Article

Psychometric evaluation of the five-factor Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire — Revised in undergraduates

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Abstract

The psychometric properties of the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire--Revised (Modified DMQ-R) [Blackwell, E., & Conrod, P. J. (2003). A five-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia], based on a five-factor model of drinking motives with separate coping-anxiety and coping-depression factors, were evaluated in undergraduates. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analyses supported the correlated five-factor model in two samples of undergraduate drinkers (N=726 and N=603). Furthermore, the five-factor model fit the data better than a four-factor model conceptually equivalent to that of Cooper [Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6, 117-128] (i.e., with coping-anxiety and coping-depression items constrained to a single factor). In Study 1, drinking motives were predictive of concurrent drinking frequency and typical number of alcoholic beverages per occasion, over and above demographics. In Study 2, the Modified DMQ-R scores showed good to excellent test-retest reliability in a sample of undergraduates who were relatively frequent drinkers (N=169). Also, drinking motives prospectively predicted number of drinks consumed per week and alcohol-related problems, over and above demographics and initial alcohol use. Notably, coping-anxiety and coping-depression motives were distinctly related to alcohol consumption and alcohol problems.

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... The initial 16-item pool of affective motives was adapted from the Drinking Motive Questionnaire (DMQ; Cooper et al., 1992), the Modified Drinking Motive Questionnaire-Revised (Grant et al., 2007), and the Gambling Motive Questionnaire (GMQ; Stewart & Zack, 2008). The pool included enhancement (5 items; e.g., because it is exciting) and coping (11 items; e.g., to forget your worries) motives. ...
... Adapted from instruments for affective motives of drinking and gambling (i.e., DMQ: Cooper et al., 1992;Grant et al., 2007;GMQ: Stewart & Zack, 2008), the ABMQ was developed and validated with two large samples. The ABMQ consists of subscales for coping and enhancement motives. ...
... However, given that enhancement motives are moderately correlated with coping motives not only in our buying motives scale but also in DMQ and GMQ (Grant et al., 2007;Stewart & Zack, 2008), it is possible that both coping motives and enhancement motives may be in operation in some buyers. According to recent neurobiological studies on alcohol addiction, while the motive of positive reinforcement is predominant in the early stages of alcohol overuse, the motive of negative reinforcement gets more prevalent in the later stages of addiction, accompanied by shifts in neuro-adaptation (Gilpin & Koob, 2008). ...
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Coping and enhancement motives are theoretically implicated in the risks associated with compulsive buying, yet there is a paucity of empirical support. The current study aimed to (1) develop and validate a psychometrically sound measure of coping and enhancement buying motives and (2) assess the unique association of coping/enhancement buying motives with Yi and Baumgartner’s (2023) four dimensions of compulsive buying. Two samples collected by online panel companies were used for measurement development (N = 859) and for validity and hypothesis testing (N = 1157). A seven-item Affective Buying Motives Questionnaire (ABMQ) consisting of coping and enhancement motives was supported. Path analyses identified coping motives as a stronger positive predictor of the financial and interpersonal problems dimensions of compulsive buying. However, both motives were equivalent positive predictors of the excessive buying and phenomenology of pathological buying dimensions of compulsive buying. Our findings point to the unique compulsive buying risks associated with the coping and enhancement motives of buying.
... The Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (M-DMQ-R; Grant et al., 2007) was used to assess drinking motives. Participants indicated how frequently they consume alcohol for various reasons from 1 (almost never/ never) to 5 (almost always/always). ...
... Participants indicated how frequently they consume alcohol for various reasons from 1 (almost never/ never) to 5 (almost always/always). Previous research confirmed the five-factor (i.e., enhancement, social, conformity, coping-depression, and coping-anxiety) structure of the M-DMQ-R in undergraduate students (Grant et al., 2007). Importantly, the five-factor model is an extension of the four-factor model as the coping subscales were divided into anxiety and depression subscales. ...
... Importantly, the five-factor model is an extension of the four-factor model as the coping subscales were divided into anxiety and depression subscales. Grant et al. (2007) demonstrated adequate internal consistency of the subscales, excellent test-retest reliability, and good concurrent and predictive validity for scores from the M-DMQ-R in undergraduate students. Subscale scores are computed by averaging the items for that subscale; higher scores indicate higher levels of alcohol use for that type of motive. ...
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The goal of the current study is to examine the moderating role of public and altruistic prosocial behaviors on the associations between motivation/beliefs and alcohol use among college students. Data were collected as part of the Acculturation and Substance Use Research Team (ASURT) Study, and participants include 8040 college student drinkers (Mage = 20 years old, SD = 1.91; female = 72.0%). Participants completed measures of their conformity motives, alcohol use beliefs, drinking behaviors, and tendency to engage in two types of prosocial behaviors. Conformity motives were negatively associated, college alcohol beliefs, and altruistic prosocial behaviors were positively associated, and public prosocial behaviors were unrelated with alcohol consumption. Conformity motives, college alcohol beliefs, and public prosocial behaviors were associated with more negative drinking consequences, while altruistic prosocial behaviors were associated with fewer negative drinking consequences. Importantly, there were age differences in some of the associations such that links were stronger for younger participants. Prosocial behaviors may be a protective behavior strategy for college students that might be able to reduce the impact of drinking environments and motivations on drinking behaviors. Focusing on promoting a prosocial orientation might be an important avenue of intervention for college students that help mitigate negative health behaviors while promoting healthy development.
... obtención de la muestra fue a través del método de muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. (9,10) Para evaluar las variables se aplicó el Cuestionario de Identificación de Desórdenes por Uso de Alcohol, por sus siglas en inglés AUDIT, (13,14) y la escala Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R), (15) en apego a los criterios de selección: inclusión: autorización de los participantes, matrícula vigente, inscritos en el período escolar febrero-julio 2023, deseo de participar, firma del consentimiento informado, disponibilidad de tiempo, aceptar la orientación y explicación de la estructura del instrumento y del proyecto. Se excluyeron personas con alteración mental (depresión, ansiedad) diagnosticada, problemas de lenguaje y psicomotores. ...
... Total (15) Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised, (17) f: frecuencia, % 1 : porcentaje total de la población, % 2 : porcentaje por sexo, n=363. ...
... Para responder el supuesto: existe dependencia al consumo de alcohol relacionada con la motivación en los estudiantes de enfermería se comprueba de manera positiva y estadísticamente significativo, (rs=,697, p=<0,01), ya que, al existir mayor motivación al consumo de la sustancia (VMA), mayor será el patrón de consumo (VCA) en sus diferentes niveles, puntualizando que es la familia quien acepta al alcohol, pues al interior de esta, se utiliza de forma ocasional para sus actividades (tabla 5). (15) Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised. (17) VMA: Variable motivos para consumir alcohol, VCA: Variable consumo de alcohol, SSO: Subescala social, SME: Subescala mejora, SCO: Subescala conformidad, SAA: Subescala afrontamiento de la ansiedad, SAD: Subescala afrontamiento de la depresión, EDA: Edad del participante, EIA: Edad que probó alcohol, *: La correlación es significativa en el nivel 0,05 (bilateral), **: La correlación es significativa en el nivel 0,01 (bilateral), n=364. ...
Article
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Introducción: la dependencia al alcohol es una problemática de salud pública en la que múltiples grupos de investigadores han fijado su mirada dado que afecta principalmente a la población joven, por ser la droga más consumida en el mundo debido a su fácil acceso, lo que hace imperativo avanzar en la comprensión de este fenómeno. Objetivo: determinar la dependencia y relación que existe con la motivación al consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de enfermería. Método: investigación no experimental, cuantitativa, descriptiva, y transversal, en una muestra de 363 estudiantes de la licenciatura en enfermería de dos regiones universitarias, se utilizó un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, aplicando el Cuestionario de Identificación de Desórdenes por Uso de Alcohol (AUDIT) y la traducción del Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ–R). Resultados: 47.4 % tienen 21 a 23 años, 62.3 % son de zona urbana; el mayor número de alumnos consume ocasionalmente (62.2 %) y 20.1 % presentan abstinencia (sobresalen las mujeres). El 97.2 %, se encuentran amotivados al consumo de alcohol y 0.3 % con altas motivaciones. Conclusiones: existe dependencia al consumo de alcohol relacionada con la motivación en los estudiantes de enfermería (rs=.6.97, p=<0.01). Por lo anterior, es necesario implementar intervenciones en prevención y promoción de salud, para limitar el acceso a la sustancia o disminuir sus patrones de ingesta.
... In a three-wave, 1-year longitudinal study with my former postdoctoral fellow, Sean Mackinnon, and graduate student, Ivy-Lee Kehayes, we examined links between personality factors including AS on the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS; Woicik et al., 2009) and drinking motives on the five-factor Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised. This measure of drinking motives is a validated expansion of Cooper's (1994) four-factor drinking motives model, validated by my former graduate student Valerie Grant, but with coping motives broken down into drinking to cope with anxiety and drinking to cope with depression (Grant et al., 2007). In the between-subjects model, when accounting for the other SURPS traits and other drinking motives, AS was associated with both conformity drinking motives and coping with anxiety drinking motives. ...
... In the between-subjects model, when accounting for the other SURPS traits and other drinking motives, AS was associated with both conformity drinking motives and coping with anxiety drinking motives. This pattern suggests both these risky negative reinforcement drinking motives (Grant et al., 2007) should be targeted in interventions with high AS undergraduates. ...
Article
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Le présent article résume notre programme de recherche sur la sensibilité à l’anxiété (SA) – un facteur dispositionnel cognitif et affectif impliquant des craintes de sensations liées à l’anxiété en raison de croyances selon lesquelles ces sensations entraînent des conséquences catastrophiques. La SA et ses dimensions d’ordre inférieur sont considérées comme des facteurs transdiagnostiques de risque ou de maintien des troubles émotionnels et des troubles addictifs. La compréhension des mécanismes par lesquels la SA exerce ses effets peut révéler des cibles d’intervention clés pour les programmes de prévention et de traitement axés sur la SA. Dans le présent article, je passe en revue les recherches fondamentales que nous avons menées pour comprendre les mécanismes qui relient la SA à ces troubles et à leurs symptômes. Je décris également les interventions transdiagnostiques ciblées sur la SA et j’illustre la manière dont la recherche fondamentale a permis d’orienter le contenu de ces interventions. Enfin, je passe en revue les projets en cours dans mon laboratoire et je souligne les orientations futures importantes dans ce domaine. Bien que des progrès considérables aient été réalisés au cours des trois dernières décennies et que la recherche ait considérablement fait avancer notre compréhension de la SA en tant que facteur transdiagnostique, de nombreuses questions restent en suspens. Les réponses devraient nous aider à affiner les interventions afin d’en faire bénéficier au maximum les personnes qui ont une grande peur d’avoir peur.
... Drinking motives were assessed with the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (MDMQ-R; Grant et al., 2007), a 28-item scale assessing five drinking motives (enhancement, conformity, and social motives, coping with depression and coping with anxiety), with a sub-scale score for each motive (e.g., "to reduce my anxiety"). It has been validated with adolescents (Grant et al., 2007) in various European countries (Kuntsche et al., 2014;Mezquita et al., 2016) but not, to our knowledge, in South Africa. ...
... Drinking motives were assessed with the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (MDMQ-R; Grant et al., 2007), a 28-item scale assessing five drinking motives (enhancement, conformity, and social motives, coping with depression and coping with anxiety), with a sub-scale score for each motive (e.g., "to reduce my anxiety"). It has been validated with adolescents (Grant et al., 2007) in various European countries (Kuntsche et al., 2014;Mezquita et al., 2016) but not, to our knowledge, in South Africa. As the copingdepression and coping-anxiety subscales were very highly correlated (r = 0.77, p < .001), ...
Article
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Background: Evidence suggests that adults with a history of child maltreatment (CM) engage in substance misuse driven by ‘coping motives’: maladaptive beliefs that substances help them cope with negative emotions. However, the specificity of this risk pathway is under-researched in younger and non-Western cohorts. Objective: The present study aimed to determine whether coping motives play a distinct role compared to other motives for substance use in mediating the relationship between CM and problematic alcohol and marijuana use in a sample of South African adolescents. Participants and setting: A sample of 688 high school students (M age = 15.03 years; 62.5 % female) in Cape Town, South Africa, completed a cross sectional survey. Methods: Participants completed self-report measures of CM exposure, motives for using alcohol and marijuana (coping, enhancement, social and conformity), and alcohol and marijuana related problems. Participants who endorsed using alcohol (N = 180) or marijuana (N = 136) were included in analysis. A parallel mediation model was conducted for each substance (alcohol and marijuana, respectively) to assess which motives mediated the relationship between CM exposure and substance-related problems. Results: CM exposure predicted both alcohol-and marijuana related problems. The relationship between CM exposure and alcohol-related problems was partially mediated by coping motives (p < .001, 95%CI 0.028, 0.115) and, to a lesser extent, conformity motives (p < .01, 95%CI 0.001, 0.041), but not by social motives or enhancement motives. The relationship between CM exposure and marijuana-related problems was partially mediated by coping motives (p < .001, 95%CI 0.004, 0.037), but not by conformity, social or enhancement motives. Conclusions: The findings support the importance of coping motives as a mediator between CM and problematic substance use across different substances of abuse in South African adolescents, and the role of conformity motives in problematic alcohol use. Future research should explore whether these findings hold across other sociocultural contexts, and the utility of interventions to address coping motives for substance use in adolescence.
... such as heavy alcohol use patterns (Prince et al., 2018), moodregulatory/negative reinforcement drinking motives (Dvorak et al., 2014;Grant et al., 2007), social norms (Neighbors et al., 2007), alcohol expectancies (Neighbors et al., 2007), and other mental health symptoms (Bravo et al., 2016Villarosa-Hurlocker et al., 2019), and use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS; Pearson, 2013). Despite the identification of these antecedents, alcohol treatments are only modestly effective (Huh et al., 2015). ...
... research Grant et al., 2007) and the motivational model of alcohol use (Cox & Klinger, 1988). Using alcohol to cope with negative emotions appears to place college students at increased risk for experiencing negative consequences. ...
Article
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Machine learning algorithms hold promise for developing precision medicine approaches to addiction treatment yet have been used sparingly to identify predictors of alcohol-related problems. Recursive partitioning, a machine learning algorithm, can identify salient predictors and clinical cut points that can guide treatment. This study aimed to identify predictors and cut points of alcohol-related problems and to examine result stability in two separate, large data sets of college student drinkers (n = 5,090 and 2,808). Four regression trees were grown using the “rpart” package in R. Seventy-one predictors were classified as demographics (e.g., age), alcohol use indicators (e.g., typical quantity/frequency), or psychosocial indicators (e.g., anxiety). Predictors and cut points were extracted and used to manually recreate the tree in the other data set to test result stability. Outcome variables were alcohol-related problems as measured by the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. Coping with depression, conformity motives, binge drinking frequency, typical/heaviest quantity, drunk frequency, serious harm reduction protective behavioral strategies, substance use, and psychosis symptoms best predicted alcohol-related problems across the four trees; coping with depression (cut point range: 1.83–2.17) and binge drinking frequency (cut point range: 1.5–2.5) were the most common splitting variables. Model fit indices suggest relatively stable results accounting for 17%–30% of the variance. Results suggest the nine salient predictors, particularly coping with depression motives scores around 2 and binge drinking frequency around two to three times per month, are important targets to consider when treating alcohol-related problems for college students.
... The Drinking Motives Questionnaire -Revised is a five-dimensional questionnaire measuring drinking motives in the past two weeks, which will hereafter be labelled as 'Drink Motives-anxiety' (e.g., 'to relax'), 'Drink Motives-depression' (e.g., 'to numb my pain'), 'Drink Motivesenhancement' (e.g., 'to get a high'), 'Drink Motives-conformity' (e.g., 'to be liked') and 'Drink Motives-social' (e.g., 'as a way to celebrate'), endorsed on a scale ranging from 0 ('never') to 10 ('always') (Grant et al., 2007). Drink Motives-anxiety and Drink Motives-depression were highly correlated at baseline, r = 0.61, p <.001, and at follow-up, r = 0.72, p <.001, and so were averaged into one single 'Drink Motivescoping' score for analysis. ...
... Baseline characteristics were mostly matched between the active and control groups, except that the control group endorsed more negative affect drinking triggers than the active group (see Table 1). This construct of using alcohol to cope with negative affect was further assessed by the Drink Motives-Coping item from Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (Grant et al., 2007) as an outcome measure at both baseline and four-week follow-up and reported in the text below (also see Table 2 and Fig. 2). Table 2 presents the absolute scores for each outcome in the order they were collected, plus the results of the group by time ANOVA applied to that data. ...
Article
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Background Previous study has shown that functional imagery training (FIT) to utilise positive mental imagery in response to negative affect could improve alcohol-related outcomes. The current study aimed to replicate whether this negative affect focused FIT would improve alcohol-related outcomes in hazardous student drinkers in South Africa at four-week follow-up. Methods 50 hazardous student drinkers who reported drinking to cope with negative affect were randomised into two groups. The active group (n = 25) was trained online over two weeks to respond to personalised negative drinking triggers by retrieving a personalised adaptive strategy they might use to mitigate negative affect, whereas the control group (n = 25) received standard risk information about binge drinking. Outcome measures including alcohol consumption, drinking motives, anxiety and depression, self-efficacy and use of protective behavioural strategies were obtained at baseline and four-week follow-up. Results FIT effects were revealed by three significant group-by-timepoint interactions in a per-protocol analysis: there was a significant decrease in depressive symptoms, drinking to cope and drinking for social reasons from baseline to follow-up in the active group, but not the control group. No effects were observed on alcohol consumption, self-efficacy, protective behaviour strategies and anxiety. Conclusions Preliminary evidence supports that online negative affect focused FIT can improve depression as well as coping and social drinking motives in South African hazardous student drinkers who drank to cope, at four-week follow-up, suggesting that the principles of this FIT approach might be adapted and incorporated into a clinical intervention to test for efficacy in mitigating substance use problems.
... Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R) [171]. This questionnaire was developed from a previous three-factor version [173] and has since then been refined further into a short version [174] and a five-factor variant [175]. ...
... Motives Questionnaire-Revised (Modified DMQ-R) [175]. The five possible response options were: (1) "Never", (2) "Seldom", (3) "About half of the times", In Study II, two dimensions of trust were examined. ...
Thesis
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Abstract Background: Drinking among adolescents has declined in most high-income countries during the past two decades. In Sweden, the reduction in youth drinking has been more pronounced than in many other parts of the world. The lower alcohol consumption has been reflected in several indicators. However, many adolescents still drink, and there is an urgency to understand the current situation in light of the non-drinking trend. The studies in this thesis examine concurrent and longitudinal factors not previously examined in a Swedish context. Overall aim: The overarching objective of this thesis is to improve our understanding of alcohol use during mid and late adolescence among contemporary youth. The four studies included in this thesis address this aim by answering the following research questions: (I) What are the motivations for drinking, and how are motives associated with drinking? (II) How are general and institutional trust associated with drinking? (III) How are psychosocial factors related to two-year drinking status? and (IV) Does the age of onset have an independent effect on subsequent drinking? Data and method: All studies of this thesis exploited data from the Futura01 project. Since 2017, this project has followed a cohort of Swedish adolescents born in 2001. A self-reporting school survey was carried out at baseline (T1), and at a follow-up (T2) in 2019, when the respondents were 15/16 and 17/18 years, respectively. At T1, 5,537 individuals (81.7%) participated; at T2, 4,018 individuals (72.4%) participated. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models examined associations with alcohol use. Results: (I) Social and enhancement motives were most strongly associated with drinking frequency, whereas enhancement motives had the strongest association with heavy drinking frequency. Coping-depression motives also had a positive but weaker link with drinking and heavy drinking frequency. Conformity motives were negatively related to how often adolescents drank. (II) General and institutional trust was found to be negatively associated with drinking status, and institutional trust had the stronger link. Cross-combinations with low scores on both trust dimensions were related to the highest probability of drinking. Parental control and support, along with school satisfaction, modified the associations. (III) Abstainers reported better mental health and parental relationships, and worse friendships, whereas the opposite was true for early-onset drinkers. Later-onset drinkers were linked to a more favorable psychosocial situation than early drinkers. (IV) An early drinking onset predicted higher alcohol consumption two years later. Those with the earlier onset scored higher on AUDIT-C and had a higher probability of risky and binge drinking in late adolescence. Early binge drinking was found to be more predictive of later binge drinking than the age of onset of any drinking. Those with early drinking onset were more exposed to risk factors. Conclusions: Adolescents’ motivations for drinking are closely related to their consumption of alcohol. The social aspects of drinking are supported by the links between different forms of trust and alcohol use, in addition to patterns of parent/friend relationships and drinking status in adolescents. Early drinkers are a psychosocially vulnerable group burdened with numerous problems and risk factors for alcohol use. An early drinking onset is also related to more alcohol use in late adolescence. To prevent youth drinking, it is important to improve parent-child relationships, build trust, and support mental health. Preventing early drinking likely reduces alcohol consumption in late adolescence.
... The Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (MDMQ-R; Cooper, 1994;Grant et al., 2007) was used to assess motives for drinking across five subscales: Coping With Anxiety, Coping With Depression, Enhancement, Social, and Conformity. Participants indicated how often their drinking is motivated by each of 28 reasons on a 5-point scale (1=almost never/never to 5=almost always/always). ...
... In Part A/pilot testing, 12 items were trimmed from the initial 54 items, including six items with low endorsement variability, five items with low interitem correlations, and one redundant item. In Part B/scale refinement, 10 items related to coping-motivated drinking, drawn from the MDMQ-R (Cooper, 1994;Grant et al., 2007), were added to the 42 remaining items to improve coverage of this domain (these items are presented in Supplemental Section S3). Four of the remaining 52 items exhibited insufficient endorsement variability, one item exhibited low interitem correlations, and seven items exhibited redundancy and were removed from further analyses. ...
Article
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Objective: Undergraduates frequently engage in risky drinking (i.e., drinking alcohol in ways that may result in problems). The reasoned action approach identifies injunctive norms (i.e., perceptions that others approve of risky drinking) as central in predicting engagement in risky drinking. However, research linking injunctive norms and risky drinking is equivocal, possibly because of extensive variability in the operationalization of injunctive norms across studies. This study describes the development and validation of the Perceived Approval of Risky Drinking Inventory (PARDI), designed according to best practice guidelines in questionnaire development. Method: Undergraduate students (N = 1,313) participated in one of the three phases of data collection, including focus group interviews for item generation (n = 31), self-report questionnaires for scale refinement (n = 407), and self-report questionnaires for scale validation (n = 875). Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a 20-item four-factor solution (Heavy Drinking, Drinking-Related Problems, Coping-Related Drinking, and Sexual-Risk Taking) across the three assessed referent groups (friends, parents, and typical students), all of which present satisfactory estimates of scale score and composite reliability. The results also provided preliminary support for the convergent validity of scores obtained on the PARDI, as demonstrated through correlations with other measures of perceived norms, alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and coping-motivated drinking. Finally, the results supported the generalizability of the PARDI factor structure by demonstrating its measurement invariance across gender and drinking status (i.e., alcohol use and problems). Conclusions: The PARDI represents a reliable, valid, yet nuanced measure of injunctive norms that can be used to support further theory development and intervention.
... General drinking motives. The Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (M-DMQ-R; Grant et al., 2007) was used to measure general drinking motives. Prior work has confirmed the factor structure of the M-DMQ-R and found evidence for concurrent/predictive validity as well as test-retest reliability (Grant et al., 2007). ...
... The Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (M-DMQ-R; Grant et al., 2007) was used to measure general drinking motives. Prior work has confirmed the factor structure of the M-DMQ-R and found evidence for concurrent/predictive validity as well as test-retest reliability (Grant et al., 2007). Because the social, enhancement, and conformity motive subscales on the M-DMQ-R correspond conceptually with the social lubrication, enhancement/thrills, and conformity subscales, respectively, on the MPDG-33, we included these M-DMQ-R subscales as covariates in our analyses. ...
Article
Objective: Among college students, student-athletes are at increased risk for heavy alcohol consumption, participation in risky drinking practices (e.g., playing drinking games [DG]), and adverse alcohol-related consequences relative to non-student-athletes. Within the student-athlete population, level of sports participation (e.g., recreational or varsity sports) can affect alcohol use behaviors and consequences but our understanding of the extent to which level of sports participation influences engagement in DG is limited. Thus, in the present study, we examined differences in frequency of participation in DG, typical drink consumption while playing DG, negative DG consequences, and motives for playing DG among varsity, recreational, and non-student-athletes. Method: College students (N=7,901 across 12 U.S. colleges/universities) completed questionnaires on alcohol use attitudes, behaviors, and consequences. Results: Student-athletes (recreational or varsity sports) were more likely to have participated in DG within the past month than non-student-athletes. Among students who reported past month DG play, recreational athletes played more often and endorsed more enhancement/thrills motives for playing DG than non-student-athletes, and student-athletes (recreational or varsity) endorsed higher levels of competition motives for playing DG than non-student-athletes. Conclusions: These findings shed light on some risky drinking patterns and motives of recreational athletes who are often overlooked and under-resourced in health research and clinical practice. Recreational and varsity student-athletes could benefit from alcohol screening and prevention efforts, which can include provision of competitive and alcohol-free social activities and promotion of alcohol protective behavioral strategies to help reduce recreational athletes' risk for harm while playing DG.
... Wykazano, że trudności z regulacją emocji mogą zwiększać ryzyko picia w celu uzyskania, utrzymania lub wzmocnienia pozytywnych doświadczeń, takich jak czerpanie przyjemności z relacji towarzyskich czy chęć poprawy nastroju (tj. pozytywne wzmocnienie, które uważane jest za najistotniejszy predyktor intensywnego spożywania alkoholu w sytuacjach społecznych) [18]. Ponadto, niektóre osoby mogą nie akceptować pozytywnych stanów emocjonalnych, odbierając je jako niepożądane, nieprzewidywalne lub przerażające [19], co było wiązane z trudnościami w ich ocenie i regulacji [20]. ...
... Positive emotional states can result in distraction, impaired behavioural control and increased risk of making decisions focused on short-term goals like the drinking of alcohol [17]. Difficulties with emotion regulation have been shown to increase the risk of drinking to obtain, maintain or reinforce positive experiences like the enjoyment of social relationships or the desire to improve mood (i.e., positive reinforcement, which is thought to be the most significant predictor of heavy drinking in social situations) [18]. In addition, some individuals may not accept positive emotional states, perceiving them as undesirable, unpredictable or frightening [19], which has been linked to difficulties in assessing and regulating them [20]. ...
... The source of reinforcement for social and conformity motives is external whereas the source of reinforcement for enhancement and coping motives is internal. Grant et al. (2007) modified the DMQ-R (i.e., M-DMQ-R) by separating coping motives into two subscales: copingdepression (e.g., to numb one's pain) and coping-anxiety (e.g., to lessen one's anxiety). Drinking motives are particularly important as (a) researchers posit that they are "the final pathway to alcohol use" (Cox & Klinger, 1988, p. 178; see also Cooper et al., 2016;Kuntsche et al., 2005), and (b) studies suggest that different motives are associated with different patterns of alcohol use (Bresin & Mekawi, 2021). ...
... New codes that arose were discussed with other coauthors/ project collaborators (George, Olthuis, Pilatti, and Dresler) with research expertise in motives for playing DGs and refined accordingly. Following this task, the same coders also mapped the open-ended responses for reasons to play DGs onto the subscales of the DMQ-R (Cooper, 1994) and M-DMQ-R (Grant et al., 2007) to determine the extent to which the responses for playing DGs matched onto motives to drink alcohol. This was done in an effort to address the distinction between motives to consume alcohol (measured by the DMQ and M-DMQ-R) while playing DGs versus reasons for playing DGs that may be unrelated to drinking. ...
Article
Qualitative work suggests that young people’s motives for playing drinking games (DGs) extend beyond those assessed in the Motives for Playing Drinking Games (MPDG) measure. Using a mixed-methods approach, we tested whether the 7-factor model of the MPDG would emerge among university students from Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina, and whether their open-ended responses regarding their reasons for playing would map onto the MPDG subscales. Students ( N = 895; ages = 18–30 yrs) completed the MPDG-33 measure and an open-ended-question regarding their reasons for playing DGs. We found support for the 7-factor model of the MPDG among students across sites. Open-ended responses revealed that students were motivated to play for a variety of reasons, some of which overlapped with the MPDG subscales while others did not. We present a conceptual model that considers motives specific to alcohol consumption in the context of a DG and reasons/possible motives for playing a DG given its specific features.
... assessing social ("to be social"), enhancement ("to feel good"), coping-anxiety ("to reduce my anxiety"), coping-depression ("to cheer me up"), and conformity ("so I wouldn't feel left out") motives on a scale ranging from "not at all" (0) to "extremely" (4). Items were derived from Patrick, Fairlie, et al. (2019) and Grant et al. (2007). Cross-fading motives were also assessed on a three-item scale by asking participants to what extent they would use "alcohol and marijuana at the same time, later today" for reasons such as, "to be cross-faded" on a scale ranging from "not at all" (0) to "extremely" (4). ...
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Objective: Simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis is prevalent among young adults and associated with heightened risk for harms. Individuals who engage in simultaneous use report a variety of types of use occasions and risk factors driving use occasions are unique and dynamic in nature. Intervention content may thus need to adapt to address differences across occasions. As a first step toward developing momentary interventions, it is critical to identify whether and when psychosocial factors are associated with simultaneous use. The present study aimed to identify the most critical morning and afternoon risk factors for later-day simultaneous use. Method: Participants were 119 young adult college students (63% female; 73% non-Hispanic/Latinx White) who reported weekly simultaneous use at baseline. Participants completed an online baseline survey and an ecological momentary assessment protocol (eight prompts/day) across four consecutive weekends. Results: Multilevel models revealed that morning willingness to engage in simultaneous use and social motives were associated with higher odds of later-day simultaneous use. Afternoon willingness and cross-fading motives were significantly associated with higher odds of later-day use. Morning and afternoon conformity motives were associated with lower odds of use. Conclusions: Early-day willingness to use, morning social motives, and afternoon cross-fading motives were the most salient predictors of later-day simultaneous use and may serve as viable tailoring variables to incorporate in momentary interventions. As simultaneous use episodes commonly start after 9 p.m., there is a large time window in between early-day predictors and use behavior during which timely intervention content could be delivered.
... Male and female young adults may differ in their initial reasons for consuming a substance, with male young adults being driven by reward seeking and impulsivity and female young adults being driven by an avoidance of negative stimuli (Zachry et al., 2019). This is in line with research that has shown that male individuals report greater social and enhancement motives (Cooper, 1994;Grant et al., 2007), while female individuals report certain coping motives for substance use more often than male individuals (Hoffman & MacLean, 2016;Patrick et al., 2023). For male individuals who are seeking greater reward and pleasure, the use of one substance (i.e., alcohol, in our case) could prompt craving of another similarly rewarding substance (i.e., cannabis), with the goal of enhancing drug effects. ...
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Background Alcohol and cannabis are commonly used together by young adults. With frequent pairings, use of one substance may become a conditioned cue for use of a second, commonly co‐used substance. Although this has been examined for alcohol and cannabis in laboratory conditions and with remote monitoring, no research has examined whether pharmacologically induced cross‐substance craving occurs in naturalistic conditions. Methods In a sample of 63 frequent cannabis‐using young adults (54% female) who completed 2 weeks of ecological momentary assessment, we tested whether alcohol use was associated with stronger in‐the‐moment cannabis craving. We also examined whether sex moderated this association and whether cannabis craving was stronger at higher levels of alcohol consumption. Results Although alcohol use and cannabis craving were not significantly associated at the momentary level, there was evidence that this relation significantly differed by sex. Among female participants, there was a negative association between alcohol use since the last prompt and momentary cannabis craving (b = −0.33, SE = 0.14, p = 0.02), while the association among male participants was positive (b = 0.32, SE = 0.13, p = 0.01). Similarly, alcohol quantity was negatively associated with cannabis craving at the momentary level for female participants (b = −0.10, SE = 0.04, p = 0.009) but was not significantly associated for male participants (b = 0.05, SE = 0.04, p = 0.18). Conclusions Alcohol may enhance cannabis craving among male individuals but reduce desire for cannabis among female individuals. This may point to differing functions of co‐use by sex, highlighting a need for research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this increasingly common pattern of substance use.
... This unexpected finding may reflect changes in students' coping mechanisms or lifestyle adjustments during the pandemic. It could be related to the measures taken against COVID-19, which favored it, most likely because younger university students studying in person are more likely to consume substances for social reasons [74] and preferably at private parties [75] and certain festive events [76]. As reported by Merril and colleagues, lockdowns and restrictions on social contact drastically reduced the contexts of shared consumption, such as parties and other usual events in the university environment [77]. ...
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The COVID-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented challenges globally, impacting various aspects of daily life, including education. This study examines the effects of the pandemic on stress levels and substance use among Italian medical students. Two independent surveys were conducted: 388 medical students were interviewed before the epidemic, and 222 medical students a year after the COVID-19 epidemic began. Results revealed significant changes in stress levels, with a reduction in mild stress and an increase in severe stress during the post-pandemic period, rising from 23% (95% CI: 19%-28%) to 46% (95% CI: 39%-52%). While tobacco smoking prevalence remained stable (25% vs 27%), the proportion of students exhibiting high levels of nicotine dependence increased (3.64%) compared to the period before the pandemic (1.80%). Alcohol consumption rates remained consistent (66%), with no significant differences in the distribution of risky alcohol consumption between the two periods (p = 0.535). Surprisingly, there was a significant decrease in cannabis use post-pandemic (16% vs 6%), though problematic use among users persisted (49% vs 46%). Multivariable analysis confirmed associations between stress and tobacco smoking (AdjOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.11-3.53; p = 0.020), as well as alcohol consumption (AdjOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.01-2.89; p = 0.047). Furthermore, male students were more likely to engage in alcohol (AdjOR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.47-3.19; p < 0.001) and cannabis use (AdjOR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.07-3.00; p = 0.027). The study highlighted the complex interplay between stress and substance use among medical students, underscoring the importance of targeted interventions to address stress-related substance use and support the well-being of medical students, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research should explore longitudinal trends and the effectiveness of interventions in mitigating stress-related substance use among this vulnerable population.
... We asked students about their reasons for drinking on the early and late evening surveys using items adapted from the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (Cooper, 1994;Grant et al., 2007), administered as described by O'Hara et al. (2015). Students who reported any drinking were given the prompt: "In the past 2 hours, did you drink alcohol for any of the following reasons?" ...
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Objective: We examined alcohol use and consequences across five categories of same-day drinking intentions and willingness and tested whether same-day motives and protective strategies predicted differences in outcomes across categories of intentions and willingness. Method: In a 14-week ecological momentary assessment design, undergraduate student participants (N = 196) reported drinking intentions and behaviors over 13 surveys weekly (four morning surveys [Thursday through Sunday]; three midday, early, and late evening surveys [Thursday through Saturday]). On average, participants were 20.61 years old (SD = 1.50; range 17–25), 63% identified as female (n = 124), 29% as male (n = 57), and 8% identified as neither male nor female (n = 15; i.e., nonbinary; transgender; genderqueer; agender). Participants reported numbers of drinks consumed on the evening (past 2 hr) and morning (previous day) surveys. Multilevel generalized linear models tested effects of drinking intentions/willingness categories, motives, protective strategies, and interactions between key variables on alcohol use and consequences in several models. Results: Rates and quantities of drinking were highest on planned drinking days, and especially high when students planned to get drunk. When enhancement and social motives were elevated, students were more likely to drink and consumed more drinks even on unplanned drinking days, and especially when socializing with others. Effects of coping motives were weaker and sparse. Harm reduction protective strategies were associated with more positive and negative consequences with little variation across planned and unplanned drinking days. Conclusion: Jointly considering drinking intentions and willingness narrows the intention-behavior gap in student drinking and suggests potential areas of focus for messaging around responsible drinking.
... DMQ-R assessed reasons for alcohol use in sample 1 (treatment-seeking adults with AUD). This instrument consists of 20 items that measure four distinct motives for alcohol use: coping motive, social motive, enhancement motive, and conformity motive (45)(46)(47). DMQ-R's coping motive questions refer to depression and anxiety relief as a reason for drinking alcohol (i.e. drinking alcohol "helps when you feel depressed or nervous"). ...
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Background: Hyperkatifeia describes amplified emotional and motivational withdrawal due to addiction-related sensitization of brain-stress-systems. Hyperkatifeia has been proposed as a target for addiction treatment development. However, translation of basic research in this area will require new tools designed to measure hyperkatifeia and related phenomena outside of laboratory settings.Objectives: We define a novel concept, withdrawal interference, and introduce a new tool - the Withdrawal Interference Scale (WIS) - which measures the impact of withdrawal on daily life among individuals with OUD or AUD.Methods: Described are the combined results of three separate cross-sectional studies. The structural validity, convergent validity, construct validity, trans-diagnostic (AUD/OUD) configural, metric, and scalar invariance, internal consistency, and composite reliability of WIS was tested among three independent samples of 1) treatment-seeking adults with OUD (n = 132), 2) treatment-seeking adults with AUD (n = 123), and 3) non-treatment-seeking adults with OUD (n = 140). Males numbered 218 and females were 163.Results: WIS exhibited structural validity (1 factor), convergent validity (average variance extracted .670-.676), construct validity, trans-diagnostic configural (χ2/df = 2.10), metric (Δχ2 = 5.70, p = .681), and scalar invariance (Δχ2 = 12.34, p = .338), internal consistency (α .882-928), and composite reliability (.924-.925).Conclusion: These results suggest WIS is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring withdrawal-related life disruption in AUD and OUD. Further, given our findings of transdiagnostic measurement invariance, WIS scores of individuals with AUD and OUD can be meaningfully compared in future statistical analyses.
... (i) the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R) [82] to assess alcohol use motives, (ii) the Alcohol Tension-Reduction Expectancies scale [83] to assess positive alcohol expectancies and (iii) Brief COPE [84] to assess coping styles in response to stress. Additionally, program engagement and adherence in the intervention group will be assessed based on module completion (i.e. ...
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Background and aims Alcohol use and anxiety often co‐occur, causing increased severity impairment. This protocol describes a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that aims to test the efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of a web‐based, self‐guided alcohol and anxiety‐focused program, compared with a web‐based brief alcohol‐focused program, for young adults who drink at hazardous levels and experience anxiety. It will also test moderators and mechanisms of change underlying the intervention effects. Design This RCT will be conducted with a 1:1 parallel group. Setting The study will be a web‐based trial in Australia. Participants Individuals aged 17–30 years who drink alcohol at hazardous or greater levels and experience at least mild anxiety ( n = 500) will be recruited through social media, media (TV, print) and community networks. Intervention and comparator Participants will be randomly allocated to receive a web‐based, integrated alcohol‐anxiety program plus technical and motivational telephone/e‐mail support (intervention) or a web‐based brief alcohol‐feedback program (control). Measurements Clinical measures will be assessed at baseline, post‐intervention (2 months), 6 months (primary end‐point), 12 months and 18 months. Co‐primary outcomes are hazardous alcohol consumption and anxiety symptom severity. Secondary outcomes are binge‐drinking frequency; alcohol‐related consequences; depression symptoms; clinical diagnoses of alcohol use or anxiety disorder (at 6 months post‐intervention), health‐care service use, educational and employment outcomes; and quality of life. Mediators and moderators will also be assessed. Efficacy will be tested using mixed models for repeated measures within an intention‐to‐treat framework. The economic evaluation will analyze individual‐level health and societal costs and outcomes of participants between each trial arm, while mediation models will test for mechanisms of change. Comments This will be the first trial to test whether a developmentally targeted, web‐based, integrated alcohol‐anxiety intervention is effective in reducing hazardous alcohol use and anxiety severity among young adults. If successful, the integrated alcohol‐anxiety program will provide an accessible intervention that can be widely disseminated to improve wellbeing of young adults, at minimal cost.
... Adolescents and young adults tend to report more motives attributed to improving their social experiences and enhancing enjoyment versus motives related to attenuating negative affect (i.e., coping). 108 Given that eveningness is associated with increased alcohol motives across the board, 109 including enhancement and social motives, it is possible that the tendency toward later sleep/circadian timing in this age group contributes to reasons for using alcohol. ...
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PURPOSE Growing evidence supports sleep and circadian rhythms as influencing alcohol use and the course of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Studying sleep/circadian–alcohol associations during adolescence and young adulthood may be valuable for identifying sleep/circadian-related approaches to preventing and/or treating AUD. This paper reviews current evidence for prospective associations between sleep/circadian factors and alcohol involvement during adolescence and young adulthood with an emphasis on the effects of sleep/circadian factors on alcohol use. SEARCH METHODS The authors conducted a literature search in PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science using the search terms “sleep” and “alcohol” paired with “adolescent” or “adolescence” or “young adult” or “emerging adult,” focusing on the title/abstract fields, and restricting to English-language articles. Next, the search was narrowed to articles with a prospective/longitudinal or experimental design, a sleep-related measure as a predictor, an alcohol-related measure as an outcome, and confirming a primarily adolescent and/or young adult sample. This step was completed by a joint review of candidate article abstracts by two of the authors. SEARCH RESULTS The initial search resulted in 720 articles. After review of the abstracts, the list was narrowed to 27 articles reporting on observational longitudinal studies and three articles reporting on intervention trials. Noted for potential inclusion were 35 additional articles that reported on studies with alcohol-related predictors and sleep-related outcomes, and/or reported on candidate moderators or mediators of sleep–alcohol associations. Additional articles were identified via review of relevant article reference lists and prior exposure based on the authors’ previous work in this area. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Overall, the review supports a range of sleep/circadian characteristics during adolescence and young adulthood predicting the development of alcohol use and/or alcohol-related problems. Although sleep treatment studies in adolescents and young adults engaging in regular and/or heavy drinking show that sleep can be improved in those individuals, as well as potentially reducing alcohol craving and alcohol-related consequences, no studies in any age group have yet demonstrated that improving sleep reduces drinking behavior. Notable limitations include relatively few longitudinal studies and only two experimental studies, insufficient consideration of different assessment timescales (e.g., day-to-day vs. years), insufficient consideration of the multidimensional nature of sleep, a paucity of objective measures of sleep and circadian rhythms, and insufficient consideration of how demographic variables may influence sleep/circadian–alcohol associations. Examining such moderators, particularly those related to minoritized identities, as well as further investigation of putative mechanistic pathways linking sleep/circadian characteristics to alcohol outcomes, are important next steps.
... (2) The adult Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Alcohol Use Short Form (PROMIS; Pilkonis et al., 2016) contained 7 items assessing loss of control over drinking in the past 30 days, endorsed on a 1-5 scale ranging from Never to Always (average scale scores are reported). (3) The modified 5-factor Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQR; Grant et al., 2007) measured how frequently drinking is motivated by each reason listed, on a 1-10 scale ranging from Never to Almost always. It has 5 subscales: drinking for conformity, enhancement, socialising, drinking to cope with depression, and drinking to cope with anxiety. ...
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Objectives: Mindfulness therapy improves drinking outcomes arguably by attenuating negative mood–induced drinking, but this mechanism has not been demonstrated in hazardous community drinkers. To address this, three studies tested whether a key ingredient of mindfulness, breath counting, would attenuate the increase in motivation for alcohol produced by experimentally induced negative mood, in hazardous community drinkers. Method: In three studies, hazardous community drinkers were randomized to receive either a 6-min breath counting training or listen to a recited extract from a popular science book, before all participants received a negative mood induction. Motivation for alcohol was measured before and after listening to either the breath counting training or the control audio files, with a craving questionnaire in two online studies (n = 122 and n = 111), or an alcohol versus food picture choice task in a pub context in one in-person study (n = 62). Results: In Study 1, breath counting reduced alcohol craving. However, since the mood induction protocol did not increase craving, the effect of breath counting in reversing such increase could not be demonstrated. Online breath counting eliminated the increase in alcohol craving induced by negative mood (Study 2) and eliminated the stress-induced increase in alcohol picture choice in the pub environment (Study 3). Conclusions: Briefly trained breath counting attenuated negative mood–induced alcohol motivation in hazardous community drinkers. These results suggest that breath counting is a reliable and practical method for reducing the impact of negative emotional triggers on alcohol motivation.
... Drinking-to-cope is typically measured using participant self-report (coping motives) with the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised [77] or Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised [MDMQ-R; 78], which separates coping motives into drinking-to-cope with anxiety and drinking-to-cope with depression. Coping motives should be the most proximal predictor of drinking-to-cope compared to personality factors such as neuroticism [78]. Indeed, coping motives explain the relationship between negative emotion regulation abilities and alcohol use problems [e.g., 60, 61•, 79]. ...
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Purpose of Review Poor emotion regulation (ER) abilities are associated with coping motives, alcohol use problems, and difficulties recovering from an alcohol use disorder (AUD). This paper reviews the past 5 years of alcohol use and ER research, aiming to advance our understanding of this complex relationship. Recent Findings The indirect effect of self-reported ER abilities on alcohol problems via coping motives has been established. ER strategies are less often investigated and center on the association between reappraisal or suppression and alcohol use problems. Accessing optimal ER strategies and increasing ER abilities, specifically emotional awareness and clarity, appear critical to AUD recovery and need continued research. Summary Studying individual differences in ER abilities while considering ER strategies will provide a clearer understanding of drinking-to-cope and the relationship between ER abilities and alcohol use. Continued investigation of these relationships will help to reduce the public health burden of alcohol-related negative outcomes and AUD.
... Students who generally use strategies such as denial, substance use, behavioral disengagement, and self-blame to manage stress may be at increased risk of problematic behavioral and psychological outcomes, including problematic alcohol use. Moreover, Grant, et al., (2007) argues that drinking alcohol to cope with stress is a prominent motive for alcohol use and has the potential to spur a vicious cycle for students where the use of maladaptive coping strategies and problematic drinking can increase stress levels (drinking alcohol to cope from academic stressors, for example, may result in failed grades, thus raising academic stress). In another study, Windle (2003) argues that it is possible that individuals who experience more academic stress and who go on to develop more significant mental health problems as a result will be at greater propensity for drinking and driving and other indicators of potentially serious alcohol misuse. ...
Chapter
Adjusting to new academic environments in universities remains a critical challenge for students. Stress derives from a stressor, an event or occurrence affecting one's life that requires a response. The manner in which students respond to a situation confrontationally or with an excessive emotional response, and avoidance-based, where individuals actively delay response to a situation or completely evade a stressful situation through isolation or other maladaptive behaviors. From literature review, maladaptive coping strategies include rumination, disengagement, expressive suppression, avoidant coping, denial and substance abuse, social withdrawal, and eating disorder behaviors. It is recommended that the universities should adopt cognitive behavior therapy techniques to assist the students who are involved in maladaptive coping strategies to stress.
... Participants rated items for their frequency on a scale from 0 (never) to 4 (more than 10 times). The RAPI has high internal reliability, test-retest reliability, and strong correlations with alcohol use levels (Grant et al., 2007;Neal et al., 2006). As recommended by Martens et al. (2007), the individual RAPI items were dichotomized (i.e., 1 = presence, 0 = absence of problematic drinking) and then summed into a single value (possible range 0-23) for analysis. ...
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Friendships are important for the mental well-being of emerging adults. Socially prescribed perfectionism, where individuals feel pressured to be perfect by others, can be destructive, leading to conflict with others, depressive symptoms, and problematic drinking. However, its impact on friendships is not well-explored. This study examined 174 emerging adult friendship dyads using a 4-wave, 4-month dyadic design. Data were analyzed using longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models. Using a novel friend-specific measure of socially prescribed perfectionism, we found that an individual's perceived expectation to be perfect from a friend was positively associated with increased conflict between friends, as well as with higher levels of depressive symptoms and problematic drinking in the individual. Findings lend credence to longstanding theoretical accounts and case histories suggesting socially prescribed perfectionism leads to harmful individual and relational outcomes and extends them to the specific context of friendships.
... Future research could further refine the different roles of drinking motivations according to age through the use of modified or adapted versions of the DMQ-R scale. Indeed, Grant et al. (2007Grant et al. ( , 2009) validated a version of the DMQ-R with 5 (vs. 4) components in undergraduate students, by separating the scale of coping motives into two subscales (i.e. ...
Article
Objective: As alcohol consumption generally occurs in interpersonal contexts, many studies have examined the psychosocial mechanisms underlying drinking habits. However, most have focused on young/student populations, and far less is known regarding how these psychosocial determinants evolve through adulthood. We thus compared the weight of psychosocial factors in problematic alcohol consumption among younger, middle-aged and older people from the general population. Methods: A general population sample completed an online survey (N = 614, Mage = 34.44, Range= 18-85). We measured demographic variables, problematic alcohol consumption and alcohol-related psychosocial factors (i.e., expectations, motives, norms, social identity, anxiety and depression). We performed dominance analyses to rank the importance of these psychological factors in explaining alcohol consumption across younger (18-24, n=252), middle-aged (25-40, n=179), and older (>40, n=183) individuals. Results: In young adults, enhancement motives were the most important determinant of problematic alcohol consumption, followed by social drinking identity, coping and social motives. In the middle-aged group, social identity had the highest contribution, followed by social and enhancement motives. Finally, problematic alcohol consumption among older adults was mainly related to coping motives and social identity. Discussion: We showed that the determinants of alcohol consumption differ with age. While social drinking identity has a significant influence throughout the age groups, we documented a progressive shift from positive (social/enhancement) to negative (coping) reinforcement between younger and older individuals. This study provides a better understanding of the profiles of consumers according to age, and offers guidelines to adapt prevention and interventions to the age group targeted.
... Cannabis Use Motives. The Brief Cannabis Motives Measure (BCAMM; Bartel et al., 2023) is a six-item adaptation of the Marijuana Motives Measure (Simons et al., 1998), with separate coping-withanxiety and -depression motives per the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (Grant et al., 2007). The coping-with-anxiety motive item reads, "In the past 3 months, I've used cannabis because it helps me cope when I'm feeling nervous, anxious, or tense (e.g., to reduce my anxiety or to relax)." ...
... Higher subscale scores mean participants attribute more of their drinking to that motive. The DMQ-R subscales have good to excellent test-retest reliability (e.g., ICC = 0.61-0.78) in young adult samples (Grant et al., 2007). (Constantino & Gruber, 2012). ...
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Purpose We explored factors predicting repeated or hazardous alcohol use among autistic and non-autistic U.S. youth ages 16 to 20 years. Methods Autistic (n = 94) and non-autistic (n = 92) youth completed an online survey. By design, half of each group reported past-year alcohol use. We compared drinking patterns for autistic and non-autistic youth, and within each group between abstinent or infrequent drinkers (0–1 drinking episodes in past year) versus those who drank 2 + times in past year. Results Autistic (vs. non-autistic) youth who drank did so less frequently and consumed fewer drinks per occasion. However, 15% of autistic youth who drank in the past year reported heavy episodic drinking and 9.3% screened positive for AUDIT-C hazardous drinking. For autistic youth only, a diagnosis of depression, bullying or exclusion histories were positively associated with drinking 2 + times in the past year. Autistic youth who put more effort into masking autistic traits were less likely to report drinking 2 + times in the past year. As compared to non-autistic youth, autistic participants were less likely to drink for social reasons, to conform, or to enhance experiences, but drank to cope at similar rates. Conclusion Repeated and hazardous underage alcohol occur among autistic youth. Targeted prevention programs designed to address the specific drinking profiles of autistic youth are needed.
... Drinking to cope with anxiety was assessed using the anxiety coping motives subscale of the five-factor modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ; Grant et al., 2007). Participants responded to four anxiety coping motivations for alcohol use (e.g., "to reduce my anxiety") by indicating the frequency with which their drinking is motivated by each statement (1-Almost never/never to 5-Almost always/always). ...
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Background Sexual assault (SA) is experienced by a substantial proportion of emerging adult college students and is associated with elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use. This study examines the mediating role of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in the associations among SA severity, drinking to cope with anxiety, and average weekly drinks while considering the moderating roles of gender identity and sexual orientation. Methods A total of 2160 college students who were diverse in gender (cisgender women, 64.4%; cisgender men, 30.6%, and transgender and gender diverse [TGD] individuals = 4.9%) and sexual orientation (heterosexual = 68.0%, LGBQ+ = 32.0%) completed measures of SA severity, PTSS, drinking to cope with anxiety motives, and average weekly drinks. Results The mediation model for the full sample indicated significant indirect effects of SA severity on drinking to cope with anxiety through PTSS, but not on average weekly drinks. Moderation analyses revealed differential relationships between the variables based on both gender identity and sexual orientation. For instance, the association between SA severity and PTSS was stronger for cisgender women and TGD individuals than cisgender men, and for LGBQ+ individuals than heterosexual individuals. While the association between PTSS and average weekly drinks was only significant for cisgender men, the association between PTSS and drinking to cope with anxiety was significant for both cisgender men and women but not TGD individuals. Furthermore, the association between SA severity and drinking to cope with anxiety was stronger for cisgender women than cisgender men. Conclusions Findings from this study demonstrate sexual orientation and gender identity differences and similarities in the associations of SA severity, PTSS, drinking to cope with anxiety, and alcohol use. Results are discussed in relation to the self‐medication hypothesis and tailoring interventions for diverse groups.
Article
Studies have shown that those high in anxiety were at increased risk for alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tension reduction theory points to anxiety sensitivity (AS) as a potential risk factor. Drinking to cope may further increase this risk. During the pandemic, those high in AS may have experienced increased stress and drank to cope, which may have put them at risk for misusing alcohol. Objective: The current study tested the association between AS and alcohol outcomes, mediated by perceived stress and drinking motives, among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants and Methods: Young adults (N = 143) self-reported on AS, perceived stress, drinking motives, and alcohol outcomes (i.e., use and problems). Results: A mediation analysis revealed that AS positively predicted alcohol problems, via coping motives, and positively predicted alcohol use, via perceived stress and enhancement/sociability motives. Conclusion: These results confirm AS-risk for young adult alcohol use during the pandemic and highlight perceived stress and drinking motives as mechanisms of risk.
Chapter
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic condition in which the individual keeps drinking despite recognizing that such behavior is associated with a plethora of negative social, occupational, and health consequences. Several factors promote (e.g., a family history of AUD, exposure to aversive events, an early age of first alcohol use or intoxication) or deter (e.g., high levels of paternal monitoring and low levels of impulsivity-like personality traits) from risky drinking and AUD, and are thus referred to as vulnerability or protective factors, respectively. These factors can be described as distal factors that interact in increasingly complex manners and ultimately affect drinking behavior via more proximal factors, such as drinking motives, greater perception of alcohol-related cues or greater sensitivity to ethanol’s pharmacological effects. The present chapter puts forward the hypothesis that an anxiety-prone phenotype or the motivation of drinking to cope (DTC) with negative emotions is a common and proximal mediator of a wide range of vulnerability factors for AUD or risky drinking, ranging from personality traits to environmental exposure to aversive life events or early alcohol exposure. Specifically, we review preclinical studies indicating that rats or mice selectively bred for high alcohol drinking across several generations or exposed to ethanol during pregnancy or to experimental stress exhibit greater ethanol intake and preference. These behaviors are associated with reduced exploration of brightly lit environments or greater shelter seeking. We similarly describe clinical work indicating that drinking to cope (DTC) motives are a primary mechanism through which psychosocial constructs relate to problematic alcohol use and consequences.
Article
Background: The Cannabis Eating Experience Questionnaire (CEEQ) was developed and validated with a two-factor structure for the assessment of cannabis effects on both the appetitive factors that initiate eating and the hedonic factors that maintain an eating episode. The relationship between the CEEQ and cannabis use motives has not yet been considered. The study aimed to confirm the two-factor structure of the CEEQ and explore associations with the five-factor Marijuana Motives Questionnaire (MMQ). Method: Cannabis users (N = 546) completed the CEEQ alongside the MMQ in an online survey. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the two-factor structure of the CEEQ and the five-factor structure of the MMQ. Structural equation modeling (SEM) tested associations between each factor of the CEEQ and cannabis use motives. Cannabis use motives of "enhancement" and "conformity" were both positively associated with "hedonic" and "appetitive" subscales of the CEEQ, and "coping" was associated with increased "appetitive" scores. The "social" cannabis use motive was negatively associated with both "hedonic" and "appetitive" subscales on CEEQ, and "expansion" was negatively associated with the "appetitive" subscale. Conclusion: We provide further support for the construct validity of the CEEQ that provides a useful assessment of cannabis effects on hedonic and appetitive aspects of eating and show for the first time that cannabis use motives influence eating experiences in distinct ways. Further understanding of the relationship between cannabis use motives and the effects of cannabis on appetite may prove a useful for informing therapeutic applications of cannabis stimulating appetite or promoting weight gain.
Article
PTSD and AUD are frequently comorbid post-trauma outcomes. Much remains unknown about shared risk factors as PTSD and AUD work tends to be conducted in isolation. We examined how self-report measures of distress tolerance (DT), experiential avoidance (EA), and drinking motives (DM) differed across diagnostic groups in white, male combat-exposed veterans (n = 77). A MANOVA indicated a significant difference in constructs by group, F (5, 210) = 4.7, p = <.001. Follow-up ANOVAs indicated DM subscales (Coping: F (3,82) = 21.3; Social: F (3,82) = 13.1; Enhancement: F (3,82) = 10.4; ps = <.001) and EA (F (3,73) = 7.8, p < .001) differed by groups but not DT. Post hoc comparisons indicated that mean scores of the comorbid and AUD-only groups were significantly higher than controls for all DM subscales (all ps < .01). EA scores were significantly higher for the comorbid as compared to control (p < .001) and PTS-only (p = .007) groups. Findings support shared psychological factors in a comorbid PTSD-AUD population.
Article
Social anxiety symptoms may increase risk for heavy drinking and alcohol-related negative consequences during pregaming (drinking before a social event); efforts to identify malleable psychosocial risk factors are needed. This study examined cross-sectional relationships between social anxiety symptoms, pregaming behaviors, negative alcohol-related consequences, and pregaming-specific motives, moderated by gender. Undergraduates who endorsed current drinking ( N = 7528) completed a self-report survey on drinking behaviors as part of a large, multisite study. Social anxiety symptoms were not associated with lifetime history of pregaming. Among participants who engaged in past 30-day pregaming, social anxiety symptoms were related to more negative alcohol-related consequences, greater interpersonal enhancement motives, and lower situational control motives. Social anxiety symptoms were not associated with pregaming quantity. The associations between social anxiety symptoms and pregaming frequency, situational control, and intimate pursuit motives varied by gender. Findings highlight social anxiety symptoms and gender as important factors associated with pregaming-specific motives and behaviors.
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Sexual minority women (SMW) and sexual minority gender diverse individuals (SMGD) are at elevated risk for alcohol and cannabis use disorders; however, very little research has examined the role of descriptive norms in these disparities. This study aimed to test reciprocal prospective associations between descriptive norms for different normative referents (e.g., women, SMW, gender diverse individuals) and alcohol and cannabis consumption and problems among SMW and SMGD individuals. We used data from a study of substance use among 429 SMW and SMGD individuals assigned female at birth. We also aimed to identify the most relevant normative referents for SMW and for SMGD individuals by examining the unique effects of more specific normative referents (e.g., SMW) while controlling for less specific referents (e.g., women). Further, we examined potential covariates of norms, including those derived from social and minority stress theories of substance use among sexual and gender minorities. Among SMW, perceptions of heavier alcohol/cannabis use among other SMW predicted subsequent increases in alcohol/cannabis problems, but not consumption. Among SMGD individuals, descriptive norms did not predict subsequent changes in alcohol/cannabis consumption or problems. Little evidence was found to support reciprocal associations. Concurrent and prospective correlates of norms were also identified. Findings indicate that SMW-specific norms are most relevant for SMW. Less evidence was found for associations between norms and substance use among SMGD individuals. We discuss potential implications for the adaptation of normative feedback interventions for SMW and SMGD individuals.
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Objective: The current study examined associations between grandiose and vulnerable subclinical narcissistic traits and alcohol use among college students and whether drinking motives mediated these associations. Methods and Participants: Young adult college students who reported past month alcohol use were invited to complete self-report online surveys (N = 406; 81% female; Mage = 20.13, SD = 1.69; 10% Hispanic; 85% White). Results: Results from path analysis using structural equation modeling indicated that there were no direct associations between grandiose or vulnerable subclinical narcissistic traits and alcohol use. However, several drinking motives mediated these associations. Specifically, the association between grandiose traits and alcohol use was mediated by enhancement and social motives. Similarly, the association between vulnerable traits and alcohol use was mediated by enhancement, social and coping motives. Conclusions: Findings highlight a potential mechanism by which personality traits may contribute to a health risk behavior among young people.
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The present study aimed at exploring the combined effect of risk of eating disorders (ED), alcohol use, physical activity, and social and psychological traits in Food and Alcohol Disturbance (FAD) behaviors. Nine-hundred and seventy-six college students were included in the study. They were then divided into two groups based on the Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale (CEBRACS): students with a FAD positive score and student with a FAD negative score. Both groups of participants were compared on the risk of ED, alcohol and physical activity variables, as well as social and psychological dimensions. A cluster analysis was performed on the FAD positive group to determine distinct subgroups and to explore the involvement of social and psychological dimensions in FAD behaviors. The comparison between FAD and non-FAD students demonstrated a more severe alcohol use, risk of ED, a higher level of impulsivity, anxiety, depression and more drinking motives as well as a lower self-esteem in students engaged in FAD behaviors compared with non-engaged students. The cluster analysis identified four clusters: the asceticism FAD subgroup, the damage control FAD subgroup, the emotional FAD subgroup and the recreational FAD subgroup. Overall, results reveal that FAD should not be considered as a unitary behavior but rather as a more complex pattern involving distinct psychological profiles.
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Problem drinking and depression are common following sexual assault. The current study applied a coping motives model of drinking and examined the association between rape experiences and problem drinking serially mediated by depression symptoms and coping-depression drinking motives among Hispanic college women. A total of 330 college women were classified into a single rape experience (SGL) group ( n = 44), a multiple rape experiences (MLT) group ( n = 70), and a no sexual assault experience group ( n = 221). Participants completed self-report measures online. Serial mediation analyses with multi-categorical predictors found that significantly increased alcohol consumptions in rape survivors compared to individuals with no sexual assault experience were largely explained by the serially connected underlying mechanisms of depression symptoms and coping-depression drinking motives. The prevalence rates of rape experiences in this Hispanic female sample are alarming, suggesting Hispanic college women as a particularly vulnerable group for rape. The current results contribute to a greater understanding of the effects of rape experiences on behavioral and emotional outcomes among young Hispanic women who have been underrepresented in sexual victimization research. The findings emphasize the importance of assessing depression symptoms and coping-depression drinking motives in Hispanic rape survivors to reduce risks for hazardous drinking behavior.
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Identification of mental health at the university is an important issue. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric performance of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) as an instrument for assessing the mental health of students in Indonesia. The WEMWBS scale has validation in the UK, France, Norway, Spain, and China in various populations, and there needs to be clarity about the Indonesian version of the psychometric characteristics of WEMWBS in the student population. Four hundred twenty-three students from universities in Indonesia participated in this research. Internal consistency and scale factorial validity were examined after using the Indonesian version. All data analyses done by using SPSS version 23. The Indonesian version of WEMWBS showed high internal consistency (0.90). The results of the confirmatory analysis showed that only thirteen items could be grouped into one factor. between the Indonesian version of WEMWBS and the other scale. The findings of this study are essential for measuring students' mental health. These results can provide a reliable tool for evaluating mental health for students and have important implications for developing interventions in health promotion at the university.
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Alcohol use is an important area of health disparities among Black individuals in the United States (US). The identification of psycho-sociocultural factors that play a role in alcohol-related problems among this population can inform culturally sensitive prevention and treatment efforts. Psycho-sociocultural models of alcohol misuse posit that some Black Americans may drink (and continue to drink despite drinking-related problems) to alleviate negative affect associated with experiencing race-based discrimination. Although there is a strong link between overt race-based discrimination and drinking outcomes, little research has tested whether more common, everyday race-based discrimination (microaggressions) is related and whether this association is attributable, in part, to drinking to cope with negative affect. Participants were 365 Black undergraduate current individuals who use alcohol who completed an online survey. Microaggressions were significantly, positively correlated with alcohol-related problems, even after controlling for drinking, overt discrimination, non-racist life stressors, and relevant demographic variables. Microaggressions were indirectly related to alcohol-related problems via drinking to cope with negative affect (depression, anxiety). Microaggressions are robustly associated with alcohol-related problems even after accounting for variance attributable to more overt discrimination and non-racist stressors among Black adults. Consistent with minority stress models, this relation may be due in part to drinking to cope with negative affect (depression, anxiety).
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Introduction: While individuals have many motives to gamble, one particularly risky motive for gambling is to cope with negative affect. Conflict with one's romantic partner is a strong predictor of negative affect, which may elicit coping motives for gambling and, in turn, gambling-related problems. Support for this mediational model was demonstrated in relation to drinking-related problems. We extended this model to gambling. Method: Using a cross-sectional design, we examined links between romantic conflict (Partner-Specific Rejecting Behaviors Scale), negative affect (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21), coping gambling motives (Gambling Motives Questionnaire, coping subscale), and gambling-related problems [Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)] in 206 regular gamblers (64% men; mean age = 44.7 years; mean PGSI = 8.7) who were in a romantic relationship and recruited through Qualtrics Panels in July 2021. Results: Results supported our hypothesis that the association between romantic conflict and gambling-related problems would be sequentially mediated through negative affect and coping gambling motives, β = 0.38, 95% CI [0.27, 0.39], and also showed a strong single mediation pathway through negative affect alone, β = 0.27, 95% CI [0.17, 0.38]. Discussion: Negative affect and coping gambling motives partially explain the link between romantic conflict and gambling-related problems. Interventions should target both negative affect and coping gambling motives in response to romantic conflict to reduce gambling-related problems in partnered gamblers.
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This study explored the validity of classifying a community-recruited sample of substance-abusing women (N = 293) according to 4 personality risk factors for substance abuse (anxiety sensitivity, introversion–hopelessness, sensation seeking, and impulsivity). Cluster analyses reliably identified 5 subtypes of women who demonstrated differential lifetime risk for various addictive and nonaddictive disorders. An anxiety-sensitive subtype demonstrated greater lifetime risk for anxiolytic dependence, somatization disorder, and simple phobia, whereas an introverted–hopeless subtype evidenced a greater lifetime risk for opioid dependence, social phobia, and panic and depressive disorders. Sensation seeking was associated with exclusive alcohol dependence, and impulsivity was associated with higher rates of antisocial personality disorder and cocaine and alcohol dependence. Finally, a low personality risk subtype demonstrated lower lifetime rates of substance dependence and psychopathology.
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To complement recent articles in this journal on structural equation modeling (SEM) practice and principles by Martens and by Quintana and Maxwell, respectively, the authors offer a consumer’s guide to SEM. Using an example derived from theory and research on vocational psychology, the authors outline six steps in SEM: model specification, identification, data preparation and screening, estimation, evaluation of fit, and modification. In addition, the authors summarize the debates surrounding some aspects of SEM (e.g., acceptable sample size, fit indices), with recommendations for application. They also discuss the need for considering and testing alternative models and present an example, with details on determining whether alternative models result in a significant improvement in fit to the observed data.
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"Introduction to Psychological Tests and Scales" is [a] text for all psychology students who are embarking on fieldwork or research analysis. The author . . . examines these core areas of the psychologist's training and education. Emphasis is placed on the practical aspects of test construction and questionnaire development . . . , which allows the author to introduce statistical tests and methods of analysis. The author's principal aim is to teach beginners how to construct simple self-report measures of psychological constructs such as beliefs, attitudes, moods, feelings, values, skills and so on. Loewenthal seeks to develop the student's ability to write, understand and evaluate reports on a range of psychological measures. She also tackles the problem of statistical test selection for a particular set of results. As an undergraduate primer, this book provides a . . . foundation for more advanced study and the application of psychometrics. It will be [a] tool for psychology undergraduates and [an] introductory text for students and professionals in related disciplines. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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In the context of the development of prototypic assessment instruments in the areas of cognition, personality, and adaptive functioning, the issues of standardization, norming procedures, and the important psychometrics of test reliability and validity are evaluated critically. Criteria, guidelines, and simple rules of thumb are provided to assist the clinician faced with the challenge of choosing an appropriate test instrument for a given psychological assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Despite consistent evidence that alcohol can be used to cope with negative emotions or to enhance positive emotions, research on drinking motives has focused primarily on coping and social motives. This article reports on the development of a 3-factor measure that also assesses enhancement motives. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors demonstrated that enhancement motives are empirically distinct from coping and social motives and that a correlated 3-factor model fits the data equally well across race and gender groups in a large representative sample. Each drinking motive was also shown to predict distinct aspects of alcohol use and abuse. Finally, interaction analyses suggested that coping and enhancement motives differ in the magnitude of their effects on drinking behavior across Blacks and Whites and that enhancement motives differ in their effects across men and women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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A 4-factor measure of drinking motives based on a conceptual model by M. Cox and E. Klinger (see PA, Vol 75:32975; see also 1990) is presented. Using data from a representative household sample of 1,243 Black and White adolescents, confirmatory factor analyses showed that the hypothesized model provided an excellent fit to the data and that the factor pattern was invariant across gender, race, and age. Each drinking motive was related to a distinct pattern of contextual antecedents and drinking-related outcomes, and these relationships did not generally vary across demographic subgroups. Results support both the conceptual validity of Cox and Klinger's model and the utility of this measure for clinical and research purposes across a diverse range of adolescent populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Background: The co-morbidity between social phobia and alcohol disorder is well established. Aims: This study investigated the nature of the relationship between traits associated with these disorders. Method: A total of 157 undergraduate drinkers (112 women; 45 men) completed measures tapping aspects of social phobia (i.e., the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale and the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation scale) and drinking behavior (i.e., the Drinking Motives Questionnaire – Revised, quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, and the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index). Results: Correlational analyses (controlling for gender) revealed that: (i) social avoidance and distress was significantly negatively related to drinking frequency; (ii) fear of negative evaluation and social avoidance and distress were both significantly positively related to drinking to cope with negative emotions and to conform to peer pressure; and (iii) fear of negative evaluation was also significantly positively related to drinking to socialize and to drinking problems. The relationship between fear of negative evaluation and drinking problems was mediated by coping and conformity drinking motives. Conclusions: Implications for developing effective integrated treatments for co-occurring social anxiety and alcohol problems are discussed, as are preventative implications.
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Suppressor situations occur when the addition of a new predictor improves the validity of a predictor variable already in the equation. A common allegation is that suppressor effects rarely replicate and have little substantive import. We present substantive examples from two established research domains to counter this skepticism. In the first domain, we show how measures of guilt and shame act consistently as mutual suppressors: Adding shame into a regression equation increases the negative association between guilt and aggression, whereas adding guilt increases the positive association between shame and aggression. In the second domain, we show how the effects of self-esteem and narcissism operate consistently as mutual suppressors: That is, adding narcissism into a regression equation increases the negative association between self-esteem and antisocial behavior, whereas adding self-esteem increases the positive association between narcissism and antisocial behavior. Discussion addresses the different implications for suppressors in theoretical and variable selection applications.
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Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model. A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters. A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models. Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes. CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI). FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI. Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom. All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics. An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification. The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes.
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Longitudinal data were obtained from a nonclinical sample of 1,308 male and female adolescents covering the age range from 12 to 21. Factor analyses of 52 symptoms and/or consequences of alcohol use yielded three problem dimensions. In addition, a unidimensional, 23-item scale (the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index, RAPI) was constructed with an internal consistency of .92. Correlations between RAPI and alcohol-use intensity were moderately strong for all age groups at each test occasion (ranging from .20 to .57), yet low enough to suggest that identification of problem drinkers requires both types of measures. The results suggest that the RAPI may be a useful tool for the standardized and efficient assessment of problem drinking during adolescence.
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The final, common pathway to alcohol use is motivational. A person decides consciously or unconsciously to consume or not to consume any particular drink of alcohol according to whether or not he or she expects that the positive affective consequences of drinking will outweigh those of not drinking. Various factors (e.g., past experiences with drinking, current life situation) help to form expectations of affective change from drinking, these factors always modulated by a person’s neurochemical reactivity to alcohol. Such major influences include the person’s current nonchemical incentives and the prospect of acquiring new positive incentives and removing current negative incentives. Our motivational counseling technique uses nonchemical goals and incentives to help the alcoholic develop a satisfying life without the necessity of alcohol. The technique first assesses the alcoholic’s motivational structure and then seeks to modify it through a multicomponent counseling procedure. The counseling technique is one example of the heuristic value of the motivational model.
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Data on the reasons for drinking from 2,496 respondents were submitted to factor analytic runs. Cross-validated results indicated that the 1st 2 factors extracted were readily interpretable in terms of positive and negative reinforcement operations. Negative reinforcement drinkers scored significantly and consistently higher on all alcohol consumption indices, and data from an alcoholic sample (133 Ss) showed that 93% of the alcoholics would be classified as escape drinkers. (1 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
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The present study proposed and tested a motivational model of alcohol use in which people are hypothesized to use alcohol to regulate both positive and negative emotions. Two central premises underpin this model: (a) that enhancement and coping motives for alcohol use are proximal determinants of alcohol use and abuse through which the influence of expectancies, emotions, and other individual differences are mediated and (b) that enhancement and coping motives represent phenomenologically distinct behaviors having both unique antecedents and consequences. This model was tested in 2 random samples (1 of adults, 1 of adolescents) using a combination of moderated regression and path analysis corrected for measurement error. Results revealed strong support for the hypothesized model in both samples and indicate the importance of distinguishing psychological motives for alcohol use.
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Motivational models of alcohol consumption suggest a positive relationship between reasons for drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed. The present study examined race, gender, and age as moderators of the relationship between social and coping motives and alcohol misuse in black and white adolescents. A representative population sample (N = 699) of male and female (54%) adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 was recruited using a random-digit-dial telephone procedure. Six face-to-face interviews with subjects and their families were carried out at approximately yearly intervals. Information gathered assessed alcohol use, social and coping motives for drinking, and psychological distress. Multiple analyses, including both cross-sectional and longitudinal logistic regression analyses and survival analysis were used to examine the relationship of drinking motives to adolescent alcohol misuse. Contrary to our predictions, social motive was a somewhat better predictor of alcohol misuse than was coping motive, particularly during mid- to late adolescence. However, there was some limited evidence of a significant relationship between coping motives and alcohol misuse in the mid-adolescent age group. Some support was found for racial differences such that social motives are better predictors of alcohol misuse among whites than among blacks and coping motives are better predictors among blacks. Few gender differences were found in the relationship of drinking motives and alcohol misuse. These findings suggest a stronger tendency for social and coping motives to influence alcohol misuse during mid to late than in early adolescence. Research examining the development of motives and the mechanisms by which they influence drinking behavior is needed.
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Previous research has suggested the presence of several alternative factorial models for the assessment of drinking motives. In the present study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the factor structure of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (M. L. Cooper, 1994) in a college sample. The results indicate that a 4-factor model that includes the dimensions of social rewards, affect enhancement, coping, and conformity motives fits the data significantly better than 2- and 3-factor models. Furthermore, the 4-factor model fits equally well for men and women.
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This study explored the validity of classifying a community-recruited sample of substance-abusing women (N = 293) according to 4 personality risk factors for substance abuse (anxiety sensitivity, introversion-hopelessness, sensation seeking, and impulsivity). Cluster analyses reliably identified 5 subtypes of women who demonstrated differential lifetime risk for various addictive and nonaddictive disorders. An anxiety-sensitive subtype demonstrated greater lifetime risk for anxiolytic dependence, somatization disorder, and simple phobia, whereas an introverted-hopeless subtype evidenced a greater lifetime risk for opioid dependence, social phobia, and panic and depressive disorders. Sensation seeking was associated with exclusive alcohol dependence, and impulsivity was associated with higher rates of antisocial personality disorder and cocaine and alcohol dependence. Finally, a low personality risk subtype demonstrated lower lifetime rates of substance dependence and psychopathology.
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Efforts to increase the practice of evidence-based psychotherapy in the United States have led to the formation of task forces to define, identify, and disseminate information about empirically supported psychological interventions. The work of several such task forces and other groups reviewing empirically supported treatments (ESTs) in the United States, United Kingdom, and elsewhere is summarized here, along with the lists of treatments that have been identified as ESTs. Also reviewed is the controversy surrounding EST identification and dissemination, including concerns abou research methodology, external validity, and utility of EST research, as well as the reliability and transparency of the EST review process.
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To estimate the prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students, and to identify characteristics associated with these diagnoses. More than 14,000 students at 119 4-year U.S. colleges completed a questionnaire that included items corresponding to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence. Frequencies were computed, and correlations used to identify demographic, drinking and other variables associated with these diagnoses. 31% percent of students endorsed criteria for an alcohol abuse diagnosis and 6% for a dependence diagnosis in the past 12 months. More than two of every five students reported at least one symptom of abuse or dependence. Students who were heavy episodic drinkers were more likely than those who were not to have an alcohol disorder. Students who were frequent heavy episodic drinkers had 13 times greater odds for abuse and 19 times greater odds for dependence. One of every five heavy episodic drinkers was classified with dependence. Few reported seeking treatment since coming to college. Students from heavy drinking college environments were more likely to have abuse and dependence diagnoses. Many college students report behaviors and symptoms that meet the diagnostic standard for alcohol abuse or dependence. In addition to strengthening prevention programs, colleges should implement new strategies for screening and early identification of high risk student drinkers and ensure that treatment is readily available for those with alcohol disorders.
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A motivational model of alcohol involvement (M. L. Cooper, M. R. Frone, M. Russell, & P. Mudar, 1995) was replicated and extended by incorporating social antecedents and motives and by testing this model cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a sample of college students. Participants (N = 388) completed a questionnaire battery assessing alcohol use and problems, alcohol expectancies, sensation seeking, negative affect, social influences, and drinking motives. Associations among psychosocial antecedents, drinking motives, and alcohol involvement differed from those found by M. L. Cooper et al. (1995). These findings point to the importance of social influences and of positive reinforcement motives but not to the centrality of drinking motives in this population.
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This study investigated whether exposure to musical mood induction procedures (MMIP) differentially increases the strength of specific alcohol expectancies for coping motivated (CM) versus enhancement motivated (EM) drinkers. Participants were 86 undergraduates who had elevated scores on either the CM or EM subscale of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (M. L. Cooper, 1994). Participants were randomly assigned to either a positive or negative mood condition. The Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (E. G. Singleton, S. T. Tiffany, & J. E. Henningfield, 1994) was administered at baseline and after MMIP to assess phasic changes in alcohol expectancy strength. Consistent with hypotheses, only CM drinkers in the negative mood condition reported increased relief expectancies, and only EM drinkers in the positive mood condition reported increased reward expectancies. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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Although hypochondriasis is associated with the costly use of unnecessary medical resources, this mental health problem remains largely neglected. A lack of clear conceptual models and valid measures has impeded accurate assessment and hindered progress. The Multidimensional Inventory of Hypochondriacal Traits (MIHT) addresses these deficiencies with scales that correspond to a 4-factor model. The MIHT was built with construct validity as a guiding principle and began with an item pool that broadly assessed dimensions identified in the literature. The items were administered to large samples; factor analyses of the responses led to item pool revisions and scale refinements. Multiple studies validated the final MIHT scales and 4-factor model; these findings suggest that the MIHT will contribute to theory and research.
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Antidepressant medication is considered the current standard for severe depression, and cognitive therapy is the most widely investigated psychosocial treatment for depression. However, not all patients want to take medication, and cognitive therapy has not demonstrated consistent efficacy across trials. Moreover, dismantling designs have suggested that behavioral components may account for the efficacy of cognitive therapy. The present study tested the efficacy of behavioral activation by comparing it with cognitive therapy and antidepressant medication in a randomized placebo-controlled design in adults with major depressive disorder (N = 241). In addition, it examined the importance of initial severity as a moderator of treatment outcome. Among more severely depressed patients, behavioral activation was comparable to antidepressant medication, and both significantly outperformed cognitive therapy. The implications of these findings for the evaluation of current treatment guidelines and dissemination are discussed.
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Sensation seeking, anxiety sensitivity, and hopelessness are personality risk factors for alcohol use disorders, each associated with specific risky drinking motives in adolescents. We developed a set of interventions and manuals that were designed to intervene at the level of personality risk and associated maladaptive coping strategies, including alcohol misuse. Manuals contained psychoeducational information on the target personality risk factor and how it is associated with maladaptive coping, as well as exercises targeting maladaptive cognitions and behaviors specific to each personality type. We tested the efficacy of these novel interventions on reducing drinking behavior by randomly assigning 297 Canadian high school students (56% girls, mean age 16, mean grade 11) to personality-targeted interventions (group format; 2 sessions) or to a no-treatment control group. Intent-to-treat analyses indicated beneficial effects of the intervention and Intervention x Personality interactions on drinking rates, drinking quantity, binge drinking, and problem drinking symptoms at 4-month follow-up.
Article
Assessing overall model fit is an important problem in general structural equation models. One of the most widely used fit measures is Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed index. This article has three purposes: (1) to propose a new incremental fit measure that provides an adjustment to the normed index for sample size and degrees of freedom, (2) to explain the relation between this new fit measure and the other ones, and (3) to illustrate its properties with an empirical example and a Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation suggests that the mean of the sampling distribution of the new fit measure stays at about one for different sample sizes whereas that for the normed fit index increases with N. In addition, the standard deviation of the new measure is relatively low compared to some other measures (e.g., Tucker and Lewis's (1973) and Bentler and Bonett's (1980) nonnormed index). The empirical example suggests that the new fit measure is relatively stable for the same model in different samples. In sum, it appears that the new incremental measure is a useful complement to the existing fit measures.
Article
SUMMARY Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis are developed by extending certain studies on robustness of the t statistic. These measures are shown to possess desirable properties. The asymptotic distributions of the measures for samples from a multivariate normal population are derived and a test of multivariate normality is proposed. The effect of nonnormality on the size of the one-sample Hotelling's T2 test is studied empirically with the help of these measures, and it is found that Hotelling's T2 test is more sensitive to the measure of skewness than to the measure of kurtosis.
Article
A model for the relation between multivariate Fourth-order central moments of a set of variables and the marginal kurtoses and covariances among these variables is used to produce an estimator for covariance structure analysis that is asymptotically efficient and yields an asymptotic X 2 goodness of fit test of the covariance structure while substantially reducing the computations. When the kurtoses of the variables are equal, the method reduces to one based on multivariate elliptical distribution theory, and, when there is no excess kurtosis, to one based on multivariate normal distribution theory.
Article
This comprehensive volume provides up-to-date information on the 3 main types of phobic disorder: panic disorder and agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobia. The book integrates current research findings with practical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. For each disorder, clinicians will find guidelines for assessment, including diagnostic interviews, behavioral assessments, symptom diaries, and standardized self-report measures that are highly useful for differential diagnosis and treatment planning. The authors present flexible and detailed treatment protocols for each disorder that include session frequency and duration, sequencing of cognitive and behavioral strategies, bibliotherapy, homework, and monitoring forms for tracking patient progress. Basic principles of exposure-based treatment and social skills training and the most effective cognitive techniques are described, illuminated by sample therapist–patient dialogue and troubleshooting tips. A chapter on the most commonly used medications, side effects, issues related to dosage, and strategies for discontinuing medication is included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Discusses concepts of invariance of results from factor analytic studies within a context of considerations about what to control. It is concluded that it can be scientifically unrealistic to expect that the coefficients, as such, of factor pattern, covariance, and uniqueness matrices will remain invariant under sampling (of Ss or variables). However, it can be realistic, although demanding, to put forth hypotheses stipulating that the configuration of salient and hyperplane coefficients of pattern matrices remains invariant. Ordinarily the covariances among factors can be expected to vary. Configural invariance is shown to be consistent with a position L. L. Thurstone (1938, 1947) put forth in developing a rationale for simple structure. This form of invariance is a special case of W. Meredith's (see PA, Vol 39:3190 and 3191) mathematical proof of factor invariance under systematic selection with respect to extraneous variables. It is suggested that these conclusions are applicable to the design of structural equation modeling studies. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Because self-report information obtained from individuals with addictive disorders is subject to bias and random error, recommendations are offered about how to improve the accuracy of verbal report methods, based on a heuristic model of the question-answering process. By focusing on the way in which questions are asked and responded to, some logical inferences can be made about the sources of invalidity and the means to correct them. The model takes into account respondent characteristics, task variables, motivation, and cognitive processes within a general social context. Ways of minimizing response bias and enhancing validity are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Book
Readers who want a less mathematical alternative to the EQS manual will find exactly what they're looking for in this practical text. Written specifically for those with little to no knowledge of structural equation modeling (SEM) or EQS, the author's goal is to provide a non-mathematical introduction to the basic concepts of SEM by applying these principles to EQS, Version 6.1. The book clearly demonstrates a wide variety of SEM/EQS applications that include confirmatory factor analytic and full latent variable models.