
Approximately, 13.5% of the population suffers from chronic itch. Many cosmetic and pharmaceutical treatments for itch are available; however, cosmetic treatments are not reliably effective and most pharmaceutical formulations carry the risk of adverse events with chronic use.
Aims
Previously, we have reported a novel extraction process of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that is, Baker's yeast. The extract obtained from the novel process demonstrates superior anti‐itch properties compared to other yeast extracts. In our previous study, we demonstrated that, after 30 minutes, the extract significantly reduced itch when compared to a placebo lotion (P = .002).
Methods
In the present study we conducted a head‐to‐head comparison with the leading cosmetic itch product: lotion containing colloidal oatmeal (CO). A randomized double‐blinded study of 60 patients was conducted.
Results
In our study, the novel yeast extract was vastly superior to the CO containing lotion (Aveeno™ Eczema Therapy Moisturizing Cream). We saw statistically significant difference in the reduction of itch (P = .0001) using the novel yeast extract vs the CO lotion. Additionally, the yeast extract was shown to relieve itch in as little as one minute after application.
Conclusion
The novel yeast extract rapidly relieves itch and is superior to the cosmetic market leader, CO lotion.
The aim of this article is to define the role of environmental management in the processes of research and development conducted by the partners in the supply chain. The publication describes the emerging trends related to the requirements of international companies (especially Original Equipment Manufacturers - OEMs) on reducing suppliers’ negative impact of new products on the environment. Increasingly, these requirements are taken into account during the initial assessment and periodic suppliers. The expectations that international companies have of suppliers include an ever wider range of implementations of the concept of environmental management contained in the ISO 14000 series of International Standards. These expectations include: the implementation of an environmental management system (in accordance with the guidelines of ISO 14001), the implementation of LCA (ISO series 14040), and the use of environmental labels and environmental statements (as required by series 14040). OEM companies are not limited to placing stringent requirements on suppliers. Many multinationals offer their suppliers special programs to support the implementation of environmental management.
Cosmeceuticals have biologically active ingredients and show beneficial results. However, they may not be US FDA approved. Most cosmeceuticals are made of extracts from marine algae, fruits, herbs, and other botanicals, and these ingredients may be existing already. There are a number of topical antiaging cos‐meceuticals that patients can use depending on their needs. Also known as fruit acids, alpha‐hydroxy acids (AHAs) are a group of chemical compounds that consist of a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon. The cosmetic and the pharmaceutical market is flooded with lightening products each claiming to be the best, but with limited clinical evidence to support their claim. Botanicals are active compounds that are isolated from plants. The potential concerns could be the lack of proper testing for efficacy. There are many false claims made, and products are highly priced.
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