Article

The Effect of Contrast Water Therapy on Symptoms of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

August 2007
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21(3):697-702

DOI:10.1519/R-19355.1

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Nicholas David Gill

University of Waikato

Anthony J Blazevich

Edith Cowan University

This study examined the effect of contrast water therapy (CWT) on the physiological and functional symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) following DOMS-inducing leg press exercise. Thirteen recreational athletes performed 2 experimental trials separated by 6 weeks in a randomized crossover design. On each occasion, subjects performed a DOMS-inducing leg press protocol consisting of 5 x 10 eccentric contractions (180 seconds recovery between sets) at 140% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). This was followed by a 15-minute recovery period incorporating either CWT or no intervention, passive recovery (PAS). Creatine kinase concentration (CK), perceived pain, thigh volume, isometric squat strength, and weighted jump squat performance were measured prior to the eccentric exercise, immediately post recovery, and 24, 48, and 72 hours post recovery. Isometric force production was not reduced below baseline measures throughout the 72-hour data collection period following CWT ( approximately 4-10%). However, following PAS, isometric force production (mean +/- SD) was 14.8 +/- 11.4% below baseline immediately post recovery (p < 0.05), 20.8 +/- 15.6% 24 hours post recovery (p < 0.05), and 22.5 +/- 12.3% 48 hours post recovery (p < 0.05). Peak power produced during the jump squat was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) following both PAS (20.9 +/- 13.4%) and CWT (12.8 +/- 8.0%), with the mean reduction in power for PAS being marginally (not significantly) greater than for CWT (effect size = 0.76). Thigh volume measured immediately following CWT was significantly less than PAS. No significant differences in the changes in CK were found; in addition, there were no significant (p > 0.01) differences in perceived pain between treatments. Contrast water therapy was associated with a smaller reduction, and faster restoration, of strength and power measured by isometric force and jump squat production following DOMS-inducing leg press exercise when compared to PAS. Therefore, CWT seems to be effective in reducing and improving the recovery of functional deficiencies that result from DOMS, as opposed to passive recovery.

La hidroterapia y sus efectos sobre el dolor muscular tardío en deportistas: una revisión sistemática (Hydroterapy and its effects on delayed onset muscle soreness in athletes: a systematic review)

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Introducción: Actualmente, la hidroterapia ha cobrado gran importancia como una opción viable para el tratamiento del dolor muscular tardío en deportistas, teniendo diversos protocolos para llevarse a cabo como método de recuperación, siendo la inmersión en agua fría con temperatura de 10ºC y tiempo aproximado de 10 minutos la más utilizada debido a los procesos fisiológicos y metabólicos que ejerce el agua sobre el organismo. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la hidroterapia sobre el dolor muscular tardío (DOMS) en deportistas. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de estudios aleatorios entre los meses de febrero y marzo de 2022, para lo cual se consultaron las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, PEDro, Ebsco y Google Académico. Se utilizaron los términos “delayed onset muscle soreness” AND “hydrotherapy” OR “water immersion” OR “water therapy”. Resultados: Un total de 457 estudios fueron identificados, solamente 18 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión siendo incluidos para esta revisión. En todos los estudios se utilizó la terapia de inmersión en agua (IA) fría como tratamiento del Dolor muscular tardío (DOMS) y se comparó con algún otro método de recuperación. La recuperación en agua fría fue mejor que la recuperación pasiva y que la terapia de contraste con agua. Conclusión: La hidroterapia es una estrategia efectiva como método de recuperación y tratamiento para la reducción del dolor muscular tardío en sujetos de diferentes disciplinas deportivas. Abstract. Introduction: Currently, hydroterapy has gained a great importance as a viable option for the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness in athletes, having various protocols to be carried out as a recovery method, being the immersion in cold water with a temperature of 10ºC and an approximate time of 10 minutes the most used due to the physiological and metabolic processes that water has on the body. Aim: To determine the effect of hydrotherapy on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in athletes. Methodology: A systematic review of randomized studies was carried out between the moths of february and march 2022, for which the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Pedro, Ebsco and Google Scholar databases were searched. The terms “delayed onset muscle soreness” AND “hydrotherapy” OR “water immersion” OR “water therapy” were used. Results: A total of 457 studies were identified, of which only 18 met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Cold water immersion therapy (CWI) was used as treatment for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in all studies and compared with some other recovery method. Recovery in cold water was better than passive recovery and contrast water therapy. Conclusion: Hydroterapy is an effective strategy as a recovery method and treatment for the reduction of DOMS in participants of different sports disciplines.

The impact of cold-water-immersion on athletes’ muscle function and aerobic capacity: studies from thin to thick

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021
Tunis Med

Helmi Ben Saad

Studies treating the impact of cold-water-immersion (CWI) on athletes’ performance are very interesting and should be encouraged. The CWI is currently attracting the attention of the sports world as a recovery technique and it is often recommended in sports where contact is repeated throughout training and competitions. However, if some studies reported the efficacy of CWI as an analgesic against traumatic or immune aspects, currently there is not consistent unanimity of its use as a method of improving performance. The researchers set out to observe the effects of CWI on the restoration of numerous performance indicators, characterizing both the aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways, but also the different modalities of muscle contraction. However, few data appear to be available on the effects of CWI on performance and recovery capacity and very few studies have observed results in the same direction. Results regarding the impact of CWI on performance are conflicting, with a few studies suggesting beneficial effects and others indicating negligible effects. The two main aims of the present paper are to briefly expose the literature data related to the effects of CWI on muscle function and aerobic capacity of athletes, and to clarify the origin of discrepancies between studies’ findings.

Cryotherapy Models and Timing-Sequence Recovery of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners

Article

Mar 2020

Context Among sports-recovery methods, cold-water immersion (CWI), contrast-water therapy (CWT), and whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) have been applied widely to enhance recovery after strenuous exercise. However, the different timing effects in exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) after these recovery protocols remain unknown. Objective To compare the effects of CWI, CWT, and WBC on the timing-sequence recovery of EIMD through different indicator responses. Design Crossover study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Twelve male middle- and long-distance runners from the Beijing Sport University (age = 21.00 ± 0.95 years). Intervention(s) Participants were treated with different recovery methods (control [CON], CWI, CWT, WBC) immediately postexercise and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise. Main Outcome Measure(s) We measured perceived sensation using a visual analog scale (VAS), plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) activity, and vertical-jump height (VJH) pre-exercise, immediately postexercise, and at 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours postexercise. Results For the VAS score and CK activity, WBC exhibited better timing-sequence recovery effects than CON and CWI ( P < .05), but the CWT demonstrated better effects than CON ( P < .05). The CRP activity was lower after WBC than after the other interventions ( P < .05). The VJH was lower after WBC than after CON and CWI ( P < .05). Conclusions The WBC positively affected VAS, CK, CRP, and VJH associated with EIMD. The CWT and CWI also showed positive effects. However, for the activity and timing-sequence effect, CWT had weaker effects than WBC.

Effects of Water Immersion Methods on Postexercise Recovery of Physical and Mental Performance

Article

Apr 2019

Ahokas, EK, Ihalainen, JK, Kyröläinen, H, and Mero, AA. Effects of water immersion methods on postexercise recovery of physical and mental performance. J Strength Cond Res 33(6): 1488-1495, 2019-The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 3 water immersion interventions performed after active recovery compared with active recovery only on physical and mental performance measures and physiological responses. The subjects were physically active men (age 20-35 years, mean ± SD 26 ± 3.7 years). All subjects performed a short-term exercise protocol, including maximal jumps and sprinting. Four different recovery methods (10 minutes) were used in random order: cold water immersion (CWI, 10° C), thermoneutral water immersion (TWI, 24° C), and contrast water therapy (CWT, alternately 10° C and 38° C). All these methods were performed after an active recovery (10-minute bicycle ergometer; heart rate [HR] 120-140 b·min, 60-73% from age-calculated maximum HR), and the fourth method was active recovery (ACT) only. Within 96 hours after exercise bouts, recovery was assessed through a 30-m maximal sprint test, maximal countermovement jump (CMJ), self-perceived muscle soreness and relaxation questionnaires, and blood lactate, creatine kinase, testosterone, cortisol, and catecholamine levels. The self-perceived feeling of relaxation after 60-minute recovery was better (p < 0.05) after CWI and CWT than ACT and TWI. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the recovery methods in any other marker. In the 30-m sprint test, however, slower running time was found in ACT (p < 0.001) and CWT (p = 0.005), and reduced CMJ results (p < 0.05) were found in ACT when the results were compared with baseline values. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that CWI and CWT improve the acute feeling of relaxation that can play a positive role in athletes' performance and well-being.

The Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping in Recovering from Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Cross-Over Study

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2019

Context: Kinesio taping (KT) is a popular taping technique used in the recovery process; however, in the relevant literature, there is no real consensus on its efficacy. Objective: To investigate whether rectus femoris KT application after delayed onset muscle soreness enhances recovery of muscle soreness, edema, and physical performance. Participants: A total of 22 healthy amateur male athletes participated in this study. Design: Randomized, crossover study. Setting: Human performance laboratory of the university. Interventions: Participants performed an exercise protocol inducing delayed onset muscle soreness. They accomplished 2 distinct trials, with or without KT. The washout period between trials was 6 weeks. For the KT condition, KT inhibition technique was used and applied immediately after exercise bilaterally on rectus femoris. Main outcome measures: Range of motion, muscle soreness, and edema were measured at baseline, 30 minutes, 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise. Dynamic balance, sprint, and horizontal jump were evaluated at similar time frame except for 30-minute postexercise. Results: The findings showed that there were no significant differences between the KT group (KTG) and control group for all outcome variables (P > .05). Muscle soreness returned to baseline values 72 hours postexercise only within the KTG (P > .05). Although the horizontal jump performance decreased substantially from baseline to 24 and 48 hours postexercise only within the control group (P < .05), the performance increased significantly from 24 to 72 hours postexercise within the KTG (P < .05). Balance increased significantly from baseline to 48 hours postexercise (P < .05) in both groups. Balance also increased significantly from baseline to 72 hours postexercise only within the KTG (P < .05). The effect size of soreness which is our primary outcome was large in both groups (r > .5). Conclusions: KT is favorable in the recovery of muscle soreness after delayed onset muscle soreness. KT has beneficial effects on horizontal jump performance and dynamic balance.

Effects of cold water immersion on aerobic capacity and muscle strength of young footballers

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018
Tunis Med

Aims: The main aim was to compare aerobic performance data, determined before «period1» and after «period2» cold water immersion in two groups of footballers (CWI and no-CWI groups). Methods: This is an experimental study with matching and randomization. The 20 male footballers, aged 17 to 20 years, were divided into two groups (n = 10 for each) following a random draw. The two groups were age-, height- and weight matched. 1000-m race was made during the two periods. Heart-rate (HR, % of theoretical maximum HR) and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (Oxy-sat, %) were measured before and after the race, and the time of the race (min) was noted. An Oxy-sat decrease > 4 points retained the diagnosis of exercise-induced desaturation. Eight CWI sessions (one per week), until the hip in a standing position (10 min; temperature: 11-12 °C) were performed. Results: The two groups were age-, height- and weight matched. Comparatively to the race time of «period1», this of «period2» was decreased in the CWI group (3.21±0.04 vs. 3.15±0.04 min) and was increased in the no-CWI group (3.23±0.05 vs. 3.27±0.07 min). Comparatively to the HRs (before, after the race) of «period1», these of «period2» were decreased in the CWI group (36±1 vs. 34±1%; 56±3 vs. 44±2%) and were increased in the no-CWI group (35±2 vs. 36±1%; 55±2 vs. 57±2%). Comparatively to the after race Oxy-sat' of the «period1», this of «period2» was increased in the CWI group (96±1 vs. 98±0%) and was decreased in the no-CWI group (96±1 vs. 95±1%). While in the CWI group, the percent of desaturators was decreased between «period1» and «period2» (30 vs. 0%), in the no-CWI group, percentages remained similar (50 vs. 90%). Conclusion: CWI improves aerobic capacity and muscle strength of young footballers.

Influence of contrast compression therapy and water immersion contrast therapy on biomechanical parameters of the forearm muscles in martial arts athletes

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2025

Objective This study compared the immediate effects of game-ready contrast therapy (GRT) and contrast water immersion therapy (CWT) on stiffness, muscle tone, flexibility, pressure pain threshold, and isometric muscle strength. Design Experimental, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Thirty volunteers training MMA (age: 28.20 ± 7.57 years, BMI: 26.35 ± 4.06, training experience: 10.37 ± 7.34) were randomized to two groups: experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15). In the first phase, the experimental group underwent GRT and the control–game-ready sham therapy (GRS). After a 2-week break, the experimental group underwent CWT and the control–contrast water sham therapy (CWS). The main outcome measures were muscle tone (T) stiffness (S) elasticity (E), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and maximum isometric strength (Fmax) assessed before therapy (Rest) and 5-min and 1-h after treatment (PostTh5min and PostTh1h). Results Analysis of variance results for T, S, E, PPT, and Fmax showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) for main effects and interactions. For both therapies GRT and CWT: T, S, and E were lower 5 min after therapy and 1 h after therapy compared to Rest (interaction effect, p < 0.00001). For both therapies GRT and CWT the PPT and Fmax were higher 5min and 1 h after therapy compared to Rest (interaction effect, p < 0.0001). The post hoc test showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) for T, S, E, PPT, and Fmax in the experimental groups (GRT and CWT) for Rest-PostTh5min and Rest-Post1h. No statistically significant differences were found for Post5mi-Post1h. The effect size of Cohen’s d for S, E, PPT, and Fmax showed similar values, with only T being significantly more pronounced in the GRT group (large, d > 0.8). There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the control groups (GRT for GRS and CWT for CWS) in the Rest-PostTh5min-PostTh1h range. Conclusion The positive impact of both contrast therapy strategies as a stimulus influencing important aspects of biomechanics was confirmed. The results showed similar effects of CWT and GRT (both similarly lowering S and E and increasing Fmax and PPT) except for the analysis of muscle tone, where the lowering effect of GRT had larger effect. These findings can be directly applied by researchers, sports medicine specialists, and martial arts trainers interested in the biomechanical effects of therapy on athletes, improving their understanding and practice.

The Effects of Combined Contrast Heat Cold Pressure Therapy on Post-Exercise Muscle Recovery in MMA Fighters: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024
J HUM KINET

The effects of combined contrast heat-cold-pressure therapy on post-exercise muscle recovery in MMA fighters – a randomized controlled trial.

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024
J HUM KINET

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of contrast heat and cold pressure therapy (CHCP) on muscle tone, elasticity, stiffness, perfusion unit, and muscle fatigue indices after plyometric training consisting of five sessions of jumping on a 50 (cm) high box until exhaustion. A prospective, randomized, controlled single-blind study design was used. Twenty professional MMA fighters were included in the study. The experimental group (n = 10) was subjected to the CHCP protocol (eGR), while the control group (cGR) (n = 10) was subjected to sham therapy. Both protocols consisted of three CHCP sessions performed immediately after plyometric training, 24 and 48 hours afterward. Measurements were taken at the following times: 1) resting; 2) post-exercise-about 1 minute after fatigue exercise; 3) post-CHCP-about 1 minute after CHCP therapy; 4) therapeutic-24 hours after CHCP therapy; 5) 48 hours after CHCP therapy. The results of the eGR compared to the cGR showed significantly higher perfusion at time point 5 (p < 0.001), higher muscle tone at time points 1, 3, 4, and 5 (p < 0.001 for all), higher stiffness at the first time point 3, 4 and 5 (p < 0.001 for all) and higher pain threshold at time points 1 and 5 (p < 0.001 for all). This study suggests a positive effect of CHCP therapy on muscle biomechanics, pain threshold, and tissue perfusion, which may contribute to increasing the effectiveness of post-exercise muscle regeneration in MMA athletes. Response to reviewers Dear Authors, The article has been significantly improved, and the current version is acceptable to me. Dear Reviewer, thank you for the efforts to help us enhance the quality of the manuscript. However, there are still some editorial issues that require correction, such as abbreviations (MMA, RSI)-if they appear for the first time in the paper, they should be consistently used throughout. Thank you for this remark. We have checked the abbreviations and corrected in several places. Please also pay attention to proper citation in the text, for example double surnames like Akasaki et al. (Akasaki et al., 2006). Thank you for this remark. We have checked the citations and corrected the double citations in several places. Additionally, please correct the partial eta square symbol, "2" should be in superscript. Thank you for this remark, the reviewer is right, it was our oversight. We have corrected the symbol in every place where it is used. "In our study, the effect of CHCP enhanced the recovery process in aspect of muscle power measured by the RSI score and, at the same time, showed significant differences between eGR and cGR condition. Particular benefits of therapy based on the RSI score were observed at time points 3,4,5, which are a key time periods for the post-exercise recovery."-this is an over-interpretation. According to sentences in the results section of your article "The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant interaction effect (condition vs. time point) for the reactive strength index (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.44). The post-hoc Tukey did not show differences between conditions for individual time points C O N F I D E N T I A L : F O R P E E R R E V I E W O N L Y (Table 6)." Therefore, the differences were insignificant. I know that the effect size was high, but the differences were not statistically significantly different. Thank you for this remark. We agree. We have corrected this fragment as follows: In our study the effect of CHCP on recovery process of muscle strength measured by RSI was noticeable at 3rd, 4th and 5th time points (effect size 0.56, 0.63, 0.75 respectively) which are key time periods for the post-exercise recovery process, however the differences between eGR and cGR were not statistically significant when checked by the Tukey's test. Moreover, please change "exercise-associated muscle damage" to "exercise-induced muscle damage" (EIMD) as EIMD is a common term used in a filed of sport sciences. Thank you for this remark. We have corrected this term and abbreviation.

Physical therapy interventions for the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS): Systematic review and meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021
PHYS THER SPORT

Objective To evaluate the impact of interventions on pain associated with DOMS. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro, Cochrane, and Scielo databases were searched, from the oldest records until May/2020. Search terms used included combinations of keywords related to “DOMS” and “intervention therapy”. Eligibility criteria Healthy participants (no restrictions were applied, e.g., age, sex, and exercise level). To be included, studies should be: 1) Randomized clinical trial; 2) Having induced muscle damage and subsequently measuring the level of pain; 3) To have applied therapeutic interventions (nonpharmacological or nutritional) and compare with a control group that received no intervention; and 4) The first application of the intervention had to occur immediately after muscle damage had been induced. Results One hundred and twenty-one studies were included. The results revealed that the contrast techniques (p = 0,002 I² = 60 %), cryotherapy (p = 0,002 I² = 100 %), phototherapy (p = 0,0001 I² = 95 %), vibration (p = 0,004 I² = 96 %), ultrasound (p = 0,02 I² = 97 %), massage (p < 0,00001 I² = 94 %), active exercise (p = 0,0004 I² = 93 %) and compression (p = 0,002 I² = 93 %) have a better positive effect than the control in the management of DOMS. Conclusion Low quality evidence suggests that contrast, cryotherapy, phototherapy, vibration, ultrasound, massage, and active exercise have beneficial effects in the management of DOMS-related pain.

Effects of Different Kinesio-Taping Applications for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after High-Intensity Interval Training Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

Objectives: Kinesio-taping (KT) is used commonly for the management and prevention of sports injuries. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a common muscle strength training and often accompanies delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) to interfere with individuals' exercise adherence. So, we compared the effects on muscle pain, thigh edema, and muscle strength for two kinds of KT applications on quadriceps muscles with DOMS after HIIT exercise. Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial study, which was conducted in a sports medicine laboratory of the college, and all data were collected between February 2019 and February 2020. Healthy participants were recruited from a local university and nearby community by announcements. They were randomly assigned to Group Y (Y-shaped KT application), Group CC (crisscross weave KT application), or Group CON (non-KT). All of them were assessed and used KT following the HIIT exercise, which was used to induce DOMS in the quadriceps muscles. Two different KT applications were, respectively, used in Groups Y and CC, whereas Group CON received no KT application. The visual analog scale (VAS), pressure pain threshold (PPT), thigh circumference, and muscle strength were assessed on the quadriceps femoris muscles before, immediately after, and at 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise. Results: A total of 38 participants completed the study trial. There were no significant differences in gender, age, height, weight, BMI, body fat, and muscle mass among the three groups (p > 0.05). HIIT had a significant impact on muscle soreness, as revealed by the increase in VAS at 24 h after exercise. The results revealed no effect on VAS, PPT, and thigh circumference in Group Y and Group CC (all p > 0.05). Additionally, muscle strength was significantly higher in Group CC at 24 h and 48 h after exercise compared with Groups Y and Group CON (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In summary, this experiment reveals no evidence of the effectiveness of Y-shaped and crisscross weave KT applications in the improvement of DOMS pain and edema in the quadriceps muscle. However, the crisscross weave KT application on the quadriceps muscle improved muscle strength recovery after HIIT, but the Y-shaped KT application did not exert this effect. This finding may be useful for muscle strength recovery during HIIT or continuous running competitions.

COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO RECOVERY METHODS: COLD WATER IMMERSION VERSUS PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION IN REDUCING DOMS AMONG YOUNG ATHLETES

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2019

The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of cold water immersion (CWI) and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on DOMS markers among young athletes. A total of 30 young athletes with mean age of 18.57 ± .504 years old, weight 61.92 ± 7.96 kg and height 170.67 ±7.57 cm volunteered to participate in this study. Participants were required to perform 20 reps x 5 sets drop jump (DJ) to induce muscle damage. They were randomly assigned into three groups: CWI (n = 10), PMR (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). Immediately following damage-inducing exercise protocol, CWI group were required to submerge lower body until iliac crest level in 15°C±1°C of cold water for 16 minutes; whereas control group applied the same position without immersed in cold water for 16 minutes. Perceived muscle soreness, range of motion (ROM) thigh circumference and the 20 meter sprint have been used as DOMS markers in this study. Markers were measured pre-exercise, post-exercise, post-intervention, and after 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 96 hours. The results of mixed ANOVA revealed a significant interaction (p < 0.05) in 20-meter sprint between groups and measurements at 24 hours and post-interventions, respectively. Conversely, no significant interactions were found in perceived muscle soreness, ROM and thigh circumference (p > 0.05). In conclusion, a single bout of CWI and PMR are not beneficial to elicit positive effects on DOMS markers used in this study.

Different Pathways Leading up to the Same Futsal Competition: Individual and Inter-Team Variability in Loading Patterns and Preseason Training Adaptations

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

During the preseason, futsal players deal with large internal load, which may result in a reduction in physical performance. The aims of this study were to compare the session rating of perceived exertion training load (s-RPE TL) during the preseason between two teams; and to analyze the changes on the delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), aerobic- and speed-power characteristics in players accumulating different s-RPE TL (Low (LTL) vs. High (HTL)). Twenty-eight players (Team A, n = 15; Team B, n = 13) were recruited. The s-RPE TL was monitored throughout the preseason phase (five weeks) in both teams. The coaches of each team planned the activities that comprised their training programs, without any interference from the researchers. Team A evaluated countermovement jumps (CMJ) and DOMS weekly. Team B performed squat jumps (SJ), CMJ, 5 m and 15 m sprints, and a futsal intermittent endurance test (PVFIET) before and after the preseason. Team B accumulated an almost-certainly greater s-RPE TL than Team A. In Team A, the CMJ height was likely to almost certainly improved for the HTL group from week 3. In Team B, the 5 m and 15 m sprint likely decreased after the preseason. Changes in 5 m (r = −0.61) and 15 m (r = −0.56) were correlated with total s-RPE TL. Changes in PVFIET were positively associated with changes in sprint, but inversely related to the baseline. s-RPE TL differed between both teams, and substantial gains in neuromuscular performance were observed for the HTL group in Team A. Slower and faster players in Team B showed distinct intermittent-endurance and speed adaptive responses during the high-volume preseason.

Different pathways leading up to the same competition: A case study of inter-team and inter-individual variability in loading patterns and training adaptations in futsal players during the preseason

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

Abstract: During the preseason, futsal players deal with large internal load, which may result in reduction in physical performance. The aims of this study were to compare the session rating of perceived exertion training load (s-RPE TL) during the preseason between two teams; and to analyze the changes on the delayed-onset muscle soreness [DOMS], aerobic and speed-power characteristics in players accumulating different s-RPE TL (Low-[LTL] vs. High-[HTL]). Twenty-eight players (Team A, n=15; Team B, n=13) were recruited. Team A evaluated weekly the countermovement jump (CMJ) and DOMS. Team B performed squat jump [SJ], CMJ, 5-m and 15-m sprint and a futsal intermittent endurance test (PVFIET) before and after the preseason. Team B accumulated an almost-certainly greater s-RPE_TL than Team A. In Team A, CMJ height was likely to almost-certainly improved for the HTL group from week-3. In Team B, 5-m and 15-m sprint likely decreased after the preseason. Changes in 5-m (r=-0.56) and 15-m (r=-0.75) were correlated with total s-RPE TL. Changes in PVFIET was positively associated with changes in sprint, but inversely related to the baseline. s-RPE TL differed between both teams and substantial gains in neuromuscular performance were observed for HTL in Team A. Slower and faster players in Team B showed distinct intermittent-endurance and speed adaptive responses during the high-volume preseason.

Immediate Effect of Compression Contrast Therapy on Quadriceps Femoris Muscles’ Regeneration in MMA Fighters

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effect of Game Ready (GR) heat–cold compression contrast therapy (HCCT) on changes in the biomechanical parameters of the quadriceps femoris muscles and tissue perfusion. Methods: Fifteen male MMA fighters were subjected to HCCT on the dominant leg’s thigh and control sham therapy on the other. The experimental intervention used a pressure cuff with the following parameters: time—20 min; pressure—25–75 mmHg; and temp.—3–45°C, changing every 2 min. For the control group, the temp. of sham therapy was 15–36 °C, and pressure was 15–25 mmHg, changing every 2 min. Measurements were taken on the head of the rectus femoris muscle (RF) 5 min before therapy, 5 min after, and 1 h after therapy in the same order in all participants: microcirculatory response (PU), muscle tension (MT), stiffness (S), flexibility (E), tissue temperature (°C), and pressure pain threshold (PPT). Results: The analysis revealed significant differences between the HCCT and sham therapy groups and the measurement time (rest vs. post 5 min and post 1 h) for PU, MT, E, and °C (p < 0.00001) (a significant effect of time was found) in response to GR therapy. No significant differences were found for the PPT. Conclusions: The results of this study prove that GR HCCT evokes changes in the biomechanical parameters of the RF muscles and perfusion in professional MMA fighters.

Effect of Swedish Massage on DOMS after Strenuous Exercise

Article

Jan 2017

Acute effects of cold, heat and contrast pressure therapy on forearm muscles regeneration in combat sports athletes: a randomized clinical trial

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024

Due to the specific loads that occur in combat sports athletes' forearm muscles, we decided to compare the immediate effect of monotherapy with the use of compressive heat (HT), cold (CT), and alternating therapy (HCT) in terms of eliminating muscle tension, improving muscle elasticity and tissue perfusion and forearm muscle strength. This is a single-blind, randomized, experimental clinical trial. Group allocation was performed using simple 1:1 sequence randomization using the website randomizer.org. The study involved 40 40 combat sports athletes divided into four groups and four therapeutic sessions lasting 20 min. (1) Heat compression therapy session (HT, n = 10) (2) (CT, n = 10), (3) alternating (HCT, n = 10), and sham, control (ShT, n = 10). All participants had measurements of tissue perfusion (PU, [non-reference units]), muscle tension (T—[Hz]), elasticity (E—[arb- relative arbitrary unit]), and maximum isometric force (Fmax [kgf]) of the dominant hand at rest (Rest) after the muscle fatigue protocol (PostFat.5 min), after therapy (PostTh.5 min) and 24 h after therapy (PostTh.24 h). A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures: Group (ColdT, HeatT, ContrstT, ControlT) × Time (Rest, PostFat.5 min, PostTh.5 min, Post.24 h) was used to examine the changes in examined variables. Post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction and ± 95% confidence intervals (CI) for absolute differences (△) were used to analyze the pairwise comparisons when a significant main effect or interaction was found. The ANOVA for PU, T, E, and Fmax revealed statistically significant interactions of Group by Time factors (p < 0.0001), as well as main effects for the Group factors (p < 0.0001; except for Fmax). In the PostTh.5 min. Period, significantly (p < 0.001) higher PU values were recorded in the HT (19.45 ± 0.91) and HCT (18.71 ± 0.67) groups compared to the ShT (9.79 ± 0.35) group (△ = 9.66 [8.75; 10.57 CI] > MDC(0.73), and △ = 8.92 [8.01; 9.83 CI] > MDC(0.73), respectively). Also, significantly (p < 0.001) lower values were recorded in the CT (3.69 ± 0.93) compared to the ShT (9.79 ± 0.35) group △ = 6.1 [5.19; 7.01 CI] > MDC(0.73). For muscle tone in the PostTh.5 m period significantly (p < 0.001) higher values were observed in the CT (20.08 ± 0.19 Hz) group compared to the HT (18.61 ± 0.21 Hz), HCT (18.95 ± 0.41 Hz) and ShT (19.28 ± 0.33 Hz) groups (respectively: △ = 1.47 [1.11; 1.83 CI] > MDC(0.845); △ = 1.13 [0.77; 1.49 CI] > MDC(0.845), and △ = 0.8 [0.44; 1.16 CI], < MDC(0.845)). The highest elasticity value in the PostTh.5 m period were observed in the CT (1.14 ± 0.07) group, and it was significantly higher than the values observed in the HT (0.97 ± 0.03, △ = 0.18 [0.11; 0.24 CI] > MDC(0.094), p < 0.001), HCT (0.90 ± 0.04, △ = 0.24 [0.17; 0.31 CI] > MDC(0.094), p < 0.001) and ShT (1.05 ± 0.07, △ = 0.094 [0.03; 0.16 CI] = MDC(0.094), p = 0.003) groups. For Fmax, there were no statistically significant differences between groups at any level of measurement. The results of the influence of the forearm of all three therapy forms on the muscles' biomechanical parameters confirmed their effectiveness. However, the effect size of alternating contrast therapy cannot be confirmed, especially in the PostTh24h period. Statistically significant changes were observed in favor of this therapy in PU and E measurements immediately after therapy (PostTh.5 min). Further research on contrast therapy is necessary.

Aksaray University Journal of Sport and Health Researches Dizinler Diğer Dizinler

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

Physiological and Psychological Recovery from Muscle Disruption following Resistance Exercise: Impact of Chronic Stress and Strain

Thesis

Full-text available

Aug 2009

Matthew Stults-Kolehmainen

Dissertation for PhD at The University of Texas at Austin. Department of Kinesiology and Health Education. ABSTRACT: A large body of evidence supports the notion that chronic stress and strain may impact healing from physical trauma. However, no evidence exists to substantiate whether chronic stress impacts recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. In this study, a group of 31 undergraduate weight-training students completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Undergraduate Stress Survey (USQ, a measure of life event stress) a series of fitness tests and then returned 5 to 10 days later for an exhaustive resistance exercise stimulus (E-RES) workout. This workout was performed on a leg press to the cadence of a metronome to ensure a strong eccentric component of exercise. Participants were monitored for 1 hour after this workout and every day for 4 days afterwards. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) multi-level growth curve analyses demonstrated that stress measures were related to recovery from maximal resistance exercise for both functional muscular (maximal isometric force, jump height, and cycling power) and psychological (perceived energy, perceived fatigue, and soreness) outcomes. Stress was not related to outcomes immediately post-workout (except maximal cycling power) after controlling for pre-workout values. Thus, the effect of stress on recovery is not likely due to magnitude of disruption from maximal exercise. After controlling for significant covariates, including fitness and percent disruption from baseline, individuals scoring a 10 on the PSS at their first visit reached baseline 288% (2.88 times) faster than individuals who scored a 19 at this same time point. There were significant moderating effects of stress on affective responses during exercise. Feeling (pleasure/displeasure), activation (arousal), muscular pain and RPE (exertion) trajectories were moderated by stress. Exploratory analyses found that stress moderated physical recovery, but not psychological recovery in the first hour after the E-RES workout. Also, stress was related to the increase in IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in the 48 hour period after exercise for a sub-set of participants. These findings likely have important theoretical and clinical implications for those undergoing vigorous physical activity. Those experiencing chronic loads of stress and mental strain should include more rest time to ensure proper recovery.

Futbolcuların Kullandığı Toparlanma Teknikleri, Toparlanma ile İlgili Görüşleri ve Toparlanma Bilgi Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi: Tanımlayıcı Araştırma Examination of the Recovery Techniques Used by the Football Players, Their Views on Recovery and the Level of Recovery Knowledge: Descriptive Research-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

in "Amatör ve profesyonel futbolcularda kullanılan toparlanma teknikleri ve toparlanma bilgi düzeylerinin incelenmesi" başlıklı yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir (Sakarya: Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi; 2020). ÖZET Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, amatör ve profesyonel erkek futbol-cuların antrenman sonrası bildikleri ve kullandıkları toparlanma yöntemlerini incelemek, sporda toparlanma ile ilgili görüşlerini değer-lendirmek, toparlanma bilgi düzeylerini ve bilgi düzeylerine etki ede-bilecek faktörleri belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Marmara Bölgesi'ndeki 18-30 yaş arası 149 amatör ve 81 profesyonel erkek fut-bolcu, kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Spor-cuların demografik özellikleri, belli alışkanlıkları ve toparlanma ile ilgili görüşleri, kullandıkları toparlanma teknikleri ve bu tekniklerin kullanım sıklıkları, toparlanma ile ilgili bilgiye erişim yolları anket hâ-linde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Aydemir ve ark. tarafından geliştirilen (Kuder Richardson-20 güvenirlik katsayısı=0,80) 14 sorudan oluşan Sporda Toparlanma Bilgi Testi ile de futbolcuların toparlanma bilgi dü-zeylerine bakılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesinde ta-nımlayıcı istatistiklerin yanı sıra gruplar arası istatistiksel farklılıklar için İki Yüzde Arasındaki Farkın Anlamlılık Testi, İki Ortalama Ara-sındaki Farkın Anlamlılık Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi Testi, değişkenler arası ilişki için Pearson Momentler çarpımı kullanılmış ve anlamlılık düzeyi (α) 0,05 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: Futbolcu-ların toparlanma bilgi düzeyi "orta düzey" (amatör X: 50,58, profes-yonel X: 58,44) olarak bulunmuş olup, profesyonel futbolcuların Sporda Toparlanma Bilgi Testi düzeyleri istatistiksel olarak daha yük-sektir (p<0,05). Futbolcuların en sık kullandıkları toparlanma teknik-lerinin aktif ve pasif toparlanma olduğu, toparlanma süreçlerine olumlu baktıkları ve toparlanma ile ilgili görüşleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olmadığı gözlenmiştir (p>0,05). Sporcular, toparlanma bilgisine erişim kanalı olarak ise en çok antrenör (amatör: %79, pro-fesyonel: %75) kanalını kullanmaktadır. Sonuç: Sporcularda topar-lanma bilgi düzeylerini artırmak ve bu bağlamda performans artışına da katkıda bulunmak için eğitim destekleri sağlamak, en çok bilgi al-dıkları kanal olan antrenör eğitimlerine önem vermek, spora ve spor-cuya özgü toparlanma yöntemlerini geliştirmek önerilebilir. Anah tar Ke li me ler: Futbol; toparlanma; yorgunluk; toparlanma teknikleri ABS TRACT Objective: The aim of the study is to examine the recovery methods amateur and professional male football players know and use after training, to evaluate their views on recovery in sports, to determine the level of recovery knowledge and the factors affecting the level of knowledge. Material and Methods: 149 amateur and 81 professional male football players aged 18-30 in the Marmara Region were included in the study by convenience sampling method. The demographic characteristics of the athletes, their certain habits and opinions about recovery, the recovery techniques they used and the frequency of use of these techniques, the ways of accessing information about recovery were examined via a questionnaire. Also, Aydemir et al. (Kuder Richardson-20 reliability coefficient = 0,80) and the recovery knowledge levels of the football players were examined with the Sports Recovery Knowledge Test consisting of 14 questions. In the evaluation of the data obtained, in addition to descriptive statistics, the Test of Significance of Difference Between Two Percentages, Significance of Difference Between Two Means and One-Way Analysis of Variance Test were used for statistical differences between groups, Pearson product of Moments was used for the relationship between variables, and the significance level (α) 0.05. has been determined. Results: The recovery knowledge level of the football players was found "intermediate" (am-ateur X: 50.58, professional X: 58.44), and the professional football players' Recovery Knowledge Test levels in Sports were statistically higher (p<0.05). It was observed that the most frequently used recovery techniques of football players were active and passive recovery, they had a positive view of recovery processes and there was no statistically significant difference between their views on recovery (p>0.05). Athletes mostly use the trainer channel (amateur: 79%, professional: 75%) as the channel for accessing recovery information. Conclusion: To increase the recovery knowledge level of the athletes and contribute to the increase in performance in this context, providing education support , giving importance to the education of trainers, the channel where they get the most information, and developing sports and athlete-specific recovery methods can be recommended.

Effects of Delayed Cold Water Immersion after High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise on Subsequent Exercise Performance in Basketball Players

Article

Oct 2021

The purpose of this research is to compare the effects of passive recovery and delayed cold water immersion one and three hours after high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on exercise performance and muscle soreness on the subse- quent day. Eleven male basketball players participated in the study. They followed the recovery methods after high-in- tensity intermittent exercise, including 15 minutes cold water (15 o C) immersion one hour (CWI1) and three hours (CWI3) after HIIE and passive recovery (CON) in a randomized order on a weekly basis. The protocol for HIIE included progres- sive speed 20-metre shuttle sprint interrupted with repetitive jumping in order to induce fatigue. Twenty-four hours after HIIE, a 20-metre shuttle sprint and maximal vertical jump test were conducted to evaluate the effect of each recovery method. Maximal vertical jump height after one and three hours did not differ significantly compared to pre- test values. However, the maximal vertical jump height in the control group was significantly lower than their pre-test value. Also, 24 hours after HIIE, perceived muscle soreness in CWI1 and CWI3 groups was significantly lower than that of the control group. The total distance of the shuttle run did not differ depending on the recovery method used. Cold water immersions one and three hours after HIIE affected maximal vertical jump height and athletes’ perception of pain. However, there were no significant differences in exercise performance between the cold water immersion at one and three hours after HIIE, which might be due to similar physiological responses during both immersion trials.

In-Season Nutrition Strategies and Recovery Modalities to Enhance Recovery for Basketball Players: A Narrative Review

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021
SPORTS MED

Basketball players face multiple challenges to in-season recovery. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on recovery modalities and nutritional strategies for basketball players and practical applications that can be incorporated throughout the season at various levels of competition. Sleep, protein, carbohydrate, and fluids should be the foundational components emphasized throughout the season for home and away games to promote recovery. Travel, whether by air or bus, poses nutritional and sleep challenges, therefore teams should be strategic about packing snacks and fluid options while on the road. Practitioners should also plan for meals at hotels and during air travel for their players. Basketball players should aim for a minimum of 8 h of sleep per night and be encouraged to get extra sleep during congested schedules since back-to back games, high workloads, and travel may negatively influence night-time sleep. Regular sleep monitoring, education, and feedback may aid in optimizing sleep in basketball players. In addition, incorporating consistent training times may be beneficial to reduce bed and wake time variability. Hydrotherapy, compression garments, and massage may also provide an effective recovery modality to incorporate post-competition. Future research, however, is warranted to understand the influence these modalities have on enhancing recovery in basketball players. Overall, a strategic well-rounded approach, encompassing both nutrition and recovery modality strategies, should be carefully considered and implemented with teams to support basketball players’ recovery for training and competition throughout the season.

The Effect of Muscle Strength on Marathon Race-Induced Muscle Soreness

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

Background: Muscle soreness after a competition or a training session has been a concern of runners due to its harmful effect on performance. It is not known if stronger individuals present a lower level of muscle soreness after a strenuous physical effort. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the pre-race muscle strength or the V˙O2max level can predict muscle soreness 24, 48 and 72 h after a full marathon in men. Methods: Thirty-one marathon runners participated in this study (age, 40.8 ± 8.8 years old; weight, 74.3 ± 10.4 kg; height, 174.2 ± 7.6 cm; maximum oxygen uptake, V˙O2max, 57.7 ± 6.8 mL/kg/min). The isokinetic strength test for thigh muscles and the V˙O2max level was performed 15-30 days before the marathon and the participants were evaluated for the subjective feeling of soreness before, 24, 48 and 72 h after the marathon. Results: The participants presented more pain 24 h after the race (median = 3, IQR = 1) than before it (median = 0, IQR = 0) (p < 0.001), and the strength values for the knee extensor muscles were significantly associated with muscle soreness assessed 24 h after the race (p = 0.028), but not 48 (p = 0.990) or 72 h (p = 0.416) after the race. The V˙O2max level was not associated with the muscle pain level at any moment after the marathon. Conclusions: Marathon runners who presented higher muscular strength for the knee extensor muscles presented lower muscle soreness 24 h after the race, but not after 48 h or 72 h after the race. Therefore, the muscle soreness level 3 days after a marathon race does not depend on muscle strength.

Effect of cold and heat therapies on pain relief in patients with delayed onset muscle soreness: A network meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021
J REHABIL MED

Objective: To comprehensively compare the effectiveness of cold and heat therapies for delayed onset muscle soreness using network meta-analysis. Methods: Eight Chinese and English databases were searched from date of establishment of the database to 31 May 2021. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to analyse the included randomized controlled trials. Potential papers were screened for eligibility, and data were extracted by 2 independent researchers. Results: A total of 59 studies involving 1,367 patients were eligible for this study. Ten interventions were examined: contrast water therapy, phase change material, the novel modality of cryotherapy, cold-water immersion, hot/warm-water immersion, cold pack, hot pack, ice massage, ultrasound, and passive recovery. Network meta-analysis results showed that: (i) within 24 h after exercise, hot pack was the most effective for pain relief, followed by contrast water therapy; (ii) within 48 h, the ranking was hot pack, followed by the novel modality of cryotherapy; and (iii) over 48 h post-exercise, the effect of the novel modality of cryotherapy ranked first. Conclusion: Due to the limited quality of the included studies, further well-designed research is needed to draw firm conclusions about the effectiveness of cold and heat therapies for delayed onset muscle soreness.

Preliminary Investigations Into the Effect of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage on Systemic Extracellular Vesicle Release in Trained Younger and Older Men

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Background: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results in transient muscle inflammation, strength loss, and muscle soreness and may cause subsequent exercise avoidance. Research has recently proven that skeletal muscle can also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the circulation following a bout of exercise. However, EV’s potential role, including as a biomarker, in the response to eccentric resistance exercise stimulus remains unclear. Methods: Twelve (younger, n=7, 27.0±1.5years and older, n=5, 63.0±1.0years) healthy, physically active males, undertaking moderate, regular physical activity (3–5 times per week) performed a unilateral high intensity eccentric exercise protocol. Venous plasma was collected for assessment of EVs and creatine kinase (CK) prior to EIMD, immediately after EIMD, and 1–72h post-EIMD, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed at all time points, except 1 and 2h post-EIMD. Results: A significant effect of both time (p=0.005) and group (p<0.001) was noted for MVIC, with younger participants’ MVIC being higher throughout. Whilst a significant increase was observed in DOMS in the younger group (p=0.014) and in the older group (p=0.034) following EIMD, no significant differences were observed between groups. CK was not different between age groups but was altered following the EIMD (main effect of time p=0.026), with increased CK seen immediately post-, at 1 and 2h post-EIMD. EV count tended to be lower in older participants at rest, relative to younger participants (p=0.056), whilst EV modal size did not differ between younger and older participants pre-EIMD. EIMD did not substantially alter EV modal size or EV count in younger or older participants; however, the alteration in EV concentration (ΔCount) and EV modal size (ΔMode) between post-EIMD and pre-EIMD negatively associated with CK activity. No significant associations were noted between MVIC or DOMS and either ΔCount or ΔMode of EVs at any time point. Conclusion: These findings suggest that profile of EV release, immediately following exercise, may predict later CK release and play a role in the EIMD response. Exercise-induced EV release profiles may therefore serve as an indicator for subsequent muscle damage.

Preliminary Investigations Into the Effect of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage on Systemic Extracellular Vesicle Release in Trained Younger and Older Men

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Background: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results in transient muscle inflammation, strength loss, muscle soreness and may cause subsequent exercise avoidance. Research has recently proven that skeletal muscle can also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the circulation following a bout of exercise. However, EV’s potential role, including as a biomarker, in the response to eccentric resistance exercise stimulus remains unclear. Methods: Twelve (younger, n = 7, 27.0 ± 1.5 years and older, n = 5, 63.0 ± 1.0 years) healthy, physically active males, undertaking moderate, regular physical activity (3-5 times per week) performed a unilateral high intensity eccentric exercise protocol. Venous plasma was collected for assessment of EVs and creatine kinase (CK) prior to EIMD, immediately after EIMD, and 1-to-72 hours post-EIMD, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed at all time points, except 1 and 2 hours post-EIMD. Results: A significant effect of both time (p = 0.005) and group (p < 0.001) was noted for MVIC, with younger participants’ MVIC being higher throughout. Whilst a significant increase was observed in DOMS in the younger group (p = 0.014) and in the older group (p = 0.034) following EIMD, no significant differences were observed between groups. CK was not different between age groups but was altered following the EIMD (main effect of time p = 0.026), with increased CK seen immediately post-, at 1 and 2 hours post-EIMD. EV count tended to be lower in older participants at rest, relative to younger participants (p = 0.056) whilst EV modal size did not differ between younger and older participants pre-EIMD. EIMD did not substantially alter EV modal size or EV count in younger or older participants, however, the alteration in EV concentration (ΔCount) and EV modal size (ΔMode) between post-EIMD and pre-EIMD negatively associated with CK activity. No significant associations were noted between MVIC or DOMS and either ΔCount or ΔMode of EVs at any time point. Conclusion: These findings suggest that profile of EV release, immediately following exercise, may predict later CK release and play a role in the EIMD response. Exercise-induced EV release profiles may therefore serve as an indicator for subsequent muscle damage.

Assessment of the Dynamics of Temperature Changes in the Knee Joint Area in Response to Selected Cooling Agents in Thermographic Tests

Article

Full-text available

May 2021
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

Although local cryotherapy (LC) is performed with various cooling agents (CAg) such as ice, water, and gasses, in clinical practice, it is mostly performed with cooling gasses. Presently, LC with cooling gasses is very popular but the inference about the thermal (stimulus) effect on the tissues is mainly based on research carried out using ice packs. The proposed objective of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of temperature changes in the knee joint area in response to a 3-min exposure to liquid nitrogen vapors (LNVs), cold air (CA) and ice bag (IB). The study group included 23 healthy volunteers with an average age of 26.67 ± 4.56. The exposed (ROIE) and contralateral (ROINE) areas of the knee joint after exposure to CAg were observed. Immediately after 3 min of LC, the ROIE temperature dropped by 10.11 ± 0.91 °C after LNV, 7.59 ± 0.14 °C after IB and 6.76 ± 1.3 °C after CA. Significant tissue cooling was maintained up to 15 min after LNV (p < 0.01), 10 min after IB (p < 0.05) and 5 min after CA (p < 0.05). LC causes significant temperature changes both in ROIE and ROINE. The greatest cooling potential was demonstrated for LNV and the lowest for CA.

Is skin temperature associated with muscle recovery status following a single bout of leg press?

Article

Feb 2021

The measurement of skin temperature using infrared thermography has gained a lot of attention in sport and science since it might be related to the recovery process following high intensity, potentially damaging exercise. This study investigated the time course of the skin temperature response and the muscle recovery status following a resistance training session involving leg press exercise. Fourteen young male college students (19.9 ± 1.7 years, 176 ± 6 cm, 66.1 ± 7.6 kg, 21.1 ± 1.8 kg.m-2) performed one session involving 10 sets, of 10 repetition maximum each (RM), of unilateral leg press 45° exercise, performed to momentary muscle failure, with 2 min rest between sets. Perceived recovery, mean and maximum thigh skin temperatures, thigh muscle thickness, maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness, and horizontal jump performance were measured pre, 24, 48, and 72 h following exercise. The exercise protocol resulted in significant reduction in isometric strength, horizontal jump performance, and perceived recovery (p< 0.05). There was also a significant (p<0.05) increase in muscle thickness and muscle soreness. With exception of jump performance, that recovered at 48 (p> 0.05), recovery parameters did not recover up to 72 h post-exercise (p> 0.05). Surprisingly, skin temperatures were not altered throughout the entire 72-h post-exercise period (p> 0.05). No significant positive correlation was found between skin temperatures and muscle thickness. Additionally, only one out of 16 correlation coefficients showed significant (r= -0.56, p= 0.036) inverse association between skin temperature and isometric strength. In conclusion, thigh skin temperature remains unaffected up to 72 h following a leg press exercise, and the time course response of thigh skin temperature was not associated with recovery status.

Water immersion methods do not alter muscle damage and inflammation biomarkers after high-intensity sprinting and jumping exercise

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020
EUR J APPL PHYSIOL

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of three water immersion interventions performed after active recovery compared to active recovery only on the resolution of inflammation and markers of muscle damage post-exercise. Methods: Nine physically active men (n = 9; age 20‒35 years) performed an intensive loading protocol, including maximal jumps and sprinting on four occasions. After each trial, one of three recovery interventions (10 min duration) was used in a random order: cold-water immersion (CWI, 10 °C), thermoneutral water immersion (TWI, 24 °C), contrast water therapy (CWT, alternately 10 °C and 38 °C). All of these methods were performed after an active recovery (10 min bicycle ergometer), and were compared to active recovery only (ACT). 5 min, 1, 24, 48, and 96 h after exercise bouts, immune response and recovery were assessed through leukocyte subsets, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, myoglobin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations. Results: Significant changes in all blood markers occurred at post-loading (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences observed in the recovery between methods. However, retrospective analysis revealed significant trial-order effects for myoglobin and neutrophils (p < 0.01). Only lymphocytes displayed satisfactory reliability in the exercise response, with intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.5. Conclusions: The recovery methods did not affect the resolution of inflammatory and immune responses after high-intensity sprinting and jumping exercise. It is notable that the biomarker responses were variable within individuals. Thus, the lack of differences between recovery methods may have been influenced by the reliability of exercise-induced biomarker responses.

Effects of Cycling on Subsequent Running Performance, Stride Length, and Muscle Oxygen Saturation in Triathletes

Article

Full-text available

May 2019

Running performance is a determinant factor for victory in Sprint and Olympic distance triathlon. Previous cycling may impair running performance in triathlons, so brick training becomes an important part of training. Wearable technology that is used by triathletes can offer several metrics for optimising training in real-time. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of previous cycling on subsequent running performance in a field test, while using kinematics metrics and SmO2 provided by wearable devices that are potentially used by triathletes. Ten trained triathletes participated in a randomised crossover study, performing two trial sessions that were separated by seven days: the isolated run trial (IRT) and the bike-run trial (BRT). Running kinematics, physiological outcomes, and perceptual parameters were assessed before and after each running test. The running distance was significantly lower in the BRT when compared to the IRT, with a decrease in stride length of 0.1 m (p = 0.00) and higher %SmO2 (p = 0.00) in spite of the maximal intensity of exercise. No effects were reported in vertical oscillation, ground contact time, running cadence, and average heart rate. These findings may only be relevant to ‘moderate level’ triathletes, but not to ‘elite’ ones. Triathletes might monitor their %SmO2 and stride length during brick training and then compare it with isolated running to evaluate performance changes. Using wearable technology (near-infrared spectroscopy, accelerometry) for specific brick training may be a good option for triathletes.

Muscle Damage and Recovery During a Basketball Competition

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2018

Tahir Kiliç

Abstract Muscle damage is characterized by increased serum enzyme levels at blood serum level. The present study aimed to investigate the biochemical variability of the muscle damage indicators at blood serum level such as creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myoglobin (MYB) of the players who had played on four successive days and been subjected to recovery protocol after the contest. 20 healthy men basketball players (/N 20:A 10+B 10) whose average age is A: 23,70 ± 2,80;B: 22,80 ± 2,94; average height is A: 181,30 ± 8,20; B: 178,95 ± 4,68; weight is A: 76,18 ± 11,31; B: 69,96 ± 7,68, exercise age is A: 11,00 ± 3,97; B: 8,20 ± 3,55 have been included in the study.Blood samples were taken on 4-day contest period and 3-day recovery phase that is 24-48-72hours following the contests. The subjects in Group A were applied 10-minute recovery protocol after the contest. In this study, considerable increase has been observed in CK, LDH and MYB values in pre-contest and post-contest measurements. MYB and CK values couldn’t reach the peak point in the other contests that they had reached after the first contest. While CK values were not influenced by recovery, examining the speed and values of returning to the start level, it was noticed that it was effective on MYB and LDH values. In the analysis of recovery protocol, 10minute recovery protocol wasn’t found to be effective on MYB and CK values, but a significant effect was observed on LDH values measured 48-72hours later. In respect to our study, in which muscle damage responses, in accordance with the post-contest measurements, have reached to normal level in a shorter time in the group subjected to recovery protocol after the contest, it could be said that at the end of the basketball tournament there are muscle damage responses in players’ skeletal muscles and these responses come to normal level 24-48-72hours later. Keywords: Creatine kinase; Lactate dehydrogenase; Myoglobin; Recovery

Cold Water Immersion as a Strategy for Muscle Recovery in Professional Basketball Players During the Competitive Season: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Article

Jan 2019

Context: Despite prior studies that have addressed the recovery effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) in different sports, there is a lack of knowledge about longitudinal studies across a full season of competition assessing these effects. Objective: To analyze the CWI effects, as a muscle recovery strategy, in professional basketball players throughout a competitive season. Design: A prospective cohort design. Setting: Elite basketball teams. Participants: A total of 28 professional male basketball players divided into 2 groups: CWI (n = 12) and control (n = 16) groups. Main Outcome Measures: Muscle metabolism serum markers were measured during the season in September-T1, November-T2, March-T3, and April-T4. Isokinetic peak torque strength and ratings of perceived exertion were measured at the beginning and at the end of the season. CWI was applied immediately after every match and after every training session before matches. Results: All serum muscular markers, except myoglobin, were higher in the CWI group than the control group (P < .05). The time course of changes in muscle markers over the season also differed between the groups (P < .05). In the CWI group, ratings of perceived exertion decreased significantly from the beginning (T1-T2) to the end (T3-T4). Isokinetic torque differed between groups at the end of the season (60°/s peak torque: P < .001 and η p 2 = .884 ; and 180°/s peak torque: P < .001 and η p 2 = .898 ) and had changed significantly over the season in the CWI group (P < .05). Conclusions: CWI may improve recovery from muscle damage in professional basketball players during a regular season.

Whole body cryotherapy, cold water immersion, or a placebo following resistance exercise: a case of mind over matter?

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019
EUR J APPL PHYSIOL

Abstract Purpose The use of cryotherapy as a recovery intervention is prevalent amongst athletes. Performance of high volume, heavy load resistance exercise is known to result in disturbances of muscle function, perceptual responses and blood borne parameters. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of cold water immersion (CWI), whole body cryotherapy (WBC) or a placebo (PL) intervention on markers of recovery following an acute resistance training session. Methods 24 resistance trained males were matched into a CWI (10 min at 10 °C), WBC (3- and 4 min at −85 °C) or PL group before completing a lower body resistance training session. Perceptions of soreness and training stress, markers of muscle function, inflammation and efflux of intracellular proteins were assessed before, and up to 72 h post exercise. Results The training session resulted in increased soreness, disturbances of muscle function, and increased inflammation and efflux of intracellular proteins. Although WBC attenuated soreness at 24 h, and positively influenced peak force at 48 h compared to CWI and PL, many of the remaining outcomes were trivial, unclear or favoured the PL condition. With the exception of CRP at 24 h, neither cryotherapy intervention attenuated the inflammatory response compared to PL. Conclusion There was some evidence to suggest that WBC is more effective than CWI at attenuating select perceptual and functional responses following resistance training. However, neither cryotherapy intervention was more effective than the placebo treatment at accelerating recovery. The implications of these findings should be carefully considered by individuals employing cryotherapy as a recovery strategy following heavy load resistance training.

Contrast Baths, Intramuscular Hemodynamics, and Oxygenation as Monitored by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2018

Context: Contrast baths (CB) is a thermal treatment modality used in sports medicine, athletic training, and rehabilitation settings. Proposed physiological effects of CB include increasing tissue blood flow and oxygenation and decreasing tissue swelling and edema to promote better healing, improved limb function, and quicker recovery. Objective: To investigate the physiological effects of CB on the intramuscular hemodynamics and oxygenation of the lower leg muscles using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), an optical method for monitoring changes in tissue oxygenated (O2Hb), deoxygenated (HHb), and total hemoglobin (tHb) as well as tissue oxygen saturation index (TSI%). Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Patients or other participants: Ten healthy men and women with a mean age of 29 (range = 17 ± 42) years, mean body mass index of 24.6 ± 3.2, and mean adipose tissue thickness of 6.4 ± 2.2 mm. Intervention(s): Conventional CB (10-minute baseline, 4 : 1-minute hot : cold ratio) was applied to the left lower leg. Main outcome measure(s): Changes in chromophore concentrations of O2Hb, HHb, tHb, and TSI% of the gastrocnemius muscle were monitored during 10 minutes of baseline measurement, a 30-minute CB protocol, and 10 minutes of recovery using a spatially resolved NIRS. Results: After a 30-minute CB protocol, increases ( P < .05) in tissue O2Hb (7.4 ± 4 μM), tHb (7.6 ± 6.1 μM), and TSI% (3.1% ± 2.3%) were observed as compared with baseline measures. Conclusions: Application of CB induced a transient change in the hemodynamics and oxygenation of the gastrocnemius muscle in healthy individuals. The effect of CB application in improving tissue hemodynamics and oxygenation may, therefore, support the therapeutic benefits of CB in the treatment of muscle injuries.

Changes in physiological and performance variables in non-professional triathletes after taking part in an Olympic distance triathlon

Article

Mar 2018

Given increasing popularity of triathlon, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects upon the health of triathletes. To do so, with a sample of 23 male athletes (34.4 ± 7.9 years old), an assessment was carried out both before and after an Olympic distance triathlon, of the bodily composition, the jumping ability and the BORG and VAS scales, as well as a blood analysis of the following: Lactate (mmol/L), Hematrocrit (%), Glucose (mg/dL), Total proteins (mg/dL), Triglycerides (mg/dL), Bilirubin (mg/dL), GOT (IU/L), GPT (IU/L), LDH (IU/L), CPK (IU/L). The results showed an increase (p < 0.001) in the different markers of metabolic stress and muscular damage following the triathlon, but always within a normal range considered to be healthy, with the exception of CPK (IU/L) (PRE 149.33 ± 108.16 vs POST 290.10 ± 102.48). Therefore, it would seem that competing in an Olympic-distance triathlon does not pose health risks for trained subjects.

The effects of hydrotherapy and cryotherapy on recovery from acute post-exercise induced muscle damage—a network meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024
BMC MUSCULOSKEL DIS

Background This systematic review and network meta-analysis assessed via direct and indirect comparisons the recovery effects of hydrotherapy and cold therapy at different temperatures on exercise induced muscle damage. Methods Five databases were searched in English and Chinese. The included studies included exercise interventions such as resistance training, high-intensity interval training, and ball games, which the authors were able to define as activities that induce the appearance of EIMD. The included RCTs were analyzed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Eligible studies were included and and two independent review authors extracted data. Frequentist network meta-analytical approaches were calculated based on standardized mean difference (SMD) using random effects models. The effectiveness of each intervention was ranked and the optimal intervention was determined using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) indicator. Results 57 studies with 1220 healthy participants were included, and four interventions were examined: Cold Water Immersion (CWI), Contrast Water Therapy (CWT), Thermoneutral or Hot Water Immersion (TWI/HWI), and Cryotherapy(CRYO). According to network meta-analysis, Contrast Water Immersion (SUCRA: 79.9% )is most effective in recovering the biochemical marker Creatine Kinase. Cryotherapy (SUCRA: 88.3%) works best to relieve Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. In the recovery of Jump Ability, cryotherapy (SUCRA: 83.7%) still ranks the highest. Conclusion We found that CWT was the best for recovering biochemical markers CK, and CRYO was best for muscle soreness and neuromuscular recovery. In clinical practice, we recommend the use of CWI and CRYO for reducing EIMD. Systematic Review Registration [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42023396067].

The untapped potential of cold water therapy as part of a lifestyle intervention for promoting healthy aging

Article

Jul 2024

Healthy aging is a crucial goal in aging societies of the western world, with various lifestyle strategies being employed to achieve it. Among these strategies, hydrotherapy stands out for its potential to promote cardiovascular and mental health. Cold water therapy, a hydrotherapy technique, has emerged as a lifestyle strategy with the potential capacity to evoke a wide array of health benefits. This review aims to synthesize the extensive body of research surrounding cold water therapy and its beneficial effects on various health systems as well as the underlying biological mechanisms driving these benefits. We conducted a search for interventional and observational cohort studies from MEDLINE and EMBASE up to July 2024. Deliberate exposure of the body to cold water results in distinct physiological responses that may be linked to several health benefits. Evidence, primarily from small interventional studies, suggests that cold water therapy positively impacts cardiometabolic risk factors, stimulates brown adipose tissue and promotes energy expenditure—potentially reducing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. It also triggers the release of stress hormones, catecholamines and endorphins, enhancing alertness and elevating mood, which may alleviate mental health conditions. Cold water therapy also reduces inflammation, boosts the immune system, promotes sleep and enhances recovery following exercise. The optimal duration and temperature needed to derive maximal benefits is uncertain but current evidence suggests that short-term exposure and lower temperatures may be more beneficial. Overall, cold water therapy presents a potential lifestyle strategy to enhancing physical and mental well-being, promoting healthy aging and extending the healthspan, but definitive interventional evidence is warranted.

TOPARLANMA YÖNTEM VE UYGULAMALARI- İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi

Chapter

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Yasin Ersöz

Evidence-based approach for optimising sports recovery practises following DOMS educing exercise: A systemic review and meta-analysis

Preprint

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Jack Martin

Abstract Purpose/Background: During intense exercise, muscles generate and release large quantities of blood lactate during anaerobic and resistance based exercise. As a result of intense periods of exercise and physical activity, blood lactate levels and the perception of muscle soreness increases, resulting in an acute decrease in athlete performance. The experience of an acute decrease in athletic performance and increase in negative physiological characteristics is referred to as delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Since the beginning of sports science research, many researchers have tried to create methods to reduce and mitigate the effects of DOMS post exercise. Some of the most common methods include, stretching, massage, ice massage and cold-water immersion, electrical muscle stimulation, kinesiotaping and low-intensity exercise. However, there is currently little evidence to suggest which recovery intervention is best for treating the effects of DOMS. Subsequently, the aim of this present work is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the impact of different recovery techniques on delayed onset muscle soreness. Methods: A systematic literature search on articles published up to 20 September 2022 was carried out in the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, SPORTDisscus. Additionally, academic search engines Google Scholar and ResearchRabbit were used to find additional studies. A search strategy was developed based on the Pico model to identify high quality literature that met the following inclusion criteria: (1) articles must have been published between 1940-2022 and written in English; (2) a recovery intervention was used either pre or post DOMS; (3) studies must have used at least one physiological or biomechanical outcome measure to assess the effect of a particular intervention against a control group (either a separate group of people or an untreated muscle on the same individual); (5) a full-text version of the study had to be publicly available with public access to all data used within the study. Using all of the extracted data from the included studies, this meta-analysis will use blood lactate levels, creatine kinase levels, muscle soreness, counter movement jump, maximal isometric voluntary contraction and range of movement. In order to try and answer the primary research aim of what recovery intervention can best mitigate the effects of DOMS. Results: A total of 275 studies met the inclusion criteria and were used in the systemic review and meta-analysis. The results show that there were significant differences between all of the individual outcome measures, however, once all the results were averaged together to create an overall recovery score, the differences between the interventions were less significant. The results also suggest that some particular recovery interventions have a more pronounced effect for mitigating certain symptoms of DOMS compared to other recovery interventions. When averaging all the results from all of the outcome measures, the pre-DOMS foam roller intervention had the greatest ability to mitigate the effects of DOMS. The second-best recovery intervention overall was dry needling. Both light pressure instrument assisted soft tissue mobilisation technique and flossing reported an average negative Cohen’s D value which was significantly below the baseline value reported by the control group which suggests that light pressure instrument assisted soft tissue mobilisation technique and flossing are not good recovery interventions for dealing with delayed onset muscles soreness. However, cryotherapy was the best recovery method for reducing blood lactate levels post DOMS. For the self-reported muscle soreness outcome measure, the post DOMS foam roller recovery intervention had the largest pronounced effect. For the CMJ outcome measure, pulsed ultrasound provided the greatest reduction in the effects of DOMS and increased the rate of recovery more than any other recovery intervention. For nearly all the chosen outcome measures within this meta-analysis there was a significant interaction between time and the magnitude of DOMS, meaning that after a single bout of the recovery intervention the magnitude of DOMS decreased at every data collection time point. However, not all recovery protocols were able to increase the rate of recovery more than was observed from the control group for each outcome measure. Future research should aim to explore the role of combined recovery techniques to investigate whether a synergetic phenomenon occurs when treating the effects of DOMS.

The Effects on Knee Swelling, Range of Motion and Pain using a Commercially Available Hot/Cold Contrast Device in a Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Setting

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022
Int J Sports Phys Ther

Background and Purpose Contrast therapy consists of alternating thermotherapy and cryotherapy repeatedly to assist in the management of acute, subacute, and chronic musculoskeletal conditions. This has been utilized for several decades with good to excellent subjective and objective results reported for patients with swelling (acute to chronic), pain, and loss of motion. Typically, the intervention is performed by either the use of a hot and cold whirlpool or by applying hot and cold packs which can be very time consuming and labor intensive. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a single treatment of the Hyperice X system in reducing knee joint pain, swelling and stiffness in active patients and young injured athletes. A secondary purpose was to measure patient satisfaction with the use of the device. Subjects Fifty subjects (34 males and 16 females) with a mean age of 22.2 +/- 4.9 yrs (ranging from 17 to 45 yrs of age) were recruited. Subjects presented with various types of knee pain, both non-operative and operative, secondary to ligamentous, tendinous, cartilage, muscle, and/or meniscus pathology. The subjects were in various stages of rehabilitation with six in the acute stage, 24 in subacute stage, and 20 in the chronic stage. The subjects participated in a variety of different sports at various levels of competition ranging from recreational to professional. Methods Subjects were recruited from one of two centers: an athletic training room or an outpatient sports medicine rehabilitation center. They were evaluated for baseline pain using the visual analog scale (VAS),verbal patient satisfaction on a scale of 1-10, verbal assessment of knee tightness, knee circumference, and knee flexion range of motion. The Hyperice X was applied to the knee utilizing the contrast setting for a total of 18 minutes with three six-minute cycles, each consisting of three minutes of heat therapy and three minutes of cold therapy. The contrast therapy was applied at the initiation of the physical therapy session and all subjective and objective measures were repeated immediately post contrast treatment. Results The VAS scores significantly improved following the treatment session with the mean score pretreatment of 2.59 and following the treatment of 1.68. Knee circumference improved for mid patella and 5 cm below mid patella, but no significant improvement was noted at the 5 cm above the patella region. Knee flexion improved from 130 degrees pre-treatment to 134 degrees post treatment. Knee extension improved from 2.72 degrees of hyperextension to 3.44 degrees, both of which were statistically significant(p<.001). Conclusion Contrast therapy utilizing the Hyperice X device demonstrated effectiveness in affecting pain reduction, swelling, and knee ROM. A commercially available device providing contrast therapy, may enhance outcomes in athletes after even a single treatment. In addition, the device was found to be easy to use, clinically practical, and demonstrated very high subjective patient satisfaction. Level of Evidence Level 3

The effect of foam rolling treatment after delayed onset muscle soreness for isokinetic muscular strength, explosive strength, and muscle soreness

Article

Feb 2022
Gazz Med Ital

Rekreačné otužovanie studenou vodou

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2021

David Kasko

Monografia je zameraná na otužovanie prostredníctvom vodného prostredia s fokusáciou na rekreačne otužujúcich jedincov. V publikácii opisujeme jednotlivé štruktúry a procesy v ľudskom tele, ktoré sú v interakcií s vodným prostredím (ako toleruje organizmus rôzne tepoty prostredia, tvorba a transport tepla v ľudskom organizme, tukové tkanivo, biorytmus a iné). Taktiež rekcie a spôsoby adaptácií ľudského tela na chladové podnety. Pre začínajúcich otužilcov uvádzame odporúčané metodiky ako začínať s otužovaním vodou. Záver publikácie ja zameraný na účinky chladovej expozície a jej rôzne variácie s ich účinkom pri využití v športovej aktivite.

Influencia del masaje ZNAR y la inmersión en agua fría en el proceso inflamatorio, Creatin Kinasa y percepción al dolor muscular en jugadores de voleibol (Influence of ZNAR massage and cold water immersion on the inflammatory process, Creatine Kinase and

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Las estrategias que aminoren el dolor, la inflamación y el daño muscular provocados por la actividad física de alta intensidad en atletas son de interés en la recuperación deportiva, por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue conocer el efecto del masaje ZNAR y la inmersión en agua fría a 10° sobre el proceso inflamatorio a través de la interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina 10 (IL-10), el factor de necrosis tumoral Alpha (TNF-α), el daño muscular mediante la Creatin Kinasa (CK) y la percepción al dolor muscular a través de la escala visual análoga de dolor (EVA) en jugadores de voleibol. Participaron 19 atletas divididos en un grupo control y un grupo experimental, sometidos a dos protocolos de recuperación (masaje ZNAR e inmersión en agua fría) posterior a un test de inducción a la fatiga. Se cuantifico la IL-6, IL-10, TNF, CK y EVA. Los resultados mostraron cambios significativos (p < .05) en las tomas de recuperación en el comportamiento del proceso inflamatorio, la CK y la percepción al dolor muscular con ambos métodos de recuperación. Conclusión, el Masaje ZNAR favorece a la recuperación de la IL-6 y la IL-10 además de la disminución de la CK y la percepción al dolor muscular. Abstract: The strategies that reduce pain, inflammation and muscle damage caused by high intensity activity in athletes are of interest in sports recovery, the objective of the study was to know the effect of ZNAR massage and cold water immersion at 10 ° on the inflammatory process through interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor Alpha (TNF-α), muscle damage through Creatine Kinase (CK) and the perception of muscle pain through the visual analoge scale (VAS) in volleyball players. 19 athletes were divided into a control group and an experimental group, submitted to two recovery protocols (ZNAR massage and cold water immersion) after a fatigue induction test. IL-6, IL-10, TNF, CK and EVA were quantified. The results showed significant changes (p < .05) in the recovery shots in the behavior of the inflammatory process, the CK and the perception of muscle pain with both recovery methods. Conclusion, the ZNAR Massage favors the recovery of IL-6 and IL-10 in addition to the decrease in CK and the perception of muscle pain

Potential Application of Low‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound in Rapidly Relieving Delayed‐Onset Muscle Soreness Induced by High‐Intensity Exercise

Article

Dec 2021

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) treatment on rapid relief of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) triggered by high-intensity exercise. Methods A total of 16 healthy male college students were randomly divided into two groups: the LIFU group (n = 8) and the Sham group (n = 8). After the exercise protocol, the LIFU group received treatment, which parameters included that the power output was 2.5 W/cm², the frequency was 1 MHz, and the treating time was 20 minutes. The Sham group was treated with LIFU without energy output. Visual analog scale was used to evaluate the level of DOMS in every participant. The activities of plasma creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and the plasma concentration were measured by spectrophotometry. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 of serum were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The visual analog scale of quadriceps femoris and/or calf muscles in the LIFU group decreased significantly at 24 hours (P < 0.01) and 48 hours (P < .01) after the exercise protocol. Both the accumulation of lactic acid (P < .01) in muscle and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (P < .01) reduced immediately after LIFU treatment. The activities of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 24 hours lowered in the LIFU group (P < .01). Conclusions LIFU treatment could relieve muscle soreness rapidly and effectively in the early stages of DOMS. The application of LIFU may provide a potential strategy for clinical treatment for DOMS.

Post-Match Recovery in Soccer with Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Material or Cold-Water Immersion

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021
J SPORT SCI MED

We investigated the effects of two common recovery methods; far-infrared emitting ceramic materials (Bioceramic) or cold-water immersion on muscular function and damage after a soccer match. Twenty-five university-level soccer players were randomized into Bioceramic (BIO; n = 8), Cold-water immersion (CWI; n = 9), or Control (CON; n = 8) groups. Heart rate [HR], rating of perceived exertion [RPE], and activity profile through Global Positioning Satellite Systems were measured during the match. Biochemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive species [TBARS], superoxide dismutase [SOD], creatine kinase [CK], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), neuromuscular (countermovement [CMJ] and squat jump [SJ], sprints [20-m]), and perceptual markers (delayed-onset muscle soreness [DOMS], and the perceived recovery scale [PRS]) were assessed at pre, post, 24 h, and 48 h post-match. One-way ANOVA was used to compare anthropometric and match performance data. A two-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests compared the timeline of recovery measures. No significant differences existed between groups for anthropometric or match load measures (P > 0.05). Significant post-match increases were observed in SOD, and decreases in TBARS in all groups (p < 0.05), without differences between conditions (p > 0.05). Significant increases in CK, LDH, quadriceps and hamstring DOMS (p < 0.05), as well as decreases in 20-m, SJ, CMJ, and PRS were observed post-match in all groups (p < 0.05), without significant differences between conditions (p > 0.05). Despite the expected post-match muscle damage and impaired performance, neither Bioceramic nor CWI interventions improved post-match recovery.

Sports Performance Massage

Book

Sep 2021

Steve Bedford

Post-exercise Recovery Methods Focus on Young Soccer Players: A Systematic Review

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

Background: Prescription of post-match or post-training recovery strategies in young soccer players is a key point to optimize soccer performance. Considering that the effectiveness of recovery strategies may present interindividual variability, scientific evidence-based recovery methods and protocols used in adults are possibly not applicable to young soccer players. Therefore, the current systematic review primarily aimed to present a critical appraisal and summary of the original research articles that have evaluated the effectiveness of recovery strategies in young male soccer players and to provide sufficient knowledge regarding the effectiveness of the recovery methods and strategies. Methodology: A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines until November 31, 2020, using the next data bases: WOS, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Evidence Database (PEDro), Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) Search review, EMBASE, and Scopus. There were no filters applied. Results: A total of 638 articles were obtained in the initial search. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final sample was 10 articles focusing on recovery in young male players. Conclusions: Neuromuscular performance can be recovered using WVB but not with SS, and water immersion protocols may also be useful, but their positive effects are not significant, and it is unable to distinguish the best water immersion method; match running performance maintenance may be achieved using water immersion protocols but no other recovery methods have been investigated; EIMD and inflammatory responses could be positively affected when water immersion and AR are applied, although SS seems to be ineffective; perceptual responses also seem to be better with CWI and WVB, but contradictory results have been found when AR is applied, and SS had no positive impact. Finally, it is important to consider that AR strategies may modify HR response and soccer-specific performance.

Effects of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Material Clothing on Recovery After Maximal Eccentric Exercise

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials worn as Bioceramic pants would improve neuromuscular performance, biochemical and perceptual markers in healthy individuals after maximal eccentric exercise. Twenty-two moderately active men were randomized into Bioceramic (n = 11) or Placebo (n = 11) groups. To induce muscle damage, three sets of 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the quadriceps were performed at 60°·s-1. Participants wore the bioceramic or placebo pants for 2 hours immediately following the protocol, and then again for 2 hours prior to each subsequent testing session at 24, 48 and 72 hours post. Plasma creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, delayed-onset muscle soreness, perceived recovery status, and maximal voluntary contraction were measured pre-exercise and 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. Eccentric exercise induced muscle damage as evident in significant increases in delayed-onset muscle soreness at 24-72 hours (p < 0.05) and creatine kinase between Pre to 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours (p < 0.05). Despite the increased delayed-onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase values, no effect of Bioceramic was evident (p > 0.05). Furthermore, decreases in maximal voluntary contraction between Pre and immediately, 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours post (p < 0.05) were reported. However, the standardized difference was moderate lower for lactate dehydrogenase at 24 h (ES = 0.50), but higher at 48 h (ES =-0.58) in the Bioceramic compared to the Placebo group. Despite inducing muscle damage, the daily use of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials clothing over 72 hours did not facilitate recovery after maximal eccentric exercise.

Strength and Conditioning: A Concise Introduction

Book

Nov 2019

John M. Cissik

Effects of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials on Recovery During 2-Week Preseason of Elite Futsal Players

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2020

Nunes, RFH, Cidral-Filho, FJ, Flores, LJF, Nakamura, FY, Rodriguez, HFM, Bobinski, F, De Sousa, A, Petronilho, F, Danielski, LG, Martins, MM, Martins, DF, and Guglielmo, LGA. Effects of far-infrared emitting ceramic materials on recovery during 2-week preseason of elite futsal players. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 235-248, 2020-We investigated the effects of far-infrared emitting ceramic materials (cFIR) during overnight sleep on neuromuscular, biochemical and perceptual markers in futsal players. Twenty athletes performed a 2-week preseason training program and during sleep wore bioceramic (BIO; n = 10) or placebo pants (PL; n = 10). Performance (countermovement jump [CMJ]; squat jump [SJ]; sprints 5, 10, and 15-m) and biochemical markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha-TNF-α, interleukin 10-IL-10, thiobarbituric acid-reactive species [TBARS], carbonyl, superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT]) were obtained at baseline and after the 1st and 2nd week of training. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and training strain were monitored throughout. Changes in ΔCMJ and ΔSJ were possibly (60/36/4 [week-1]) and likely (76/22/2 [week-2]) higher in BIO. Both groups were faster in 5-m sprint in week 2 compared with baseline (p = 0.015), furthermore, BIO was likely faster in 10-m sprint (3/25/72 [week 1]). Significant group × time interaction in %ΔTNF-α were observed (p = 0.024 [week-1]; p = 0.021 [week-2]) with values possibly (53/44/3 [week 1]) and likely (80/19/1 [week 2]) higher in BIO. The %ΔIL-10 decreased across weeks compared with baseline (p = 0.019 [week-1]; p = 0.026 [week-2]), showing values likely higher in BIO (81/16/3 [week-1]; 80/17/3 [week-2]). Significant weekly increases in %ΔTBARS (p = 0.001 [week-1]; p = 0.011 [week-2]) and %ΔCarbonyl (p = 0.002 [week-1]; p < 0.001 [week-2]) were observed compared with baseline, showing likely (91/5/4 [week-1]) and possibly (68/30/2 [week-2]) higher changes in BIO. Significant weekly decreases in %ΔSOD were observed compared with baseline (p = 0.046 [week 1]; p = 0.011 [week-2]), and between week 2 and week 1 (p = 0.021), in addition to significant decreases in %ΔCAT compared with baseline (p = 0.070 [week 1]; p = 0.012 [week 2]). Training strain (p = 0.021; very -likely [0/2/98]; week 1) and DOMS was lower in BIO (likely; 7 sessions) with differences over time (p = 0.001). The results suggest that the daily use of cFIR clothing could facilitate recovery, especially on perceptual markers during the early phases of an intensive training period.

Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete recovery: A review

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2004
PHYS THER SPORT

Darryl Cochrane

Objectives. The aim of this review was to investigate whether alternating hot – cold water treatment is a legitimate training tool for enhancing athlete recovery. A number of mechanisms are discussed to justify its merits and future research directions are reported. Alternating hot– cold water treatment has been used in the clinical setting to assist in acute sporting injuries and rehabilitation purposes. However, there is overwhelming anecdotal evidence for it's inclusion as a method for post exercise recovery. Many coaches, athletes and trainers are using alternating hot – cold water treatment as a means for post exercise recovery. Design. A literature search was performed using SportDiscus, Medline and Web of Science using the key words recovery, muscle fatigue, cryotherapy, thermotherapy, hydrotherapy, contrast water immersion and training. Results. The physiologic effects of hot – cold water contrast baths for injury treatment have been well documented, but its physiological rationale for enhancing recovery is less known. Most experimental evidence suggests that hot– cold water immersion helps to reduce injury in the acute stages of injury, through vasodilation and vasoconstriction thereby stimulating blood flow thus reducing swelling. This shunting action of the blood caused by vasodilation and vasoconstriction may be one of the mechanisms to removing metabolites, repairing the exercised muscle and slowing the metabolic process down. Conclusion. To date there are very few studies that have focussed on the effectiveness of hot– cold water immersion for post exercise treatment. More research is needed before conclusions can be drawn on whether alternating hot– cold water immersion improves recuperation and influences the physiological changes that characterises post exercise recovery.

Muscle soreness, swelling, stiffness and strength loss after intense eccentric exercise

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1992

High-intensity eccentric contractions induce performance decrements and delayed onset muscle soreness. The purpose of this investigation was to study the magnitude and time course of such decrements and their interrelationships in 26 young women of mean(s.d.) age 21.4(3.3) years. Subjects performed 70 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors on a pulley system, specially designed for the study. The non-exercised arm acted as the control. Measures of soreness, tenderness, swelling (SW), relaxed elbow joint angle (RANG) and isometric strength (STR) were taken before exercise, immediately after exercise (AE), analysis of variance and at 24-h intervals for 11 days. There were significant (P < 0.01, analysis of variance) changes in all factors. Peak effects were observed between 24 and 96 h AE. With the exception of STR, which remained lower (P < 0.01), all variables returned to baseline levels by day 11. A non-significant correlation between pain and STR indicated that pain was not a major factor in strength loss. Also, although no pain was evident, RANG was decreased immediately AE. There was no relationship between SW, RANG and pain. The prolonged nature of these symptoms indicates that repair to damaged soft tissue is a slow process. Strength loss is considered particularly important as it continues when protective pain and tenderness have disappeared. This has implications for the therapeutic management of patients with myopathologies and those receiving eccentric exercise for rehabilitation.

Delayed muscle soreness. The inflammatory response to muscle injury and its clinical implications

Article

Full-text available

Aug 1995

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a sensation of discomfort that occurs 1 to 2 days after exercise. The soreness has been reported to be most evident at the muscle/tendon junction initially, and then spreading throughout the muscle. The muscle activity which causes the most soreness and injury to the muscle is eccentric activity. The injury to the muscle has been well described but the mechanism underlying the injury is not fully understood. Some recent studies have focused on the role of the cytoskeleton and its contribution to the sarcomere injury. Although little has been confirmed regarding the mechanisms involved in the production of delayed muscle soreness, it has been suggested that the soreness may occur as a result of mechanical factors or it may be biochemical in nature. To date, there appears to be no relationship between the development of soreness and the loss of muscle strength, in that the timing of the two events is different. Loss of muscle force has been observed immediately after the exercise. However, by collecting data at more frequent intervals a second loss of force has been reported in mice 1 to 3 days post-exercise. Future studies with humans may find this second loss of force to be related to DOMS. The role of inflammation during exercise-induced muscle injury has not been clearly defined. It is possible that the inflammatory response may be responsible for initiating, amplifying, and/or resolving skeletal muscle injury. Evidence from the literature of the involvement of cytokines, complement, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages in the acute phase response are presented in this review. Clinically, DOMS is a common but self-limiting condition that usually requires no treatment. Most exercise enthusiasts are familiar with its symptoms. However, where a muscle has been immobilised or debilitated, it is not known how that muscle will respond to exercise, especially eccentric activity.

Effects of cold water immersion on the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage

Article

Full-text available

Mar 1999

Cryotherapy is an effective treatment for acute sports injury to soft tissue, although the effect of cryotherapy on exercise-induced muscle damage is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cold water immersion on the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage following strenuous eccentric exercise. After performing a bout of damage-inducing eccentric exercise (eight sets of five maximal reciprocal contractions at 0.58 rad x s(-1)) of the elbow flexors on an isokinetic dynamometer, 15 females aged 22.0+/-2.0 years (mean +/- s) were allocated to a control group (no treatment, n = 7) or a cryotherapy group (n = 8). Subjects in the cryotherapy group immersed their exercised arm in cold water (15 degrees C) for 15 min immediately after eccentric exercise and then every 12 h for 15 min for a total of seven sessions. Muscle tenderness, plasma creatine kinase activity, relaxed elbow angle, isometric strength and swelling (upper arm circumference) were measured immediately before and for 3 days after eccentric exercise. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P < 0.05) main effects for time for all variables, with increases in muscle tenderness, creatine kinase activity and upper arm circumference, and decreases in isometric strength and relaxed elbow angle. There were significant interactions (P<0.05) of group x time for relaxed elbow angle and creatine kinase activity. Relaxed elbow angle was greater and creatine kinase activity lower for the cryotherapy group than the controls on days 2 and 3 following the eccentric exercise. We conclude that although cold water immersion may reduce muscle stiffness and the amount of post-exercise damage after strenuous eccentric activity, there appears to be no effect on the perception of tenderness and strength loss, which is characteristic after this form of activity.

Different effects of strenuous eccentric exercise on the accumulation of neutrophils in muscle in women and men

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sex differences in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), torque, and accumulation of technetium-99m (Tc-99m) neutrophils in eccentric-exercised muscle. A group of 10 female and 12 male subjects took part in this study. The subjects completed a pre-test using the descriptor differential scale (DDS) to describe DOMS, and tests of concentric and eccentric torque of the right quadriceps. A volume of 100 ml of blood was taken by venipuncture for neutrophil labelling in the early morning of the exercise day. The Tc-99m neutrophils were re-infused intravenously before the eccentric exercise. The exercise stimulus consisted of 300 eccentric repetitions of the right quadriceps muscles. Radionuclide images of both quadriceps muscles (lateral views) were taken at 2 and 4 h. The DDS, and concentric and eccentric torques of the quadriceps were subsequently evaluated at 0 h, 2, 4, 20 and 24 h post-exercise. The presence of Tc-99m neutrophils was greater in the exercised leg than the non-exercised leg at 2 and 4 h post-exercise (P </= 0.013) and greater in the exercised leg of the women compared to the men at 2 h (P = 0.03). The DOMS had increased post-exercise (P < 0.001) and torque had decreased post-exercise (P </= 0.002) but the patterns were different between the sexes. We concluded that the sex influences the presence of Tc-99m neutrophils in the exercised muscle following eccentric exercise. In addition, different patterns of DOMS and torque were observed between the sexes after eccentric exercise, and require further investigation.

Myofibrillar disruption following acute concentric and eccentric resistance exercise in strength-trained men

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2000
CAN J PHYSIOL PHARM

We have previously quantified the extent of myofibrillar disruption which occurs following an acute bout of resistance exercise in untrained men, however the response of well-trained subjects is not known. We therefore recruited six strength-trained men, who ceased training for 5 days and then performed 8 sets of 8 uni-lateral repetitions, using a load equivalent to 80% of their concentric (Con) 1-repetition maximum. One arm performed only Con actions by lifting the weight and the other arm performed only eccentric actions (Ecc) by lowering it. Needle biopsy samples were obtained from biceps brachii of each arm approximately 21 h following exercise, and at baseline (i.e., after 5 days without training), and subsequently analyzed using electron microscopy to quantify myofibrillar disruption. A greater (P < or = 0.05) proportion of disrupted fibres was found in the Ecc arm (45 +/- 11%) compared with baseline values (4 +/- 2%), whereas fibre disruption in the Con arm (27 +/- 4%) was not different (P > 0.05) from baseline values. The proportion of disrupted fibres and the magnitude of disruption (quantified by sarcomere counting) was considerably less severe than previously observed in untrained subjects after an identical exercise bout. Mixed muscle protein synthesis, assessed from approximately 21-29 h post-exercise, was not different between the Con- and Ecc-exercised arms. We conclude that the Ecc phase of resistance exercise is most disruptive to skeletal muscle and that training attenuates the severity of this effect. Moreover, it appears that fibre disruption induced by habitual weightlifting exercise is essentially repaired after 5 days of inactivity in trained men.

Reliability and Validity of Two Isometric Squat Tests

Article

Full-text available

May 2002

The purpose of the present study was first to examine the reliability of isometric squat (IS) and isometric forward hack squat (IFHS) tests to determine if repeated measures on the same subjects yielded reliable results. The second purpose was to examine the relation between isometric and dynamic measures of strength to assess validity. Fourteen male subjects performed maximal IS and IFHS tests on 2 occasions and 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) free-weight squat and forward hack squat (FHS) tests on 1 occasion. The 2 tests were found to be highly reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC](IS) = 0.97 and ICC(IFHS) = 1.00). There was a strong relation between average IS and 1-RM squat performance, and between IFHS and 1-RM FHS performance (r(squat) = 0.77, r(FHS) = 0.76; p < 0.01), but a weak relation between squat and FHS test performances (r < 0.55). There was also no difference between observed 1-RM values and those predicted by our regression equations. Errors in predicting 1-RM performance were in the order of 8.5% (standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 13.8 kg) and 7.3% (SEE = 19.4 kg) for IS and IFHS respectively. Correlations between isometric and 1-RM tests were not of sufficient size to indicate high validity of the isometric tests. Together the results suggest that IS and IFHS tests could detect small differences in multijoint isometric strength between subjects, or performance changes over time, and that the scores in the isometric tests are well related to 1-RM performance. However, there was a small error when predicting 1-RM performance from isometric performance, and these tests have not been shown to discriminate between small changes in dynamic strength. The weak relation between squat and FHS test performance can be attributed to differences in the movement patterns of the tests

The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on isometric and dynamic knee extensor strength and vertical jump performance

Article

Full-text available

May 2002

In this study, we assessed the effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on knee extensor muscle strength during isometric, concentric and eccentric actions at 1.57 rad x s(-1) and vertical jump performance under conditions of squat jump, countermovement jump and drop jump. The eight participants (5 males, 3 females) were aged 29.5+/-7.1 years (mean +/- s). These variables, together with plasma creatine kinase (CK), were measured before, 1 h after and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after a bout of muscle damaging exercise: 100 barbell squats (10 sets x 10 repetitions at 70% body mass load). Strength was reduced for 4 days (P< 0.05) but no significant differences (P> 0.05) were apparent in the magnitude or rate of recovery of strength between isometric, concentric and eccentric muscle actions. The overall decline in vertical jump performance was dependent on jump method: squat jump performance was affected to a greater extent than countermovement (91.6+/-1.1% vs 95.2+/-1.3% of pre-exercise values, P< 0.05) and drop jump (95.2+/-1.4%, P< 0.05) performance. Creatine kinase was elevated (P < 0.05) above baseline 1 h after exercise, peaked on day 1 and remained significantly elevated on days 2 and 3. Strength loss after exercise-induced muscle damage was independent of the muscle action being performed. However, the impairment of muscle function was attenuated when the stretch-shortening cycle was used in vertical jumping performance.

Autonomic Nervous Activity during Hand Immersion in Cold Water in Patients with Vibration-Induced White Finger.

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2002

Autonomic nervous function in response to cold was investigated in 21 patients with vibration-induced white finger (VWF) and 17 healthy controls of similar age, using power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. In a supine position, electrocardiogram and skin temperature of both index fingers were measured during immersion of right hand in cold water at 10 degrees C for 10 minutes. Autonomic nervous activity was evaluated from the power of the low-frequency component (LF: 0.02-0.15 Hz), the high-frequency component (HF: 0.15-0.40 Hz) and the ratio of the LF to the HF power (LF/HF ratio). The LF/HF ratio, an index of sympathetic nervous activity, significantly increased during the immersion in the VWF patients, but did not significantly increase in the controls. The LF/HF ratio was then significantly greater in the patients than in the controls during the first 1-2 minutes of the immersion. The HF power related to parasympathetic nervous activity did not change significantly in either group. Finger skin temperature of the immersed right hand was significantly lower in the VWF patients than in the controls during the last five minutes of the immersion and in the recovery period. The present results indicate that sympathetic nervous response to cold is significantly enhanced in VWF patients. The exaggerated sympathetic response to cold in these patients is considered to contribute to the enhanced vasoconstriction of their extremities.

The effects of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Eighteen volunteers were randomly assigned to either a massage or control group. DOMS was induced with six sets of eight maximal eccentric contractions of the right hamstring, which were followed 2 h later by 20 min of massage or sham massage (control). Peak torque and mood were assessed at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h postexercise. Range of motion (ROM) and intensity and unpleasantness of soreness were assessed at 6, 24, and 48 h postexercise. Neutrophil count was assessed at 6 and 24 h postexercise. A two factor ANOVA (treatment v time) with repeated measures on the second factor showed no significant treatment differences for peak torque, ROM, neutrophils, unpleasantness of soreness, and mood (p > 0.05). The intensity of soreness, however, was significantly lower in the massage group relative to the control group at 48 h postexercise (p < 0.05). Massage administered 2 h after exercise induced muscle injury did not improve hamstring function but did reduce the intensity of soreness 48 h after muscle insult.

The Effects of Ibuprofen on Delayed Muscle Soreness and Muscular Performance After Eccentric Exercise

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), indirect markers of muscle damage and muscular performance. Nineteen subjects (their mean [+/- SD] age, height, and weight was 24.6 +/- 3.9 years, 176.2 +/- 11.1 cm, 77.3 +/- 18.7 kg) performed the eccentric leg curl exercise to induce muscle soreness in the hamstrings. Nine subjects took an ibuprofen pill of 400 mg every 8 hours within a period of 48 hours, whereas 10 subjects received a placebo randomly (double blind). White blood cells (WBCs) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured at pre-exercise, 4-6, 24, and 48 hours after exercise and maximal strength (1 repetition maximum). Vertical jump performance and knee flexion range of motion (ROM) were measured at pre-exercise, 24 and 48 hours after exercise. Muscle soreness increased (p < 0.05) in both groups after 24 and 48 hours, although the ibuprofen group yielded a significantly lower value (p < 0.05) after 24 hours. The WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) increased 4-6 hours postexercise in both groups with no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the 2 groups. The CK values increased (p < 0.05) in the placebo group at 24 and 48 hours postexercise, whereas no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the ibuprofen group. The CK values of the ibuprofen group were lower (p < 0.05) after 48 hours compared with the placebo group. Maximal strength, vertical jump performance, and knee ROM decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after exercise and at 24 and 48 hours postexercise in both the placebo and the ibuprofen groups with no differences being observed (p > 0.05) between the 2 groups. The results of this study reveal that intake of ibuprofen can decrease muscle soreness induced after eccentric exercise but cannot assist in restoring muscle function.

Cold- and Hot-Pack Contrast Therapy: Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Temperature Change

Article

Full-text available

Feb 1997

To investigate the temperature changes in subcutaneous and intramuscular tissue during a 20-minute cold- and hot-pack contrast therapy treatment. Subjects were randomly exposed to 20 minutes of contrast therapy (5 minutes of heat with a hydrocollator pack followed by 5 minutes of cold with an ice pack, repeated twice) and 20 minutes of cold therapy (ice pack only) in a university laboratory. Nine men and seven women with no history of peripheral vascular disease and no allergy to cephalexin hydrochloride volunteered for the study. Subcutaneous and intramuscular tissue temperatures were measured by 26-gauge hypodermic needle microprobes inserted into the left calf just below the skin or 1 cm below the skin and subcutaneous fat, respectively. With contrast therapy, muscular temperature did not fluctuate significantly over the 20-minute period compared with the subcutaneous temperature, which fluctuated from 8 degrees C to 14 degrees C each 5-minute interval. When subjects were treated with ice alone, muscle temperature decreased 7 degrees C and subcutaneous temperature decreased 17 degrees C over the 20-minute treatment. Our results show that contrast therapy has little effect on deep muscle temperature. Therefore, if most of the physiologic effects attributed to cold and hot contrast therapy depend on substantial fluctuations in tissue temperature, contrast therapy needs to be reconsidered as a viable therapeutic modality.

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences

Book

Jan 1988

J. Cohen

Treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury via hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Article

Jan 2001

HARRISON, B. C., D. ROBINSON, B. J. DAVISON, B. FOLEY, E. SEDA, and W. C. BYRNES. Treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury via hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 1, 2001, pp. 36–42. Purpose: This study examined the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury. Methods: 21 college-aged male volunteers were assigned to three groups: control, immediate HBO (iHBO), and delayed HBO (dHBO). All subjects performed 6 sets (10 repetitions per set) of eccentric repetitions with a load equivalent to 120% of their concentric maximum. HBO treatments consisted of 100-min exposure to 2.5 ATA and 100% oxygen with intermittent breathing of ambient air (30 min at 100% O2, 5 min at 20.93% O2). HBO treatments began either 2 (iHBO) or 24 h (dHBO) postexercise and were administered daily through day 4 postexercise. Forearm flexor cross-sectional area (CSA) and T2 relaxation time via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were assessed at baseline, 2, 7, and 15 d postinjury. Isometric strength and rating of perceived soreness of the forearm flexors were assessed at baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 15 d postinjury. Serum creatine kinase (CK) was assessed on day 0 and on days 1, 2, 7, and 15 postinjury. Results: Mean baseline CSA values were: 2016.3, 1888.5, and 1972.2 mm2 for control, iHBO, and dHBO, respectively. All groups showed significant increases in CSA in response to injury (21% at 2 d, 18% at 7 d) (P < 0.0001), but there were no significant differences between groups (P = 0.438). Mean baseline T2 relaxation times were: 26.18, 26.28, and 27.43 msec for control, iHBO, and dHBO, respectively. Significant increases in T2 relaxation time were observed for all groups (64% at 2 d, 66% at 7 d, and 28% at 15 d) (P < 0.0001), but there were no significant differences between groups (P = 0.692). Isometric strength (P < 0.0001), serum CK levels (P = 0.0007), and rating of perceived soreness (P < 0.0001) also indicated significant muscle injury for all groups, but there were no differences between groups (P = 0.459, P = 0.943, and P = 0.448, respectively). Conclusion: These results suggest that hyperbaric oxygen therapy was not effective in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury as indicated by the markers evaluated.

In Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavior Sciences (Revised Edition)

Book

Jan 1988

Jacob Cohen

Continuous Compression as an Effective Therapeutic Intervention in Treating Eccentric-Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness

Article

Feb 2001

Context Prior investigations using ice, massage, or exercise have not shown efficacy in relieving delayed-onset muscle soreness. Objectives To determine whether a compression sleeve worn immediately after maximal eccentric exercise enhances recovery. Design Randomized, controlled clinical study. Setting University sports medicine laboratory. Participants Fifteen healthy, non-strength-trained men, matched for physical criteria, randomly placed in a control group or a continuous compression-sleeve group (CS). Methods and Measures Subjects performed 2 sets of 50 arm curls. 1RM elbow flexion at 60°/s, upper-arm circumference, resting-elbow angle, serum creatine kinase (CK), and perception-of-soreness data were collected before exercise and for 3 days. Results CK was significantly ( P < .05) elevated from the baseline value in both groups, although the elevation in the CS group was less. CS prevented loss of elbow extension, decreased subjects’ perception of soreness, reduced swelling, and promoted recovery of force production. Conclusions Compression is important in soft-tissue-injury management.

Difference in the Magnitude of Muscle Damage Between Maximal and Submaximal Eccentric Loading

Article

Jan 2002

Michael Newton

Eccentric and concentric torque-velocity relationships during arm flexion and extension. Influence of strength level

Article

Feb 1990
Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol

Forty men were tested with a computerized dynamometer for concentric and eccentric torques during arm flexion and extension at 0.52, 1.57, and 2.09 rad.s-1. Based on the summed concentric and eccentric torque scores, subjects were placed into a high strength (HS) or low strength (LS) group. The eccentric and concentric segments of the torque-velocity curves (TVCs) were generated using peak torque and constant-angle torque (CAT) at 1.57 and 2.36 rad. Angle of peak torque was also recorded. Compared to LS, HS had significantly greater estimated lean body mass (+10.2 kg) and approximately 25% greater average torque output. Reliability of the peak torque scores on 2 days in 20 subjects was r greater than or equal to 0.85. The difference between observed torques and the mathematically computed criterion torque scores averaged 1% for three validation loads that ranged from 11.4 to 90.4 kg. Statistical analysis revealed that torque output in LS plateaued at low concentric velocities and was also flattened with increasing eccentric velocities. Conversely, torque output for HS increased with decreasing concentric velocities and increased with increasing eccentric velocities. The method of plotting the TVCs for peak or CAT did not influence the pattern of TVC. Eccentric flexion peak torque occurred at a significantly shorter muscle length (1.88 rad) than concentric torque (2.12 rad). This difference was also present for extension; it was 1.88 rad for eccentric and 2.03 rad for concentric torque.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Training

Article

Aug 1986
CLIN SPORT MED

The perception of muscle soreness is probably due to the activation of free nerve endings around muscle fibers. These nerve endings serve as receptors of noxious stimuli associated with muscle damage. Modulation of soreness may take place at the peripheral receptor sites or at a central or spinal level. This multilevel modulation may explain the large intersubject variation in the perception of muscle soreness. The type of exercise that produces the greatest degree of soreness is eccentric exercise, although isometric exercise may also result in soreness. Eccentric exercise has been shown to produce muscle cellular damage and decrements in motor performance as well. Although training is considered to prevent muscle soreness, even trained individuals will become sore following a novel or unaccustomed exercise bout. Thus, training is specific to the type of exercise performed. Our laboratories have shown that the performance of a single exercise bout will have an effect on a subsequent similar bout given up to 6 weeks later. Thus, when a second bout of downhill running was given to subjects 6 weeks after the first bout, with no intervening exercise, less soreness developed, and muscle damage was estimated to be reduced. The explanation for this long-lasting prophylactic or "training effect" is currently under investigation in our laboratories.

Delayed onset muscle soreness following repeated bouts of downhill running

Article

Oct 1985

Perceived muscle soreness ratings, serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, and myoglobin levels were assessed in three groups of subjects following two 30-min exercise bouts of downhill running (-10 degrees slope). The two bouts were separated by 3, 6, and 9 wk for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Criterion measures were obtained pre- and 6, 18, and 42 h postexercise. On bout 1 the three groups reported maximal soreness at 42 h postexercise. Also, relative increases in CK for groups 1, 2, and 3 were 340, 272, and 286%, respectively. Corresponding values for myoglobin were 432, 749, and 407%. When the same exercise was repeated, significantly less soreness was reported and smaller increases in CK and myoglobin were found for groups 1 and 2. For example, the percent CK increases on bout 2 for groups 1 and 2 were 63 and 62, respectively. Group 3 demonstrated no significant difference in soreness ratings, CK activities, or myoglobin levels between bouts 1 and 2. It was concluded that performance of a single exercise bout had a prophylactic effect on the generation of muscle soreness and serum protein responses that lasts up to 6 wk.

A simple anthropometric method for calculating segmental leg limb volume

Article

Jun 1974

A simple anthropometric technique for calculating leg volume was presented. The leg was considered as six truncated cones and the foot a wedge. Sample calculations were presented from data collected on college women and were compared to actual measures of leg volume by water displacement to demonstrate the validity of the anthropometric technique. This technique can have wide application in physical education research, as for example, in analysis of complex body motions, and to help assess the influence of physical training, specific exercises, and/or diet on selected aspects of body composition.

Neutrophil migration in vitro and in vivo during hypothermia

Article

Jan 1985

The effect of hypothermia on pig leukocyte migration in vitro and in vivo was studied. Neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro under agarose was significantly impaired at 29 degrees C (2.7 +/- 0.6 [mean +/- standard error]; 37 degrees C, 7.1 +/- 1.1). Leukocytes isolated from hypothermic pigs and tested at 37 degrees C migrated normally (7.8 +/- 0.6). Neutrophil and monocyte migration in vivo was markedly reduced at 29 degrees C. Reduced inflammatory responses may contribute to increased infections during hypothermia.

Rapid Adaptation to Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

Article

Sep 1995

This study examined eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Twenty-two male subjects performed 70 eccentric actions with the knee extensors. Group A (n = 11) and group B (n = 11) repeated the same exercise 4 and 13 days after the initial bout, respectively. Criterion measures included muscle soreness, muscle force generation (vertical jump height on a Kistler platform), and plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK), slow-twitch skeletal (cardiac beta-type) myosin heavy chains (MHC), and cardiac troponin I. Subjects were tested pre-exercise and up to day 4 following each bout. The initial exercise resulted in an increase in CK and MHC, a decrement in muscle force, and delayed onset muscle soreness in all participants. CK and MHC release correlated closely (rho = 0.73, p = 0.0001), both did not correlate with the decrement in muscle force generation after exercise. Because cardiac troponin I could not be detected in all samples, which excluded a protein release from the heart (cardiac beta-type MHC), this finding provides evidence for a injury of slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers in response to eccentric contractions. Repetition of the initial eccentric exercise bout after 13 days (group B) did not cause muscle soreness, a decrement in muscle reaction force with vertical jump or significant changes in plasma MHC and CK concentrations, whereas in case of repetition after 4 days (group A) only the significant increases in CK and MHC were abolished. The decrement in reaction force with vertical jump did not differ significantly from that after the initial exercise session, but perceived muscle soreness was less pronounced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Intramuscular pressure, torque and swelling for the exercise-induced sore vastus lateralis muscle

Article

Dec 1994

This study investigated changes in intramuscular fluid pressure (IMP), torque and swelling related to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the vastus lateralis muscle. IMP was measured via catheterization in the unstretched (0 degree, full extension) and stretched (90 degrees of knee flexion) muscle at rest; then IMP and knee extension torque were determined during maximal contractions pre and 2 d after (post) repetitive eccentric activity in one leg for eight male subjects. DOMS of the vastus lateralis muscle was associated with a significant elevation in IMP at rest as indicated by pre (0 degree: 5.4 mmHg, 90 degrees: 80 mmHg) and post (0 degree: 8.4 mmHg, 90 degrees: 13.2 mmHg) comparisons (P = 0.02). Soreness symptoms were aggravated when the muscle was stretched and this was accompanied by a significantly higher post IMP at 90 degrees vs. 0 degree (P = 0.01). During maximal contractions, peak torque declined by 15% relative to pre and peak IMP declined by 26%; DOMS symptoms, however, were most severe during this manoeuvre. Biopsies from the sore vastus lateralis muscle revealed significantly larger fibre areas for all fibre types as compared with contralateral controls (P < 0.01); however, no differences were detected for extracellular volume percent comparisons. This study shows that DOMS of the vastus lateralis muscle is associated with extensive intracellular swelling and with elevated IMP. In line with previous studies, fibre swelling may be a common subsequence to repetitive eccentric activity; the ability of IMP measurements to detect this swelling at rest and during various manoeuvres for other muscles may depend on compartmental compliance.

Warm underwater water-jet massage improves recovery from intense physical exercise

Article

Sep 1995
Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol

The effects of warm underwater water-jet massage on neuromuscular functioning, selected biochemical parameters (serum creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, serum carbonic anhydrase, myoglobin, urine urea and creatinine) and muscle soreness were studied among 14 junior track and field athletes. Each subject spent, in a randomized order, two identical training weeks engaged in five strength/power training sessions lasting 3 days. The training weeks differed from each other only in respect of underwater water-jet massage treatments. These were used three times (20 min each) during the treatment week and not used during the control week. During the treatment week continuous jumping power decreased and ground contact time increased significantly less (P < 0.05) and serum myoglobin increased more than during the control week. It is suggested that underwater water-jet massage in connection with intense strength/power training increases the release of proteins from muscle tissue into the blood and enhances the maintenance of neuro-muscular performance capacity.

Exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage and adaptation following repeated bouts of eccentric muscle contractions

Article

Apr 1997

Repeated bouts of eccentric muscle contractions were used to examine indirect indices of exercise-induced muscle damage and adaptation in human skeletal muscle. Twenty-four subjects (18 females, 6 males) aged 20.0 +/- 1.4 years (mean +/- S.D.) performed an initial bout of either 10 (n = 7), 30 (n = 9) or 50 (n = 8) maximum voluntary eccentric contractions of the knee extensors, followed by a second bout of 50 contractions 3 weeks later using the same leg. Muscle soreness was elevated after all bouts (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon test), although the initial bout reduced the soreness associated with the second bout. Force loss and a decline in the 20:100 Hz percutaneous electrical myostimulation force ratio were observed after all exercise bouts (P < 0.01). Serum creatine kinase activity was elevated following the initial bouts of 30 and 50 repetitions (P < 0.01), but there was no increase following 10 repetitions. No increase in serum creatine kinase activity was observed in any group following the second bout of contractions (P > 0.05). We conclude that skeletal muscle adaptation can be brought about by a single bout of relatively few eccentric muscle contractions. Increasing the number of eccentric muscle repetitions did not result in an increased prophylactic effect on skeletal muscle.

Effect of Cryotherapy on Muscle Soreness and Strength Following Eccentric Exercise

Article

Dec 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a post-exercise cryotherapy protocol could facilitate recovery of elbow flexor strength and reduce the severity of delayed onset muscle soreness following eccentric exercise. Eight resistance-trained males (23 +/- 3 yr) performed 64 eccentric elbow flexions with each arm. One arm was subjected to five, 20 minute immersions in a 5 +/- 1 degree C ice-water bath interspersed by 60 minute rest periods. The non-immersed arm served as the control. A main effect for time was observed for all dependent variables (p < 0.05). Isometric torque (mean SE) decreased from a pre-exercise value of 87.9 +/- 4.5 Nm to 65.2 +/- 4.5 Nm immediately post-exercise. Isokinetic torque at 60 and 300 degrees x s(-1) decreased from 71.0 +/- 3.5 NM and 48.4 +/- 2.8 Nm to 55.8 +/- 3.3 Nm and 39.8 +/- 3.1 Nm, respectively. All torque measures returned to pre-test levels by 72 h. Muscle soreness peaked 48 h post-exercise and was evident until 120 h. Limb volume increased by 200 +/- 18 ml immediately post-exercise (p < 0.05) but was not significantly elevated thereafter. No significant difference between the immersed and control arms were observed for any variable. The result suggest that the use of cryotherapy immediately following damaging eccentric exercise may not provide the same therapeutic benefits commonly attributed to cryotherapy following traumatic muscle injury.

Etiology of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

Article

Jul 1999

Muscle damage is caused by strenuous and unaccustomed exercise, especially exercise involving eccentric muscle contractions, where muscles lengthen as they exert force. Damage can be observed both directly at the cellular level and indirectly from changes in various indices of muscle function. Several mechanisms have been offered to explain the etiology of the damage/repair process, including mechanical factors such as tension and strain, disturbances in calcium homeostasis, the inflammatory response, and the synthesis of stress proteins (heat shock proteins). Changes in muscle function following eccentric exercise have been observed at the cellular level as an impairment in the amount and action of transport proteins for glucose and lactate/H+, and at the systems level as an increase in muscle stiffness and a prolonged loss in the muscle's ability to generate force. This paper will briefly review factors involved in the damage/repair process and alterations in muscle function following eccentric exercise.

Exercise-induced muscle damage: Absence of adaptive effect after a single session of eccentric isokinetic heavy resistance exercise

Article

Sep 1999

Unaccustomed eccentric exercise induces muscle damage. A single session of eccentric exercise can induce an "adaptive effect" protecting exercised muscles during several weeks. Our aim was to verify this phenomenon in isokinetic exercise. Tested hypothesis was: the progressive muscle rise in tension due to isokinetic eccentric actions would be insufficient to induce the adaptive effect. Experimental design: prospective study. Setting: general community. Participants: six healthy and moderately active (untrained) males (29.1 yr +/- 1.5 SEM). Interventions: subjects performed two isokinetic eccentric exercises (EE1 and EE2) of the quadriceps femoris of both legs (120 degrees.s-1; 8 sets of 15 repetitions) separated by 4 weeks. Measures: type I serum myosin heavy chains (MHC) and creatine kinase concentrations (CK), and rate of perceived soreness (DOMS) were collected before each exercise and on days 1, 2, 4, 6 and 9. Both exercises induced significant (p < 0.01) increases in MHC and CK concentrations, and DOMS score. There was no significant difference between EE1 and EE2, at any measurement time for any parameter. Mean peak values (SEM) were respectively (EE1; EE2): MHC (microU.l-1): 308 (192); 285 (191). CK (U.l-1): 1217 (760); 1297 (1039). DOMS score: 2.67 (0.52); 2.33 (0.52). The first session of eccentric isokinetic exercise (EE1) had no adaptive effect against muscle damage when an identical session was performed 4 weeks later (EE2). Muscle adaptation could have resulted in increased work production (+10.2%; p < 0.05; from EE1 to EE2).

Effect of prior exercise on eccentric exercise-induced neutrophilia and enzyme release

Article

Feb 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prior exercise on changes in circulating neutrophils, neutrophil activation, and myocellular enzymes following a standardized bout of eccentric exercise. Twenty-four male volunteers were randomized into three groups (N = 8). Group C performed 10 sets of 10 eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles with both legs (100% of the concentric IRM). Group D and Group F exercised for 2 h at 56%VO2max on a cycle ergometer followed by a similar bout of eccentric contractions. Group F also received 7.5 mL x kg(-1) of a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage every 30 min during the submaximal exercise, whereas group D received no fluid. Body weight remained unchanged in groups C and F and decreased in group D by 1.56 +/- 0.34 kg. Ultrastructural Z-Band damage increased three-fold following exercise and remained elevated 3 d after exercise but was not different among groups. Circulating neutrophils were elevated more in group D compared with those in group C immediately after the exercise or rest period, and this difference persisted 3 h after the eccentric exercise. Serum lactoferrin concentrations increased 3.3-fold after exercise in all groups (P < 0.01). Creatine kinase levels (CK) rose in all subjects, with subjects in Group F and D having a significantly greater rise in CK after exercise compared with those in group C. These data indicate that submaximal exercise followed by a bout of eccentric exercise results in similar amounts of myofibrillar injury with a larger neutrophil response and CK release.

Activity and immobilization after eccentric exercise: I. Recovery of muscle function

Article

Sep 2000

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether activity would affect the recovery of muscle function after high-force eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Twenty-six male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups for a 4-d treatment period: immobilization (N = 9), control (N = 8), and light exercise (N = 9). Relaxed arm angle (RANG), flexed arm angle (FANG), maximal isometric force (MIF), and perceived muscle soreness (SOR) were obtained for 3 consecutive days pre-exercise (baseline), immediately post-exercise, and for 8 consecutive days after the 4-d treatment period (recovery). During the treatment period, the immobilization group had their arm placed in a cast and supported in a sling at 90 degrees. The control group had no restriction of their arm activity. The light exercise group performed a daily exercise regimen of 50 biceps curls with a 5-lb dumbbell. All subjects showed a prolonged decrease in RANG, increase in FANG, loss in MIF, and increase in SOR in the days after eccentric exercise. During recovery, there was no significant interaction observed among groups over time in RANG (P > 0.05) or FANG (P > 0.05), but there was a significant interaction observed among groups over time in both MIF (P < 0.01) and SOR (P < 0.01). Recovery of MIF was facilitated by light exercise and immobilization, whereas recovery from SOR was facilitated by light exercise and delayed by immobilization. The recovery of MIF in both the light exercise and immobilization groups suggests that more than one mechanism may be involved in the recovery of isometric force after eccentric exercise.

Treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury via hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Article

Jan 2001

This study examined the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury. 21 college-aged male volunteers were assigned to three groups: control, immediate HBO (iHBO), and delayed HBO (dHBO). All subjects performed 6 sets (10 repetitions per set) of eccentric repetitions with a load equivalent to 120% of their concentric maximum. HBO treatments consisted of 100-min exposure to 2.5 ATA and 100% oxygen with intermittent breathing of ambient air (30 min at 100% O2, 5 min at 20.93% O2). HBO treatments began either 2 (iHBO) or 24 h (dHBO) postexercise and were administered daily through day 4 postexercise. Forearm flexor cross-sectional area (CSA) and T2 relaxation time via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were assessed at baseline, 2, 7, and 15 d postinjury. Isometric strength and rating of perceived soreness of the forearm flexors were assessed at baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 15 d postinjury. Serum creatine kinase (CK) was assessed on day 0 and on days 1, 2, 7, and 15 postinjury. Mean baseline CSA values were: 2016.3, 1888.5, and 1972.2 mm2 for control, iHBO, and dHBO, respectively. All groups showed significant increases in CSA in response to injury (21% at 2 d, 18% at 7 d) (P < 0.0001), but there were no significant differences between groups (P = 0.438). Mean baseline T2 relaxation times were: 26.18, 26.28, and 27.43 msec for control, iHBO, and dHBO, respectively. Significant increases in T2 relaxation time were observed for all groups (64% at 2 d, 66% at 7 d, and 28% at 15 d) (P < 0.0001), but there were no significant differences between groups (P = 0.692). Isometric strength (P < 0.0001), serum CK levels (P = 0.0007), and rating of perceived soreness (P < 0.0001) also indicated significant muscle injury for all groups, but there were no differences between groups (P = 0.459, P = 0.943, and P = 0.448, respectively). These results suggest that hyperbaric oxygen therapy was not effective in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury as indicated by the markers evaluated.

How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last? Med Sci

Article

Oct 2001

One bout of eccentric exercise produces an adaptation that reduces muscle damage in subsequent bouts. Because it is not known how long this adaptation lasts, the present study investigated the maximal length of the attenuated changes in muscle damage indicators after high-force eccentric exercise. Male students (N = 35) were placed into three groups and performed two bouts of eccentric exercise of the nondominant elbow flexors separated by either 6 (N = 14), 9 (N = 11), or 12 (N = 10) months. Maximal isometric force (MIF), range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference (CIR), muscle soreness (SOR), and plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) were measured before and for 5 d after exercise. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the transverse and longitudinal scans of the upper arm were taken 4 d after exercise. Changes in the criterion measures were compared between the first and second bouts and between groups by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. A faster recovery in MIF was evident after a second bout performed at 6 or 9 months, and reduced SOR as well as smaller increases in CIR, CK, and T2 relaxation time of MR images also occurred after the second exercise bout at 6 months compared with initial responses. No significant differences between the bouts were found for ROM, and the 12-month group did not show any repeated bout effect. These results show that the repeated bout effect for most of the criterion measures lasts at least 6 months but is lost between 9 and 12 months.

Cellular adaption to repeated eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage

Article

Oct 2001

Eccentrically biased exercise results in skeletal muscle damage and stimulates adaptations in muscle, whereby indexes of damage are attenuated when the exercise is repeated. We hypothesized that changes in ultrastructural damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and markers of proteolysis in skeletal muscle would come about as a result of repeated eccentric exercise and that gender may affect this adaptive response. Untrained male (n = 8) and female (n = 8) subjects performed two bouts (bout 1 and bout 2), separated by 5.5 wk, of 36 repetitions of unilateral, eccentric leg press and 100 repetitions of unilateral, eccentric knee extension exercises (at 120% of their concentric single repetition maximum), the subjects' contralateral nonexercised leg served as a control (rest). Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis from each leg 24 h postexercise. After bout 2, the postexercise force deficit and the rise in serum creatine kinase (CK) activity were attenuated. Women had lower serum CK activity compared with men at all times (P < 0.05), but there were no gender differences in the relative magnitude of the force deficit. Muscle Z-disk streaming, quantified by using light microscopy, was elevated vs. rest only after bout 1 (P < 0.05), with no gender difference. Muscle neutrophil counts were significantly greater in women 24 h after bout 2 vs. rest and bout 1 (P < 0.05) but were unchanged in men. Muscle macrophages were elevated in men and women after bout 1 and bout 2 (P < 0.05). Muscle protein content of the regulatory calpain subunit remained unchanged whereas ubiquitin-conjugated protein content was increased after both bouts (P < 0.05), with a greater increase after bout 2. We conclude that adaptations to eccentric exercise are associated with attenuated serum CK activity and, potentially, an increase in the activity of the ubiquitin proteosome proteolytic pathway.

The Effect of Muscle Damage on Strength and Fatigue Deficits

Article

Jun 2001

Many studies have reported prolonged force deficits after a bout of resistance training. However there is a dearth of information on the neuromuscular mechanisms underlying these deficits. This study examined whether an acute bout of resistance training had prolonged detrimental effects on muscle activation and excitation-contraction coupling. Two groups of 16 subjects each were tested before resistance exercise and at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days postexercise. A dvnamic group was tested for concentric and eccentric 1 repetition maximum and 3-methylhistidine (3-MH). An isometric group was tested for maximal voluntary contraction, muscle inactivation, relative fatigue, and evoked twitch properties. Both groups experienced similar increases in pain, limb circumference, and decreased range of motion between 1 and 3 days postexercise. Decrements occurred with eccentric strength, maximal voluntary contraction, muscle inactivation, relative fatigue, twitch amplitude, and increases in 3-MH. Although muscle damage-induced characteristics (pain, swelling, range of motion, 3-MH) were not correlated with neuromuscular impairments (muscle activation, force output), disruption of excitation-contraction coupling may have contributed to decrements in fatigue.

Difference in the Magnitude of Muscle Damage Between Maximal and Submaximal Eccentric Loading

Article

Jun 2002

This study compared maximal (MAX-ECC) and submaximal (50%-ECC) eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Untrained male students (n = 8) performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions of MAX-ECC with one arm and 50%-ECC with the other arm, separated by 4 weeks. In MAX-ECC, the elbow joint was forcibly extended from a flexed (90 degrees ) to a full-extended position (180 degrees ) in 3 seconds while producing maximal force. For 50%-ECC, a dumbbell set at 50% of the maximal isometric strength at 90 degrees of the elbow joint was lowered from the flexed to the extended position in 3 seconds. Changes in indicators of muscle damage were compared between the bouts by a 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Changes in isometric strength, range of motion, upper arm circumference, and plasma creatine kinase activity were significantly smaller and the recovery was significantly faster for 50%-ECC compared with MAX-ECC, although the differences in the changes immediately after exercise were small. It appeared that the magnitude of initial muscle damage was similar between the bouts; however, secondary damage was less after 50%-ECC.

Interferential therapy: Lack of effect upon experimentally induced delayed onset muscle soreness

Article

Sep 2002
CLIN PHYSIOL FUNCT I

This study was designed to assess the analgesic effects of interferential therapy (IFT) on experimentally induced muscular pain under randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled conditions. After ethical approval and written consent were obtained, 40 healthy human volunteers (20 males: 20 females) aged 18-25 years were recruited and randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups (n = 10 per group: male = female): IFT 1, IFT 2, control or placebo. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was induced in the elbow flexors of the non-dominant arm of each subject using a single bout of eccentric exercises to exhaustion. Measurements of isometric peak torque, resting angle, mechanical pain threshold and visual analogue scales were performed at set time points. Treatment was applied for 30 min daily over the biceps brachii muscle, for five consecutive days, according to group allocation. IFT 1 received 10-20 Hz, whilst subjects in IFT 2 were treated with 80-100 Hz (bi-pole; carrier frequency: 4 kHz; pulse duration: 125 microseconds). For the placebo group, the procedure was identical to that in the active treatment groups; however, no interferential current was delivered. The control group received no treatment. No significant between group difference was identified at any time point (P > or = 0.14). However, some inconsistent, yet significant differences in daily treatment effects, interactive effects and effects over time were detected. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that application of IFT at the parameters used here, had no overall beneficial effect on DOMS.

The Effects of Therapeutic Massage on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Muscle Function Following Downhill Walking

Article

Dec 2002
J SCI MED SPORT

This study Investigated the effects of a therapeutic massage on delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle function following downhill walking. Eight male subjects performed a 40-min downhill treadmill walk loaded with 10% of their body mass. A qualified masseur performed a 30-min therapeutic massage to one limb 2 hours post-walk. Muscle soreness, tenderness, isometric strength, isokinetic strength, and single leg vertical jump height were measured on two occasions before, and 1, 24, 72 and 120 hours post-walk for both limbs. Subjects showed significant (p < 0.004) increases in soreness and tenderness for the non-massaged limb 24 hours post-walk with a significant (p < 0.001) difference between the two limbs. A significant reduction In isometric strength was recorded for both limbs compared to baseline 1 hour post-walk. Isokinetic strength at 60 degrees/sec and vertical jump height were significantly lower for the massaged limb at 1 and 24 hours post-walk. No significant differences were evident in the remaining testing variables. These results suggest that therapeutic massage may attenuate soreness and tenderness associated with delayed onset muscle soreness. However it may not be beneficial in the treatment of strength and functional declines.

Finger cold-induced vasodilation: A review

Article

Jul 2003

Hein A M Daanen

Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) in the finger tips generally occurs 5-10 min after the start of local cold exposure of the extremities. This phenomenon is believed to reduce the risk of local cold injuries. However, CIVD is almost absent during hypothermia, when survival of the organism takes precedence over the survival of peripheral tissue. Subjects that are often exposed to local cold (e.g. fish filleters) develop an enhanced CIVD response. Also, differences between ethnic groups are obvious, with black people having the weakest CIVD response. Many other factors affect CIVD, such as diet, alcohol consumption, altitude, age and stress. CIVD is probably caused by a sudden decrease in the release of neurotransmitters from the sympathetic nerves to the muscular coat of the arterio-venous anastomoses (AVAs) due to local cold. AVAs are specific thermoregulatory organs that regulate blood flow in the cold and heat. Their relatively large diameter enables large amounts of blood to pass and convey heat to the surrounding tissue. Unfortunately, information on the quantity of AVAs is lacking, which makes it difficult to estimate the full impact on peripheral blood flow. This review illustrates the thermospecificity of the AVAs and the close link to CIVD. CIVD is influenced by many parameters, but controlled experiments yield information on how CIVD protects the extremities against cold injuries.

Efficacy of Transdermal Ketoprofen for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Article

Aug 2003
CLIN J SPORT MED

To determine the efficacy of transdermal ketoprofen in reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), limiting systemic absorption, and improving postexercise function following repetitive muscle contraction. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. OrthoMed, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A. Thirty-two healthy males 18 to 35 years old. Subjects performed a leg extension and flexion exercise program designed to create DOMS in quadriceps muscles. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive any combination of transdermal ketoprofen or placebo cream, applied TID, to their right and left quadriceps. Subjective measure of DOMS in quadriceps muscles, serum ketoprofen levels, strength index scores (a measure of postexercise function), and adverse reactions were assessed at baseline, 24 hours, and 48 hours. Within-subjects analysis (n = 16) showed a significant reduction in DOMS scores in legs receiving transdermal ketoprofen compared with legs receiving placebo cream (P = 0.002 at 48 hours and 0.000 at 24 and 48 hours combined). Between-subjects analysis (n = 16) showed a marginally significant reduction in DOMS scores at 48 hours (P = 0.05 in right legs and 0.053 in left legs). Systemic absorption was minimal, with serum ketoprofen levels in the ng/mL range. No differences in strength index scores were observed. No adverse reactions were reported. Transdermal ketoprofen appears to be effective in reducing self-reported DOMS after repetitive muscle contraction, particularly after 48 hours. Systemic absorption of the drug was minimal. Treatment did not appear to have any effect on postexercise function, and there were no reported adverse reactions.

Effect of recovery modality on 4-hour repeated treadmill running performance and changes in physiological variables

Article

Apr 2004
J SCI MED SPORT

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three different recovery modalities--active (ACT), passive (PAS) and contrast temperature water immersion (CTW)--on the performance of repeated treadmill running, lactate concentration and pH. Fourteen males performed two pairs of treadmill runs to exhaustion at 120% and 90% of peak running speed (PRS) over a 4-hour period. ACT, PAS or CTW was performed for 15-min after the first pair of treadmill runs. ACT consisted of running at 40% PRS, PAS consisted of standing stationary and CTW consisted of alternating between 60-s cold (10 degrees C) and 120-s hot (42 degrees C) water immersion. Run times were converted to time to cover set distance using critical power. Type of recovery modality did not have a significant effect on change in time to cover 400 m (Mean +/- SD; ACT 2.7 +/- 3.6 s, PAS 2.9 +/- 4.2 s, CTW 4.2 +/- 6.9 s), 1000 m (ACT 2.2 +/- 4.0 s, PAS 4.8 +/- 8.6 s, CTW 2.1 +/- 7.2 s) or 5000 m (ACT 1.4 +/- 29.0 s, PAS 16.7 +/- 58.5 s, CTW 11.7 +/- 33.0 s). Post exercise blood lactate concentration was lower in ACT and CTW compared with PAS. Participants reported an increased perception of recovery in the CTW compared with ACT and PAS. Blood pH was not significantly influenced by recovery modality. Data suggest both ACT and CTW reduce lactate accumulation after high intensity running, but high intensity treadmill running performance is returned to baseline 4-hours after the initial exercise bout regardless of the recovery strategy employed.

Contrast therapy and intramuscular temperature in human leg

Article

Jan 1995

Contrast therapy, although having a long history of use in sports medicine and physical therapy, remains insufficiently researched. We investigated the thermal effects of contrast therapy on intramuscular temperature. We randomly assigned 28 college students to either a control or a contrast group, eight women and six men per group. We shaved and cleansed a 4- x 4-cm area of skin over the right medial calf and inserted a microprobe to a depth of 1 cm below the skin and subcutaneous fat in the center of the gastrocnemius. Each control subject immersed the treatment leg in a hot whirlpool (40.6 degrees C) for 20 minutes. Each contrast subject first immersed the treatment leg in a hot whirlpool (40.6 degrees C) for 4 minutes then into a cold whirlpool (15.6 degrees C) for 1 minute. Contrast subjects repeated this sequence three additional times. We recorded intramuscular temperatures every 30 seconds over the entire treatment time for both groups. The control group had a temperature increase of 2.83 +/- 1.14 degrees C over the 20-minute treatment. The contrast group temperature increased 0.39 +/- 0.46 degrees C from baseline to the end of the treatment. The largest temperature change from the end of one contrast immersion to the end of the next was only 0.15 +/- 0.10 degrees C. None of the differences between the end of one immersion to the end of the next were significant. Conversely, all differences between the same time periods in the control group had significant temperature increases. Apparently contrast therapy, as studied, is incapable of producing any significant physiological effect on the intramuscular tissue temperature 1 cm below the skin and subcutaneous tissue. We recommend that further research be done to examine the effects of longer periods in both the hot and cold environments on the intramuscular temperature of the human leg. Further investigation of intra-articular or peri-articular temperature change produced by contrast therapy should also be undertaken.

Contrast Therapy Does Not Cause Fluctuations in Human Gastrocnemius Intramuscular Temperature

Article

Feb 1998

Contrast therapy has a long history of use in sports medicine. Edema and ecchymosis reduction, vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels, blood flow changes, and influences on the inflammatory response are physiologic effects attributed to the ability of this modality to evoke tissue temperature fluctuations. Our purpose was to measure the change in human gastrocnemius intramuscular tissue temperature during a typical contrast therapy treatment. A randomized-group design was used to examine differences between 2 groups of subjects following a 31-minute warm whirlpool (control) and a 31-minute contrast therapy (experimental) treatment. A hydrotherapy room in a small- college sports medicine facility served as the test environment. Twenty (7 females and 13 males) healthy college students (age = 20.9 +/- 1.2 years; ht = 178.5 +/- 11.1 cm; wt = 79.2 +/- 21.7 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a control or a treatment group. Intramuscular tissue temperatures in the gastrocnemius were recorded every 30 seconds. There was a significant difference in mean overall temperature change between the experimental group (0.85 degrees C +/- 0.60 degrees C) and the control group (2.10 degrees C +/- 1.50 degrees C). In addition, there were significant differences between the 2 groups at 10, 15, 16, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30, and 31 minutes. At each recording point, the control group temperature change was significantly higher than that of the experimental group. There was no difference in absolute temperatures at the 11-minute recording point between the groups. Contrast therapy did not lead to significant fluctuations in muscle tissue temperature at 4 cm below the skin's surface. Therefore, it seems unlikely that the physiologic effects attributed to these fluctuations occur. A 1-minute exposure to a cold whirlpool during a typical contrast treatment does not appear to be long enough to significantly decrease tissue temperature after exposure to the warm hydrotherapy environment.

Therapeutic Modalities in Sports Medicine

Jan 1999

W E Prentice

PRENTICE, W.E. Therapeutic Modalities in Sports Medicine. Boston: WCB/ McGraw Hill, 1999.

Activity and immobilization after eccentric exercise: I. Recovery of muscle function Cel-lular adaptation to repeated eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage The ef-fects of ibuprofen on delayed muscle soreness and muscular performance after eccentric exercise

Jan 2000
1587-15921669

S P Sayers
P M Clarkson
And J Lee
N Stupka
M A Tarnopolsky
N J Yardley
S M And
S P Phillips Tokmakidis
E A Kokkinidis
I Smilios
And H Douda

SAYERS, S.P., P.M. CLARKSON, AND J. LEE. Activity and immobilization after eccentric exercise: I. Recovery of muscle function. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32:1587–1592. 2000. 40. STUPKA, N., M.A. TARNOPOLSKY, N.J. YARDLEY, AND S.M. PHILLIPS. Cel-lular adaptation to repeated eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. J. Appl. Physiol. 91:1669–1678. 2001. 41. TOKMAKIDIS, S.P., E.A. KOKKINIDIS, I. SMILIOS, AND H. DOUDA. The ef-fects of ibuprofen on delayed muscle soreness and muscular performance after eccentric exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 17:53–59. 2003.

Continuous compression as an effective therapeutic intervention in treating eccentric-exercise-induced muscle soreness

Jan 1986
Yale J Biol Med
11-23

M J Kluger
W J Kraemer
J A Bush
R B Wickham
C R Denegar
A L Gomez
A L Gotshalk
N D Duncan
J S Volek
R U Newton
M Putukian
W J Sebastianelli

KLUGER, M.J. Is fever beneficial? Yale J. Biol. Med. 59:89-95. 1986. 26. KRAEMER, W.J., J.A. BUSH, R.B. WICKHAM, C.R. DENEGAR, A.L. GOMEZ, A.L. GOTSHALK, N.D. DUNCAN, J.S. VOLEK, R.U. NEWTON, M. PUTUKIAN, AND W.J. SEBASTIANELLI. Continuous compression as an effective therapeutic intervention in treating eccentric-exercise-induced muscle soreness. J. Sport Rehab. 10:11-23. 2001.

The Effect of Contrast Water Therapy on Symptoms of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Abstract

No full-text available

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