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Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of 10 sources of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on dry matter digestibility (DM-D) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDF-D), in various combinations with starch, in vitro. The soluble starch represented a concentrate feed, whereas silage represented feeding only roughage. The DM-D and NDF-D were determined after 24 and 48 h of incubation to represent effective (24 h) and potential (48 h) digestibility. Addition of LAB was both by direct application of the inoculants to rumen fluid (directly fed microbials) and by the use of preinoculated silages. For each feed combination, tubes without added LAB served as controls. The results indicate that, overall, some LAB inoculants applied at ensiling or added directly to the rumen fluid had the potential to increase the DM-D and NDF-D. The major significant inoculant effect on NDF-D was obtained after 24 h of incubation, whereas the effect after 48 h was mainly nonsignificant. The effective inoculants seemed to minimize the inhibitory effect of the starch on NDF-D within 24 h, perhaps by competition with lactate-producing rumen microorganisms.
... Cell wall carbohydrates digestibility is one of the parameters that may mirror the effect of the biological activity (hydrolysis and synthesis) of epiphytic and inoculated bacteria. In general, the in vitro digestibility for silages at 28 days in all treatments were within the range values summarized elsewhere [26,37]. ...
... However, at 28 days of ensiling, the IVDMD values were lower in the additive treatments, which may be as a result of the intensive fermentation process that utilized fermentable nutrients including hemicellulose hydrolyses, which converts into pentoses reducing the NDF content [1]. These results contradict with the findings of [37], where a comparison between Lactobacilli inoculum and a control did not show differences in the digestibility of wheat silage. The IVNDFD of wheat silage at 28 days was highest in MI + urea compared to other treatments, which implies a synergistic effect of supplying an available source of N that probably prompted the hydrolysis of hemicellulose as mentioned above and increased the digestibility of NDF. ...
... For corn silages, MI did not affect IVDMD or IVNDFD in agreement with [37]. Looking at the day 28 results of both the urea and MI + urea treatments on IVDMD and IVNDFD gives an interesting deeper insight of the treatment effects on the dynamics of fermentation that occurred. ...
Simple Summary
Wheat and corn silages are common feedstuffs used in Israel. For long-term use of the feedstuffs without compromising the nutritional value, there is a need for an effective preservation method. We conducted a study to assess the effect of adding microbial inoculum (MI) and urea on the chemical composition including the amino acids profile, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of wheat and corn silages. The silages were subjected to four treatments: control, MI, urea and a combination of MI + urea. Silages were analyzed for quality parameters and in vitro digestibility. The results showed that additives improved the quality parameters of wheat and corn silages. The inclusion of MI produced the most aerobically stable silages, whereas the inclusion of urea compromised its aerobic stability. None of the additives affected the true CP content of silages. Additives improved in vitro cell wall carbohydrates’ digestibility in both silages and had the best production when MI was combined with urea. These results imply that additives enhance the nutritional value, aerobic stability and digestibility of silages.
Abstract
Wheat and corn silages are widely used as ruminant feed in Israel due to their availability and cost-effectiveness. To ensure long-term preservation without compromising nutritional quality, effective methods must be employed. The inclusion of additives during harvest and ensiling can enhance efficiency and address preservation challenges. In the current study, the effects of microbial inoculum (MI) and urea on the chemical composition, amino acid profiles, aerobic stability, and in vitro digestibility of wheat and corn silages were investigated. Samples of wheat and corn were subjected to four treatments: control, MI, urea and a combination of MI + urea. The treatments were ensiled in anaerobic conditions and opened after 1, 7, 14 or 28 days. The results showed that additives improved the quality parameters of wheat and corn silages. The inclusion of MI produced the most aerobically stable silages. The inclusion of urea in silages decreased aerobic stability. Additives improved in vitro cell wall carbohydrates’ digestibility in both silages and was the best when MI was combined with urea. These results imply that additives could be incorporated in silages to enhance their nutritional value, aerobic stability and digestibility. Nonetheless, increased CP content with additives was not accompanied with a parallel increase in amino acids’ content in corn silage.
... The IVDMD values obtained for the 75% irrigation treatment were greater than those of the 100% irrigation, possibly because of better fermentation with low moisture levels [44,45]. Looking at additives, MOL + HI had the greatest IVDMD, which could be attributed to the synergistic effect between molasses and HI and made nutrients more available for digestion as suggested by [64]. This same trend was observed after the exposure to aerobic conditions for irrigation treatments with IVDMD still higher at 75% than 100% irrigation, though the IVDMD values were lower after 5 days of aerobic exposure. ...
... The CP was higher in HI, MOL, and MOL + HI than the control during the aerobic stability experiment. The higher CP could be as a result of microbial proteins accumulated as a result of the additives supplement [64,71]. ...
... A comparison among silages with additives showed that MOL + HI and HI had less fibre content, which could be indicative of more fibre utilization and efficient fermentation. These results are similar to [64] who reported better fermentation parameters with additives. It is worth noting that after the aerobic stability experiment, the cellulose content was slightly www.videleaf.com ...
... Cell wall carbohydrates digestibility is one of the parameters that may mirror the effect of the biological activity (hydrolysis and synthesis) of epiphytic and inoculated bacteria. In general, the in vitro digestibility for silages at 28 days in all treatments were within the range values summarized elsewhere [26,38]. ...
... However, at 28 days of ensiling the IVDMD were lower in additive treatments which may be as a result of intensive fermentation process that utilized fermentable nutrients including hemicellulose hydrolyses which converts into pentoses reducing the NDF content [1]. These results contradict with the findings of [38], where comparison between Lactobacilli inoculum and control did not show differences in digestibility of wheat silage. The IVNDFD of wheat silage at 28 days was highest in MI+Urea compared to other treatments, which imply synergistic effect of supplying available source of N that probably prompt the hydrolysis of hemicellulose as mentioned above and increased digestibility of NDF. ...
... For corn silages, MI did not affect IVDMD or IVNDFD in agreement with [38]. Looking at day 28 results of both Urea and MI+Urea treatments on IVDMD and INNDFD gives an interesting deeper insight of the treatment effects on the dynamics of fermentation that occurred. ...
Wheat and corn silages are widely used as ruminant feed in Israel due to their availability and cost-effectiveness. To ensure long-term preservation without compromising nutritional quality, effective methods must be employed. Inclusion of additives during harvest and ensiling can enhance efficiency and address preservation challenges. In the current study, the effects of microbial inoc-ulum (MI) and urea on the chemical composition, amino acid profiles, aerobic stability, and in vitro digestibility of wheat and corn silages were investigated. Samples of wheat and corn were subjected to four treatments: control, MI, Urea, and a combination of MI+Urea. The treatments were ensiled in anaerobic conditions and opened after 1, 7, 14, or 28 days. Results showed that additives improved the quality parameters of wheat and corn silages. The inclusion of MI produced the most aerobically stable silages. The inclusion of urea in silages deteriorated aerobic stability. Additives improved in vitro cell wall carbohydrates di-gestibility in both silages and was the best when MI was combined with urea. These results imply additives could be incorporated in silages to enhance their nutritional value, aerobic stability and digestibility. Nonetheless, increased CP content with additives was not accompanied with parallel increase in amino acids content in corn silage.
... Ensiling is an effective way of preserving high quality forage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants are widely used in silage preparation due to their high efficiency in aiding fermentation and preventing spoilage [4,5]. However, most inoculants currently used in silage had a major limitation of the absence of enzymatic capability to effectively degrade lignocellulose structure of forages [4]. ...
... Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants are widely used in silage preparation due to their high efficiency in aiding fermentation and preventing spoilage [4,5]. However, most inoculants currently used in silage had a major limitation of the absence of enzymatic capability to effectively degrade lignocellulose structure of forages [4]. Therefore, LAB inoculants are generally considered to have little or no impacts on nutrient digestibility of silage either in vitro or in vivo [4,6]. ...
... However, most inoculants currently used in silage had a major limitation of the absence of enzymatic capability to effectively degrade lignocellulose structure of forages [4]. Therefore, LAB inoculants are generally considered to have little or no impacts on nutrient digestibility of silage either in vitro or in vivo [4,6]. ...
Background: Ferulic acid esterase (FAE)-secreting Lactiplantibacillus plantarum A1 (Lp A1) is a promising silage inoculant due to the FAE’s ability to alter the plant cell wall structure during ensiling, an action that is expected to improve forage digestibility. However, little is known regarding the impacts of Lp A1 on rumen microbiota. Our research assessed the influences of Lp A1 in comparison to a widely adopted commercial inoculant Lp MTD/1 on alfalfa’s ensilage, in vitro rumen incubation and microbiota.
Results: Samples of fresh and ensiled alfalfa treated with (either Lp A1 or Lp MTD/1) or without additives (as control; CON) and ensiled for 30, 60 and 90 d were used for fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and batch culture study. Inoculants treated silage had lower (P < 0.001) pH, acetic acid concentration and dry matter (DM) loss, but higher (P = 0.001) lactic acid concentration than the CON during ensiling. Compared to the CON and Lp MTD/1, silage treated with Lp A1 had lower (P < 0.001) aNDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents and higher (P < 0.001) free ferulic acid concentration. Compared with Lp MTD/1-treated silage, silage treated with Lp A1 had significantly (P < 0.01) improved ruminal gas production and digestibility, which were equivalent to those of fresh alfalfa. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that Lp A1 inoculation improved the relative abundances of rumen’s total bacteria, fungi, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, while the relative abundance of methanogens was reduced by Lp MTD/1 compared with CON. Principal component analysis of rumen bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed a clear distinction between CON and inoculated treatments without noticeable distinction between Lp A1 and Lp MTD/1 treatments. Comparison analysis revealed differences in the relative abundance of some bacteria in different taxa between Lp A1 and Lp MTD/1 treatments. Silage treated with Lp A1 exhibited improved rumen fermentation characteristics due to the inoculant effects on the rumen microbial populations and bacterial community.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that silage inoculation of the FAE-producing Lp A1 could be effective in improving silage quality and digestibility, and modulating the rumen fermentation to improve feed utilization.
... The IVDMD values obtained for the 75% irrigation treatment were greater than those of the 100% irrigation, possibly because of better fermentation with low moisture levels [44,45]. Looking at additives, MOL + HI had the greatest IVDMD, which could be attributed to the synergistic effect between molasses and HI and made nutrients more available for digestion as suggested by [64]. This same trend was observed after the exposure to aerobic conditions for irrigation treatments with IVDMD still higher at 75% than 100% irrigation, though the IVDMD values were lower after 5 days of aerobic exposure. ...
... The CP was higher in HI, MOL, and MOL + HI than the control during the aerobic stability experiment. The higher CP could be as a result of microbial proteins accumulated as a result of the additives supplement [64,71]. ...
... A comparison among silages with additives showed that MOL + HI and HI had less fibre content, which could be indicative of more fibre utilization and efficient fermentation. These results are similar to [64] who reported better fermentation parameters with additives. It is worth noting that after the aerobic stability experiment, the cellulose content was slightly higher in the other three additives treatments relative to the CTL. ...
Simple Summary
Tef is a multi-harvest crop with high production capacity and outstanding fodder quality. Our overall goal is to establish tef as a multi-harvest summer fodder crop. Here, we report on the effects of irrigation (75% vs. 100%), genotype (RTC-2, RTC-119, RTC-361, and RTC-400), and additives; heterofermentative inoculum, molasses, and molasses + heterofermentative inoculum on tef silage making and silage quality. Our results showed for the first time that tef can be ensiled. Most of tef silage qualitative parameters were better at 75% irrigation than 100%, and additives treatments improved the silage parameters; additives lowered silage pH and ammonia nitrogen, but increased in vitro dry matter digestibility, lactic acid, lactic acid bacteria, and crude protein content of tef silage.
Abstract
Tef is known as a multi-harvest crop with high production capacity and outstanding fodder quality. Hence, our overall goal is to develop tef as a new multi-harvest summer crop that can maintain high-quality feed and contribute to both field crops and the livestock industry in Israel. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ability to preserve tef as silage. Four tef genotypes grown under well-watered (100%) and water-limited (75%) irrigation regimes were harvested at grain filling stage and ensiled with either no additives (control, CTL), or with heterofermentative inoculum (HI), molasses (MOL), and both MOL + HI. Our results showed for the first time that tef could be ensiled, although water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were lower than those in corn, “the perfect ensiling crop”. Most of the tef silage qualitative parameters were better at water-limited irrigation. Additives HI or MOL or MOL + HI also improved silage parameters, e.g., lowered pH and ammonia nitrogen content, but increased in vitro dry matter digestibility, lactic acid and crude protein content, and lactic acid bacteria counts of tef silage. The current results imply increasing the diversity of local ruminant fodder crops, ensuring high-quality feed supply during the summer.
... High feed digestibility and VFA production will provide more energy and allow it to utilize it as a source of fuel for body and animal production. When lactic bacteria (LAB) is added to rumen fluid, it has been demonstrated to boost digestibility [12][13][14]. ...
... Each digestion vessel received ten bags, 1600 mL (5:1) of the buffer solution, 400 mL of ruminal fluid and the probiotic at doses 4X10 11 , 4X10 12 and 4X10 13 UFC/g were added; the vessels were injected with CO 2 , and were positioned in the DAISY II digestor at 39 ºC for 48 h rotating. After that, the bags were washed, dried and were weighted to calculate the digestibility. ...
... Feed digestibility is an essential criterion to measure rumen fermentation, high feed digestibility indicates that the animal will receive more energy from the feed and metabolize it as a source of energy for the body and animal production. According to several studies, adding some LAB straight to the rumen fluid improves digestibility [12][13][14]. ...
Aims: The conservation of probiotics is of great importance due to the microorganism’s viability; therefore, their properties and benefits depend on it. In this work, it was studied three methods of conservation; refrigeration, cryopreservation, and lyophilization of two probiotics isolated from the rumen of 42 day-old calves, previously evaluated: Animal 1-day 42 (A1D42) and Animal 3-day 42 A3D42. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratorio de Rumiología y Metabolismo Nutricional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, between August 2020 and September 2021. Methodology: It was evaluated the viability of the probiotics after of 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of refrigeration, cryopreservation, and lyophilization as preservation methods. The effect of the lyophilized probiotic A1D42 on the digestibility in vitro, such as its effect on the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production was also determined. Results: Cryopreserved and lyophilization methods had better performance about the viability in both probiotics. A1D42 lyophilized maintained its viability (67%) until 60 days and after 90 days it was affected significantly. Despite the fact that VFA production in vitro did not increase with probiotic addiction, A1D42 significantly increased in vitro digestibility by up to 66%. The results demonstrated that lyophilization is the best method of conservation of probiotic production due to it preserves vial cells, as well as the properties and effects of the probiotic. Conclusion: Therefore, lyophilized A1D42 probiotic can be used as an additive in calf diets, which could improve their digestibility, and, therefore, their weight gain, which could have a positive impact on animal production, in addition to the health benefits.
... Although the addition of either LP or LB alone increased the IVNDFD of the silage, the LPLB group had the highest IVNDFD. Weinberg et al. [48] found that the addition of specific microbial formulations to silage may lead to a decrease in LA levels due to competition with rumen microorganisms, further contributing to an increase in rumen pH and providing a more favorable environment for the growth of fibrolytic bacteria in the rumen. Therefore, inoculation of silage with microbial preparations can improve fiber digestion in the rumen. ...
... Therefore, inoculation of silage with microbial preparations can improve fiber digestion in the rumen. Studies have shown that the addition of LB to corn silage improves the IVNDFD, consistent with the results of this experiment [48]. Nsereko et al. [39] added lactic acid bacteria with ferulic acid esterase expression to silage and found them to be effective in improving the fiber digestibility of silage. ...
Simple Summary
Under the shortage of roughage resources in China, Silphium perfoliatum L. (SP) can be an ideal roughage choice for ruminants and has good application prospects. Ensiling is an efficient forage treatment technology for retaining the nutrients and extending the shelf life of forage. At present, there have been no reports on the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri, whether alone or in combination, on Silphium perfoliatum L. silage. Therefore, in this experiment, L. plantarum and L. buchneri were added individually or combined to SP-silage to investigate the effects of different fermentation types of Lactobacilli on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of SP-silage. It was found that a mixture of L. plantarum and L. buchneri provided the best silage results. L. buchneri can be used as an additive to improve the aerobic stability of SP-silage. The results of our research provide a certain scientific basis and technical support for obtaining high-quality SP-silage in production.
Abstract
In this experiment, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri were added individually or in combination to Silphium perfoliatum L. (SP) silage to investigate the effects of different fermentation types of lactobacilli on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of SP-silage, with a view to providing a certain scientific basis and technical support for obtaining high-quality SP-silage in production. The experiment comprised a non-additive group (control), an L. plantarum group (LP), an L. buchneri group (LB), and an L. plantarum and L. buchneri mixed treatment group (LPLB). Samples were taken after 60 days of fermentation and analyzed for the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of the SP-silage. The results showed that the addition of LP, LB, and LPLB significantly reduced the pH and proportion of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen and significantly increased the lactic acid, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and in vitro crude protein digestibility in the SP-silage (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the dry matter and crude protein contents of the LB and LPLB groups were significantly increased, while the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The SP-silage supplemented with LPLB had the highest dry matter and crude protein contents. The gross and digestible energies of the SP-silage in the LB and LPLB groups were significantly higher than those in the control and LP groups (p < 0.05). The aerobic stability of the SP-silage was significantly reduced by 24.14% in the LP group and increased by 58.62% and 34.48% in the LB and LPLB groups, respectively, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). It was shown that adding a combination of LP and LB resulted in the best fermentation quality, nutritional value, and in vitro digestibility of the SP-silage. LB was effective in improving the aerobic stability of SP-silage.
... Therefore, these factors may be involved in the potential mechanism of the stimulatory effects of Al. kunkeei EIR/BG-1 on R. flavefaciens in this study. Additionally, Weinberg et al. (2007) suggested that LAB inoculants could potentially compete with lactate-producing bacteria such as S. bovis and Ruminobacter amylophilus, thereby reducing lactate production and pH decline in the rumen. This, in turn, could increase the activity of cellulolytic populations and improve the digestibility of NDF and DMD. ...
... LAB supplementation did not alter DMD, although the count of lactate-producing S. bovis was also lower with both supplementations in the current study. The lack of effect on DMD could be related to the relatively lower forage-to-concentrate ratio (1:4) of the experimental diet compared to the feed used by Weinberg et al. (2007) (2:1 and 1:2). Considering that the total number of bacteria did not change in the current study, it can also be assumed that bacterial groups whose growth was increased may have compensated for the lower abundance of the suppressed ones, preventing noticeable alterations in fermentation and digestibility parameters. ...
... Inoculation with LH increased IVNDFD after 30 d of ensiling and increased IVDMD after 90 d of ensiling. Weinberg et al. (2007) reported that IVNDFD was increased by inoculating corn silage with LB, but others did not (Filya et al., 2006;Tabacco et al., 2011), perhaps reflecting strain effects. Weinberg et al. (2007) speculated that LAB may compete with lactateproducing microorganisms for rapidly fermentable carbohydrates including sugars. ...
... Weinberg et al. (2007) reported that IVNDFD was increased by inoculating corn silage with LB, but others did not (Filya et al., 2006;Tabacco et al., 2011), perhaps reflecting strain effects. Weinberg et al. (2007) speculated that LAB may compete with lactateproducing microorganisms for rapidly fermentable carbohydrates including sugars. This competition may reduce the rate of ruminal lactate production, resulting in elevated ruminal pH (Weinberg et al., 2003), and higher activity of cellulolytic microbial population, resulting in improved fiber degradation. ...
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inoculation with Lactobacillus hilgardii with or without Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation, chemical composition, and aerobic stability of sorghum and corn silage after 2 ensiling durations. Sorghum forage was harvested at 27% dry matter (DM; experiment 1), and different corn hybrids were harvested at late (43.8% DM; experiment 2) or normal maturity (34% DM; experiment 3). All harvested forages were chopped and ensiled in quadruplicate in vacuum-sealed nylon-polyethylene bags (40 × 61 cm) for 30 and 90 d after treatment with (1) deionized water (uninoculated) or (2) L. buchneri (1.5 × 10⁵ cfu/g of fresh weight; LB); (3) L. hilgardii (1.5 × 10⁵ cfu/g of fresh weight; LH); or (4) L. buchneri and L. hilgardii (1.5 × 10⁵ cfu/g of fresh weight of each inoculant). Data for each experiment were analyzed separately accounting for the 2 × 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Inoculating sorghum forage with LB or LH separately increased acetate and 1,2 propanediol concentration, tended to increase DM loss, reduced lactate concentration and the lactate-to-acetate ratio, and increased aerobic stability after 90 but not after 30 d of ensiling. Inoculating late-harvested corn silage with LB or LH separately increased and decreased DM loss, respectively, increased 1,2 propanediol concentration, reduced lactate-to-acetate ratio and yeast counts but did not affect aerobic stability. Inoculating normal-harvested corn silage with LH reduced DM loss and increased 1,2 propanediol concentration and yeast counts; LB reduced lactate concentration, lactate-to-acetate ratio, and total acids. Either inoculant alone increased aerobic stability after 30 or 90 d. The main benefit of combining LB with LH was prevention of increases in DM losses by LH or LB separately. No improvement in aerobic stability resulted from applying LH instead of LB separately or from combining them. Application of LB or LH separately improved aerobic stability of sorghum silage after 90 d and normal-harvested corn silage after 30 or 90 d but did not affect that of late-harvested corn silage.
... The mechanism of bacteria infection in seaweed is considered similar to that of higher plants. Weinberg et al. (2007) explained that bacteria enter plants through wounds or natural holes and then colonize intercellular spaces. When the thallus is injured, the area affected will become a location for bacteria to grow and multiply. ...
Interaction between environmental factors, particularly temperature and salinity with bacteria is considered one of the main triggers of disease infection in various hosts including seaweed. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of interactions between temperature and salinity with pathogenic bacteria on the manifestation of ice-ice disease in red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. Red seaweed was weighed to 50-51 g for each treatment replicate, incubated at 25°C and 28°C, then infected with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteria at a concentration of 100-106 cfu/mL in a culture medium (30 g/L salinity). Salinity treatment was conducted in variations of 28, 30 and 35 g/L with the same bacteria concentration (106 cfu/mL) and temperature (28°C). The results showed that seaweed infected by S. maltophilia and incubated at 28°C had a higher reduction in weight and greater thallus bleaching compared to the 25°C treatment. A significant difference was observed in the percentage of bleaching on the secondary thallus in both temperature treatments. The onset of disease transmission affected K. alvarezii morphological structure, which showed severe condition on day 4. In conclusion, both temperature and salinity affected ice-ice disease infection in red seaweed. However, this study could not fully elucidate the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors and the effect on ice-ice disease. Further investigations are needed to examine the effect of the interaction.
... LAB are Gram-positive, non-sporulating, non-respiring cocci or rods that use glucose to produce lactic acid as a primary catabolic end product [2]. Certain LAB strains are characterized by the ability to convert lactose to improve the digestibility of fermented dairy products as well as preservation [3,4]. They are generally regarded as safe because of their wide use in the food and dairy industry and their beneficial effects of probiotic properties on human health. ...
Probiotics are live organisms that, when administered adequately, confer health benefits to the host, including cancer prevention, blood cholesterol reduction, and immune system strengthening. They play an essential role in protecting the mammalian intestines against the colonization of pathogenic microbes. It increases integrity by improving the stimulation of epithelial cells. Lactic acid bacteria are generally found in foods and medicine and possess probiotic qualities. This study aimed to evaluate four probiotic isolates, BM1, H39, H31, and IF1, potential probiotic candidates isolated from humans and food origin has grown on MRS (De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) medium. The isolates were sequenced using 16SrRNA sequencing and were identified as Lactobacillus fermentum (BM1), Lactobacillus crispatus (H39), Enterococcus faecium (H31), and Lactobacillus helveticus (IF1). The isolate was screened and characterized based on growth characteristics, Gram’s reaction, and functional properties like auto-aggregation, salt aggregation test (SAT), and viability during oro-gastro-intestinal transit was performed. Hemolytic activity, prebiotic score, and antibiotic susceptibility were determined.
... These authors, when inoculating L. buchneri in corn silage, observed an increase of 4.1 percentage points in DM digestibility and 5.7 in NDF digestibility when compared to the control silage. Weinberg et al. (2007) reported an increase in IVDMD and IVNDFD when inoculating L. buchneri in wheat silage. ...
The objective of this study was to isolate lactic bacteria, quantify the population of Lentilactobacillus buchneri by qPCR, and evaluate the effects of the inoculation of native strains of L. buchneri in sorghum silage. The treatments were arranged in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with four inoculants (I) and five fermentation periods (P) (7, 14, 28, 45, and 90), in a completely randomized design, with three replicates. Forty-seven LAB strains were isolated from control silage, and L. buchneri was the predominant species at 45 and 90 days of fermentation. The qPCR data showed that L. buchneri predominated during all fermentation periods in the inoculated silages. There was an effect (P<0.05) of I × P interaction on all studied variables of the fermentative profile and microbial population. There was an effect (P<0.05) of I × P interaction on the dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro DM digestibility, and in vitro NDF digestibility. Inoculation with L. buchneri resulted in silages with better fermentative quality and digestibility and a lower yeast population. The native LB.1 and LB.4 strains have potential to be used as inoculants in sorghum silage production, with effects on fermentation quality at 45 days of storage.
... DM digestibility (DMD) or NDFD increases are associated with higher DMI and milk yield [15]. Some authors suggested that the solubilization of hemicellulose during ensiling may improve DMD but decrease residual NDF digestibility [45]. Nevertheless, this was not observed in any reported FAE+ IN groups. ...
Environmental-, animal-, and plant-associated factors are involved in the intake and digestibility of forages. Ferulated crosslinks are key targets for increasing the extent of fiber digestion in forages, for which ferulic acid esterase-producing lactic acid bacteria (FAE+ LAB) arise as silage inoculants that could beneficially impact animal husbandry. In this review article, we analyze the published effects of these inoculants on silage fiber composition, digestibility measures, ferulic acid content, and animal performance. To date, 17 FAE+ LAB strains have been evaluated in ensiling trials, obtaining variable results. When significant effects were detected, reductions in the content of neutral or acid detergent fiber (1.3-6.6% DM, compared with uninoculated silages) and increased digestibility measures (1.4-9.6% DM) were the most frequent outcomes. FAE+ LAB increased the free FA content of silages in several reports. Factors involved in the variability of responses have been scarcely evaluated but include inoculant strain, strain-forage combination, forage characteristics, and ensiling conditions. Two studies indicate that productive and health improvements were obtained when FAE+ LAB-inoculated silages were predominant in the diet of growing steers or dairy goats. Additional research is needed to understand the factors associated with the performance of FAE+ inoculants and the extent of their potential benefits for animal nutrition.
... Previous studies in the literature have demonstrated that inoculating the same combination of homo-and heterofermentative bacteria as reported herein also led to a greater in situ ruminal starch degradability, indicating a potential enzymatic effect of these microbes during the ensiling process (Saylor et al., 2020a(Saylor et al., , 2020b. These results (1) support the observed reduction in DMI, as it is likely that passage rate was reduced and, in turn, (2) benefited nutrient digestibility in dairy cows, as reported by others (Weinberg et al., 2007). Nonetheless, the greater starch digestibility observed in cows fed the inoculated corn silage also led us to hypothesize that more propionate was being produced in the rumen, causing the reduction in DMI, as propionate has been linked to a reduced DMI in dairy cows (Allen et al., 2009). ...
This study evaluated the effects of inoculating corn silage and/or feeding a direct-fed microbial (PRO) on performance and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows. At harvesting, corn silage was treated either with water (CON) or Lactococcus lactis and Lentilactobacillus buchneri (INC; SiloSolve® FC) at 1.5 × 105 cfu/g of corn silage. Ten mini silos and one farm-scale silo bunker per treatment were prepared for the laboratory and the lactating dairy cow trial, respectively. Five mini silos per treatment were opened on days 2 or 90 post-ensiling for pH measurement, as well as chemical analysis and aerobic stability, respectively. The farm-scale silo bunkers were opened 77 days post-ensiling for the beginning of the lactating cow trial. Eighty lactating Holstein cows were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to: 1) CON silage without PRO (CON-CON; n = 20), 2) CON silage with PRO at 14 g/head per day (CON-PRO; n = 20), 3) INC silage without PRO (INC-CON; n = 20), and 4) INC silage with PRO at 14 g/head per day (INC-PRO; n = 20). Concurrently with the feeding trial, 8 cows per treatment were chosen for nutrient digestibility. The pH of the corn silage was not affected by the silage inoculant (P ≥ 0.29), but INC yielded greater concentration of acetic acid and longer aerobic stability (P < 0.01). Dairy cows fed INC had a lower mean total DMI, milk protein content, and somatic cell counts vs. CON (P ≤ 0.02). On the other hand, milk and FPCM production efficiency, milk urea-N, DM, CP, and starch digestibility were greater for INC-fed cows (P ≤ 0.03). Feeding DFM improved mean BW, milk yield, FPCM, as well as milk protein and lactose yield (P ≤ 0.05), but reduced milk fat and protein content (P = 0.02). A silage inoculant × DFM interaction was observed for milk production efficiency, milk protein and lactose content, and somatic cell count (P ≤ 0.05). Dairy cows fed INC-CON had a greater milk production efficiency and milk lactose content (P ≤ 0.04), but INC-PRO had lower milk protein content and SCC (P ≤ 0.03). In summary, inoculating L. lactis and L. buchneri increased acetic acid content and aerobic stability of corn silage, reduced DMI, but improved milk production efficiency and nutrient digestibility of lactating Holstein dairy cows. On the other hand, feeding PRO improved milk, protein, and lactose yield. Additionally, combining the feeding of an inoculated corn silage with PRO reduced milk somatic cell count.
... Live yeast given to ruminants provides nutrition for bacteria that utilize lactic acid in the rumen to stabilize the pH and increase the growth of cellulolytic bacteria [27]. Weinberg et al. [28] demonstrated that a stable pH indicates that probiotics can survive in the rumen fluid and trigger the growth of rumen microbes, increasing feed digestibility and that rumen microorganisms can function properly [8,29]. Rumen conditions, especially rumen pH, play a significant role in the capability to degrade protein feed by rumen microbes [30]. ...
Background and aim:
Probiotic supplementation can assist with manipulating the rumen microbial ecosystem. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast from fermented fish (Budu) as the indigenous food from West Sumatra, Indonesia, are potential probiotics for livestock. This study aims to select the best candidate lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains from fermented fish as ruminant probiotics and evaluate the effect of their supplementation on the characteristics of rumen fermentation, feed digestion, and total gas production in vitro.
Materials and methods:
This study used nine treatments, performed in triplicate, in a completely randomized design. The substrate ratio comprised of 70% Pennisetum purpureum forage and 30% concentrate. Five lactic acid bacteria and three yeast isolates were used in this study. Treatments were as follows: T0: control (basal diet); T1: T0 + Lactobacillus parabuchneri strain 3347; T2: T0 + Lactobacillus buchneri strain 5296; T3: T0 + Lactobacillus harbinensis JCM 16178; T4: T0 + Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis strain LH991; T5: T0 + L. parabuchneri strain 6902; T6: T0 + Pichia kudriavzevii strain B-5P; T7: T0 + P. kudriavzevii strain CBS 5147; and T8: T0 + commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The lactic acid bacteria inoculum contained 1.02 × 1011 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL, while the yeast inoculum contained 1.5 × 1010 CFU/mL.
Results:
The results showed that four lactic acid bacteria and three yeast produced a higher total gas yield (104-183.33 mL) compared to the control (103 mL). Supplementation with lactic acid bacteria in the rumen fermentation in vitro showed dry matter digestibility of 63%-70% and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of 64%-71%. We observed that total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in all treatments was significantly higher (86-121 mM) compared to the control (81 mM). The concentration of NH3 production was higher in all treatments (12.33-16.83 mM) than in the control (12.25 mM). Meanwhile, the probiotic supplementation did not cause a significant change in the rumen pH (6.86-7.12). Supplementation with the lactic acid bacteria S. harbinensis strain LH991 consistently demonstrated the best results from the parameters of dry and OMD (70.29% and 71.16%, respectively), total VFA (121.67 mM), NH3 (16.83 mM), and total gas production (149.17 mL). The best results were observed from the yeast candidate P. kudriavzevii strain B-5P, where the results were dry and OMD (67.64% and 69.55% respectively), total VFA (96.67 mM), NH3 (13.42 mM), and total gas production (183.33 mL).
Conclusion:
Based on the obtained results, lactic acid bacteria S. harbinensis strain LH991 and yeast P. kudriavzevii strain B-5P are attractive candidates to be utilized as probiotics for ruminants based on their potential to improve rumen fermentation in vitro. This probiotic supplementation can increase the digestibility of feed ingredients, production of total VFA and NH3, and total gas produced.
... The authors showed that pelleting the first cut of alfalfa not only reduced the production of methane but also dry matter digestibility whenever any influence was exerted on pelleting the second cut. The In vitro dry matter digestibility of corn silage, when different sources of lactic acid bacteria were used, ranged between 545 and 645 g/kg [52]. Holden [27], using an AD instrument, measured an average degradability of 63 %. ...
In vitro methods have been standardized and tested to correctly simulate the rumen environment and fermentation process. A few studies have verified that the feed degradability achieved as a result of stirring the samples is higher when the samples are incubated under continuous stirring than when they are only stirred twice daily. The objective of this study has been to verify the effect of the speed of stirring on feed degradability during In vitro incubation. For this purpose, the apparent and true dry matter degradability (ADMD and TDMD) of grass hay, pelleted alfalfa, corn silage, barley meal, straw, and a total mixed ration (TMR) were measured after 48 h of incubation in jars under different rotation speeds. The same types of feed were placed in the four jars of each instrument, and the rotation system of the machine was modified to ensure the simultaneous rotation of a pair of original jars (which sometimes stopped and/or rotated slowly and irregularly) together with a pair of modified jars under regular and continuous rotation. A rev counter data logger was mounted onto the jars, and the rotation speeds of the original and modified jars were measured and compared under different conditions (empty jars, jars with liquid, jars with rumen fluid, and sample bags). The modifications to the instruments stabilized the rotation of the jars, thereby making the stirring more regular during incubation. The degradability was partly influenced by the regular stirring, albeit with just one instrument, and for grass hay, barley meal, corn silage, and TMR. In short, it has been found that the regular stirring of sample bags is not essential to obtain reliable degradability measurement during incubation, although it is better to maintain a constant rotation to ensure a regular and standardized In vitro incubation process and therefore to allow reproducibility and comparisons of the results on feed degradability.
... The addition of LP and LB to whole crop corn silage is an effective way to control the activities of undesirable microorganisms. LAB used in silage inoculants can survive in rumen fluids, interact with rumen microorganisms, change rumen fermentation, enhance rumen function, and provide probiotic effects in the small intestine [8]. Feeding silage inoculated with LAB additive can improve animal feed intake and production performance to varying degrees. ...
To investigate the effects of different types of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on aerobic stability, microbial community and metabolites of whole crop corn silage ensiled with Lentilactobacillus plantarum (LP) and Lentilactobacillus buchneri (LB) or not (CK), the fermentation parameters, aerobic stability, microbial community and metabolite differential components of whole crop corn silage were analyzed after ensiling for 8 months. The results showed that the pH of the whole treatment was lower than 4.2, which indicates good fermentation quality. Compared with the LP group, the LB group significantly improved the aerobic stability of whole crop corn silage (p < 0.05). The addition of LB and LP both increased the number of LAB and the relative abundance of Lentilactobacillus. Metabolite analysis results showed that 28 metabolites were significantly different between the LP and CK groups (p < 0.01), 15 metabolites were significantly different between the LB and CK groups (p < 0.01), and 17 metabolites were significantly different between the LP and LB groups (p < 0.01). The antioxidant metabolites 9-oxo-10(E), 12(E)-octadecadienoic acid and 9(Z),11(E),13(E)-octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester in the LB group were significantly higher than those in the lp group (p < 0.01). Therefore, compared with LP, obligate heterofermentative LB is more beneficial to maintain the stability of whole crop corn silage after cellar opening.
... However, In the study of Dong et al. (2020), the in vitro digestibility of NDF was unaffected when LAB inoculant was introduced in mulberry silage. Weinberg et al. (2007) evaluated the effect of LAB inoculants on the NDF digestibility, and found none of these bacteria improved NDF digestibility that possibly due to some solubilization of the hemicellulose during ensiling the digestibility of residual NDF was not changed or even decreased. When we talk different parts of mulberry forage ensiling, it has been reported that that the different parts of mulberry had distinct digestibility (Hao et al., 2020). ...
Mulberry (Morus spp.) of Moraceae family is regarded as a unique plant on this earth due to its broader geological distribution across the continents. It is well recognized as alternative feed resources for livestock due to high protein and energy contents as compared to other tree leaves and conventional forages. Furthermore, it can be stored for longer period for livestock in the form of silage and hay. Previous studies have explored that mulberry leaves can be ensiled with or without additive for longer periods without deteriorating quality of silage. Moreover, mulberry leaves had potential to be stored in the form of hay by different techniques. Both mulberry leaves silage and hay influence antioxidant capacity, immunity, milk yield, dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk and meat composition. This review will explore the potential positive effects of mulberry leaves in fresh and preserved forms on animal’s health and production parameters. Through this review paper, all the important nutritional characteristics of mulberry leaves both fresh and preserved form will prove that it is a novel alternative of conventional fodders or agricultural by products for livestock
... However, studies also report that LAB inoculants do not affect dry matter digestibility (DMD) [37,50]. Weinberg et al. showed that LAB inoculants could potentially ameliorate DMD, improving animal performance [51]. Reyes-Gutiérrez reported that sugarcane silage with a bacterial inoculum containing 3% and 1% additives has a higher in vitro organic matter digestibility [52]. ...
In this study, we evaluated the influence of sour yogurt as a natural microbial inoculant in second-crop corn silages. For this purpose, two trials with different dilution rates were conducted. In Trial I, the groups 10 g sour yogurt + 5 g distilled water (SY10-2), 20 g sour yogurt + 10 g distilled water (SY20-2), 30 g sour yogurt + 15 g distilled water (SY30-2), 40 g sour yogurt + 20 g distilled water (SY40-2), 50 g sour yogurt + 25 g distilled water (SY50-2) and no additives were added to the control (CON) group. The groups in Trial II, 10 g sour yogurt + 10 g distilled water (SY10-1), 20 g sour yogurt + 20 g distilled water (SY20-1), 30 g sour yogurt + 30 g distilled water (SY30-1), 40 g sour yogurt + 40 g distilled water (SY40-1), 50 g sour yogurt + 50 g distilled water (SY50-1) and 10 g of distilled water were added to the control (WCON) group. For the silages opened on the 90th day of ensiling, the highest lactic acid content was determined in the SY20-2 and SY20-1 groups (p < 0.05). The lowest amount of ammonia nitrogen was in the SY30-2 group (p < 0.05). In the aerobic period, the SY10-2 and SY20-2 groups remained more stable than the others. As a result, the SY20-2, SY30-2, SY20-1, and SY30-1 groups improved the fermentation quality of corn silages, but the effect on aerobic stability was not significant and was similarly found with the homofermentative bacterial inoculants.
... This suggests that utilization of silage N for microbial N synthesis is strongly related to the CP in silages that is likely to be utilized for microbial growth in the rumen. Previous studies have reported that LAB inoculants affect the in vitro DM digestibility of alfalfa hay and corn silage after 48 h of incubation Weinberg et al., 2007). Zhao et al. (2021) showed that in vitro GP and digestibility and preservation of rice straw silage improved on the application of FA, without affecting digestion. ...
This study aimed to determine the fermentation quality, nutritive value and in vitro ruminal digestion of silages produced with mixtures of Napier grass (NG) and sugarcane top (ST) in five different ratios of fresh matter: 100:0 (N100), 75:25 (N75), 50:50 (N50), 25:75 (N25) and 0:100 (N0) with or without lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and formic acid (FA). The NG contained a higher crude protein (CP) content and buffering capacity, but lower dry matter (DM), organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and water‐soluble carbohydrates contents than ST. The N25 silage fermented well, with a significantly higher lactic acid (LA) content (p < .05) and lower pH and NH3‐N concentration than those of other mixed silages (p < .05). The FA addition resulted in the highest CP content and lowest pH, LA, acetic acid (AA) and NH3‐N contents, while LAB addition resulted in the highest LA content compared with other treatments. Although in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) did not significantly differ among the mixed silages (p > .05), mixing with ST and adding LAB or FA increased the IVDMD. Gas production (GP) and AA content of N25 silages were significantly higher than those of other silages (p < .05). The LAB‐ or FA‐treated silages had higher IVDMD, GP, total volatile fatty acid and AA contents (p < .05) but lower pH compared with the control silage (p < .05). These results demonstrated that NG utilization improved upon mixing with ST due to the enhanced fermentation during ensiling, and the optimum mixing ratio for NG and ST was 25:75 on FM basis. Using LAB and FA as additives during ensiling can improve silage fermentation quality and in vitro ruminal digestion.
... However, the in vitro DM digestibility of PM silage with GFJ was lower than that of PM silage without LAB. Similar result from Weinberg et al. (2007), who reported that the in vitro DM digestibility of wheat silage with LAB was lower than that of wheat silage without LAB. Based on these ...
This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from various sources and evaluate their effects on the nutritional quality, fermentation characteristics, and microbial compositions of paper mulberry (PM) after 60 days of ensiling. Forty-nine LAB strains were isolated from Phalaris arundinacea silage, pickle, and fresh PM leaves; three of these strains ( Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , YC1; Levilactobacillus brevis , PC3; and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , BP17) and one commercial inoculant Gaofuji (GFJ) were subsequently used. Compared with other treatments, PC3 and BP17 increased ( P < 0.05) the LAB count and crude protein content and decreased ( P < 0.05) the molds and coliform bacteria counts, pH, and ammonia-N content of PM silages. BP17 and PC3 increased the relative Lactiplantibacillus abundance and decreased that of Lelliottia and Cladosporium , improving PM silage quality. Therefore, PC3 and BP17 can improve the fermentation quality of PM silage and could be used as silage starter cultures.
... However, studies also report that LAB inoculants do not affect dry matter digestibility (DMD) [37,50]. Weinberg et al. showed that LAB inoculants could potentially ameliorate DMD, improving animal performance [51]. Reyes-Gutiérrez reported that sugarcane silage with a bacterial inoculum containing 3% and 1% additives has a higher in vitro organic matter digestibility [52]. ...
... The dominant and beneficial microflora in camel milk represented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is a potential source of biological materials to be used in dairy technology [9]. LAB strain characterized by their ability to transform lactose and to improve the digestibility of fermented dairy products [10] as well as to preserve [11]. They were also employed for improvement of the taste, texture, and viscosity in the manufacture of dairy products [12]. ...
The aim of this work is to study the effect of lactation stage and camel farming system on microbiological, physicochemical parameters, and identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of camel milk. Samples were collected from four camels in semi-intensive system and four camels in intensive system. Microbiological and physicochemical parameters were analyzed. Furthermore, to study the effect of lactation stage, samples were collected from three camels and followed during a period of 10 months of lacta-tion from parturition. LAB were isolated from this sample and identified by biochemical methods. The difference between the physico-chemical characteristic basis of camel farming system are not statistically different except fat. The microbiological analysis showed a significant difference in total mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and molds and total coliform between intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive system. The difference between physicochemical and microbiological characteristics basis of lactation stage are statistically significant. In the intensive system, they were identified the same genre of bacteria: Lactococcus lactis, but in semi intensive system, we found different species of LAB. Eight of LAB identified as different Lactococcus or Lactobacillus was isolated in colostrums. The diversity of LAB was affected by lactation stage and farming system.
... Regardless of DM intake, the good preservation (as indicated by the reduced ammonia-N) of protein in LAB-inoculated silage could increase ruminal microbial protein synthesis, and thus contributed to the increase in milk yield [34]. Inoculated silage increased levels of total N, lactose and fat in yak milk compared with control silage. We attributed the positive effect to the inoculation with LAB which improved ruminal function by stimulating activities of the rumen microbiome, increasing VFA production [15], increasing NDF degradability [35] or increasing microbial protein synthesis [34]. In fact, LAB-inoculated silage tended to increase the contents of fat and protein in milk, with no limitation of forage, LAB species, feed type and the level of milk yield of the control cows, but the underlying mechanism was unclear [13]. ...
This study aimed to investigate the effect of oat silage treated with a low-temperature-tolerant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant on milk yield and the quality of lactating yaks. Oat silages were prepared in big round bales, treated without (control) or with a low-temperature-tolerant LAB inoculant (a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum BP18, Pediococcus pentosaceus HS1 and Lactobacillus buchneri LP22; the application rate of 10⁵ cfu/g on a fresh matter basis). Eighteen lactating yaks were divided into nine pairs with a similar milk yield. Each pair of yaks was randomly allocated to the control or LAB-inoculated silage treatment. The inoculated silage increased the dry matter intake and the total volatile fatty acid (mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate) in rumen fluid compared with the control. The inoculated silage also enhanced the yield of yak milk with high contents of total N, fat and lactose. In addition, high levels of essential amino acids (Thr, Leu and Phe), polyunsaturated fatty acids and low saturated fatty acids were observed in milk when lactating yaks were fed with the inoculated silage. Therefore, inoculation with a low-temperature-tolerant LAB during ensiling could promote the milk yield of lactating yaks by enhancing dry matter intake and ruminal fermentation.
... According to (Sharma et al., 2020;Steele et al., 2013) LAB asset has many features, their fermentative ability, improves the digestibility of fermented dairy products, transform lactose, increasing food safety and healthy, improving organoleptic attributes, enriching nutrients. Some of the LAB species have the main role in the ripening process of cheese (Vázquez-Velázquez et al., 2018; Duan et al., 2008;Weinberg et al., 2007) as well as their preservation. They also used to improve the quality of the taste, texture, aroma, flavor, and viscosity in the manufacture of dairy products (Ghalouni et al., 2018;Marcelino et al., 2013) . ...
Cheese production by native starter cultures instead of commercial ones is beneficial in respect of higher quality, nutrient content, immunogenicity and having beneficial microorganism. The objective of the presented study was molecular identifying of microorganism and exploring its active ingredients in native cheese. MRS and M17 media were used to culture bacteria in 15, 37 and 45°c for 24, 48 and 72 hours and then morphologic and biochemical tests were used to identifying the species. Predominant species were detected using 16S rRNA and gene sequencing. Active ingredients and fatty acid profile was studied by GC lactobacili, lactococci and enterococci were identified as the predominant bacteria. Acid palmitic had the highest concentration among the saturated fatty acid, with 42.47%, and acid meristic and acid lauric acid were next with the 13.22% and 3.9% concentration respectively, among the unsaturated fatty acids.
... Temperature was measured using a long-stem digital thermometer, Gulterm 1001, inserted at the center of the silage mass and the pH readings were taken using a bench digital potentiometer, according to Cherney and Cherney (14) . The criterion for defining aerobic stability breakdown was considered when the pH increased to levels above 0.5 units within up to 168 hours of evaluation, as mentioned by Weinberg et al. (22) . To break stability, considering temperature, it was considered as loss of aerobic stability when the temperature of the ensiled material exceeded ambient temperature by 2ºC, according to Taylor and Kung Junior (23) . ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different double-sided plastic films on chemical and fermentation characteristics, dry matter digestibility, aerobic stability, physical and dry matter losses in corn silages stored in bunker silos. This was a completely randomized experimental design consisting of three treatments: DF110µm - double-sided polyethylene with 110 µm thickness; DF200µm - double-sided polyethylene with 200 µm thickness; and DFBO - oxygen-impermeable film consisted of double-sided polyethylene with 80 µm thickness overlaid with a translucent vacuum polyamide film with 20 µm thickness. The use of DF200µm film increased the ruminal dry matter digestibility by 4.58% and reduced the silage temperature by 3.1 °C, as well as the physical losses of the corn silage were reduced by 118.9 g kg-1 DM using DFBO and 95 g kg-1 DM with DF200µm; DFBO resulted in the highest aerobic stability (127 hours) of corn silage. The use of DF200µm and DFBO is recommended for preserving corn silage in bunker silos.
... Microbial fermentation plays a prominent role in the utilization of feed by ruminants. In the rumen, bacterial fermentation is known to contribute to the stabilization of ruminal pH, increase volatile fatty acid production, reduce ammonia concentration and improve fibre digestibility [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Ruminococci are ubiquitous members of the human gastrointestinal and rumen microbial consortia worldwide where they play a role in the fermentation of cellulose rich feedstuffs and resistant starch [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. ...
This study describes JE7A12T (=ATCC TSD-225T=NCTC 14479T), an isolate from the ruminal content of a dairy cow. Phenotypic and genotypic traits of the isolate were explored. JE7A12T was found to be a strictly anaerobic, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, coccoid bacterium that grows in chains. The API 50 CH carbon source assay detected fermentation of d-glucose, d-fructose, d-galactose, glycogen and starch. HPLC showed acetate to be the major fermentation product as a result of carbohydrate fermentation. Phylogenetic analysis of JE7A12T based on 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequences from the whole genome indicated a divergent lineage from the closest neighbours in the genus Ruminococcus. The results of 16S rRNA sequence comparison, whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) and DNA G+C content data indicate that JE7A12T represents a novel species which we propose the name Ruminococcus bovis with JE7A12T as the type strain.
... The differences in NDF response among the 2 studies could be because silage in laboratory silos usually have less exposure to air and lower DM losses than farmscale silos. We did not observe an inoculant effect on NDFD in 30 h, which is in agreement with the findings of Weinberg et al. (2007), who found no differences in NDFD in 24 h between uninoculated corn silage and corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri. There was a tendency for LHLB to have lower StarchD than uninoculated silage after 99 d. ...
We evaluated the ability of an inoculant containing a combination of Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus buchneri to modify the microbiome and improve the aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage after various lengths of ensiling. Chopped whole-plant corn at about 33% dry matter (DM) was uninoculated (CTR) or inoculated with L. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 and L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 at 200,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight each (combined application rate of 400,000 cfu of lactic acid bacteria/g of fresh forage weight; LHLB), L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 at 400,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight and Pediococcus pentosaceus NCIMB 12455 at 100,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight, used as a positive control (LB500), L. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 at the application rate used in the LHLB formulation of 200,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight (LH), or L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 at the application rate used in the LHLB formulation of 200,000 cfu/g of fresh forage weight (LB). Silos were opened after 34 and 99 d of ensiling and analyzed for nutrient composition, fermentation profile, microbiome, and aerobic stability. After 34 d of ensiling, the inoculated silages had greater numbers of culturable lactic acid bacteria, a bacterial community less rich and diverse, greater relative abundance of Lactobacillus, lower relative abundance of Klebsiella, and a greater concentration of propionic acid than uninoculated silages. Inoculation decreased the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid, except for LB alone. Treatment LHLB resulted in silage with a greater concentration of 1,2-propanediol than LB500 and was the only treatment to have a lower relative abundance of Saccharomycetes compared with uninoculated silage. Treatments LHLB and LB500 improved the aerobic stability compared with CTR, but the individual LH and LB treatments applied at a low dose did not. Whereas LB500 was stable 34 h longer than CTR, LHLB was stable 91 h longer. After 99 d of ensiling, all inoculated silages had markedly greater aerobic stability than uninoculated silage and were stable for more than 360 h. The inoculant containing a combination of L. hilgardii and L. buchneri markedly improved the aerobic stability of corn silage after a relatively short period of ensiling, and such improvements were greater than the ones obtained from inoculation with the combination of L. buchneri and P. pentosaceus. Inoculating with the combination of L. hilgardii and L. buchneri may be helpful to producers that must feed silage shortly after ensiling.
... Previous studies reported that LAB inoculation could reduce DM loss during ensiling 31,32 . Higher residual WSC contents indicate smaller DM losses during fermentation that result in silage with a higher nutritive value 33 . In our study, lower DM losses and higher residual WSC contents occurred in the TSy1-3 treatment than in the other groups. ...
The study aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from silages and their application to improve the fermentation quality of alfalfa. Forty-nine LAB strains were isolated from silages, and two strains were screened for growth and acid production rates. Then two strains were selected for Physiological and morphological tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. They were Gram-positive and Catalase-negative and were able to grow at pH 3.5 and at 45 °C, were unable to grow different NaCl concentrations as 3.0% and 6.5%. Strain BDy3-10 was identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, while TSy1-3 was identified as L. buchneri. The selected strains were evaluated on fermentation of alfalfa silage. The highest crude protein content occurred in the BDy3-10 treatment group. The contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in the TSy1-3 treatment were significantly lower than other treatment (P < 0.05). Compared to the control treatment, inoculation treatments deceased pH during ensiling (P < 0.001) and provided the most increased lactic acid content after ensiling for 10 days (P < 0.001). The acetic acid contents of all the inoculation groups were significantly increased (P < 0.001) during ensiling, and were lower than that of control group (P < 0.001). So, the TSy1-3 treatment most effectively improved the fermentation quality of alfalfa silage in warm and humid climate area.
... Londrina, v. 42, n. 3, p. 1271-1286, maio/jun. 2021 Studies such as those by Nkosi, Meeske, Langa and Thomas (2011) and Weinberg et al. (2007) point to positive results from biological inoculation of corn silage on in vitro ruminal digestibility and apparent digestibility in sheep, respectively. However, the diversity of strains used and the scarcity of animal performance results in the literature hinder better conclusions (Filya & Sucu, 2010). ...
We aim to evaluate inoculants with different strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in corn silage on ingestive behavior, apparent digestibility of diet, performance and carcass traits of heifers. The treatments were: corn silage without inoculant (control); with 11CFT inoculant (strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus casei) and with 11C33 inoculant (Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium) with six repetitions each. Ingestive behavior, weight gain and daily dry matter intake was not affected by the use of inoculants in corn silage. The apparent digestibility of diet was higher to silage with 11C33 inoculant, not differing from the diet with silage with 11CFT (73.30% and 71.99%, respectively). The animals fed silage inoculated with 11CFT obtained greater values of carcass gain and average daily carcass gain (86.33 kg and 0.833 kg day-1, respectively). The use of these inoculants in corn silage shows promising results regarding the gain of animals in feedlot.
... In the present study, no effects of feeding LBB-inoculated silage on DMI, milk yield, DM digestibility, feed efficiency, and milk fat percent were detected. However, inoculation of silage was associated with a small (−0.6 percentage units) reduction in milk protein concentration, which is unclear because inoculation with LAB generally improves ruminal function by stimulating rumen microbes, increasing VFA production (Weinberg et al., 2003), increasing NDF degradability (Weinberg et al., 2007) or increasing microbial protein synthesis (Contreras-Govea et al., 2011). Bernardi et al. (2019) showed that applying heterolactic LAB alone to corn silage did not affect milk yield by dairy cows but applying LBB reduced milk yield. ...
A meta-analysis of 158 peer-reviewed manuscripts was conducted to examine effects of inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB)-based inoculants (LBB) that did or did not include homolactic or obligate heterolactic bacteria on silage fermentation and aero-bic stability. A complementary meta-analysis of 12 manuscripts examined LBB inoculation effects on dairy cow performance. Raw mean differences between inoculant and control treatment means weighted by inverse variance were compared with a hierarchical effects model that included robust variance estimation. Meta-regression and subgrouping analysis were used to identify effects of covariates including forage type, application rate (≤10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , or ≥ 10 7 cfu/g as fed), bacteria type (LB vs. LB plus other bacteria), enzyme inclusion, ensiling duration, and silo type (laboratory or farm scale). Inoculation with LBB increased acetate (62%), 1, 2 propanediol (364%) and propionate (30%) concentration and aerobic stability (73.8%) and reduced lactate concentration (7.2%), yeast counts (7-fold) and mold counts (3-fold). Feeding inoculated silage did not affect milk yield, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency in lactating dairy cows. However, forage type, inoculant composition, and dose effects on silage quality measures were evident. Inoculation with LBB increased aerobic stability of all silages except tropical grasses. Adding obligate homolactic or facultative heterolactic bacteria to LB prevented the small increase in DM losses caused by LB alone. The 10 5 and 10 6 cfu/g rates were most effective at minimizing DM losses while aerobic stability was only increased with 10 5 ,10 6 , and ≥ 10 7 cfu/g rates. Inoculation with LBB increased acetate concentration, reduced yeast counts and improved aerobic stability but did not improve dairy cow performance.
... The results of this study confirmed that ruminal carboxymethyl-cellulase and b-glycosidase activity had positive correlation with F. succinogenes population. The high DM-D and NDF-D were observed in E. faecium and L. plantarum groups, which were consistent with the results reported by Weinberg et al. (2007). Furthermore, unlike the proliferation of ruminal R. albus, the population of ruminal R. flavefaciens decreased in LAB-treated silage. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on fermentation quality and subsequent in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation parameters, cellulolytic bacteria and their activities of alfalfa silage. Primary growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested at 50% flowering stage, inoculated without (control) or with Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus mundtii and Enterococcus faecalis at 1.0 × 10⁶ cfu/g of fresh weight (FW) in quadruplicate laboratory silos for 45 d. The silage inoculated with LAB were well preserved, indicated by the lower (p < .05) pH and ammonia-N content and the higher (p < .05) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein and lactic acid contents than the control silage. In vitro asymptotic gas and total volatile fatty acids production were higher in all LAB-treated silages (p < .05). All inoculants increased carboxymethyl-cellulase and β-glycosidase activities, and obtained higher DM and neutral detergent fibre degradability (p < .05) except E. mundtii. Similarly, L. plantarum and E. faecalis inoculants had higher (p < .05) Ruminococcus albus and Fibrobacter succinogenes relative proportions than the control. However, L. plantarum inoculants had lower (p < .05) percentage of methane (CH4) in 72 h gas production than the control and E. faecalis inoculants. These results suggested that L. plantarum were more effective in enhancing alfalfa silage utilisation by promoting forage digestibility and reducing ruminal CH4 emission than E. mundtii and E. faecalis.
• HIGHLIGHTS
• Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants improved alfalfa silage quality.
• Silage treated with Lactobacillus plantarum or Enterococcus mundtii increased gas production but reduced the percentage of methane in vitro.
• L. plantarum and Enterococcus faecalis promoted neutral detergent fibre digestibility by increased rumen cellulolytic bacteria proportion and cellulase activity.
... Previous studies reported that LAB inoculation could reduce DM loss during ensiling 34,35 . Higher residual WSC contents indicate smaller DM losses during fermentation that result in silage with a higher nutritive value 36 . In our study, lower DM losses and higher residual WSC contents occurred in the TSy1-3 treatment than in the other groups. ...
The study aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from silages and their application to improve the fermentation quality of alfalfa. Forty-nine LAB strains were isolated from silages, and two strains were screened for growth and acid production rates. Then two strains were selected for Physiological and morphological tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. They were Gram-positive and catalase-negative and were able to grow at pH 3.5 and at 45°C, were unable to grow different NaCl concentrations 3, 6.5%. Strain BDy3-10 was identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus , while TSy1-3 was identified as L. buchneri . The selected strains were evaluated on fermentation of alfalfa silage. The highest CP content occurred in the BDy3-10 treatment group. The contents of NDF and ADF in the TSy1-3 treatment were significantly lower than other treatment ( P < 0.05). Compared to the control treatment, inoculation treatments deceased pH during ensiling ( P < 0.001) and provided the most increased LA content after ensiling for 10 days ( P < 0.001). The AA contents of all the inoculation groups were significantly increased ( P < 0.001) during ensiling, and were lower than that of control group ( P < 0.001). So, the TSy1-3 treatment most effectively improved the fermentation quality of alfalfa silage in warm and humid climate area.
... Regarding LAB addition, Baah et al. (2009) reported that the effect of LAB supplementation on in vitro VFA concentration at 12 h of incubation was less pronounced with HG compared with HF diets. Both LY and LAB have been shown to play a role in reducing incidence of SARA and improving fibre digestion in the rumen via various modes of action (Weinberg et al. 2007). Therefore, the lack of overall improvement of DMD and VFA concentration when supplementing a HG diet with SCEF may have been due to the low fibre concentration in the HG diet. ...
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of media pH and mixtures (SCEF) of live yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC)] and lactic acid bacteria [Enterococcus faecium (EF)] on gas production (GP), dry matter disappearance (DMD), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in batch culture using either high-forage (HF) or high-grain (HG) diets. Diets were evaluated in separate experiments, each as a complete randomized design with 2 (media pH 5.8 and 6.5) × 5 (control, three SCEF, monensin) factorial arrangement of treatments. The SCEF had varying ratios of SC:EF: 0:0 (control), 1.18:1 (SCEF1), 1.25:1 (SCEF2), and 1.32:1 (SCEF3), added on a log10 basis. For the HF diet, supplementation of SCEF had greater GP (P = 0.03) at pH 6.5 and greater DMD (P = 0.03) and VFA concentration (P < 0.01) at pH 5.8 and 6.5 than control. For the HG diet, acetate:propionate (A:P) ratio at pH 6.5 was greater (P = 0.05) for SCEF than control. Increasing ratio of SC to EF in SCEF linearly (P < 0.01) decreased GP and DMD and linearly increased acetate percentage at pH 6.5. These results suggest that optimizing the SC:EF ratio in a mixture of SCEF can help improve rumen fermentation.
... In the ground samples, the contents of dry matter (DM) and mineral matter (MM) were determined, according to Silva and Queiroz (2009). The criterion for defining aerobic stability break was considered when the pH increased in levels above 0.5 units in up to five days of evaluation, as mentioned by Weinberg et al. (2007). The aerobic stability of corn silages treated with different inoculants, at different times of silo unloading (40 and 83 days), was promoted by the evaluation of the final contents of dry matter and mineral matter, as well as by the time to achieve maximum temperature and increase of pH. ...
The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of two bacterial inoculants, 11CFT and 11C33, with different genera of lactic acid bacteria on the chemical and fermentation composition of the silage, and the temperature and pH behavior of the silage during the feed out period. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with three treatments: corn silage without inoculant (control); corn silage with 11CFT inoculant (consisting of strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. casei); and corn silage with 11C33 inoculant (consisting of strains of L. buchneri, L. plantarum and Enterococcus faecium). The use of both inoculants increased the concentration of lactic acid in the silage (22.42 g kg-1 for control against 36.00 and 33.33 g kg-1 for 11CFT and 11C33, respectively) and reduced aerobic dry matter losses. The silage treated with 11C33 obtained a higher concentration of acetic acid (17.44 g kg-1) and propionic acid (2.08 g kg-1). The 11CFT inoculant provided a lower concentration of ethanol, however, without differing from the silage with 11C33 (0.70 and 1.61 g kg-1, respectively). Even without variations in temperature and pH at silage unloading, the use of the 11C33 inoculant generated a higher concentration of acetic and propionic acid, providing better aerobic stability days after unloading. Both inoculants also improved the in situ ruminal digestibility of corn silage compared to control silage. They provide an increase in the content of lactic and propionic acids, which assist to reduce dry matter losses and ethanol production. There were no variations in temperature and pH at the silo unloading, however, the use of the 11C33 inoculant generated a higher concentration of acetic and propionic acids providing better aerobic stability after exposure to air.
India has a rich and diverse food culture, with a wide variety of fermented foods playing a significant role. The process of fermentation involves a plethora of microorganisms, including filamentous fungi, yeast, and various bacteria like cocci and bacilli. The intricate relationship between the raw materials, microbial communities, and the cultural practices of different tribes has given rise to over 200 types of fermented foods in the region. Here we describe the flavor formation from the Gram-positive bacteria isolated from the fermented foods.
A conservação de plantas forrageiras é uma técnica muito utilizada no Brasil, e na região Nordeste essas plantas são utilizadas como a principal fonte de nutrientes para os animais. A literatura mostra que a principal forma de conservação de plantas forrageiras ocorre através da ensilagem, e dentre as principais espécies usadas para produção de silagem está o capim-elefante devido o seu elevado potencial de produção de matéria seca, o feijão guandu pelo seu teor de proteína, e o milho pela sua facilidade de cultivo e altos rendimentos. A análise de composição química e perfil fermentativo são técnicas utilizadas para determinação de uma boa silagem, através dessas análises é possível fazer a formulação de dietas para animais com foco em maximizar a utilização da forragem ou outros alimentos fornecidos. A análise econômica na produção de silagem também é um fator muito importante, pois a matéria prima utilizada na produção da silagem irá influenciar diretamente o custo de produção animal. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo foi buscar na literatura dados que demonstrem a qualidade e eficiência nutricional da silagem produzida à base do capim-elefante BRS capiaçu e feijão guandu, buscando evidenciar sua viabilidade econômica em relação a outros materiais utilizados na produção de silagem.
The effect of molasses and probiotic on physical quality, chemical and microbial composition of 40 days ensilage of napier variety, Pakchong 1 was evaluated using wilted napier grass with 10% molasses as silage additive and combination of 5%, 10%, and 15% molasses with 1% probiotic/kg DM. Physical quality of silages showed similarities in color, smell texture, and acidity while viable concentrations of lactic acid bacteria did not vary significantly (p>0.05) among treatments. The concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid were significantly higher (p<0.05) in silage using molasses alone as additive compared to different levels of additive molasses with probiotics. On the other hand, proximate chemical composition of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among treatments. Species of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus were isolated from Pakchong 1 and from the probiotic used in this study. In conclusion, physical, chemical and microbial composition of Napier silages can be influenced by the type of additives used. In particular, molasses was observe to be a potential source of soluble carbohydrates needed by natural lactic acid bacteria in napier. Likewise, probiotic produces high concentrations of lactic acids with subsequent preservation of the silage at a given duration of ensiling.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of L. plantarum, L. brevis, and E. faecium on microbiological and nutritional profiling and aerobic stability of corn silage. For this purpose, corn fodder was chopped and ensiled with a dry matter (DM) content of 27-30%. An inoculum consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum IFA 96 (DSM 19456), Enterococcus faecium B1034 (DSM3530), Lactobacillus brevis IFA 92 (D5119456) mix culture was added at rate of 2, 4, and 6 g/ton. The fermentation was carried out at ambient temperature in polythene bags under anaerobic condition for 45 days. It was found that the 4 g/ton microbial inoculant in the corn silages have significant impacts on silage nutritive values in terms of (p < 0.05) higher pH, dry matter, and organic matter contents, while decreasing the fiber contents. This could be related to the unique combination of microbiota present in the inoculum. The total bacterial counts and yeasts were significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increase in the concentration of inoculant while Lactobacillus count was (p < 0.05) increased with increase in 4 g/ton inoculate level. Mostly silages samples were positive for Aspergillus flavus, Listeria monocytogenes, and coliform expect the silage treated with 4 g/ton microbial inoculants. The results showed that silages inoculated with 4 g/ton showed improved nutritive and fermentative characteristics and higher aerobic stability of the corn silage.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play pivotal roles in the preservation and fermentation of forage crops in spontaneous or inoculated silages. Highlights of silage LAB over the past decades include the discovery of the roles of LAB in silage bacterial communities and metabolism and the exploration of functional properties. The present article reviews published literature on the effects of LAB on the succession, structure, and functions of silage microbial communities involved in fermentation. Furthermore, the utility of functional LAB in silage preparation including feruloyl esterase‐producing LAB, antimicrobial LAB, lactic acid bacteria with high antioxidant potential, pesticide‐degrading LAB, lactic acid bacteria producing 1,2‐propanediol, and low‐temperature‐tolerant LAB have been described. Compared with conventional LAB, functional LAB produce different effects; specifically, they positively affect animal performance, health, and product quality, among others. In addition, the metabolic profiles of ensiled forages show that plentiful probiotic metabolites with but not limited to antimicrobial, antioxidant, aromatic, and anti‐inflammatory properties are observed in silage. Collectively, the current knowledge on the roles of LAB in crop silage indicates there are great opportunities to develop silage not only as a fermented feed but also as a vehicle of delivery of probiotic substances for animal health and welfare in the future.
Making a palatable complete feed formulation has a good effect on ruminant productivity, and eco-friendly feed is a solution step in sustainable livestock production. The aims of this study were to evaluate the quality of complete feed based on forage sorghum-Indigofera on the in-vitro of gas production and nutrient digestibility value. Three feed compositions consisting of forage silage of sorghum, Indigofera hay, and rice bran were mixed as SI feed and field grass (FG) as control. All the experimental feeds were replicated five times, then gas production and nutrient digestibility were tested in in-vitro. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and further tested using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that the complete feed composition SI2 and SI3 lower N-NH 3 (p<0.05) than SI1 and FG. Meanwhile, the VFA content increased (p<0.05) along with the Indigofera hay. The value of pH and the number of gas production from the feed did not differ. All SI complete feed compositions had better nutrient digestibility values (p<0.05) than FG. It can be concluded that complete feed based on forage sorghum-Indigofera is an eco-friendly feed because it can reduce N-NH3 gas and total gas production without reducing the digestibility value of feed nutrients.
A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inoculating alfalfa silage with a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculum on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, antioxidant, and immunity status of lactating dairy goats. Twenty dairy goats were distributed into 2 experimental groups consisting of control diet (Lp MTD/1, including Lactobacillus plantarum MTD/1 inoculated silage) against diet containing silage treated with ferulic acid esterase-producing Lactobacillus plantarum A1 (Lp A1). Alfalfa silage inoculated with a ferulic acid esterase-producing Lp A1 had better fermentation quality than the Lp MTD/1 inoculation. The application of Lp A1 improved silage antioxidant capacity as indicated by greater total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in Lp A1 treated silage versus Lp MTD/1 treatment. Compared with Lp MTD/1 treated group, inoculation of silage with Lp A1 increased apparent total tract digestibility of dietary dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP), and ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate and isobutyrate as well. The results of current study also demonstrated improved antioxidant capacity and immune performance of dairy goats with Lp A1 inoculation. Feeding Lp A1-treated silage increased dairy goat’s serum antioxidase activity, such as T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px and catalase (CAT), and the serum concentration of immunoglobulin (Ig)A, while decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6. In addition, compared with Lp MTD/1 treated group, alfalfa silage inoculated with Lp A1 endowed dairy goats’ milk greater fat and protein contents, improved dairy goat milk quality without affecting feed efficiency.
Bu çalışma laktik asit bakterileri ve laktik asit bakterileri+enzim karışımı inokulantlarının, çavdar hasılı silajlarının fermantasyon, aerobik stabilite, hücre duvarı kapsamı ve yem değeri üzerindeki
etkilerinin saptanması amacı ile düzenlenmiştir. Çavdar hasılı hamur olum döneminde hasat edilmiştir. Laktik asit bakteri inokulantı olarak Biosil (Wuthenow, Germany), laktik asit bakterileri+enzim karışımı inokulantlar olarak Silaprilis Pro (Timac Agro, USA) ve Sil-All (Allteck,UK) kullanılmıştır. İnokulantlar silajlara 6,00 log10 koloni form ünite/g düzeyinde ilave edilmiştir.
Uygulamadan sonra, 25×35 cm boyutunda ve oksijen geçirgenliği 1,13 cc/mm2 gün olan polietilen torbalara vakum makinasıyla silolanmıştır. Paketler laboratuvar koşullarında 20±2°C sıcaklıkta depolanmışlardır. Silolamadan sonraki 2, 4, 8 ve 75. günlerde her gruptan 3'er torba açılarak silajlarda kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analizler yapılmıştır. Silolama döneminin sonunda açılan tüm silajlara 5 gün süre ile aerobik stabilite testi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca araştırma silajlarının in vitro kuru madde ve organik madde sindirilebilirliği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak laktik asit bakterileri ve laktik asit bakteri+enzim karışımı inokulantlar çavdar silajlarının fermantasyon özelliklerini ve aerobik
stabilitelerini arttırmıştır. Ayrıca laktik asit bakteri+enzim inokulantları silajların nötral deterjanda çözünmeyen lif, asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif ve selüloz kapsamını düşürürken, in vitro kuru madde
sindirilebilirliği, organik madde sindirilebilirliği ve metabolik enerjisini artırmıştır. Bu nedenle, laktik asit bakterileri ve laktik asit bakterileri+enzim karışımı inokulantları, hamur aşamasında hasat edilen çavdar silajlarının fermentasyon özellikleri ve yem değerini iyileştirebilir.
Objective:
This project aimed to evaluate the effects of both different additives and filling methods on nutritive quality, fermentation profile, and in situ digestibility of whole plant corn silage.
Methods:
Whole plant corn forage harvested at 26.72 % dry matter (DM) was chopped and treated with two filling methods, 1) fill silos at one time (F1), 2) fill silos at three times (F3), packing samples into one / three silo capacity at the first day, another one / three capacity at the second day, then one / three at the third day, three replicates. For each replicate, samples were treated with three additives, a) control (CTRL, no additive), b) Sila-Max™ (MAX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., Marshall, Minnesota, U.S.A.), and c) Sila-Mix™ (MIX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., Marshall, Minnesota, U.S.A.). With three replicates of each secondary treatment, there were nine silos, 54 silos in total. Each silo had a packing density of 137.61 kg of DM / m3. All silos were weighed and stored in lab at ambient temperature.
Results:
After 60 d of ensiling, all items showed good silage fermentation under MAX filled one time or three times (P<0.01). Higher silage quality for all additives was obtained at filling one time than that filled three times (P<0.01). The highest DM and lowest DM loss rate (DMLR) occurred to MAX treatment at two filling methods (P<0.01); Digestibility of ADF (ADFD), NDF (NDFD) and CP (CPD) had the same results as silage quality (P<0.01). Yield of digestible DM (dDM) and digestible NDF (dNDF) also showed higher value under MAX especially for filling one time (P<0.05).
Conclusion:
All corn silages showed good fermentation attributes (pH<4.0). The forage filled one time had higher silage quality than that filled three times (P<0.01). MAX with homofermentative LAB enhanced the lactic acid (LA) fermentation, silage quality and nutrient digestibility, and so improved the digestible nutrient yield.
a database was developed from 97 articles and was used to examine the effect of inoculant rate of obligate homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (OF-LAB) and obligate heterofermentative LAB (O-LAB) on silage quality using meta-analysis. This study also compared LAB inoculant groups with or without fibrolytic enzyme on the quality of legumes and forages based-silage. Results from regression equations showed that elevating levels of OF-LAB linearly reduced pH and increased lactic acid (LA) during ensiling but had no effect on aerobic stability. Conversely, O-LAB linearly increased aerobic stability. Compared to control group, LAB containing fibrolytic enzymes decreased pH by 12.15% and increased LA and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) by 58.94% and 12.23% respectively which is the highest than other inoculant groups. In conclusion, although all types of inoculants are effective to improve silage quality, response of plant materials to inoculants containing fibrolytic enzymes varied.
To study the effect of wheat bran and lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) on the performance of calves, 20 crossbred male cattle calves (day old), distributed into two groups were fed on calf starters containing 50 or 0% maize grain, along with green berseem ad libitum and milk as per body weight. Each group was further divided into two sub groups and one subgroup of each group was supplemented with mixed culture of LAB (Lactobacillus acidophilus L. casei, L. Jugarti). Milk feeding was discontinued after 8 weeks of age. The addition of culture increased (p
Many studies have shown the beneficial effects on ruminant performance of feeding them with silages inoculated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These benefits might derive from probiotic effects. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether LAB included in inoculants for silage can survive in rumen fluid (RF), as the first step in studying their probiotic effects. Experiments were conducted in the United States and Israel with clarified (CRF) and strained RF (SRF) that were inoculated at 10⁶-10⁸ microorganisms/mL with and without glucose at 5 g/L. RF with no inoculants served as control. Ten commercial inoculants were used. The RF was incubated at 39°C and sampled in duplicates at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h for pH and LAB counts. The results indicate that with glucose the pH of the RF decreased during the incubation period. In the SRF, the pH of the inoculated samples was higher than that of the controls in most cases. This might be a clue to the mechanism by which LAB elicit the enhancement in animal performance. LAB counts revealed that the inoculants survived in the RF during the incubation period. The addition of glucose resulted in higher LAB counts.
A set of PCR primers was designed and validated for specific detection and quantification of Prevotella ruminicola,Prevotella albensis, Prevotella bryantii,Fibrobacter succinogenes, Selenomonas ruminantium-Mitsuokella multiacida, Streptococcus bovis, Ruminococcus flavefaciens,Ruminobacter amylophilus, Eubacterium ruminantium, Treponema bryantii,Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, and Anaerovibrio lipolytica. By using these primers and the real-time PCR technique, the corresponding species in the rumens of cows for which the diet
was switched from hay to grain were quantitatively monitored. The dynamics of two fibrolytic bacteria, F. succinogenesand R. flavefaciens, were in agreement with those of earlier, culture-based experiments. The quantity of F. succinogenes DNA, predominant in animals on the hay diet, fell 20-fold on the third day of the switch to a grain diet and further declined
on day 28, with a 57-fold reduction in DNA. TheR. flavefaciens DNA concentration on day 3 declined to approximately 10% of its initial value in animals on the hay diet and remained at
this level on day 28. During the transition period (day 3), the quantities of two ruminal prevotella DNAs increased considerably:
that of P. ruminicola increased 7-fold and that ofP. bryantii increased 263-fold. On day 28, the quantity of P. ruminicola DNA decreased 3-fold, while P. bryantii DNA was still elevated 10-fold in comparison with the level found in animals on the initial hay diet. The DNA specific for
another xylanolytic bacterium, E. ruminantium, dropped 14-fold during the diet switch and was maintained at this level on day 28. The concentration of a rumen spirochete,
T. bryantii, decreased less profoundly and stabilized with a sevenfold decline by day 28. The variations in A. lipolytica DNA were not statistically significant. After an initial slight increase in S. dextrinosolvens DNA on day 3, this DNA was not detected at the end of the experiment. S. bovis DNA displayed a 67-fold increase during the transition period on day 3. However, on day 28, it actually declined in comparison
with the level in animals on the hay ration. The amount of S. ruminantium-M. multiacida DNA also increased eightfold following the diet switch, but stabilized with only a twofold increase on day 28. The real-time
PCR technique also uncovered differential amplification of rumen bacterial templates with the set of universal bacterial primers.
This observation may explain why some predominant rumen bacteria have not been detected in PCR-generated 16S ribosomal DNA
libraries.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to quantify seven species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in alfalfa silage prepared in the presence or absence of four commercial inoculants and in uninoculated corn stover harvested and stored under a variety of field conditions. Species-specific PCR primers were designed based on recA gene sequences. Commercial inoculants improved the quality of alfalfa silage, but species corresponding to those in the inoculants displayed variations in persistence over the next 96 h. Lactobacillus brevis was the most abundant LAB (12 to 32% of total sample DNA) in all of the alfalfa silages by 96 h. Modest populations (up to 10%) of Lactobacillus plantarum were also observed in inoculated silages. Pediococcus pentosaceus populations increased over time but did not exceed 2% of the total. Small populations (0.1 to 1%) of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactococcus lactis were observed in all silages, while Lactobacillus pentosus and Enterococcus faecium were near or below detection limits. Corn stover generally displayed higher populations of L. plantarum and L. brevis and lower populations of other LAB species. The data illustrate the utility of RT-PCR for quantifying individual species of LAB in conserved forages prepared under a wide variety of conditions.
The effect of 14 microbial inoculants on the fermentation and nutritive value of alfalfa silages was studied under laboratory conditions. The first cut (477 g of dry matter/kg) and second cut (393 g of dry matter/kg) of a second-year alfalfa stand were ensiled in 2 trials. In both trials alfalfa was harvested with standard field equipment. All inoculants were applied at 1.0 x 10(6) cfu/g of crop. Uninoculated silages served as controls. After inoculants were added, the chopped forages were ensiled in 1.0- and 0.5-L anaerobic glass jars, respectively, at a density of 500 g/L. Each trial had 15 treatments (uninoculated control and 14 inoculants), with 4 silos per treatment. Silos were stored for a minimum of 30 d at room temperature (approximately 22 degrees C). In first-cut silage, all inoculants but one reduced pH relative to the uninoculated control, and all but 2 of the homofermentative strains shifted fermentation toward lactic acid. In second-cut silage, the epiphytic lactic acid bacterial population was 2.7 x 10(7) cfu/g, and only commercial inoculants produced significant shifts in fermentation. Overall, microbial inoculants generally had a positive effect on alfalfa silage characteristics in terms of lower pH and shifting fermentation toward lactic acid with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria or toward acetic acid with heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus buchneri. These effects were stronger in the commercial products tested. In spite of the positive effects on silage fermentation, 48-h in vitro true DM digestibility was not improved by inoculation with lactic acid bacteria.
Three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1, and Ruminococcus albus 7) were grown in different binary combinations to determine the outcome of competition in either cellulose-excess batch culture or in cellulose-limited continuous culture. Relative populations of each species were estimated by using signature membrane-associated fatty acids and/or 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Both F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens coexisted in cellulose-excess batch culture with similar population sizes (58 and 42%, respectively; standard error, 12%). By contrast, under cellulose limitation R. flavefaciens predominated (> 96% of total cell mass) in coculture with F. succinogenes, regardless of whether the two strains were inoculated simultaneously or whether R. flavefaciens was inoculated into an established culture of F. succinogenes. The predominance of R. flavefaciens over F. succinogenes under cellulose limitation is in accord with the former's more rapid adherence to cellulose and its higher affinity for cellodextrin products of cellulose hydrolysis. In batch cocultures of F. succinogenes and R. albus, the populations of the two species were similar. However, under cellulose limitation, F. succinogenes was the predominant strain (approximately 80% of cell mass) in cultures simultaneously coinoculated with R. albus. The results from batch cocultures of R. flavefaciens and R. albus were not consistent within or among trials: some experiments yielded monocultures of R. albus (suggesting production of an inhibitory agent by R. albus), while others contained substantial populations of both species. Under cellulose limitation, R. flavefaciens predominated over R. albus (85 and 15%, respectively), as would be expected by the former's greater adherence to cellulose. The retention of R. albus in the cellulose-limited coculture may result from a combination of its ability to utilize glucose (which is not utilizable by R. flavefaciens), its demonstrated ability to adapt under selective pressure in the chemostat to utilization of lower concentrations of cellobiose, a major product of cellulose hydrolysis, and its possible production of an inhibitory agent.
The biochemistry of ensiling is essentially a simple process, which, however, can become complex when interactions among plant enzymes and the activities of numerous microbial species become involved. The desired effect is the conversion of simple plant sugars such as glucose and fructose to lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in an anaerobic fermentation. When sufficient lactic acid has been produced, all microbial activity is suppressed, primarily through the effect of undissociated lactic acid, and the silage can then be stored anaerobically until required for feeding. Complications arise because:
1. There are always aerobic periods at the start and end of the ensiling process.
2. Simple sugars are not the only substrates metabolized.
3. Plant enzymes and other microbial species apart from LAB compete for substrate.
The complexity of ensilage is increased further when the difficulties of controlling large-scale processes like silage making on-farm are also considered.
Five rumen- and abomasum-cannulated cows in mid-lactation were fed ad libitum, for two periods of 21 d each, two isonitrogenous (17% crude protein) total mixed rations (TMR) composed of 45% sorghum-wheat combination, 38% corn silage, 12% soybean meal, urea, buffers and minerals. The two TMRs differed in their sorghum (S): wheat (W) ratio, which was 7030 in S and 3070 in W treatments. Dry matter intake was 17.2 and 16.6 kg d−1 in S and W, respectively. Effect of treatments on the digestibility of carbohydrate constituents and N metabolism was examined.Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)-polysaccharides digestibility in stomachs and the entire gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was significantly higher in S than in W. The digestibility of neutral detergent soluble (NDS)-α-glucans was significantly higher in W than in S. More of NDS-α-glucans escaping ruminal fermentation was digested in the intestine of the S cows as compared with the W cows. The digestibility in entire GIT of total NDS-monosaccharide residues was 93% in W and 86% in S. Digestibility values of total carbohydrates in stomachs (49% and 52%) and entire GIT (79% and 80%) of S and W cows were similar.S and W cows were similar in rumen pH (6.15 and 6.13), rumen volatile fatty acids concentrations (133 and 136 mM) and rumen NH3 concentration (21 and 23 mg per 100 ml). Non-ammonia-N flow through the abomasum (410 and 403 g d−1) and N absorption in the intestine (67%) were also similar in S and W.
In an experiment, involving twelve male cattle (initially 235 kg live weight), the effects of applying lactic acid bacteria [Lactobacillus plantarum; 109 colony-forming units (g fresh silage)−1] to grass silage, immediately prior to that silage being fed, on dry-matter (DM) intake of the silage, degradability of nitrogen (N) and fibre in the rumen, total tract digestibility and composition of rumen fluid in the animals were examined. A grass silage, which had been made from the primary growth of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward, was offered as the sole diet. The inoculant was applied to the silage at the rate of 2 g of freeze-dried powder reconstituted in 12 ml of water (kg fresh silage)−1 immediately prior to that silage being fed and an equivalent amount of water was applied to the silage in the control treatment. The two diets were compared in a change-over design. The silage was well preserved, having a pH and concentrations of ammonia N and butyrate of 3.72, 74 g (kg total N)−1 and 0.11 g (kg DM)−1 respectively. Application of the inoculant significantly increased true protein, acid-insoluble N and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations (P < 0.001) in the diet. Silage DM intake was not significantly increased (P= 0.072) by this of inoculant treatment, which had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on rumen degradability or total tract digestibility of DM, N, neutral detergent fibre or modified acid detergent fibre. Rumen pH, ammonia concentration or the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids were not altered (P>0.05) by inoculant treatment. It is concluded that application of the inoculant to the silage prior to silage being fed did not significantly affect silage DM intake, total tract digestibility, or degradability or fermentation in the rumen of cattle offered grass silage as the sole diet. It is also concluded that the results of this experiment provide no evidence that the mode of action of L plantarum, applied as an additive to grass at ensiling in previous studies, is through ‘direct’ effects in the rumen.
A simple technique for the determination in vitro of the dry- or organic-matter digestibility of small (0·5 g) samples of dried forages is described. It involves incubation first with rumen liquor and then with acid pepsin. Using 146 samples of grass, clover and lucerne of known in vivo digestibility (Y), the regression equation Y= 0·99 X– 1·01 (S.E. ± 2·31) has been calculated, where X=in vitro dry-matter digestibility. This technique has been used for the study of the digestibilities of plant breeder's material, of the leaf and stem fractions of herbage and of herbage consumed by animals.
A changeover design experiment involving thirty-six 3-month-old Friesian male calves (mean initial live weight 127 kg) was carried out to evaluate a bacterial inoculant based on a single strain of Lactobacillus plantarum (Ecosyl, ICI) as a silage additive. On 25–31 August 1988, nine silages were harvested using double-chop forage harvesters from the second regrowth of three swards, namely permanent pasture which had received 100 kg N ha−1 and perennial ryegrass which had received either 100 or 150 kg N ha−1. Herbages (mean DM and WSC concentrations 144 and 11·2 g kg−1 respectively) from each sward were treated with either no additive, formic acid (2·4 1 t−1) or the inoculant (3·3·1 t−1) and were ensiled in 126 silos of 0·8 t capacity. The only effects of the inoculant on chemical composition of the silages were a decrease in modified acid detergent fibre and an increase in endotoxin and crude and true protein concentrations. Silages were offered ad libitum and supplemented with 1·0 kg of concentrates per head daily for three periods each of 3 weeks in a partially balanced changeover design experiment. Digestibilities of the total diets were determined at the end of the experiment. For the untreated, formic acid-treated and inoculant-treated silages, silage dry matter intakes were respectively 3·58, 3·66 and 3·67 (s.e. 0·044) kg d−1, estimated metabolizable energy (ME) intakes were 46·1, 46·7 and 47·1 (s.e. 0·44) MJ d−1, energy digestibilities were 0·727, 0·727 and 0·738 (s.e. 0·0046) and organic matter digestibilities were 0·770, 0·771 and 0·788 (s.e. 0·0042). Rumen degradabilities of the silages were determined using two rumen-fistulated cows. Mean dry matter and nitrogen degradabilities for the control, formic acid-treated and inoculant-treated silages, assuming an outflow rate of 0·05 h−1, were 10·508, 0·49, 0·491 and 0·702, 0·676 and 0·729. It is concluded that the inoculant significantly increased the digestibility of the silages but did not affect dry matter or ME intake.
Silages were made from the first cut of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward. The silages were either untreated (W) or treated with formic acid (31 t ⁻¹ , F) or with 10 ⁶ lactic acid bacteria (LAB) g ⁻¹ grass of each of three strains alone (A. Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1; B, Pediococcus species 6A2; C, L. plantarum 6A6) or in combination (AB. AC) to give seven treatments. The silage fermentation in 10‐kg silos was followed chemically and microbiologically and the nutritive value of selected treatments evaluated using 2‐t silos.
The control silage (W) fermented well. Addition of formic acid restricted fermentation and produced a silage with a high ethanol concentration. After day 4, all inoculated silages had lower pH values and higher lactic acid concentrations and a higher ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid than the control silage. Chemically there was little difference between the inoculated silages in terms of final composition. Microbiologically the LAB applied in treatments B and C dominated the LAB populations in those silages when applied alone; however, they were suppressed when applied in combination with inoculant A.
When fed to sheep, the intake of the formic acid‐treated silage was significantly ( P < 0·01) lower than that of the other silages and the intake of silage treated with inoculant A significantly ( P < 0·001) higher than that of silages treated with inoculants B and C. The apparent organic matter ( P < 0·001) and nitrogen ( P < 0·01) digestibilities of the formic acid‐treated silage were also significantly lower than those of the other silages.
Inoculants are used as silage additives to improve preservation efficiency and to enhance animal performance. In most commercially available inoculants, homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used because they are fast and efficient producers of lactic acid, improving natural silage fermentation. Specific LAB inuculants may also have beneficial effects on animal performance even if there is no effect on fermentation. However, these types of inoculants are not always advantageous. They do not necessarily prevent sermentation by clostridia in moist silages, and they sometimes impair the aerobic stability of grass and small grain silages. Therefore, new criteria for silage inoculants should be established which consider the specific needs of the crop being ensiled. New approaches which are being taken to develop improved inoculants for silage include the following: (1) using LAB isolates which are more specific to the target crops; (2) inclusion of heterofermentative LAB to produce volatile fatty acids to inhibit yeasts and moulds upon aerobic exposure; (3) inclusion of organisms other than LAB in inoculants to inhibit detrimental microorganisms; (4) selection or engineering of LAB strains to inhibit specific microorganisms; and (5) cloning and expression of genes which would enable selected LAB strains to utilize polysaccharides in crops which are low in soluble carbohydrates. Many of these new strategies for formulating inoculants are being tested, but further research is needed to determine the most successful approaches.
A randomized block design experiment involving thirty beef cattle (mean initial live weight 462 kg) was carried out to evaluate a bacterial inoculant based on a single strain of Lactobacillus plantarum as a silage additive and to provide further information in relation to its mode of action. Three herbages were harvested on 10 August 1989 using three double-chop forage harvesters from the first regrowth of a perennial ryegrass sward which had received 170 kg N, 25 kg P2O5, and 42 kg K2O ha−1. They received either no additive (silage C), formic acid at 2·91 (t grass)−1(silage F) or the inoculant at 3·21 (t grass)−1 (silage I). Mean dry-matter (DM), water-soluble carbohydrate and crude protein concentrations in the untreated herbages were 158g kg−1, 88 g (kg DM)− and 183g (kg DM)−1 respectively. For silages C, F and I respectively, pH values were 4·01, 3·57 and 3·62; ammonia N concentrations 117, 55 and 77 g (kg total N)−1; and butyrate concentrations 2·18, 0·50 and l·24g (kg DM)−1. The silages were offered ad libitum and supplemented with 2·5 kg concentrates per head daily for 77 days. For treatments C, F and I, silage DM intakes were 6·59, 7·25 and 6·80 (s.e. 0·074)kg d−1; metabolizable energy (ME) intakes 86,99 and 94 (s.e. 0·8) MJ d−1; liveweight gains 0·90, 0·97 and 1·02(s.e.0·066) kg d−1; carcass gains 541,656 and 680 (s.e. 34·0) g d−1. Inoculant treatment increased DM (P < 0·01), organic matter (P < 0·01), crude fibre (P < 0·05), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (P < 0·05) and energy (P < 0·05) digestibilities, the digestible organic matter concentration (P < 0·01) and the ME concentration (P < 0·05) of the total diets. Additive treatment altered rumen fermentation patterns but had little effect on the rumen degradability of silage DM, modified acid detergent (MAD) fibre, NDF or hemicellulose. It is concluded that treatment with the inoculant improved silage fermentation and increased digestibility, had little effect on silage DM intake but significantly increased carcass gain to a level similar to that sustained by a well-preserved formic acid-treated silage
Aims: To determine whether lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in inoculants for silage can survive in rumen fluid (RF), and to identify those that survive best.
Methods and Results: Twelve commercial silage inoculants were added at 107 CFU ml−1 to strained RF (SRF) taken from dairy cows, with and without 5 g l−1 glucose and incubated in vitro at 39°C. Changes in pH, LAB numbers and fermentation products were monitored for 72 h. In the inoculated RF with glucose, the pH decreased and numbers of LAB increased. The inoculants varied with regard to their effect on pH change and growth. In the SRF, both with and without glucose, the pH values of the inoculated samples were generally higher than those of the uninoculated controls throughout most of the incubation period. This may suggest a positive effect on the rumen environment.
Conclusions: LAB used in silage inoculants can survive in RF in vitro.
Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first step in studying the probiotic potential of silage LAB inoculants for dairy cattle. The survival of these LAB in RF may enable them to interact with rumen microorganisms and to affect rumen functionality.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to quantify seven species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in alfalfa silage prepared in the presence or absence of four commercial inoculants and in uninoculated corn stover harvested and stored under a variety of field conditions. Species-specific PCR primers were designed based on recA gene sequences. Commercial inoculants improved the quality of alfalfa silage, but species corresponding to those in the inoculants displayed variations in persistence over the next 96 h. Lactobacillus brevis was the most abundant LAB (12 to 32% of total sample DNA) in all of the alfalfa silages by 96 h. Modest populations (up to 10%) of Lactobacillus plantarum were also observed in inoculated silages. Pediococcus pentosaceus populations increased over time but did not exceed 2% of the total. Small populations (0.1 to 1%) of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactococcus lactis were observed in all silages, while Lactobacillus pentosus and Enterococcus faecium were near or below detection limits. Corn stover generally displayed higher populations of L. plantarum and L. brevis and lower populations of other LAB species. The data illustrate the utility of RT-PCR for quantifying individual species of LAB in conserved forages prepared under a wide variety of conditions. Disclaimer: Mention of products is for informational purposes only and does not imply a recommendation or warranty by USDA over other products that may also be suitable.
There is a need to standardize the NDF procedure. Procedures have varied because of the use of different amylases in attempts to remove starch interference. The original Bacillus subtilis enzyme Type IIIA (XIA) no longer is available and has been replaced by a less effective enzyme. For fiber work, a new enzyme has received AOAC approval and is rapidly displacing other amylases in analytical work. This enzyme is available from Sigma (Number A3306; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). The original publications for NDF and ADF (43, 53) and the Agricultural Handbook 379 (14) are obsolete and of historical interest only. Up to date procedures should be followed. Triethylene glycol has replaced 2-ethoxyethanol because of reported toxicity. Considerable development in regard to fiber methods has occurred over the past 5 yr because of a redefinition of dietary fiber for man and monogastric animals that includes lignin and all polysaccharides resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes. In addition to NDF, new improved methods for total dietary fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides including pectin and beta-glucans now are available. The latter are also of interest in rumen fermentation. Unlike starch, their fermentations are like that of cellulose but faster and yield no lactic acid. Physical and biological properties of carbohydrate fractions are more important than their intrinsic composition.
The contribution of different feedstuffs to nitrogen reaching the duodenum was evaluated in situ. Dacron bags containing barley grain, corn grain, wheat silage, corn silage, alfalfa hay, rye grass, whole cottonseeds, or soybean meal were suspended in the rumens of three dairy cows fed roughage and concentrate diets. The effective degradability of the nitrogenous and organic matter of feedstuffs was calculated from their residues after incubation in the rumen for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h. The duodenal nitrogen content at ruminal outflows of 2, 5, or 8%/h was calculated as the sum of undegradable dietary nitrogen and potential microbial nitrogen (assuming 32 g N/kg ruminally degradable organic matter). Comparison of the in situ estimates with previously reported in vivo measurements of duodenal nitrogen in cattle fed diets with similar ingredients to the tested feedstuffs yielded a linear relationship (r2 = .887). The dacron bag technique appears to hold promise for the prediction of nitrogen flow to the duodenum.
There is good evidence that the complex microbial flora present in the gastrointestinal tract of all warm-blooded animals is effective in providing resistance to disease. However, the composition of this protective flora can be altered by dietary and environmental influences, making the host animal susceptible to disease and/or reducing its efficiency of food utilization. What we are doing with the probiotic treatments is re-establishing the natural condition which exists in the wild animal but which has been disrupted by modern trends in conditions used for rearing young animals, including human babies, and in modern approaches to nutrition and disease therapy. These are all areas where the gut flora can be altered for the worse and where, by the administration of probiotics, the natural balance of the gut microflora can be restored and the animal returned to its normal nutrition, growth and health status.
Three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1, and Ruminococcus albus 7) were grown in different binary combinations to determine the outcome of competition in either cellulose-excess batch culture or in cellulose-limited continuous culture. Relative populations of each species were estimated by using signature membrane-associated fatty acids and/or 16S rRNAtargeted oligonucleotide probes. Both F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens coexisted in cellulose-excess batch culture with similar population sizes (58 and 42%, respectively; standard error, 12%). By contrast, under cellulose limitation R. flavefaciens predominated (>96 % of total cell mass) in coculture with F. succinogenes, regardless of whether the two strains were inoculated simultaneously or whether R. flavefaciens was inoculated into an established culture of F. succinogenes. The predominance of R. flavefaciens over F. succinogenes under cellulose limitation is in accord with the former’s more rapid adherence to cellulose and its higher affinity for cellodextrin products of cellulose hydrolysis. In batch cocultures of F. succinogenes and R. albus, the populations of the two species were similar. However, under cellulose limitation, F. succinogenes was the predominant strain (�80 % of cell mass) in cultures simultaneously coinoculated with R. albus. The results from batch cocultures of R. flavefaciens and R. albus were not consistent within or among trials: some experiments yielded monocultures of R. albus (suggesting production of an inhibitory agent by R. albus), while others contained
To determine whether lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in inoculants for silage can survive in rumen fluid (RF), and to identify those that survive best.
Twelve commercial silage inoculants were added at 107 CFU ml-1 to strained RF (SRF) taken from dairy cows, with and without 5 g l-1 glucose and incubated in vitro at 39 degrees C. Changes in pH, LAB numbers and fermentation products were monitored for 72 h. In the inoculated RF with glucose, the pH decreased and numbers of LAB increased. The inoculants varied with regard to their effect on pH change and growth. In the SRF, both with and without glucose, the pH values of the inoculated samples were generally higher than those of the uninoculated controls throughout most of the incubation period. This may suggest a positive effect on the rumen environment.
LAB used in silage inoculants can survive in RF in vitro.
This is the first step in studying the probiotic potential of silage LAB inoculants for dairy cattle. The survival of these LAB in RF may enable them to interact with rumen microorganisms and to affect rumen functionality.
Many studies have shown the beneficial effects on ruminant performance of feeding them with silages inoculated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These benefits might derive from probiotic effects. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether LAB included in inoculants for silage can survive in rumen fluid (RF), as the first step in studying their probiotic effects. Experiments were conducted in the United States and Israel with clarified (CRF) and strained RF (SRF) that were inoculated at 10(6)-10(8) microorganisms/mL with and without glucose at 5 g/L. RF with no inoculants served as control. Ten commercial inoculants were used. The RF was incubated at 39 degrees C and sampled in duplicates at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h for pH and LAB counts. The results indicate that with glucose the pH of the RF decreased during the incubation period. In the SRF, the pH of the inoculated samples was higher than that of the controls in most cases. This might be a clue to the mechanism by which LAB elicit the enhancement in animal performance. LAB counts revealed that the inoculants survived in the RF during the incubation period. The addition of glucose resulted in higher LAB counts.
Inoculated silages sometimes improve cattle performance, possibly because of probiotic effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants. The cause of improved animal performance following feeding with inoculated silage is unclear. One issue in studying this phenomenon is to find out whether LAB pass from silage into the rumen fluid and survive in it. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether LAB from inoculated and uninoculated silages pass into the rumen fluid in vitro. Wheat and corn silages, uninoculated or inoculated with 1 of 10 commercial silage inoculant LAB, were prepared in glass jars. After ensiling, a 2.5-g silage sample was added to 25 mL of heat-sterilized or strained rumen fluid together with 5 g/L glucose, and incubated for 48 h at 39 degrees C. Analysis of the incubated rumen fluid included pH measurement, enumeration of LAB, and determination of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The pH of the rumen fluid decreased during incubation; both heat-sterilized and strained rumen fluid contained large numbers of LAB. The heat-sterilized rumen fluid contained lactic acid in addition to VFA, whereas the strained rumen fluid contained only VFA. The results indicate that LAB pass from silage samples into the rumen fluid in vitro and survive there. Their interactions with rumen microorganisms should be studied further to understand how some silage inoculant LAB exhibit probiotic effects in dairy cattle.
To determine antibacterial activity in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants and in wheat and corn silages which were treated with these inoculants.
Wheat and two corn silages were prepared in 0.25 l sealed glass jars. Inoculant treatments were prepared for each type of silage with each of 10 LAB silage inoculants at inoculation rate of 10(6) CFU g(-1). Untreated silages served as controls. Antibacterial activity was determined in the inoculants and in their respective silages with Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity was detected in nine of the 10 inoculants whereas such activity in the silages varied. Control silages did not have antibacterial activity.
Many LAB silage inoculants have antibacterial activity and in some cases this activity is imparted on inoculated silages.
This study was conducted as part of a broader research objective, which is to find out how LAB silage inoculants enhance ruminant performance. The results of this study indicate that LAB silage inoculants produce antibacterial activity, and therefore, have a potential to inhibit detrimental micro-organisms in the silage or in the rumen.
Effects of supplementing direct-fed microbial agents (DFM) to dairy cows during the transition period were evaluated. Forty-four Holstein cows were fed close-up and lactating diets that did or did not contain 2 g of DFM/cow per d. The direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplement was fed at a rate of 2 × 109 viable yeast cells and 5 × 109 cfu of bacteria per cow per day [corrected].Supplemented cows were fed the DFM 21 d prior to expected calving date through 10 wk postpartum. Cows supplemented with DFM had higher estimated ruminally available dry matter (DM) for both corn silage and haylage than did control cows. Supplemented cows consumed more DM during both the pre- and postpartum periods. In addition, those supplemented with DFM produced 2.3 kg more milk/cow per d than did nonsupplemented cows. There was no difference in 3.5% fat-corrected milk. Milk fat percentage was lower, but not depressed (4.76 vs. 4.44%) for cows receiving DFM. There were no differences in milk fat yield or milk protein percentage and yield. Cows consuming DFM had higher blood glucose postpartum, as well as lower beta-hydroxybutyrate levels both prepartum and on d 1 postpartum. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration was not statistically affected by DFM, but was numerically lower prepartum and higher postpartum for supplemented cows. This study demonstrated that targeted DFM supplementation enhanced ruminal digestion of forage DM. Early lactation cows receiving supplemental DFM produced more milk and consumed more DM during the pre- and postpartum periods. Cows consuming DFM, however, experienced a lower, but not depressed, fat percentage compared with nonsupplemented cows.
Biochemistry of ensiling. Pages 95–139 in Silage Science and Technology The effect upon fermentation and nutritive value of silages produced after treatment by three different inoculants of lactic acid bacteria applied alone or in combination
- J A Rooke
- R D Hatfield
- D R Buxton
- R E Muck
- J H Harrison
Rooke, J. A., and R. D. Hatfield. 2003. Biochemistry of ensiling. Pages 95–139 in Silage Science and Technology. D. R. Buxton, R. E. Muck, and J. H. Harrison, ed. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Rooke, J. A., and F. Kafilzadeh. 1994. The effect upon fermentation and nutritive value of silages produced after treatment by three different inoculants of lactic acid bacteria applied alone or in combination. Grass Forage Sci. 49:324–333.
Rumen fermentation and its manipulation: The development of yeast cultures as feed addi-tives. Pages 173–192 in Biotechnology in the Feed Industry
- R J Wallace
- C T Newbold
Wallace, R. J., and C. T. Newbold. 1993. Rumen fermentation and its manipulation: The development of yeast cultures as feed addi-tives. Pages 173–192 in Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Proc. Alltech's Ninth Annu. Symp. Alltech Tech. Publ., Nicholasville, KY.
The role of silage additives in making high quality silage. Pages 106–116 in Silage Production from Seed to Animal. NRAES-67 Direct-fed microbial supplemen-tation on ruminal digestion, health and performance of pre-and postpartum dairy cattle
- R E Muck
- J E Nocek
- W P Kautz
Muck, R. E. 1993. The role of silage additives in making high quality silage. Pages 106–116 in Silage Production from Seed to Animal. NRAES-67. Northeast Reg. Agric. Eng. Serv., Syracuse, NY. Nocek, J. E., and W. P. Kautz. 2006. Direct-fed microbial supplemen-tation on ruminal digestion, health and performance of pre-and postpartum dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 89:260–266.
Rumen fermentation and its manipulation: The development of yeast cultures as feed additives
- Wallace
The role of silage additives in making high quality silage
- Muck
The effects of treating low dry matter, low digestibility grass with a bacterial inoculant on the intake and performance of beef cattle and studies on its mode of action
- Keady