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Estimating Maximum Heart Rate From Age: Is It a Linear Relationship?
... WHR= Rest heart rate in the construction site area, bpm. The estimated maximum heart rate was calculated using an age-corrected estimation formula proposed by Jackson et al. (2007) [26]. The resting heart rate was measured using the field resting heart rate (FRHR) [21]. ...
... WHR= Rest heart rate in the construction site area, bpm. The estimated maximum heart rate was calculated using an age-corrected estimation formula proposed by Jackson et al. (2007) [26]. The resting heart rate was measured using the field resting heart rate (FRHR) [21]. ...
... The reported linear equation [206.9Ϫ(0.67ϫage)], which was derived from a mean follow-up of 9 yrs (range: 5-17 yrs), provided a more accurate HRmax estimate (Jackson, 2007). We calculated HRmax using this linear equation. ...
... Almarwaey et al. (2003) argued for a fixed (La) of 2.5 mmol · L Ϫ1 when a single blood lactate value was used to assess distance running performance in trained adolescents. Their proposal has received some previous support (Williams and Armstrong, 1991;Jackson, 2007), although other investigators (Eriksson and Koch, 1973) would argue for the figure of 4 mmol · L Ϫ1 that we adopted (LT). In this study, there was no significant relationship between peak La, lactic acid measured at the point of exhaustion, and age (yrs) for both males and females. ...
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the running speed (vHRmax.pred) corresponding to a HRmax predicted by the formula [220-age (yrs)], is a useful physiologic index of endurance among trained young runners in a specified age group (12-20 yrs). Correlations were analyzed between vHRmax.pred and V̇o2max, vV̇o2max (running speed corresponding to V̇o2max,), vLT (running speed at a blood lactate level of 4 mmol·L⁻¹), vHRmax.meas (running speed at the measured HRmax), and competitive 1500 and 3000-m performance times in 43 endurance-trained, teenaged runners (25 males, 18 females).
Methods: Physiological variables (V̇o2, HR, and La) were measured during progressive sub-maximal and maximal treadmill running. Running speeds corresponding to V̇o2max, HRmax.meas, and HRmax.pred were estimated from regressions relating each individual's running speed to V̇o2 and HR.
Results: With a few exceptions, gender-specific correlation coefficients were significant between V̇o2max, vV̇o2max, vLT, vHRmax.meas, and vHRmax.pred, with values ranging from 0.41 to 0.93 (p<0.05). vHRmax.pred was a significant predictor of running performance for both 1500 and 3000-m events (r=−0.62 and −0.52 in males, and −0.66 and −0.80 in females, respectively).
Conclusion: The results suggested that vHRmax.pred is a useful predictor of endurance running performance in trained teenaged runners. This fact also suggested the possibility of developing an index of endurance running performance in untrained teenagers.
... where RHR is resting HR average from 5-min lying baselines; HRmax = 206.9 − (0.67 × age) (Jackson 2007). ...
Purpose
Virtual reality (VR) offers immersive environments for studying psychomotor performance, but the reliability of dry‐electrode electroencephalography (EEG) in assessing brain activity during dynamic VR exergames (VRex) remains unclear. The present study investigated the feasibility and reliability of dry‐electrode EEG frequency band, with primary focus on alpha band activity.
Methods
Ten amateur combat sports male participants (37 ± 11 years) volunteered for this study. The feasibility of dry‐electrode EEG recording during motion and test‐retest (24 h) reliability, was investigated. EEG measurements were obtained pre, post, and throughout a standardized boxing focus ball VRex session, comprising three 3‐min rounds interspersed with 1‐min rest intervals. EEG data were analyzed globally and at each electrode site, calculating average power spectral density values.
Findings
ICCs data indicated poor‐to‐excellent (0.208–0.858) reliability across all measurements within the 4‐ to 30‐Hz frequency range. Poor‐to‐good reliability (0.393–0.636) was found across the task‐active VRex intervals. Electrode sites ranged in reliability from poor (electrode P3; 0.262) to excellent (electrode P4; 0.728), with higher reliability found in the alpha band across electrode sites compared to average spectral band values.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrates the feasibility, although variable reliability, in neuronal detection during a dynamic VR task, using novel dry‐electrode EEG technology.
... After the measurements, the regression equation is also obtained, which reports a range of ±5-8 beats per minute. This equation has been recognized for resorting to more modern statistical methods and stands out for the conclusion that age and HRmax do not show a linear relationship (Jackson, 2007). Despite this, the authors are inclined to use a linear model to provide a useful and more practical equation (Gellish et al., 2007). ...
Maximum heart rate equations (HRmax) have been used due to their easy availability and practicality, as compared to stress tests. However, the best-known equation, “220 – age”, shows low reliability and deviations of up to 12 beats/min. New formulae have been proposed, but they have not been correctly validated. The purpose of this study was to validate 7 prediction equations by using an independent data set. A data base of 634 subjects (474 men and 160 women) 18–85 years of age, obtained within a health service developed at the University of Michigan from 1990–1992, has been used. The subjects performed a VO2max test on a treadmill, following a free protocol. A linear regression technique was used in which the appropriate equations were those that met the two hypotheses: slope = 1 and constant = 0. According to the results, none of the equations analyzed for the full sample accepted both hypotheses. When doing the analysis by sex, six of the equations met the two hypotheses for the women, but none of them for the men; and when the analysis was done by age group, 4 of the equations met the hypotheses for the group 40 years old or younger, but not for those above 40. The HRmax seems to be difficult to predict through a single equation. Therefore, it is recommended that, when a valid measure for this variable is needed, a stress test be used.
... Posterior a las mediciones, se obtiene de igual forma, la ecuación de regresión, la cual reporta un rango de ±5-8 latidos por minuto. Esta ha sido reconocida por la utilización de métodos estadísticos más modernos y destaca por la conclusión de que la edad y la FCmax no presentan una relación lineal (Jackson, 2007). A pesar de esto, los autores se inclinan por utilizar un modelo lineal para brindar una ecuación útil y más práctica (Gellish et al., 2007) Y, así como estas dos, se han propuesto ecuaciones para poblaciones específicas (enfermedad coronaria, hipertensión, retardo mental, personas entrenadas) y para la población general (Fernhall et al., 2001;Graettinger et al., 1995;Nes et al., 2013;Ricard et al., 1990) (Findley et al., 2021). ...
Las ecuaciones de frecuencia cardiaca máxima (FCmax) se han utilizado por su fácil obtención y practicidad, en comparación con las pruebas de esfuerzo. Sin embargo, la ecuación más conocida “220-edad” presenta baja fiabilidad y desviaciones de hasta 12 lat/min. Se han planteado nuevas fórmulas, pero estas no han sido correctamente validadas. El propósito de este estudio fue validar 7 ecuaciones de predicción utilizando una base de datos independiente. Se utiliza una base con datos de 634 sujetos (474 hombres y 160 mujeres) de 18-85 años, que fueron obtenidos como parte de un servicio de salud desarrollado en la Universidad de Michigan entre 1990-1992. Los sujetos realizaron una prueba de VO2max en banda sin fin, siguiendo un protocolo libre. Se utilizó la técnica de regresión lineal, en la que las ecuaciones adecuadas fueron aquellas que cumplieron con las 2 hipótesis: pendiente=1 y constante=0. De acuerdo con los resultados, ninguna de las ecuaciones analizadas para toda la muestra aceptó ambas hipótesis. Al realizar el análisis de acuerdo con el sexo, seis de las ecuaciones cumplieron con las dos hipótesis para las mujeres, pero ninguna para los hombres; y cuando se realizó de acuerdo con el grupo de edad, 4 de las ecuaciones cumplieron las hipótesis para el grupo de personas de 40 años o menos, pero no para el grupo de mayores de 40 años. La FCmax parece ser difícil de predecir por una única ecuación, por lo que se recomienda que cuando se necesite una medida válida de esta variable se recurra a una prueba directa.
... • Maximum Heart Rate Formula: HRmax (pred) = 206.9 -(0.67 x age) [18]. • Calculate one's reserve heart-rate (HRR) by subtracting the resting rate of heart from the maximum heart rate. ...
Background: Stroke is one of the world's leading causes of death and long-term lack of ability. Objectives: This study aimed to test the effect of aerobic versus anaerobic exercise on stroke patients' quality of life. Methods: Thirty male patients with stroke enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into three groups at random: two research groups (GA) and (GB) and one control group (GC). A traditional physical-therapy program was provided for the control group (GC) including: Passive Range of motion exercises for tightens muscles, Facilitation for weak muscles through: PNF technique, quick stretching. Besides traditional physical therapy, an aerobic exercise was performed by the patients in a study group (GA). Other than traditional physical treatment, patients received anaerobic training in the study group (GB). The session time for each group was 50-60 min; it is conducted three times a week for eight weeks. The Outcome Measures: The Arabic version of a short form dimension test (SF-36) used to assess the QOL items of the SF-36 were divided into eight different domains. All groups were evaluated before and after intervention with a QOL questionnaire (SF36). Results: There was a statistical meaningful increase in physical functioning, (vitality) energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, social functioning, pain and general-health in study groups (GA), (GB) compared with that of control group (GC) after therapy. However, there was no significant difference between groups in role limitations due to physical health and role limitations due to emotional problems. There was no meaningful difference in the quality of life items within groups (GA), (GB) after therapy. Conclusion: Eight weeks of training revealed non-significant difference between aerobic and anaerobic groups. However, either aerobic or anaerobic training has a beneficial effect on quality of life in stroke patients.
... Participants performed a 30-minute steady-state aerobic exercise at a target heart rate corresponding to each individual's 70% of VO 2max using the formula: % MHR = 0.6463 × (%VO 2max) + 37.182 (Swain et al., 1994). Maximum heart rate (MHR) was estimated using the equation proposed by Jackson (2007), while for cross-validation purposes, VO 2max was also predicted using the Single-Stage Submaximal Treadmill Test as previously described (Ebbeling et al., 1991). Briefly, the subjects walked on a treadmill at a 5% grade for 4 min at a speed of 4.8 km/h (3.0 m/h). ...
Exercise is a stress stimulus for the human organism affecting the homeostatic mechanisms of the body, depending on the type, duration, intensity and frequency of exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a moderate aerobic exercise bout on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis acute hormonal responses in healthy adult humans. Twelve healthy male and female volunteers (age: 30.6 ± 4.4 years), performed a single bout of a 30-minute aerobic exercise at 70% of VO2max on a treadmill, following standard diet. Blood samples were collected before (t0), at the end of the exercise bout (t30), and 30 min after the completion of exercise (t60). Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (COR), aldosterone (ALDO) and renin (REN) were measured. One-way ANOVA was used for statistics. ACTH and COR decreased after exercise, reaching significance (p < 0.01) 30 min after the completion of the exercise bout. ALDO increased at the end of exercise and remained elevated 30 min after its completion. REN significantly increased at the end of exercise (p < 0.05) and remained elevated. The exercise regimen used in this study had beneficial effects on the stress axis, suggesting that specific exercise protocols can be characterised by mild physiological stress-inducing effects hence be prescribed for special diseased populations.
... fue asignado a cada participante durante el desarrollo del programa y se estimó la frecuencia cardiaca máxima mediante la ecuación de Jackson 42 . La frecuencia cardiaca era controlada durante las sesiones por cada uno de los sujetos, usando su pulsómetro, programado para avisar si se superaba o no se alcanzaba la zona de trabajo. ...
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to assess the changes in the body composition and the cholesterol and triglycerides caused by a 6 weeks aerobic and resistance training program and a hypocaloric diet in a group of overweight post-menopausal women. Method: The sample population was made up of 18 post-menopausal women, 9 of them were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the other 9 to the control group. All the women presented more than 12 months of amenorrhea and had an age between 46 and 62 years old. None of them were involved in any physical activity. Results: Significant differences between experimental and control group were found in the variations of the body weight, the body fat mass and the muscle mass. No significant differences were found in the lipid profile. However, the effect size produced in the experimental group related to the control group was moderate for the decrease of the total cholesterol and the low density lipoproteins (LDL). Conclusion: These data suggest that a short-term (6 weeks) aerobic and resistance training program and a hypocaloric diet in overweight postmenopausal women produces substantial improvements in the body composition and a trend to improve the lipid profile. These changes can have a positive impact in the quality of life.
... • After informed consent forms, subjects were oriented to the Dynavision & treadmill • Heart Rate max (HR max ) was calculated using: HR max = 206.9 -(0.67 X age) 7, 8 • Subjects wore a SportLine Duo 1010 heart rate monitor on the chest, inferior to the pectoralis major • Subjects were baseline tested on the Dynavision • The unit was adjusted for each subject's height, & they were positioned to stand 14" from the unit • A one-minute warm-up exercise (A* test) was done to familiarize subjects with the Dynavision • Subjects were instructed to hit the illuminated red buttons as quickly and accurately as possible • Baseline test consisted of 3 tests with varying degrees of cognitive challenges • Test A = simple reaction time to lights with subjects calling out digits from the unit's "T-scope" ...
... After baseline testing, subjects were required to run on a treadmill (Woodway, Inc., Waukesha, WI, USA) for 30 minutes at 80% maximum heart rate (206.9-(0.67*Age)). 21 Afterward, subjects sat in a sauna at 70 °C for 15 minute intervals until 2% body weight loss was attained, which is the value that performance decrements begin to occur. 22 Nude, dry body weight was measured between sauna intervals via calibrated scale to ensure that the body weight loss was as close to 2% as possible. ...
... La frecuencia cardiaca máxima se determinó mediante una ecuación predictiva, que calcula la misma en función de la edad de los sujetos. Se utilizó la fórmula 206.9-(0.67 x edad) (Jackson, 2007), en vez de la frecuentemente utilizada 220-edad, ya que ésta última parece ser menos fiable, porque la relación entre la edad y la frecuencia cardíaca máxima no es lineal (Gellish, Goslin y Moudgil, 2007). ...
El Ciclismo Indoor es una actividad para practicar ejercicio físico de manera colectiva muy popular en los centros de fitness. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la respuesta de la frecuencia cardiaca, las intensidades alcanzadas y la percepción de esfuerzo percibida en sujetos principiantes durante una sesión de ciclismo indoor. Cincuenta y nueve sujetos voluntarios, de un centro deportivo privado, con edades de 13 a 48 años (media ± desviación típica: 32,1 ± 10,2 años) participaron en este estudio. La frecuencia cardiaca fue registrada durante toda la sesión. La percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo realizado fue evaluada tras finalizar la sesión. La sesión de ciclismo indoor estuvo compuesta de 10 minutos de calentamiento, seguida de una fase principal de 25 minutos de pedalada en llano, montaña sentado y montaña de pie, finalizando con una fase de vuelta a la calma de 10 minutos. La intensidad media de la sesión, en base a la frecuencia cardiaca de reserva, y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo total de la sesión fueron de 62,1% ± 10,5% y 14,2 ± 1,8 puntos, respectivamente. La mayor parte del tiempo de la sesión estuvo asociada a intensidades moderadas y altas. La intensidad durante la sesión de ciclismo indoor en adultos principiantes fue moderada-alta. Estos datos sugieren que el ciclismo indoor debe ser considerado como un ejercicio físico de alta intensidad para sujetos principiantes, aconsejándose el uso de sistemas de control de intensidad del esfuerzo.
... Consistent with consensus statements on regular aerobic exercise and with the rationale of achieving target duration and intensity to improve cardiovascular health after stroke, the training program had a target total duration of 40 minutes of treadmill walking at 65% to 85% heart rate maximum. 29 Although heart rate maximum is best calculated with a cardiac stress test, heart rate maximum was determined according to the methods described by Jackson,30 in which the most accurate relationship between heart rate and age was established; HR max = 205.8 − (0.685 × age). ...
Body-weight-supported treadmill training has been shown to be an effective intervention to improve walking characteristics for individuals who have experienced a stroke. A pressure-controlled treadmill utilizes a sealed chamber in which air pressure can be altered in a controlled manner to counteract the effects of gravity. The focus of this case study was to assess the immediate and short-term impact of a pressure-controlled treadmill to improve gait parameters, reduce fall risk, improve participation, and reduce the self-perceived negative impact of stroke in an individual with chronic stroke.
The subject was an 81-year-old man (14.5 months poststroke). He had slow walking speed, poor endurance, and multiple gait deviations.
The subject trained 4 times per week for 4 weeks (40 minutes per session) on a pressure-controlled treadmill (AlterG M320) to counter the influence of gravity on the lower extremities.
Following training, self-selected gait speed increased from 0.50 m/s to 0.96 m/s, as measured by the 10-meter walk test. Stride length increased from 0.58 m to 0.95 m after training and to 1.00 m at 1-month follow-up. Peak hip flexion increased from 3.7° to 24.6° after training and to 19.4° at 1-month follow-up. Peak knee flexion increased from 19.4° to 34.3° after training and to 42.7° at 1-month follow-up. Measures of endurance, fall risk, and percentage of perceived recovery also were found to improve posttraining.
Training with a pressure-controlled treadmill may be a viable alternative to traditional body-weight-supported treadmill training for persons poststroke. Additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to elucidate the role of pressure-controlled treadmill training in this population.
available for more insights from the authors (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A97).
... La frecuencia cardiaca máxima fue calculada mediante la ecuación predictiva 206,9 -(0,67 x edad) (Jackson, 2007). Esta fórmula ha mostrado una validez y fiabilidad mayor que la frecuentemente utilizada (220 -edad), debido a que la relación entre la edad y la frecuencia cardíaca máxima no es lineal (Gellish et al., 2007). ...
One hundred and thirty-three subjects between 22 and 64 years old (38 males and 95 females) from a private sport centre participated in this study. Mean percentage heart rate intensity (%HRR) and overall ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during an indoor cycling session. Mean %HRR and RPE shown during the main phase were considered as high intensity in male and females. The correlation value between %HHR and overall RPE was low but significant. In conclusion, indoor cycling is a high-intensity activity. Borg’s RPE is not a valid instrument for controlling the intensity of effort during indoor cycling activity.
... HR max was recorded as being the maximum heart rate achieved during a standard 2000m rowing ergometer test within the last 6 months (only athletes with this data were chosen to participate in this investigation). This method of HR max determination was chosen over formulaic approaches [51,52] due to the large degree of error inherent in the estimation of HR max [53]. The maximum heart rate was reported by the rowers' coaches (who kept a record of this data), and training session heart rates were collected by the experimenter. ...
This investigation explored the relationship between task intensity, competitive setting, and attentional strategy in collegiate rowers. Here, the associative-dissociative dimension of attentional focus is considered. Associative thoughts are task-related, whereas dissociative thoughts are not. Previous work has linked associative strategies with higher level performance, and higher intensities of exercise (i.e. those which exceed the ventilatory threshold). Male and female collegiate rowers (N = 298) completed three training sessions (one each at low, moderate, and high intensity) and two races (short and long distance). Results revealed that the higher the training intensity, the greater the degree of association. A greater degree of association was also observed in competition as opposed to training, and in short distance versus long distance races. There was no gender difference in attentional strategy. Finally, it was shown that the variation in attentional strategy was inversely proportional to exercise intensity. These findings support previous work examining the effect of task intensity on attentional focus [1], in a field based setting. Furthermore, new insight is offered regarding how competition interacts with intensity in this relationship.
... fue asignado a cada participante durante el desarrollo del programa y se estimó la frecuencia cardiaca máxima mediante la ecuación de Jackson 42 . La frecuencia cardiaca era controlada durante las sesiones por cada uno de los sujetos, usando su pulsómetro, programado para avisar si se superaba o no se alcanzaba la zona de trabajo. ...
Objective
The purpose of this paper is to assess the changes in the body composition and the cholesterol and triglycerides caused by a 6 weeks aerobic and resistance training program and a hypocaloric diet in a group of overweight post-menopausal women.
Method
The sample population was made up of 18 post-menopausal women, 9 of them were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the other 9 to the control group. All the women presented more than 12 months of amenorrhea and had an age between 46 and 62 years old. None of them were involved in any physical activity.
Results
Significant differences between experimental and control group were found in the variations of the body weight, the body fat mass and the muscle mass. No significant differences were found in the lipid profile. However, the effect size produced in the experimental group related to the control group was moderate for the decrease of the total cholesterol and the low density lipoproteins (LDL).
Conclusion
These data suggest that a short-term (6 weeks) aerobic and resistance training program and a hypocaloric diet in overweight postmenopausal women produces substantial improvements in the body composition and a trend to improve the lipid profile. These changes can have a positive impact in the quality of life.
... In addition, we measured the heart rate of each participant at rest ( rest HR ) for later use in our analysis. (1) Here, rest HR is the heart rate of the participant at rest, Intensity is a level that ranges between 50% and 60%, and max HR is the maximum heart rate that a participant can achieve at a time [32]. It is worth noting that a participant might never achieve max HR since this an approximation found using Table 2) based on a 50% to 60% physical intensity level, which is considered to be the light to medium exercise intensity level recommended for children's daily routines [33]. ...
Recently, games that incorporate exertion interfaces have emerged and are gaining attention from both academic researchers and commercial companies. Exergaming refers to video games that promote physical activity through playing. Exergames are believed to be a good method of promoting physical activity in children. Such games encourage children to engage in physical activity while enjoying their gaming experience. Nonetheless, we wanted to investigate whether combining exercising and learning modalities could be more beneficial for children's well-being. In this paper, we present our exergaming system called the ExerLearn Bike System, which combines both physical and educational aspects. The ExerLearn Bike System not only engages children in exercising through playing, but also provides them with learning experiences at the same time. We adopted a modular design approach that makes it possible to use any stationary bicycle as an input interface by attaching a number of devices on the bike.
... To calculate the THR, the maximum Heart Rate (HR max ) should be calculated first. This corresponds to the highest level of a healthy heart rate during exercising [16]. HR max is obtained though equation (1) ...
One common concern with video games today is the lack of physical activity they demand from the user. The design of games and tangible user interfaces (TUIs) that stimulate players and engage them into fun exercising activities is starting to attract the attention of many researchers and companies. This paper presents the software and hardware design and development of a TUI intended for exercise-based games targeted mostly towards children. The proposed TUI, SmartPads, can be constructed using elemental building blocks (pads) into numerous shapes. The pads-which are individually controlled by microcontrollers-are mapped onto a computer screen in real-time. A user interacts with the TUI by stepping on the pads. To evaluate the functionality and efficiency of the TUI, we developed three games in the field of exergaming. The games also have an educational value and are integrated with multimedia output modalities to enrich children's playing experience.
Workers face a notable risk of musculoskeletal injuries when performing squatting tasks. Knee exoskeletons offer a promising solution to mitigate muscle strain through squat assistance. However, existing studies on knee exoskeletons lack a comprehensive study that meets the multifaceted requirements of squatting assistance in terms of portability, efficiency, and muscle strain mitigation. Furthermore, another open research question pertains to the control strategy of squat assistance, which should be adaptable to various postures and cadences for different individuals. In particular, the effect of controlling negative power assistance during the squat-down phase is not studied.
To fill these two gaps, first, we develop a simple (computationally efficient and implementable in a microcontroller) and generalizable (for different postures, cadences, and individuals) torque controller for portable knee exoskeletons that delivers both negative and positive power. Our portable knee exoskeleton can benefit users by enhancing efficiency (reducing metabolic cost, heart rate, breathing ventilation), mitigating muscle strain (reducing EMG), and reducing perceived exertion (reducing Borg 6–20 scale) during squatting. Second, we study the effect of three levels of negative power assistance during the squat-down phase.
This study integrates comprehensive biomechanics and physiology analyses that evaluate our exoskeleton's effectiveness using four objective and two subjective metrics with a group of able-bodied subjects (n = 7). The exoskeleton reduced metabolic cost by 12.8%, heart rate by 13.8%, breathing ventilation by 8.9%, and reduced extensor muscle activity by 39.4–43.2%, flexor muscle activity by 18.9–20.3%, and Borg perceived exertion rate by 1.8 during squatting compare with not wearing the robot.
Different from the musculoskeletal model predictions that suggest increasing benefit with a higher level of negative power assistance, we find that the best performances were achieved with a moderate level of negative power assistance, followed by no assistance and then high assistance.
This study proposes the concept of the field resting heart rate (FRHR) and aims to approach the practical workload of workers at construction worksites using the percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR). As part of this study, an FRHR algorithm has been developed, which accesses the real-time resting heart rate (RHR) benchmark using photoplethysmography (PPG)-based heart rate wristbands. The results suggest a reasonable FRHR can be extracted by a single minimum working heart rate and refined for five days at least to obtain a convergence FRHR of below three bites per minute (bpm). It provides the %HRR baseline to develop a continuous long-term personalized workload indicator. The study also establishes the individual physical workload safety zone and the reasonable boundaries on the S-curve distribution by accumulative working time in a tunnel project. The real-time monitoring system introduced in this study can reduce health risks and be beneficial to construction management.
Background:
Despite the obvious benefits of aerobic exercise for asthmatic patients, controversies persist. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of continuous aerobic exercise on lung function and quality of life of asthmatic patients.
Methods:
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up to May 2019 and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of asthmatic patients intervened with whole body continuous aerobic exercise (moderate intensity, at least 20 minutes and two times a week, over a minimum period of four weeks), in which the endpoint measures were lung function and asthma-related quality of life. A fixed-effects model (I2≤50%) or random-effects model (I2>50%) was applied to calculate the pooled effects according to the I2-and Chi-squared (χ2) test, funnel plots were quantified to present publication bias, and a P value <0.05 was statistically significant.
Results:
Eventually, 22 trials conformed to the selection criteria. In the aerobic exercise group, the forced expiratory volume improved in one second (FEV1) (I2=10.2%, WMD: 0.12, P=0.011), peak expiratory flow (PEF) (I2=87.3%, WMD: 0.66, P=0.002), forced vital capacity (FVC) (I2=0.0%, WMD: 0.18, P<0.001), FVC/predict (I2=3.9%, WMD: 4.3, P=0.014), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%) (I2=0.0%, WMD: 9.6, P=0.005), Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) (I2=0.0%, WMD: 0.20, P=0.002), and Pediatric Asthma Quality of life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) (I2=72.1%, WMD: 0.81, P<0.001), respectively, while no statistical significance existed in FEV1%predict (I2=36.0%, WMD: 0.68, P=0.312) and FEV1/FVC ratio (I2=0.0%, WMD: 0.27, P=0.443) compared with the control group. When the exercise mode was taken into account, we observed significant improvement in FEV1, PEF, and FVC in the swimming (P<0.05) or indoor treadmill (P<0.05) training group.
Conclusions:
Our meta-analysis proved that regular continuous aerobic exercise benefits asthma patients on FEV1, PEF, FVC, FVC%pred, FEF25-75%, and quality of life, and was well tolerated, while there were no improvements in FEV1%pred and FEV1/FVC%. As such, swimming and treadmill training may be appropriate options.
Objective
Hypoglycaemia related to exercise and lack of confidence to exercise, are common in T1DM. An online educational exercise tool (ExT1D) was tested to determine whether these parameters can be improved.
Research design and methods
Thirty two adults with T1DM (50%M, age 35.8 ± 9.5 yr diabetes duration 12.3 ± 9.9 yr, median HbA1c 7.1%[ICR 6.4–7.7] NGSPU) exercising ≥ 60 min/week enrolled in a RCT utilising ExT1D, with partial cross-over design. The primary end-point was Exercise-related hypoglycaemia (ErH) number corrected for exercise session number, with ErH defined as CGM episodes < 4.0 mM occurring within 24 h of exercise. Secondary RCT endpoints were total ErH duration, and ErH duration/episode. A pre-defined longitudinal analysis with each subject compared with their baseline was also undertaken, for the three ErH parameters, and using fear of hypoglycaemia questionnaires.
Research
In the RCT a 50% lower median ErH number (P = 0.6) (37% lower ErH number per exercise session (P = 0.06, NS primary endpoint) occurred in the Intervention vs Control group. A 49% lower ErH duration per episode (P = 0.2), and 80% less ErH duration (P = 0.3), were also observed in the Intervention vs Control group. In the longitudinal study, ErH number reduced by 43% (P = 0.088), ErH duration per episode by 52% (P = 0.157) and total duration of ErH fell by 71% (P = 0.015). Confidence to prevent glucose lowering by exercise also improved (P = 0.039). Post-hoc analysis showed those with the greatest ErH events at baseline benefited most. Fructosamine and HbA1c levels were unchanged from baseline.
Conclusions
ExT1D can reduce exercise-related hypoglycaemia and provide greater confidence to exercise.
Obesity rates in the world, especially in the developed countries are alarming. This has forced scientists to consider obesity as an epidemic due to its huge negative consequences on the societies' physical and mental health. Obese Children constitute a large portion of those affected by this epidemic and researchers are striving to find solutions which can curb its spread. Exergames have emerged as promising tools that can help in the fight against obesity because it promotes physical activity through playing. In this paper, we present a mobile-based exergaming system that targets children of different ages and that aims to encourage them to do running and jumping exercises in an enjoyable manner. It currently incorporates 1 game but its modular structure enables to easily accept even more games. The system uses a novel foot interface and a heart monitor that allow interacting with a special game that can adapt to the user's performance. The preliminary evaluations with two children have shown that the system can be an effective tool that engages users into physical activity.
Indoor Cycling has become a popular cardio-vascular activity for group exercise classes in the fitness centers. The purposes of this study were to measure the heart rate response and rating of perceived exertion in novice subjects performing a 45-min indoor cycling session. Fifty-nine subjects volunteered ranged from 13 to 48 years (mean ± SD, age: 32.1 ± 10.2 years old) were recruited from the clients of a private fitness club. They participated in a 45-min Spinning cycle indoor session. Heart rate was measured during the session and the overall rating of perceived exertion (overall-RPE) was measured to finish the session. The indoor cycling session was comprised of a warm-up (10 min), followed by a 25 min trial (cardiovascular phase) of flat, run, seated climb and standing climb activities, followed by a cool down (10 min). The mean values of percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR) and overall-RPE in the session were 62.1% ± 10.5% and 14.2 ± 1.8 point, respectively. The most time of the session was associated to moderate and hard intensities. The intensity during indoor cycling class in novice adults ranged from moderate to hard values. These data suggest that indoor cycling must be considered a high-intensity exercise mode of exercise for novice subjects.
Key Words: indoor cycling; RPE; cardiovascular exercise; fitness.
El Ciclismo Indoor es una actividad para practicar ejercicio físico de manera colectiva muy popular en los centros de fitness. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la respuesta de la frecuencia cardiaca, las intensidades alcanzadas y la percepción de esfuerzo percibida en sujetos principiantes durante una sesión de ciclismo indoor. Cincuenta y nueve sujetos voluntarios, de un centro deportivo privado, con edades de 13 a 48 años (media ± desviación típica: 32,1 ± 10,2 años) participaron en este estudio. La frecuencia cardiaca fue registrada durante toda la sesión. La percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo realizado fue evaluada tras finalizar la sesión. La sesión de ciclismo indoor estuvo compuesta de 10 minutos de calentamiento, seguida de una fase principal de 25 minutos de pedalada en llano, montaña sentado y montaña de pie, finalizando con una fase de vuelta a la calma de 10 minutos. La intensidad media de la sesión, en base a la frecuencia cardiaca de reserva, y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo total de la sesión fueron de 62,1% ± 10,5% y 14,2 ± 1,8 puntos, respectivamente. La mayor parte del tiempo de la sesión estuvo asociada a intensidades moderadas y altas. La intensidad durante la sesión de ciclismo indoor en adultos principiantes fue moderada-alta. Estos datos sugieren que el ciclismo indoor debe ser considerado como un ejercicio físico de alta intensidad para sujetos principiantes, aconsejándose el uso de sistemas de control de intensidad del esfuerzo.
Palabras Clave: ciclismo indoor; RPE; ejercicio cardiovascular; fitness.</p
The ability of older persons to function independently is dependent largely on the maintenance of sufficient aerobic capacity and strength to perform daily activities. Although peak aerobic capacity is widely recognized to decline with age, its rate of decline has been estimated primarily from cross-sectional studies that may provide misleading, overly optimistic estimates of aging changes.
To determine longitudinal rate of change in aerobic capacity and the influence of age, gender, and physical activity on these changes, we performed serial measurements of peak treadmill oxygen consumption (peak VO2) in 375 women and 435 men ages 21 to 87 years from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, a community-dwelling cohort free of clinical heart disease, over a median follow-up period of 7.9 years. A linear mixed-effects regression model was used to calculate the predicted longitudinal 10-year rate of change in peak VO2, expressed in milliliters per minute, for each age decade from the 20s through the 70s after adjustment for self-reported leisure-time physical activity. A longitudinal decline in peak VO2 was observed in each of the 6 age decades in both sexes; however, the rate of decline accelerated from 3% to 6% per 10 years in the 20s and 30s to >20% per 10 years in the 70s and beyond. The rate of decline for each decade was larger in men than in women from the 40s onward. Similar longitudinal rates of decline prevailed when peak VO2 was indexed per kilogram of body weight or per kilogram of fat-free mass and in all quartiles of self-reported leisure-time physical activity. When the components of peak VO2 were examined, the rate of longitudinal decline of the oxygen pulse (ie, the O2 utilization per heart beat) mirrored that of peak VO2, whereas the longitudinal rate of heart rate decline averaged only 4% to 6% per 10 years, and accelerated only minimally with age.
The longitudinal rate of decline in peak VO2 in healthy adults is not constant across the age span in healthy persons, as assumed by cross-sectional studies, but accelerates markedly with each successive age decade, especially in men, regardless of physical activity habits. The accelerated rate of decline of peak aerobic capacity has substantial implications with regard to functional independence and quality of life, not only in healthy older persons, but particularly when disease-related deficits are superimposed.
Maximal heart rate (HRmax)-prediction equations based on a person's age are frequently used in prescribing exercise intensity and other clinical applications. Results from various cross-sectional studies have shown a linear decrease in HRmax during exercise with increasing age. However, it is less well established that longitudinal tracking of the same individuals' HRmax as they age exhibits an identical linear relationship. This study examined the longitudinal relationship between age and HRmax during exercise.
A retrospective analysis of maximal graded exercise test (GXT) results for members participating in a university-based health-assessment/fitness center between 1978 and 2003 was undertaken in 2006. Records were examined from individuals (N = 132) of both sexes who represented a broad range of age and fitness levels and who had multiple GXT (total N = 908) conducted over 25 years. HRmax-prediction equations based on participants' age and HRmax elicited during the tests were developed using a linear mixed-models statistical analysis approach.
Clinical measurements obtained during the administration of the GXT included in this longitudinal study resulted in the generation of a univariate prediction model: HRmax = 207 - 0.7 x age. Model parameters were highly statistically significant (P < 0.001).
The relationship between age and HRmax during exercise developed in this longitudinal study has resulted in a prediction equation appreciably different from the conventional HRmax formula (220 - age) often used in exercise prescription, and it confirms findings from recent cross-sectional investigations of HRmax.
In an attempt to reduce the confusion regarding reported effects of age upon maximal exercise heart rate (HR max), a comprehensive review of the English literature was conducted to obtain descriptive statistical data representing over 23,000 independent subjects from 5 to 81 years old. The data were split randomly into two data sets for independent regression analyses. HR max was the dependent variable while independent variables include: age, age2, age3, age4, sex, level of fitness, type of ergometer, exercise protocol, continent of residence, and race. After cross validation the data were pooled and reanalyzed. Additional validation was accomplished on identifiable subsets of the data, e.g., cross sectional, longitudinal, training, comparative ergometry, and comparative sex studies. Results identified negative linear and non-linear age factors, an ergometry factor, a fitness factor and a continent factor. Age accounted for about 70–75% of the variability. Generalized equations were proposed. Even with all factors accounted for, the 95% confidence interval of individual HR max was about 45 beats/min. Tables of HR max derived from the equations are included.
The historic studies by Robinson and Astrand as well as more recent studies present a fairly uniform rate of decline in VO2max with age at 0.40-0.50 ml X kg-1 X min-1 X year-1 in men. In women the rate of decline appears to be less--approximately 0.20-0.35 ml X kg-1 X min-1 X year-1, at least in cross-sectional studies. Further, there is no clear distinction in the rate of change in VO2max when comparing active and inactive populations. Longitudinal studies varying from 2.5 to 21 to 56 years present a confounding picture. The rate of decline in VO2max varies from 0.04 to 1.43 ml X kg-1 X min-1 X year-1. There is some indication that active individuals decline at a slower rate than inactive persons but the results are not uniform. A possible explanation is that changes in VO2max over the entire age range may be curvilinear, with active individuals declining slowly as long as they maintain a regular exercise program, and sedentary individuals declining at a rapid rate during their 20's and 30's followed by a slower rate of decline of their VO2max as they age further.
This study quantified and compared the cross-sectional and longitudinal influence of age, self-report physical activity (SR-PA), and body composition (%fat) on the decline of maximal aerobic power (VO2peak). The cross-sectional sample consisted of 1,499 healthy men ages 25-70 yr. The 156 men of the longitudinal sample were from the same population and examined twice, the mean time between tests was 4.1 (+/- 1.2) yr. Peak oxygen uptake was determined by indirect calorimetry during a maximal treadmill exercise test. The zero-order correlations between VO2peak and %fat (r = -0.62) and SR-PA (r = 0.58) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher that the age correlation (r = -0.45). Linear regression defined the cross-sectional age-related decline in VO2peak at 0.46 ml.kg-1.min-1.yr-1. Multiple regression analysis (R = 0.79) showed that nearly 50% of this cross-sectional decline was due to %fat and SR-PA, adding these lifestyle variables to the multiple regression model reduced the age regression weight to -0.26 ml.kg-1.min-1.yr-1. Statistically controlling for time differences between tests, general linear models analysis showed that longitudinal changes in aerobic power were due to independent changes in %fat and SR-PA, confirming the cross-sectional results.
This study quantified and compared the cross-sectional and longitudinal influence of age, self-report physical activity (SR-PA), and body composition (%fat) on the decline of maximal aerobic power (VO2peak) of women. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 409 healthy women, ages 20-64 yr. The 43 women of the longitudinal sample were from the same population and examined twice, the mean time between tests was 3.7 (+/-2.2) yr. Peak oxygen uptake was determined by indirect calorimetry during a maximal treadmill test. The zero-order correlation of -0.742 between VO2peak and %fat was significantly (P < 0.05) higher then the SR-PA (r = 0.626) and age correlations (r = -0.633). Linear regression defined the cross-sectional age-related decline in VO2peak at 0.537 ml.kg-1.min-1.yr-1. Multiple regression analysis (R = 0.851) showed that adding %fat and SR-PA and their interaction to the regression model reduced the age regression weight of -0.537, to -0.265 ml.kg-1.min-1.yr-1. Statistically controlling for time differences between tests, general linear models analysis showed that longitudinal changes in aerobic power were due to independent changes in %fat and SR-PA, confirming the cross-sectional results. These findings are consistent with men's data from the same lab showing that about 50% of the cross-sectional age-related decline in VO2peak was due to %fat and SR-PA.
We sought to determine a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) in healthy adults.
The age-predicted HRmax equation (i.e., 220 - age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing. Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HRmax equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults.
First, a meta-analytic approach was used to collect group mean HRmax values from 351 studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects. Subsequently, the new equation was cross-validated in a well-controlled, laboratory-based study in which HRmax was measured in 514 healthy subjects.
In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly related to age (r = -0.90), using the equation of 208 - 0.7 x age. The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 - 0.7 x age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis. The regression line was not different between men and women, nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels.
1) A regression equation to predict HRmax is 208 - 0.7 x age in healthy adults. 2) HRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status. Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HRmax in older adults. This would have the effect of underestimating the true level of physical stress imposed during exercise testing and the appropriate intensity of prescribed exercise programs.
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis
- J D Singer
- J B Willett
SINGER, J. D., and J. B. WILLETT. Applied Longitudinal Data
Analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2003.