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Nutraceutical Functions of Sesame: A Review
Abstract
The results of recent food chemical and nutraceutical studies on the traditionally well-known health value of sesame are described, including some aspects of the utilization of sesame. The highly antioxidative activity of sesame oil was clarified and found to involve newly discovered lignans. The antiaging effect of sesame was elucidated to be due to the strong vitamin E activity caused by a novel synergistic effect of sesame lignans with tocopherols resulting from the inhibition of metabolic decomposition of tocopherols by sesame lignans. The specific inhibitory action of sesame lignans on Delta5 desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis was found in studies on the microbial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This effect of sesame lignans was extended to various effects on fatty acid metabolism involving lowering fatty acid concentration in liver and serum due to acceleration of fatty acid oxidation and suppression of fatty acid synthesis, and the controlling influence on the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids under excess intake of either n-6 or n-3 fatty acids in the diet. Sesame lignans lowered the cholesterol concentration in serum, especially in combination with tocopherol, due to the inhibition of absorption from the intestine and suppression of synthesis in the liver. Sesame lignans also showed other useful functions such as acceleration of alcohol decomposition in the liver, antihypertensive activity, immunoregulatory activities, anticarcinogenic activity, and others.
... Eşsiz bir gıda olan susam, bütün ya da öğütülmüş ve yemeklik yağ kaynağı olarak ilk çağlardan beri dünya genelinde farklı şekillerde kullanılmakla birlikte daha çok yağı ve proteini için yetiştirilmektedir (Kaya ve Kahyaoğlu, 2006;Shahidi ve ark., 2006;Namiki, 2007). Morfolojik, sitogenetik çalışmalar ve arkeolojik bulgulara göre eski bir baharat olan susam, içerdiği yüksek miktar ve kalitedeki yağı nedeniyle dünyada kültüre alınan en eski ve en önemli yağlı tohum bitkilerinden biridir. ...
... Afrika kökenli olan susamın buradan Mısır, Hindistan, Orta Doğu, Çin ve diğer bölgelere yayıldığına inanılmaktadır. (Namiki, 2007;Tan, 2011;Arıgül ve Zorba, 2012;Bhattacharya ve ark., 2014). ...
... Ayrıca, 3 geleneksel Hint tıbbında, susam yağı M.Ö. 700-1100'den beri insan vücuduna masaj yapmak için temel yağ olarak kullanılmaktadır (Namiki, 2007). Lisin bakımından fakir olmakla birlikte; susamın yüksek miktarda niasin içermesi nedeniyle vücudu yaşlanmaya karşı koruduğu ve yüksek miktarda metionin, sistin, arginin, lösin, triptofan içeriği ile pozitif bir amino asit yapısı sergilemesi susamı diğer bitkisel protein kaynaklarından üstün kılmaktadır (Baydar, 2005;Namiki, 2007;Arıgül ve Zorba, 2012). ...
... Sesame (Sesamum indicum) from the Pedaliaceae family is one of the earliest domesticated oilseed crops known to humankind with its multifarious uses. It is mainly consumed in various cuisines and preferably used with bread, biscuits, crackers, and so forth and as a seasoning in food worldwide (Namiki, 2007). Sesame has an essential role in human nutrition due to its rich chemical compositions like oil (44-58%), protein (18-25%), carbohydrates (~13.5%), ...
... A novel synergistic effect of sesame lignans with tocopherols has been found, and it is believed to be responsible for the antiaging effect of sesame. Sesame lignans inhibit metabolic decomposition of tocopherols, which results in the antiaging effect of sesame being attributed to strong vitamin E activity (Namiki, 2007). A systematic search in the Scopus database showed that around 11,089 articles were published between 1898 and 2021. ...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most deadly cancer worldwide. CRC management is challenging due to late detection, high recurrence rate, and multi-drug resistance. Herbs and spices used in cooking, practised for generations, have been shown to contain CRC protective effect or even be useful as an anti-CRC adjuvant therapy when used in high doses. Herbs and spices contain many bioactive compounds and possess many beneficial health effects. The chemopreventive properties of these herbs and spices are mainly mediated by the BCL-2, K-ras, and MMP pathways, caspase activation, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and the regulation of ER-stress-induced apoptosis. As a safer natural alternative, these herbs and spices could be good candidates for chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents for CRC management because of their antiproliferative action on colorectal carcinoma cells and inhibitory activity on angiogenesis. Therefore, in this narrative review, six different spices and herbs: ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), and flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) used in daily cuisine were selected for this study and analyzed for their chemoprotective or chemotherapeutic roles in CRC management with underlying molecular mechanisms of actions. Initially, this study comprehensively discussed the molecular basis of CRC development, followed by culinary and traditional uses, current scientific research, and publications of selected herbs and spices on cancers. Lead compounds have been discussed comprehensively for each herb and spice, including anti-CRC phytoconstituents, antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory properties, and finally, anti-CRC effects with treatment mechanisms. Future possible works have been suggested where applicable.
... The seeds are being used for an array of products in the food (high-quality oil, tahini paste, cooking and backing) and pharmaceutical industries [5]. Acknowledged as an important functional food, it is progressively gaining popularity due to the high content in nutritional components with antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects [6][7][8]. Immense progress has been made with continually advancing genomics technologies to decipher and understand crop genomes. For sesame, an orphan crop until recently, despite its long history of cultivation, breeding efforts were mostly concentrated on addressing the low yield (400-500 Kg/ha) [4] that seed shattering, indeterminate growth habit and asynchronous capsule ripening causes [9][10][11][12][13]. ...
... Continuous measurements from the beginning of the reproductive stage and almost once a week until the end of the ripening stage enabled genotype comparisons (Table 3, Figures 4 and 5). The examined sesame genotypes (lines and parental landraces) can be divided into two large groups, the early and very early maturing (1,8,9,10,17,18,19,20,22,23,24) and intermediate to late maturing (2,3,4,5,6,7,11,12,13,14,15,16,21) with different rates of development. NDVI values ranged from 0.424 to 0.902 with an all-genotypes average of 0.782. ...
On-farm genotype screening is at the core of every breeding scheme, but it comes with a high cost and often high degree of uncertainty. Phenomics is a new approach by plant breeders, who use optical sensors for accurate germplasm phenotyping, selection and enhancement of the ge-netic gain. The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a high-throughput phenotyping workflow to estimate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Red Edge index (NDRE) at the plot-level through an active crop canopy sensor; (2) test the ability of spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) to distinguish between sesame genotypes throughout the crop growth period; and (3) identify specific stages in the sesame growth cycle that contribute to phenotyping accuracy and functionality and evaluate the efficiency of SRIs as a selection tool. A diversity panel of 24 sesame genotypes was grown at normal and late planting dates in 2020 and 2021. To determine the SRIs the Crop Circle ACS-430 active crop canopy sensor was used from the beginning of the sesame reproductive stage to the end of the ripening stage. NDVI and NDRE reached about the same high accuracy in genotype phenotyping, even under dense biomass conditions where “saturation” problems were expected. NDVI produced higher broad-sense heritability (max 0.928) and NDRE higher phenotypic and genotypic correlation with the yield (max 0.593 and 0.748, respectively). NDRE had the highest relative efficiency (61%) as an indirect selection index to yield direct selection. Both SRIs had optimal results when the monitoring took place at the end of the reproductive stage and the beginning of the ripening stage. Thus, an active canopy sensor as this study demonstrated can assist breeders to differenti-ate and classify sesame genotypes.
... It represents a priceless material for food, cosmetics, and medicine [4]. various physiological properties, such as antioxidant, antiaging, serum lipid-lowering, blood pressure-lowering, anti-cancer, etc. [5][6][7]. Therefore, the global market of sesame products is being expanded. Unfortunately, sesame productivity, yield, and seed quality are influenced by several abiotic stresses, including drought, waterlogging, salt, and heat [8,9]. ...
... To study the structural characteristics of the SiERF genes, the conserved motifs and the number of exons and introns were identified and analyzed. Totally, we identified 16 conserved motifs (motif [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] through MEME motif detection software (Fig. 3A). The motifs were constituted of 6 to 49 aa (Fig. S2). ...
Background
The adverse effects of climate change on crop production are constraining breeders to develop high-quality environmentally stable varieties. Hence, efforts are being made to identify key genes that could be targeted for enhancing crop tolerance to environmental stresses. ERF transcription factors play an important role in various abiotic stresses in plants. However, the roles of the ERF family in abiotic stresses tolerance are still largely unknown in sesame, the “queen” of oilseed crops.
Results
In total, 114 sesame ERF genes ( SiERFs) were identified and characterized. 96.49% of the SiERFs were distributed unevenly on the 16 linkage groups of the sesame genome. The phylogenetic analysis with the Arabidopsis ERFs ( AtERFs ) subdivided SiERF subfamily proteins into 11 subgroups (Groups I to X; and VI-L). Genes in the same subgroup exhibited similar structure and conserved motifs. Evolutionary analysis showed that the expansion of ERF genes in sesame was mainly induced by whole-genome duplication events. Moreover, cis -acting elements analysis showed that SiERFs are mostly involved in environmental responses. Gene expression profiles analysis revealed that 59 and 26 SiERFs are highly stimulated under drought and waterlogging stress, respectively. In addition, qRT-PCR analyses indicated that most of SiERFs are also significantly up-regulated under osmotic, submerge, ABA, and ACC stresses. Among them, SiERF23 and SiERF54 were the most induced by both the abiotic stresses, suggesting their potential for targeted improvement of sesame response to multiple abiotic stresses.
Conclusion
This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the structure, classification, evolution, and abiotic stresses response of ERF genes in sesame. Moreover, it offers valuable gene resources for functional characterization towards enhancing sesame tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.
... Neither acids from the ALA family nor acids from the LA family are synthesized in the human body and many animals, hence why they should be supplied from the outside with food [8,9]. Among the products of plant origin, the main source of n-3 acids are nuts, sesame seeds [10], linseed (about 50% ALA), and vegetable oils, e.g., soybean or rapeseed [11]. ...
... Omega 6 Acids ALA EPA DHA LA GLA ALA mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd I-L-S C 0.79 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.00 0. 10 Experimental factor: Additive-addition of linseed oil ethyl esters (control or experimental), Condition-animal living conditions (laboratory or outdoor cage), Season-season of experiment (summer or winter), Interaction-interaction between factors; A, B-highly significant differences at the level of p < 0.01; a, b-significant differences at the level of p < 0.05. ...
Simple Summary: Rabbit furs are a valuable material used in the fur industry. Many studies show beneficial effects of omega-3 acids supplementation on the skin and coat of animals. The aim of the study was to show the impact of environmental conditions and dietary supplementation with ethyl esters of linseed oil on the quality of the rabbit hair coat. The experiment was carried out in four stages: laboratory (summer and winter) and outdoor (summer and winter). The experimental rabbits were given an addition of ethyl linseed oil to their feed (during 2 months). To assess biological and physico-mechanical properties of the coat samples and to determine fatty acid profile and his-tological evaluation, the hair samples were collected three times: before the study, after two months of treatment, and after two months from the end of supplementation. The obtained results show that the environmental conditions have a major impact on the quality of the rabbit coat. The best results of hair heat protection were obtained from animals kept outdoors. Administration of linseed oil ethyl esters had a positive effect on the hair fatty acid profile. Abstract: The aim of the study was to show the impact of environmental conditions and dietary supplementation with ethyl esters of linseed oil on the quality of the rabbit hair coat. The research was divided into 4 stages: laboratory (summer and winter) and outdoor (summer and winter). In each stage of the research, animals were divided into control and experimental groups. The animals were fed in accordance with the feeding standards of reproductive rabbits during the period of sexual dormancy. The rabbits from the experimental groups during the first two months were given an addition of ethyl linseed oil to the feed. In the experiment, linseed oil was cold-pressed directly in the laboratory. Three samples of hair were collected: before the study, after two months of treatment , and after two months from the end of supplementation. The hair coat biological properties, such as share of individual hair fractions (%), heat transfer index (HTI), hair diameter (μm), as well as physico-mechanical properties such as breaking force (N), breaking stress (kg/cm 2) and elonga-tion (%) were performed. Moreover, the histological structure of hair and histological hair evaluation were performed. The fatty acid profile was determined in the hair as well. The obtained results of the content of individual fatty acids were grouped into saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, omega-3 and omega-6 were distinguished from the group of unsaturated acids. The environmental conditions have a major impact on the quality of the rabbit coat. The best results of hair thickness and their heat protection were obtained from animals kept outdoors. The studies did not show an influence of the administered preparation on the quality of the rabbit coat. The hair became thinner, but more flexible and tear-resistant. Administration of linseed oil ethyl Citation: Roman, K.; Wilk, M.; Książek, P.; Czyż, K.; Roman, A. The Effect of the Season, the Maintenance System and the Addition of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Selected Biological and Physicochemical Features of Rabbit Fur. Animals 2022, 12, 971.
... According to evidence, the use of complementary and alternative medicine among diabetic patients is common as a supplement to their existing treatments, as a replacement, or for other reasons (Chang, Wallis, & Tiralongo, 2007;Dham, Shah, Hirsch, & Banerji, 2006). One of these traditional medicines that is increasingly used among people worldwide, especially in Asian countries, is called sesame (Namiki, 2007). ...
... Moreover, it has considerable amounts of lignans (up to 1.5%) (Beroza & Kinman, 1955), including sesamin, episesamin, and sesamolin (Fukuda, Nagata, Osawa, & Namiki, 1986;Kang, Naito, Sakai, Uchida, & Osawa, 1999), which are suggested to be the reason of several physiological properties of sesame seeds such as their hypoglycemic (Sankar, Ali, Sambandam, & Rao, 2011), antioxidative (Fukuda et al., 1986), antiobesity (Bigoniya, Nishad, & Singh, 2012), and antiinflammatory (Wu et al., 2009) effects. Furthermore, sesame oil has 43% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 40% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and is a good source of vitamin E by providing 40 mg/100 g oil (Devarajan & Rao, 2006;Namiki, 2007). ...
Sesame, with an oily seed containing oil, lignans, and proteins, is a popular plant that has demonstrated health benefits such as antioxidative, antiobesity, and antiinflammatory effects. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to summarize the effect of sesame seeds and their consumption compared to a control group on blood glucose and insulin resistance in human adults. PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EMBASE were searched to identify eligible controlled clinical trials up to February 2021. Finally, eight clinical trials were included in this study. Sesame products used in these trials were sesame oil, sesamin, and tahini, and the duration of the intervention varied from 45 days to 9 weeks. Our results showed the significant positive effects of sesame and its products on fasting blood glucose FBG (weighted mean difference, WMD: −21.31 mg/dl, 95% CI: −41.23, −1.39, p = .036) and HbA1c (WMD: −0.75, 95% CI: −1.16, −0.34, p < .001) levels but results about fasting serum insulin (WMD: 5.51 μU/ml, 95% CI: −2.31, 13.33, p = .167) and HOMA-IR (WMD: −0.07, 95% CI: −0.33, 0.20, p = .617) were not meaningful. Sesame may be considered a beneficial agent for human glucose metabolism and can be a part of glucose-lowering diets.
... Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a culinary ingredient that has been used in food preparation for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries [20]. e seeds contain an abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), vitamin E, phytosterol, fiber, and bioactive lignans (sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin, and episesamin), which produce antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity [21][22][23]. ...
... Furthermore, the duration of [33] L L L L L L Farajbakhsh et al. [31] L H L L L L Da Silva Barbosa et al. [30] L H L L L L Mohammad Shahi al. [35] L H L L L L Haghighian et al. [32] L H H L L L Karatzi et al. [34] L H H L L L Wu et al. [24] L Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine eligible studies (≤8 weeks) might not be long enough to see the possible effects on inflammatory markers. Moreover, sesame is a commonly used oil, especially in Asian countries [20]. e studies conducted in Iran show that sesame consumption declined inflammatory biomarkers. ...
Objectives:
Existing evidence produces conflicting findings regarding the effect of sesame intake on inflammatory biomarkers; this knowledge gap has yet to be met through systematic review and meta-analysis. This meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the effects of sesame consumption on markers of inflammation in humans.
Methods:
PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched through August 2020 to identify relevant papers for inclusion. Using the random-effects model, data were evaluated as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Cochrane's Q and I-squared (I 2) tests were used to identify within-studies heterogeneity.
Results:
Seven RCTs with 310 participants (157 intervention and 153 control) were included in the meta-analysis. Sesame consumption reduced serum level interleukin-6 (IL-6) (WMD - 0.90; 95% CI (-1.71, -0.09), I 2 = 80.4%) compared to the control group. However, sesame intake had no significant effects on C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared to the control group. Subgroup analysis identified a reduction in serum CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 concentration among studies with participants who had a higher level of these biomarkers at baseline, those which used sesamin capsules, and those with a bigger sample size, those conducted in Asia, and studies on females.
Conclusion:
Sesame consumption reduced serum levels of IL-6 but did not affect CRP and TNF-α in humans. Additional trials should be conducted utilizing a larger and longer treatment duration, along with studies using different sesame formulations (capsule, oil, and seed) and conducting on participants with varied health conditions.
... At present, sesame is mainly grown in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Sesame seeds possess abundant nutritional substances, such as unsaturated fatty acids, proteins, digestible fiber, and beneficial antioxidants (such as lignans) (Namiki, 2007;Kumar et al., 2013;Ha et al., 2017;Keskin, 2019). For sesame seeds, seed coat color varies from white, shallow yellow, yellow, golden, brown, gray, reddish brown, and other medium colors, to black. ...
... Seed coat color is one of the earliest traits studied in crops for genetics analysis and Mendel's law discovery. In sesame, seed coat color seems to be correlated with the species evolution and the beneficial effects on seed nutrition (Namiki, 2007;Zhang et al., 2012). Based on our investigation, the sesame seed In these references, the corresponding genes had been proved or suggested to be involved in pigments biosynthesis or accumulation during seed formation. ...
Seed coat color is an important seed quality trait in sesame. However, the genetic mechanism of seed coat color variation remains elusive in sesame. We conducted a QTL mapping of the seed coat color trait in sesame using an F2 mapping population. With the aid of the newly constructed superdense genetic linkage map comprised of 22,375 bins distributed in 13 linkage groups (LGs), 17 QTLs of the three indices (i.e., L, a, and b values) of seed coat color were detected in seven intervals on four LGs, with a phenotype variance explanation rate of 4.46–41.53%. A new QTL qSCa6.1 on LG 6 and a QTL hotspot containing at least four QTLs on LG 9 were further identified. Variants screening of the target intervals showed that there were 84 genes which possessed the variants that were high-impact and co-segregating with the seed coat color trait. Meanwhile, we performed the transcriptome comparison of the developing seeds of a white- and a black-seeded variety, and found that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in 37 pathways, including three pigment biosynthesis related pathways. Integration of variants screening and transcriptome comparison results suggested that 28 candidate genes probably participated in the regulation of the seed coat color in sesame; of which, 10 genes had been proved or suggested to be involved in pigments biosynthesis or accumulation during seed formation. The findings gave the basis for the mechanism of seed coat color regulation in sesame, and exhibited the effects of the integrated approach of genome resequencing and transcriptome analysis on the genetics analysis of the complex traits.
... They were reviewed and classified into lignans, flavonoids, phenolic acids, among others, considering each metabolite name, molecular formula, occurrence, geographical origins, extraction, and analytical method. However, most of the reported studies focused on lignans as they possess valuable biological activities [14]. They are naturally occurring phenolics composing two phenyl propane units by a β-β linkage with several biological activities. ...
... Sesame is an important oilseed crop with a long history of cultivation (over 3000 years). Seeds, leaves, and oil from sesame have been utilized and consumed by humans as a vegetable and food ingredient for about 6000 years [1]. Sesame seeds contain 48-55% oil, 20-28% protein, 14-16% sugars, 6-8% fibers, and other nutritional and/or bioactive compounds with beneficial effects to human health such as vital minerals, vitamins, phytosterols, tocopherols and lignans [2]. ...
Sesame is one of the important oilseed crops in the world. Natural genetic variation exists in the sesame germplasm collection. Mining and utilizing the genetic allele variation from the germplasm collection is an important approach for seed quality improvement. The sesame germplasm accession, PI 263470, which has a significantly higher level of oleic acid (54.0%) than the average (39.5%), was identified by screening the entire USDA germplasm collection. The seeds from this accession were planted in a greenhouse. Leaf tissues and seeds were harvested from individual plants. DNA sequencing of the coding region of the fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD2) confirmed that this accession contained a natural mutation of G425A which may correspond to the deduced amino acid substitution of R142H leading to the high level of oleic acid, but it was a mixed accession with three genotypes (G/G, G/A, and A/A at the position). The genotype with A/A was selected and self-crossed for three generations. The purified seeds were used for EMS-induced mutagenesis to further enhance the level of oleic acid. A total of 635 M2 plants were generated from mutagenesis. Some mutant plants had significant morphological changes including leafy flat stems and others. M3 seeds were used for fatty acid composition analysis by gas chromatography (GC). Several mutant lines were identified with high oleic acid (70%). Six M3 mutant lines plus one control line were advanced to M7 or M8 generations. Their high oleate traits from M7 or M8 seeds harvested from M6 or M7 plants were further confirmed. The level of oleic acid from one mutant line (M7 915-2) was over 75%. The coding region of FAD2 was sequenced from these six mutants, but no mutation was identified. Additional loci may contribute to the high level of oleic acid. The mutants identified in this study can be used as breeding materials for sesame improvement and as genetic materials for forward genetic studies.
... They can be consumed as produced or they can be used to produce fermented milk, yogurts, and other dairy-like products, albeit with additional processing. These dairy alternatives are rich in a number of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds found in peanuts (Settaluri et al., 2012), b-glucans found in oats (Deswal et al., 2014), lignans and tocopherols found in sesame (Namiki, 2007), resistant starch and amylose found in chickpea (Osorio-Díaz et al., 2008;Wang et al., 2018), and isoflavones found in soybeans (Omoni & Aluko, 2005). ...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Developing therapeutics and prophylactics for CVD has been challenging, while a healthy diet and lifestyle are known to be critical for the prevention of CVD by reducing various associated risk factors. Dairy products were previously perceived to be detrimental to cardiovascular health due to their saturated fat content, but recent studies prove their neutral or even beneficial effect, which is attributed to the presence of dairy lipids and bioactive peptides. Based on the existing scientific evidence, yogurt and fermented beverages may provide even greater cardioprotection potentially linked with their probiotic contents and the various products of fermentation, such as the bioactive peptides. In this chapter, we summarize the research associated with some of the functional yogurt-based beverages on the market and their potential effects on cardiovascular health, while reference is also made to plant-based dairy-alternative fermented drinks. Moreover, the sensory properties of the fermented milk, yogurt beverages, and probiotics are discussed as these affect their consumption, while reference is also made to the regulatory framework associated with the health and nutrition claims made of these products.
... Based on their medicinal and pharmacological properties, the most important lignans are sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin, and sesamol, but also α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols. In addition, sesame is an important source of phytosterols, phytates, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and bioactive peptides [17,[86][87][88][89][90][91]. ...
This chapter highlights the traditional use of Mediterranean edible plants, frequently
used as herbs and spices in Mediterranean cuisine, and medicinal plants, used
as natural therapeutics among the people in the Mediterranean region. The high
phytonutrient content and diversity of these edible and nonedible wild plants in the
Mediterranean are emphasized and their folk use is reviewed. The herbs, spices, and
medicinal plants are vital constituents of the Mediterranean dietary pattern and lifestyle,
known as the Mediterranean diet (MD). They significantly contribute to high
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory character of the diet and its health and well-being
benefits.
... It has been proved that plant-based milk has protective effects against diseases like cancer, osteoporosis, and coronary heart problems (Fukui et al., 2002;Omoni & Aluko, 2005). Plant-based milk also has antioxidative, hypocholesterolaemia, anticarcinogenic, antitumor, and antiviral characteristics (Seow & Gwee, 1997;Namiki, 2007). Such milk also promotes brain development, boosts immunity, and maintains the elasticity of blood vessels. ...
Plant-based milk is any product that resembles animal or bovine milk but is made from plant extracts. While plant-based milk is considered a better alternative to bovine milk ethically, environmentally, and health-wise, the demand for plant analogues remains low in India because the country is the largest producer and consumer of bovine milk globally. To increase the credibility of plant-based milk as a food product in a competitive market like India, it is essential to understand consumer perspectives regarding plant-based substitutes. In-depth interviews were used to understand respondents’ views, experiences, feelings, and perspectives regarding plant-based milk consumption. A thematic analysis of the interview transcripts identified the primary motivators, deterrents, and marketing scope for plant-based milk consumption in a bovine dairy-dominated nation like India.
... 2,3 Sesame seed oil is a popular edible oil due to its pleasant and mild taste, excellent antioxidant activity, and high nutritional value. 4,5 Sesame seeds and oil have been widely used in medicinal, cosmetic, and industrial applications, 6 and have been proposed as a valuable source of biodiesel fuel. 7 Sesame is one of two oldest oilseed crops known to man (the other is the coconut). ...
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop that produces abundant seed oil and has a pleasant flavor and high nutritional value. To date, several Illumina-based genome assemblies corresponding to different sesame genotypes have been published and widely used in genetic and genomic studies of sesame. However, these assemblies consistently showed low continuity with numerous gaps. Here, we reported a high-quality, reference-level sesame genome assembly by integrating PacBio high-fidelity sequencing and Hi-C technology. Our updated sesame assembly was 309.35 Mb in size with a high chromosome anchoring rate (97.54%) and contig N50 size (13.48 Mb), which were better than previously published genomes. We identified 163.38 Mb repetitive elements and 24,345 high-confidence protein-coding genes in the updated sesame assembly. Comparative genomic analysis showed that sesame shared an ancient whole-genome duplication event with two Lamiales species. A total of 2,782 genes were tandemly duplicated. We also identified several genes that were likely involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Our improved sesame assembly and annotation will facilitate future genetic studies and genomics-assisted breeding of sesame.
... The chemical composition of the ration, including the amount and type of lipid supplements (vegetable oils or oilseeds) or feed additives, affects the lipid profile of animal products [7,[13][14][15]. The main plant sources of n-3 acids are nuts and vegetable oils [16]. One extremely rich source of valuable fatty acids is linseed [17]. ...
The composition of the diet, including the amount and type of lipid supplements, influences the products formed in the digestive tract, their levels in the blood and their deposition in the tissues. One example of a plant rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids is flax (Linum usitatissimum). The aim of the presented work was to evaluate the effect of the linseed oil ethyl esters additive and environmental conditions on the selected rabbit blood parameters. The study included two types of animal maintenance (laboratory conditions and external conditions) and two seasons (summer and winter), a total of four study stages. At each stage, a control group and an experimental group were specified. The feed supplement in the form of esterified linseed oil was administered to the experimental animals for two months. The blood samples were collected at the beginning of the experiment, as well as at the end of treatment. Moreover, blood samples were collected also after two months from the end of the experiment. During the experiment, morphological and biochemical parameters of the rabbits’ blood were examined. The results of the content of fatty acids were determined in the erythrocytes and serum blood samples and grouped into saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, especially omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. In an internal study, the influence of housing conditions and season on selected morphological and biochemical parameters of rabbit blood was confirmed. Furthermore, expected beneficial changes in the fatty acid profile in erythrocytes and blood serum were observed as a result of supplementation. A significant increase in omega-3 fatty acids was noted as well as a substantial decrease in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (p < 0.01). Most importantly, the linseed oil ethyl ester supplement used did not adversely affect the health of the rabbits, as evidenced by biochemical and blood morphological indices remaining within, known so far, reference limits or showing only slight fluctuations (p > 0.05). However, the obtained results extend the database of hematological blood parameters in rabbits, thus, contributing to improvements in laboratory diagnostics for fur animals.
... The seeds have plenty of uses as ingredient to bakery and confectionary products (8,9). Presence of phytonutrients in sesame oil makes it a useful antioxidant, antitumor, anti-aging and anticancer (10). ...
Consumption of aflatoxins contaminated foods has led to detrimental health effects worldwide, with even more severe cases in African countries including Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess awareness and aflatoxins contamination of sesame seeds in Lindi and Mtwara regions. Subsequently, a total of 70 sesame seed samples were randomly purchased from local markets for aflatoxin determination using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS 20 for descriptive and correlation analysis. Results show that 82.4% of the respondents were not aware of aflatoxin contamination of agricultural produce. Awareness was negatively correlated to the levels of education (p=-0.309) and positively correlated with gender whereby men were more aware than women (p=0.03). On the other hand, 37 out of 70 sesame seed samples were contaminated with total aflatoxins at a range of 0.009 ng/g to 5.557 ng/g. Although none of these samples exceeded the Tanzania maximum limits of 10 ng/g for total aflatoxins, 2 samples exceeded the maximum limit of 4 ng/g set by the European Union. Furthermore, Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 13 samples moreover the concentration was below the Tanzania and EU maximum limits of 5 ng/g and 2 ng/g respectively. Though the contamination was below the national maximum limits and limited to one agro-ecological zone and season, these findings provide useful insights on aflatoxins contamination of sesame seeds from the two main growing regions in Tanzania.
... Sesamum indicum (black sesame), Angelica acutiloba (dang gui), and Zingiber officinale (ginger) are locally produced medicinal plants, which are often used in the production of delicious dishes and therapeutic medicated diets. S. indicum contains lignans such as sesamin, sesamolin, and sesaminol as active ingredients, which have immunomodulatory, anticancer, antioxidative, and cholesterol-lowering effects (17). The active ingredients of A. acutiloba include phthalides, organic acids, and polysaccharides, which have anti-cancer, antioxidant, nerve protection, and immune enhancement properties (18). ...
This study aimed to examine the chemical and anti-aging properties of chicken essence (CE) prepared with Sesamum indicum, Angelica acutiloba , and Zingiber officinale (HCE). HCE was analyzed for nutritional and phytochemical composition, and its anti-aging effects were investigated on the D-galactose (Gal)-induced aging mice. Results showed that HCE possessed significantly higher calories and contents of valine and total phenols than CE; it also contained significant amounts of ferulic acid, sesamin, and sesamolin. HCE significantly decreased MDA and NO levels in serum and liver and increased liver GSH levels in the D-Gal-induced mice. HCE greatly enhanced SOD and CAT activities in serum and liver, and liver GPx activity, as well as upregulating SIRT1 expression and downregulating TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, Cox-2, and MCP-1 expression in liver tissues. This study demonstrates that HCE was effective in suppressing the aging process through enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and modulating the aging-related gene expression.
... Sesame is richer in lignans (sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin, episesamin) and γ-tocopherol than other foods (i.e., flaxseeds, nuts, grains, and legumes) (111). In addition, sesame oil contains a beneficial fatty acids profile, consisting of linoleic acid (41%), oleic acid (39%), palmitic acid (8%), stearic acid (5%) (112). ...
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) lead to a dramatic burden on morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diet is a modifiable risk factor for NCDs, with Mediterranean Diet (MD) being one of the most effective dietary strategies to reduce diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Nevertheless, MD transferability to non-Mediterranean is challenging and requires a shared path between the scientific community and stakeholders. Therefore, the UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development is fostering a research project—“Planeterranea”—aiming to identify a healthy dietary pattern based on food products available in the different areas of the world with the nutritional properties of MD. This review aimed to collect information about eating habits and native crops in 5 macro-areas (North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Australia). The information was used to develop specific “nutritional pyramids” based on the foods available in the macro-areas presenting the same nutritional properties and health benefits of MD.
... The seeds, which contain about 50% oil, are the main reason for its cultivation, and may be used in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries , Elleuch et. al. 2007, Namiki 2007. ...
The experiment was conducted at the farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka to observe the foraging behavior of Apis mellifera in sesame field. The treatments were T 1 (Caged with honeybees); T 2 (Caged without honeybees) and T 3 (Open plot). The result revealed that the highest number (101.8) of Apis mellifera pollinator visitation was in T 1 treatment. The highest number of pollinator visitation was recorded from 6:00 to 9:00 am in all the three treatments. Whereas, the lowest number of visitation was recorded in midday (2:00 to 3:00 pm). T 1 treatment caged with honeybee was the most effective in increasing flower number per plant (101.25), number of capsule per plant (86.5) and number of seeds per capsule (56.8) followed by the T 3 treatment, which was significantly different. The 1000-seed weight was the highest in T 1 (3.5 g) treatment followed by T 3 (3.20 g). Yield of sesame was the highest (1.2 t/ha) in Caged with honeybee followed by open plot. Insect of Hymenoptera order increased (38.0%) with increasing percentage of flowers. The majority of the sesame flower bloomed between third and fourth week and flowering lasted for 42-50 days. Most of the bees were recorded when the number of flowers per plant was maximum (83.5) at the fourth week of flowering. Bee population decreased with the diminishing of flowers per plant due to advancing age of the crops.
... It has been reported that the plant lignans have antioxidant properties, which provide the thermal and storage stability to the lipids [171,172]. Some lignans in sesame oil can prevent lipid peroxidation in cells [173,174]. Therefore, it might be hypothesised that lignans in sesame oil prevent the triglyceride oxidation or peroxidation before or after digestion in the GI tract. ...
Lipid-based formulations play a significant role in oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Previous studies have shown that natural sesame oil promotes the intestinal lymphatic transport and oral bioavailability of highly lipophilic drug cannabidiol (CBD). However, both lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability were also associated with considerable variability. The first aim of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that pre-digested lipid formulations (oleic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid with 2-oleoylglycerol, oleic acid with 2-oleoylglycerol and oleic acid with glycerol) could reduce variability and increase the extent of the intestinal lymphatic transport and oral bioavailability of CBD. In vivo studies in rats showed that pre-digested or purified triglyceride did not improve the lymphatic transport and bioavailability of CBD in comparison to sesame oil. Moreover, the results suggest that both the absorption of lipids and the absorption of co-administered CBD were more efficient following administration of natural sesame oil vehicle compared with pre-digested lipids or purified trioleate. However, this natural oil-based formulation also leads to considerable variability in absorption of CBD [1]. Therefore, the second approach in this thesis was to test the performance of lipid-based formulations with the addition of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or surfactants to the sesame oil vehicle in vitro and in vivo using CBD as a model drug. The in vitro lipolysis has shown that addition of the MCT leads to a higher distribution of CBD into the micellar phase. Further addition of surfactants to MCT-containing formulations did not improve distribution of the drug into the micellar phase. In vivo, formulations containing MCT led to lower or similar concentrations of CBD in serum, lymph and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), but with reduced variability. MCT improves the emulsification and micellar solubilisation of CBD, but surfactants did not facilitate further the rate and extent of lipolysis. Even though addition of MCT reduces the variability, the in vivo performance for the extent of both lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability remains superior with a pure natural oil vehicle [2]. These results lead to the hypothesis that differences in composition of vegetable oils lead to differences in promotion of intestinal lymphatic transport of lipophilic drugs. Therefore, the differences in composition of sesame, sunflower, peanut, soybean, olive and coconut oils and their corresponding role as vehicles in promoting CBD lymphatic targeting and bioavailability were investigated in this thesis. The comparative analysis suggested that the fatty acids profile of vegetable oils is overall similar to the fatty acids profile in the corresponding chylomicrons in rat lymph. However, arachidonic acid (C20:4), was introduced to chylomicrons from endogenous nondietary sources in all cases. Overall, fatty acid composition of natural vegetable oils vehicles affected the intestinal lymphatic transport and bioavailability of CBD following oral administration in this work. Olive oil led to the highest concentration of CBD in the lymphatic system and systemic circulation and low variability in comparison to other natural vegetable oils following oral administration in rats. The natural rapeseed oil bodies also used as lipid-based vehicles to facilitate CBD oral bioavailability and lymphatic transport in this thesis. The oral bioavailability of CBD was 1.7-fold higher in oil bodies-based formulation than rapeseed oil-based formulation in rats. This finding indicates that oil bodies could potentially to improve lipophilic drug systemic exposure and lymphatic targeting in comparison to simple oils, and their other pharmaceutical properties as a drug delivery carrier needs to be further investigated. Overall in this thesis, olive oil and oil bodies are preferred lipid vehicles for improving intestinal lymphatic transport and bioavailability of co-administered CBD following oral administration.
... The main functional ingredients of sesame oil (SO) are polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs, vitamin E [20], and lignans, including sesamin, episesamin, and sesamolin [21]. In addition, sesame seeds has been also consumed as a therapeutic agent in Asia for decades [22]. A limited number of studies have investigated the effect of sesame oil on cardiometabolic health. ...
Aims
To compare the effects of replacing regular dietary oils intake with sesame (SO), canola (CO), and sesame–canola (SCO) oils (a novel blend), on cardiometabolic markers in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in a triple-blind, three-way, randomized, crossover clinical trial.
Methods
Participants were assigned to receive SO, CO, and SCO in three 9-week phases (4 weeks apart). Cardiometabolic makers (serum lipids, Apolipoprotein, cardiovascular risk scores, kidney markers, and blood pressure) were considered at the beginning and the end of intervention phases.
Results
Ninety-two, ninety-five, and ninety-five participants completed the SO, SCO, and CO periods, respectively. After CO consumption, serum Apo A-1 concentrations were significantly higher compared with the SCO period in the whole population (p < 0.05). A considerable reduction in visceral adiposity index values was seen in the CO compared with the SO period in males (p < 0.05). Serum high-density lipoprotein concentration was also significantly higher after the SO intake compared with SCO in females (p < 0.05). The between-period analysis showed a substantial reduction in diastolic blood pressure in the SCO period compared with the CO and SO periods and lower systolic blood pressure after SCO versus CO intake in males (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Canola oil might protect CVD through improving Apo A-1 levels in patients with T2DM (particularly in females) and visceral adiposity index in male patients. However, the blend oil might beneficially affect blood pressure in men. Future sex-specific studies might warrant the current findings.
Registry of clinical trials
This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT, registration ID: IRCT2016091312571N6).
... Members of the panel were divided into two groups: Group 1 received the 0.5% (v/v) PFO-SM drink and Group 2 received the 1.0% (v/v) PFO-SM drink. Sessions were conducted in an air-conditioned sensory test laboratory under conditions of controlled lighting and ambient temperatures (22)(23)(24)(25) • C) at the Program of Food Production and Innovation, Faculty of Integrated Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Doi Saked Campus, Chiang Mai, Thailand. After a period of training on the use of these products, the PFO-SM drinks were blind-tested in triplicate by the panel. ...
This study aimed to develop perilla fruit oil (PFO)-fortified soybean milk (PFO-SM), identify its sensory acceptability, and evaluate its health outcomes. Our PFO-SM product was pasteurized, analyzed for its nutritional value, and had its acceptability assessed by an experienced and trained descriptive panel (n = 100) based on a relevant set of sensory attributes. A randomized clinical trial was conducted involving healthy subjects who were assigned to consume deionized water (DI), SM, PFO-SM, or black sesame-soybean milk (BS-SM) (n = 48 each, 180 mL/serving) daily for 30 d. Accordingly, health indices and analyzed blood biomarkers were recorded. Consequently, 1% PFO-SM (1.26 mg ALA rich) was generally associated with very high scores for overall acceptance, color, flavor, odor, taste, texture, and sweetness. We observed that PFO-SM lowered levels of serum triglycerides and erythrocyte reactive oxygen species, but increased phagocytosis and serum antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) when compared to SM and BS-SM. These findings indicate that PFO supplementation in soybean milk could enhance radical-scavenging and phagocytotic abilities in the blood of healthy persons. In this regard, it was determined to be more efficient than black sesame supplementation. We are now better positioned to recommend the consumption of PFO-SM drink for the reduction of many chronic diseases. Randomized clinical trial registration (Reference number 41389) by IRSCTN Registry.
... Moreover, many of these bioactive compounds are now being used as food additives in the production of various functional foods, that is, nutraceuticals. Likewise, these are also being utilized in pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and fungicides owing to the antiseptic properties of sesame [20]. Sesame cake flour has also been studied for having good free radical scavenging potential of antioxidants [21]. ...
e major issue of the current era is an unbalanced and poor diet like unhealthy fast foods, the main cause of various diseases. Most nutraceutical and pharma industries formulating the medicines from artificial sources are expensive and have several side effects. However, scientists are making efforts to find out the natural sources of medicines for the betterment of human health and treatment of diseases. Simultaneously, the worldwide preferences have shifted from artificial to natural resources and uncon-ventional crops (i.e., oilseeds as protein source) and foods are becoming part of regular diet in most of the community, nutraceutical, and pharma industries. Sesame (SesamumindicumL.) is one of the unconventional crops providing multiple benefits due to its special bioactive components, such as sesamin, sesaminol, and gamma-tocopherol, and fatty acids composition like unsaturated fatty acids (i.e., oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearidonic acid, palmitoleic acid, and traces of linolenic acid). Sesame seed oil supplementation not only improves the quality of snack frying oils but also plays a key role in the formation of good quality healthy snack foods. Moreover, its seeds and oil play imperative role in the formulation of medicines utilized for different ailments. e current review highlights the importance and utilization of sesame seed and oil in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and food (especially snacks) industries.
... Sesame seeds are also rich in minerals (calcium, iron, phosphorus) and vitamins (vitamin A, thiamine, and riboflavin) (Obiajunwa, 2005). Sesame seeds are consumed as food, as well as in pharmaceutical and chemical industries (Hwang, 2005;Namiki, 2007) due to their high therapeutic and nutritional values (Liu et al., 2011;Morcos et al., 2013;D'Souza et al., 2016;Dissanayake et al., 2017). ...
Decline of bee pollinators results in insufficient crop pollination, lowering the quality, and quantity of crop yields. In Sri Lanka, there is a lack of research on the importance of local bees in sesame pollination. The current study investigated the role of Sri Lankan native bees in pollinating sesame and increasing crop productivity. The research was carried out at Meewatura Farm, located in the Kandy District of the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Three pollination trials were conducted to determine the contribution of bees to enhance seed number, weight, and germinability of sesame, selecting 100 sesame flower buds randomly for each trial. One set of flowers buds was covered to prevent bee visits; another set was kept open to enable bee visits, while the third set was pollinated by hand. Six bee species; Systropha tropicalis, Gnathonomia nasicana, Lasioglossum serenum (F: Halictidae), Apis cerana, Amegilla comberi, and Ceratina binghami (F: Apidae), were identified as visitors of sesame flowers. Period of stigma receptivity (0700 - 1100 h) and pollen availability (0640 - 1000 h) coincided with the highest bee activity period from (0830 - 1030 h). Significant differences (p < 0.05) in seed number, seed weight, and seed germinability were detected among the three trials. Open flowers had significantly higher seed number (p = 0.0001) and seed germinability (p = 0.0001) than covered flowers. Although there was no significant difference in seed weight between seeds produced from open flowers and covered flowers, the seed weight of hand-pollinated flowers was significantly higher than the other two treatments (p = 0.0001). This pioneering study highlights the role of native bees of Sri Lanka to enhance production in S. indicum in terms of seed number and quality.
... A previous metaanalysis by Khalesi et al. showed that sesame affected the level of TG markedly (32), and its public health implication is bright. Sesame was widely applied for its heart protection (33) which may be because of its lignans such as sesamin and sesamolin (34,35). Sesamin is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, whose molecular formula is C 20 H 18 O 6 , and its weight per mole is 354.35 g (36). ...
Aims
Sesamin, the main lignin constituent of sesame, plays a pivotal role in regulating physical state. Some studies have evidenced that the supplementation of sesamin may decrease cardiovascular disease risk. The goal of this systematic review was to summarize evidence of the effects of sesamin supplementation on obesity, blood pressure, and lipid profile in humans by performing a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Data Synthesis
Five databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched electronically from inception to July 2021 to identify randomized controlled trials that assessed the impact of sesamin on obesity, blood pressure, and lipid profile. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and standard deviation (SD) were used to present the major outcomes.
Conclusions
Seven trials (n = 212 participants) were included in the overall analysis. Results showed that sesamin supplementation caused a great reduction in TC (WMD: -10.893 mg/dl, 95% CI: −19.745 to −2.041, p = 0.016), LDL-c (WMD: -8.429 mg/dl, 95% CI: −16.086 to −0.771, p = 0.031), and SBP (WMD: −3.662 mmHg, 95% CI: −6.220 to −1.105, p = 0.005), whereas it had no effect on HDL-c, TG, DBP, or weight. Subgroup analysis showed that duration, parallel design, and unhealthy status can affect TC, LDL-c, and SBP evidently. We did not discover a strong link between indicators’ changes and duration of supplementation. Sesamin can be used as an obtainable dietary supplement to improve blood pressure and blood lipids, and further as a health product to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
... About 50% of sesame seeds is oil of which approximately 39.1% are MUFA, and about 40% are PUFA [72]. MUFArich diets can increase thermogenesis by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system [73,74]. ...
Background:
Clinical evidences showing the effects of sesame oil on metabolic biomarkers led to inconsistent results.
Propose:
This meta-analysis was designed to examine the effects of sesame oil on metabolic biomarkers in adults, including the maximum number of clinical trials.
Methods:
Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were systematically searched to date up to July 2021 to identify eligible clinical trial studies. We obtained the pooled estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects meta-analysis.
Result:
Meta-analysis showed that sesame oil consumption significantly lowered the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD: -3.268 mg/dl; 95% CI: -4.677, -1.86; P < 0.001), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (WMD: -4.847 nmol/dL; 95% CI: -7.051, -2.698; P < 0.001) between the intervention and control groups. Also, this study showed sesame oil consumption significantly decreased HbA1C (WMD: -2.057%; 95% CI: -3.467, -0.646; P = 0.004), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: -2.679 mmHg; 95% CI: -5.257, -0.101; P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD: -1.981 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.916, -0.046; P = 0.045), body weight (WMD: -0.346 kg; 95% CI: -0.641, -0.051; P = 0.021), and body mass index (BMI) (WMD: -0.385 kg/m2; 95% CI:-0.721, -0.049; P = 0.025) after intervention. No significant effect was seen in serum insulin levels (p > .05).
Conclusions:
The current study provided some evidence regarding the beneficial effects of sesame oil on metabolic biomarkers. Further studies are still required to confirm our results.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-00997-2.
... Besides, favorable amounts of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (~8.3%) can be a possible advantage of CO (Zambiazi et al., 2007). Sesame oil (SO), another popular oil consumed especially in Asian countries (Namiki, 2007), is characterized by considerable amounts of vitamin E (~40 mg/100 g oil) (Sankar, Rao, Sambandam, & Pugalendi, 2006), phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, and lignans (e.g., sesamin, sesaminol, sesamol, sesamolinol, and sesamolin) (Pathak, Rai, Kumari, & Bhat, 2014;Sukumar, Arimboor, & Arumughan, 2008). It was shown that sesamin, as the most abundant lignan in sesame, has favorable effects on body weight, blood pressure, and lipid profile (Miyawaki et al., 2009;Rogi, Tomimori, Ono, & Kiso, 2011;Yuliana et al., 2011). ...
Limited data exist on the cardiometabolic effects of sesame oil compared with canola oil. In the present study, 77 overweight adults were randomized to replace their regularly consumed oils with canola (CO), sesame (SO), and sesame‐canola oils (SCO, 40% SO, and 60% CO) in three 9‐week phases. Blood pressure, visceral adiposity index, serum apo‐proteins (APOs) and lipid profile, glycemic control markers, kidney markers, liver enzymes, and cardiovascular disease risk scores were assessed at baseline and endline. After adjustment for confounders, SO significantly reduced serum alkaline aminotransferase (ALT) compared to CO (p ≤ 0.05) in all participants, increased serum urea compared to SCO in males, and decreased serum alkaline phosphatase compared to other oils in males, and improved serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and triglycerides (TG) compared to SCO, and eGFR compared with CO in females (p ≤ 0.05). Canola oil significantly improved serum Apo A1 and APO B/A ratio compared with SO, in males (p ≤ 0.05). Sesame‐canola oil significantly reduced serum urea compared to other oils in all participants (p ≤ 0.05). Sesame oil and SCO might beneficially affect serum ALT and urea, respectively. Intervention oils might have different cardiometabolic effects in each gender. Further studies are needed to confirm our results (Trial registration code: IRCT2016091312571N6).
... The total phenol content of the extracts was positively correlated with the antioxidant potential. As a matter of fact, sesame seeds possess different biological potentials as hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antileishmanial activity, and cardioprotective potentials [3,5,6]. Similarly, seed oil has been recently regarded as functional oil with antioxidant properties [7,8] and auditory-protective effects [9], among others. ...
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil crop whose cultivation is distributed all over the world. Sesame oil has been regarded as functional oil with antioxidant properties in several in vivo studies. In this context, the present study describes the metabolic profiling of the oil extracted from sesame seeds to provide new clues about the composition of minor components, including phenolic compounds. It was performed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection, and quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MS), and tandem MS/MS. The characterization of the metabolites was based on their retention time, UV spectra, accurate MS, and MS/MS data. In this way, 86 compounds were characterized and belonged to several classes, namely, phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans, organic acids, and amino acids. Among them, 64 metabolites seem to pass directly from the cake to the oil and hence contributing to its antioxidant potential. Further studies are needed to figure out the presence of such phenolics in virgin oil and after oil refining and the influence in its functionality since most studies only characterized lignans like sesamol.
... They were reviewed and classified into lignans, flavonoids, phenolic acids, among others, considering each metabolite name, molecular formula, occurrence, geographical origins, extraction, and analytical method. However, most of the reported studies focused on lignans as they possess valuable biological activities [14]. They are naturally occurring phenolics composing two phenyl propane units by a β-β linkage with several biological activities. ...
... Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) has been used as a traditional plant-based therapy worldwide, most commonly in Asian regions [6]. Sesame seed and its products (oil, flour, and dietary supplement) are good sources of lignan compounds (sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol, and episesamin) [7]. ...
Objectives:
In recent years, diabetes has become a global health problem that creates a tremendous economic burden for many countries. Clinical trials evaluating the hypoglycemic effects of sesame consumption have produced conflicting results. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of sesame as a popular natural herb on glycemic indices in adults.
Methods:
The search for related articles in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library was conducted through May 2021. Results were reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model.
Results:
A total of 605 studies were identified through online searching, and a total of eight RCTs representing 382 participants were included in this study. The meta-analyses revealed that sesame consumption significantly decreases serum fasting blood sugar (FBS): (WMD: -28.23 mg/dl; 95% CI (-39.16, -17.13), I 2 = 97.6%; 95% CI (96, 98)), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): (WMD: -1.00%; 95% CI (-1.11, -0.88), I 2 = 0%; 95% CI (0, 79)) as compared to the control group.
Conclusion:
This study provides evidence of the hypoglycemic effects of sesame consumption, particularly in diabetic patients. Additional RCTs on sesame and its preparations should be conducted in different populations to increase generalizability.
... Susam tohumları sağlığı geliştirici etkilerde önemli bir rol oynayan lignanların içermektedir. Hem sesamin hem de sesamolin, susam tohumunun karakteristik lignanlarıdır [10]. ...
... It is cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries, such as China, India, Myanmar, Sudan, countries of Central America and other regions with similar climate. Although sesame is considerably widespread for its edible seeds, it is also known for its products [12], namely, sesame oil and sesame paste (tahini) [13]. Regarding their nutritional value, sesame seeds are rich in unsaturated fats (48-55%), especially in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). ...
Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) are rich in unsaturated fats, and also contain tocopherols and lignans (sesamin, sesamolin and sesamol), which may exhibit antioxidant properties. Sesame paste, or tahini, a semi-solid product of sesame, has not been examined in detail. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of tahini consumption on oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk indices in healthy men. Twenty healthy men with mean age of 28 years and mean BMI of 25.81 kg/m2 were included in the study. After a 12 h fast, baseline blood and urine samples were collected. After consumption of 50 g of tahini, blood and urine samples were collected at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h postprandially. Serum or plasma samples were used for the measurement of glucose, triglycerides, total phenolic content and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), while levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2a were measured in urine samples. Plasma glucose was significantly lower at 1, 3 and 4 h after tahini consumption compared to baseline (p < 0.05). A trend of increase in total phenolic content (p = 0.092) was observed 4 h postprandially. Alongside, significant increases in both serum triglyceride (p < 0.001) and urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2a levels (p = 0.016) were reported at the end of the trial. No differences were reported in FRAP postprandially compared to baseline. Consumption of 50 g of tahini, either as part of a healthy breakfast or by replacing snacks with a less desirable lipid profile, could be a good practice for modern consumers.
... Sesame, one of the oldest domesticated oilseed crops, is mainly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Bedigian and Harlan 1986;Ashri 2007). Sesame seed is regarded as "the queen of oil seeds" and one of the best health foods because of the high quality of its oil and its nutritive value (Ashri 1998;Namiki Abstract Improving yield is one of the most important targets of sesame breeding. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield-related traits is a prerequisite for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and QTL/gene cloning. ...
Improving yield is one of the most important targets of sesame breeding. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield-related traits is a prerequisite for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and QTL/gene cloning. In this study, a BC1 population was developed and genotyped with the specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing technology, and a high-density genetic map was constructed. The map consisted of 13 linkage groups, contained 3528 SLAF markers, and covered a total of 1312.52 cM genetic distance, with an average distance of 0.37 cM between adjacent markers. Based on the map, 46 significant QTLs were identified for seven yield-related traits across three environments. These QTLs distributed on 11 linkage groups, each explaining 2.34–71.41% of the phenotypic variation. Of the QTLs, 23 were stable QTLs that were detected in more than one environment, and 20 were major QTLs that explained more than 10% of the corresponding phenotypic variation in at least one environment. Favorable alleles of 38 QTLs originated from the locally adapted variety, Yuzhi 4; the exotic germplasm line, BS, contributed favorable alleles to only 8 QTLs. The results should provide useful information for future molecular breeding and functional gene cloning.
... Hence, sesame oil has gained attention not only as an edible oil but also as a potential nutraceutical ( Bolanle, 2014 ). As such, it prevents prostate disease, retard the progression of hypertension ( Namiki, 2007 ), mitigates arthritis and dyslipidemia ( Khatun et al., 2019 ), reduces bladder and urethral pressure, improves bladder compliance, prevents diabetes ( Haidari et al., 2016 ), lowers the risks of gastric, breast, lung and colorectal cancers, and possesses a good antioxidant potential ( Baky et al., 2016 ). Similarly, seeds of fava beans are used as an important vegetable for the preparation of various dishes. ...
This work evaluates the physicochemical properties and fatty acids profile of Sesamum indicum (SSiO) and Vicia faba (SVfO) seed oils, and studies the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of the composite oil (CO) of the seed oils in high lipid diet (HLD) induced male Wistar rats. To investigate the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of the CO, the rats were randomly assigned into six groups: group-I (control), group-II (HLD), group-III (HLD+CO-100mg/kg), group-IV (HLD+CO-200mg/kg), group-V (HLD+CO-400mg/kg), and group-VI (HLD+atorvastatin-10mg/kg). We found that the SSiO contained highest proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acid (42.18%) and lowest proportion of total saturated fatty acid (16.21%), while the SVfO reflected highest total monounsaturated fatty acid (49.48%). In addition, the SSiO contained a high amount of oleic (41.30%) and linoleic acid (41.92%), whereas the SVfO contained a high amount of eicosenoic acid (44.26%). The administration of all the CO doses demonstrated a significant decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein-B, and malondialdehyde, and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein-A1, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels. The CO was also effective in histopathological changes in adipose tissue. The promising findings indicate that the CO has potential utility as a natural supplement and functional food to prevent hyperlipidemia.
Since the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in host homeostasis and energy balance, changes in its composition can be associated with disease states through the promotion of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders and increasing intestinal permeability, ultimately leading to the impairment of intestinal barrier function. Za’atar is one of the most popular plant-based foods in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Za’atar is a mixture of different plant leaves, fruits, and seeds and contains hundreds of antioxidant compounds, especially polyphenols, and fiber, with pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggesting health-promoting effects in cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Za’atar compounds have also been studied from a gastrointestinal perspective, concerning both gut microbiota and gastrointestinal diseases. Antioxidants such as Za’atar polyphenols may provide beneficial effects in the complex interplay between the diet, gut microbiota, and intestinal permeability. To our knowledge, no studies have reported the effects of the whole Za’atar mixture, however, based on the pre-clinical studies published on components and single compounds found in Za’atar, we provide a clinical overview of the possible effects on the gastrointestinal tract, focusing mainly on carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, and other polyphenols. We also cover the potential clinical applications of Za’atar mixture as a possible nutraceutical in disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract.
The efficacy of roasted sesame oil (SO) on the oxidation deterioration of sunflower oil (SFO) during heating was investigated. The concentrations of SO in the SFO were 0, 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. The oxidation profile of oil samples was monitored by evaluating the generation of oxidation products and chemical alterations in the oils' composition during heating at frying temperature (180 °C). The results showed that the oxidation parameters (free fatty acid, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation status, thiobarbituric acid value, and color index) increased significantly in SFO compared to blends or SO during thermal treatment. During heating, the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was reduced with increased level of saturated fatty acids; these results were observed more in SFO than those of SO or blend oils. However, the presence of SO in SFO reduced the decomposition of PUFA. In Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the peak intensities were significantly altered in SFO compared to the blend oils during heating. Based on the most analytical data, it may be agreed that the heating at frying temperature led to the generation of relatively higher contents of oxidative products in SFO compared to blend oils, showing a lower degree of oxidation occurred in blends. The best frying performance for the SFO was achieved by using 30% SO extracted from the roasted sesame seed. This study showed the proper blending of high polyunsaturated oil with SO can produce oil blends with high nutritional values and enhanced stability for daily cooking and deep-frying applications.
Background: Wheat and maize flour still represent the bulk ingredient in complementary foods. There is an increasing interest in traditional cereal grain-based products due to their positive health effects. The positive health benefits include; more protein and fiber content than modern grains and most are naturally gluten-free. Aims: To identify available traditional grain-based complementary food options used for children aged 6-23months in Africa, including the effects of various processing techniques on the nutritional value of the food products. Material and Methods: We searched SciELO, Google Scholar, AGORA, JSTOR, MedLine, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online, and PubMed databases for the following (a) studies on the formulation of homemade or commercialized traditional grain-based complementary feeding porridges, (b) studies where traditional grains such as sorghum, finger millet, guinea millet, and pearl millet were used as the main ingredient. In addition, we evaluated the food processing techniques used, the resultant nutritional quality, and the acceptability of the product. Results: Thirteen eligible studies were identified. Traditional grains used frequently as complementary foods for children aged 6-23 months in Africa were pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), millet (Panicum miliaceum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor. L), and finger millet (Eleusine coracana). The most common techniques to improve the nutrition content of the foods were: fermentation, germination, and addition of legumes. Additionally, minor investigations have been carried out on effectiveness of these porridges in reducing malnutrition prevalence in this age group. Conclusions: In overall more studies are required with the focus on investigating the development of novel strategies to improve the nutritional profiles, safety, and acceptability of traditional grain-based complementary foods. Furthermore, their effectiveness to improve nutrition status of children needs to be investigated. Keywords: Complementary food, Infants, Traditional Grains, Africa.
To study the physicochemical properties of sesame paste produced by a novel process technology—ball milling, the effects of different ball milling times (8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 min) at 650 rpm on particle size, texture, rheological properties, volatile compounds, consumer sensory evaluation, and microstructure of sesame paste were investigated. The results showed that ball milling has no significant differences in proximate composition and color of sesame paste, but the D90 value of particle size decreased to 32.04 μm. Compared to others, the sesame paste ball‐milled for 8 min has the highest viscosity of 277.195 g·sec. The sesame paste obtained by ball milling for 32 and 40 min produced 55 and 56 volatile compounds respectively. Regardless of male and female, sesame paste obtained by ball milling for 24, 32, and 40 min have the high overall acceptability. This investigation shows that ball milling is a new technology of potentially great value in the industrial production of sesame paste, which can be used to produce high‐quality sesame paste with specific characteristics.
Lignans are naturally-occurring compounds produced and accumulated in several edible and medicinal plants, which can be subdivided biosynthetically into lignans and neolignans. Once consumed, they can be transformed by gut microbiota into bioactive mammalian lignans. Such is the case of the conversion of the most studied and known dietary lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), into enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END). Updated results comprising the action of these lignans (even other (neo)lignans) suggest that they exhibited positive effects on different diseases/disorders due to their free radical scavenging activity or capacity and capability to coordinate divalent transition metal ions to form complexes, in spite of a plausible, partially-registered prooxidant action. Therefore, some (neo)lignans are described as favorable chemical entities to human health, which their safety is also suitable since no detrimental effects are reported for the intake of some dietary lignans, exhibiting a more preventive than curative effect on diseases. Hence, in order to cover such an information about dietary (neo)lignans and their potential on human health as antioxidants, this document gathers the available information from chemical and biological point-of-views, including several topics such as sources, chemistry, bioavailability, antioxidant activity and action mechanisms, beneficial effects, and in vitro and animal/clinical studies.
Sesame seeds are promulgated as traditional high-quality edible oil crops, which are rich in lipid (40%–65%), protein (19%–35%), and a variety of bioactive compounds. The review starts with bioactive components (fatty acid, tocopherol, phytosterol, sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol) of sesame seeds. The main part of the review considers processing techniques for extracting oil (aqueous extraction and pressing) from seeds. Novel technologies, such as enzyme-assisted aqueous, supercritical CO2, and microwave-assisted solvent extraction, are also discussed. The methods of utilization of sesame seed cake are also analyzed. In the future, the processing technology of tree peony seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.
Sesame is the oldest oilseed crop known to humanity, though it contributes a small share in the global vegetable oil production. Sesame oil contains nutrients, including lignans, tocopherols, phytosterols, natural antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. It provides various health benefits such as anti-lipogenic, hypo-cholesterolemic, anti-degenerative, and neural health-promoting properties. Being an under-utilized minor crop, it has not received enough research attention for its food and nutraceutical potential. The sesame crop is a potential candidate to maintain the diversity of food oils and harness its benefits for improving human health. The present review will provide detailed research on sesame oil contents, health effects, nutraceuticals, oil quality, and value addition strategies. Also, the sesame oil nutritional quality was compared with other vegetable oils, highlighting the potential health and nutrition-related benefits. The way forward for further sesame improvement through value addition traits was also discussed.
Sesamum indicum L. is from Family:Pedaliaceae. It plays an important role in ancient culture and modern system of medicine. It is commonly known as sesame. It is cultivated throughout India, mainly for its seeds and oil. The plant traditionally used in the treatment of hemorrhoids, dys-entery, constipation, cough, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and ulcers. It also has antifungal, anticancer, antitumor, antiatherosclerotic activity. The total alcoholic extracts of all residual aerial parts of this plant show antioxidant, anticancer, antiaging and anticoagulant activities.
This was the first study to compare the key aroma-active compounds that contributed to the different aroma profiles between roasted and cold-pressed sesame oils. Aroma compounds were extracted by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and were analysed using gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The numbers of aroma-active compounds with the flavour dilution (FD) factors between 1 and 2048 were 57 and 16 in the roasted and cold-pressed sesame oils, respectively. A total of 28 volatile compounds were identified as aroma-active compounds in sesame oils for the first time. Important aroma compounds (FD≥8) were quantified by the external standard method, and their odour activity values (OAV) were calculated as the ratio of their concentrations to odour thresholds in oil. The numbers of key aroma-active compounds defined by OAVs≥1 were 23 (OAVs= 1-385) and 8 (OAVs= 1-42), respectively, in the roasted and cold-pressed sesame oils. 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (smoked, 1924 µg/kg, OAV=385), 2-methoxyphenol (smoked, 1488 µg/kg, OAV=114) and pyrazines (roasted and nutty, 578-22750 µg/kg, OAV=1-67) were the most important aroma-active compounds in the roasted sesame oil, whereas hexanal (green and fruity, 3094 µg/kg, OAV=42) was the most important aroma-active compound in the cold-pressed sesame oil, followed by (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (earthy, 4170 µg/kg, OAV=31), dimethyl sulfone (sulphur-like, 406 µg/kg, OAV=20) and octanal (green and fruity, 901 µg/kg, OAV=16). This study provides valuable information for manufacturers to achieve precise flavour control of sesame oil products.
The structural characteristics of series of mixtures of sesame paste with different sugars were studied using various rheological techniques. The sugars employed were sucrose and fructose in powder form; maltose and isoglucose in the form of corn syrup. The sesame paste was prepared either from unroasted or roasted sesame seeds. The rheological measurements were carried out using uniaxial compression to determine the Young's modulus of elasticity, lubricated squeeze flow viscometry to determine elongational viscosity as well as dynamic and creep small deformation tests. Roasted or unroasted sesame paste exhibited higher values of Young's modulus comparing to the sesame paste-sugar systems. Significant differences were recorded in the elongational viscosity values of the resulting sesame paste-sugar mixtures. The behavior of a concentrated fluid was observed for all systems. The viscosity of the sesame paste-sugar systems was affected by the concentration of sugar in the mixture and the temperature of measurement as well. Overall, results indicated that the structure of the sesame paste-sugar systems examined was mainly affected by the ratio of the sesame paste to sugar content present in each mixture.
The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of Bacillus clausii biostimulation on the phenolic profile of black sesame sprouts. Sesame seeds were treated with three bacterial concentrations (10³, 10⁵, and 10⁷ CFU/mL) and then germinated. The phenolic compounds in the seeds were quantified and identified using UPLC-DAD-MS. Interactions between B. clausii and sesame seed surface were analyzed through attachment analysis and molecular docking. B. clausii-mediated biostimulation at 10³, 10⁵, and 10⁷ CFU/mL increased the phenolic content by 93%, 83%, and 56%, respectively. The attachment of B. clausii to the seeds was presented at a range of 6–18%. Biostimulation could be involved in the synthesis of β-coumaric acid hexoside I and luteolin C-deoxyhexoside C-hexoside I and the increase in the levels of cinnamic acid (41.11-fold), protocatechuic acid (1.5-fold), xanthoxylol malonyl trihexoside (2.13-fold), hydroxysesamolin trihexoside II (2.10-fold), sesaminol trihexoside I (1.10-fold), and sesaminol trihexoside II (1.12-fold), compared with control sprouts. Levels of gentisic acid (1.49-fold), apigenin (1.34-fold), apigenin C-pentoside C-hexoside I (1.50-fold), hydroxysesamolin trihexoside I (1.48-fold), and pinoresinol dihexoside I (7.43-fold) increased during biostimulation compared with the seed control. The concentration of gluconic acid, a non-phenolic compound, was found to be increased 1.39-fold. Results from molecular docking studies revealed that binding energies for surfactin binding with galacturonic acid and xylose were − 3.6 and − 3.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, B. clausii-mediated biostimulation can be used to produce black sesame sprouts with high phenolic content and valuable phenolics to generate new sprout lines.
A method able to simultaneously obtain oil and defatted meal (rich in proteins) with high quality is preferable to others for processing black sesame seeds, which should also be green, healthy, highly efficient and sustainable. Methods including solvent extraction and hot-pressing currently available for the commercial production of oils are not able to meet all criteria just mentioned above. Therefore, development of new aqueous method of extracting black sesame oil has been promoted. In our study, we developed a new aqueous method using 1.95:10 aqueous salt solution-to-ground black sesame seed ratio which simultaneously recovered 96.54% black sesame oils and defatted meal with only 3.89% residual oils and 50.1% proteins (on dry weight basis). The oil produced had low acid value at 0.43 mgKOH/kg and peroxide value 3.37 mmol/kg and good other quality indexes. We found that proper amount of water added was essential for efficiently recover black sesame oils while other factors including temperature and time of baking raw materials to deactivate lipase activity, pore size of the sieve for ground black sesame seeds to pass through, addition of salt as well as temperature and time of agitating significantly affected the recovery efficiency. As compared with other methods, the new aqueous method had higher oil recovery rate or quality and was more environmentally friendly. No waste water was discharged during separation of oils. The experimental data can be applied to guide the design and manufacture of production line of black sesame oilseeds on a pilot or commercial scale.
As a valuable natural antioxidant, sesaminol can be used in food and medicine industries, but it is trace in sesame seeds and oil, and it is feasible to prepare sesaminol from sesaminol triglucoside (STG) which is abundant in defatted sesame cake. Therefore, in order to establish an effective enzymatic preparation method and elucidate the antioxidant structure-activity relationship of sesaminol, a suitable glycosidase for preparing sesaminol from STG were screened, enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized by single-factor test and response surface methodology, and finally, the structure-activity relationship of sesaminol was illustrated by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). These results suggested that β-galactosidase was the optimal glycosidase for enzymatic hydrolysis of STG to prepare sesaminol. Under the optimal conditions of a reaction temperature of 50°C, reaction time of 4.0 h, pH of 5.5, substrate concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, and enzyme dosage of 20 mg/mL, the conversion rate of sesaminol was 98.88±0.67%. Sesaminol displayed excellent antioxidant ability in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, IC50 = 0.0011 mg/mL), 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS, IC50 = 0.0021 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, 103.2998 mol/g) compared to other sesaminol derivatives. According to －log (IC50 of DPPH) and －log (IC50 of ABTS), CoMFA models were successfully established based on Q2 >0.5 (QDPPH ² = 0.558, QABTS ² = 0.534). The active site of sesaminol tended to be located on the hydroxyl group of the benzene ring (R1 position). A positive correlation between the bulky and positively charged groups at the 1H, 3H-furo [3, 4-c] furan group, the small, negatively charged groups at the R1 position and the antioxidant activity of sesaminol. This study provides an effective method to prepare sesaminol, reveals the structure-activity relationship of sesaminol and provides theoretical basis to design the novel compound.
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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in various biological regulatory processes in which complicated mechanisms are involved, as well as stress-responsive regulation. However, the number, characteristics, sequences and possible effects of lncRNAs in sesame response to salt stress are poorly understood. In this study, a total of 2482 lncRNAs were identified from two contrasting sesame genotypes under salt stress using high-throughput RNA sequencing, of which 599 were intergenic lncRNAs, 293 were antisense lncRNAs and 786 lncRNAs may encode proteins. Expression pattern analysis showed that most lncRNAs were expressed at a low level and a total of 700 differentially expressed lncRNAs were characterized as salt responsive in sesame. A large number of potential target genes of lncRNAs were predicted, and functional annotation analysis indicated that the differentially expressed lncRNAs in salt stress may regulate protein-coding genes involved in several important pathways related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, biotin metabolism, galactose metabolism, cyanoamino acid metabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis. Integrated analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs revealed the regulatory role of lncRNAs associated with salt resistance in sesame, and provided convincing proof of the interplay of specific candidate target genes with lncRNAs. Our results indicated that a comprehensive set of lncRNAs with potential target genes were responsive to salt stress in sesame seedlings. These findings provided important information on salinity responses and adaptation of sesame to salt stress and may constitute useful resources for more comprehensive studies on gene regulation in sesame.
The high stability of sesame oil against oxidative deterioration is attributed to lignans in its non-glycerol fraction. The present study evaluates the effects of feeding sesame lignans (sesamin and sesamolin) on Fe2+-induced oxidative stress in rats. Three groups, each of sixteen male weanling WNIN rats, were fed diets containing 200 g casein/kg and 100 g oil/kg (group 1, groundnut oil; group 2, sesame oil; group 3, sesame oil+sesamin (0·4 g/kg). After 45 d of feeding, eight rats from each group were injected with saline (9 g Na Cl/l, controls) intraperitoneally while the remaining eight rats were injected with 30 mg Fe2+/kg body weight as ferrous sulfate in normal saline. The animals were killed after 90 min to evaluate hepatic function and antioxidant status. Compared with those fed groundnut oil (group 1), sesame oil-fed rats (groups 2 and 3) had lower levels of hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, serum glutamate:oxaloacetate transaminase activities and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities, indicating protection against Fe-induced oxidative stress. Despite similar tocopherol levels in the three diets, hepatic α-tocopherol levels were higher in rats fed the sesame-oil diets (groups 2 and 3) compared with controls (group 1). However, activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were significantly (P<0·05) increased only in rats fed higher levels of lignans (group 3). These observations suggest that sesame lignans may have sparing effects on tocopherols. The increased bioavailability of tocopherols in the presence of dietary lignans might be due to the regeneration of oxidized tocopherols. The synergistic effects of lignans with tocols has nutritional and therapeutic implications.
We investigated scavenging of hydroxy radicals by lignan glucosides which are abundant in germinated sesame seeds. Hydroxy radicals were generated by the Fenton reaction and trapped with the nitrone trap 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. The resultant adduct was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. Five lignan glucosides tested could the scavenge hydroxy radicals. Four lignan glucosides at the concentrations 0.06 or 0.07μmol/ml scavenged 3.7×10⁻⁶ spin of hydroxy radicals. The scavenge activity depended upon the concentration.
We investigated the changes in lignan glycosides during germination of sesame seed. In the early stage of germination, up to 48h. sesamin and sesamolin almost disappeared, sesaminol diglucoside increased, and three new lignan glucosides appeared. These new compounds were present in the germinated sesame for at least 7 days after their appearance. Analysis of the new lignan glucosides by LC-MS and GC-MS and by their NMR, UV, and IR spectra showed that they were composed of new lignans and glucoses. A new lignan triglucoside and two lignan diglucosides were identified. The increase in and appearance of lignan glucosides, the disappearance of sesamin and sesamolin, and an increase in the activity of β-glucosidase took place at almost the same time in the early stage of germination. Their metabolism may be related.
This study investigated the effects of sesamin and α-tocopherol on eicosanoid production and immune function in the rat. Male Brown-Norway rats, 4 weeks of age, were given either control, 0.5% sesamin, 0.5% α-tocopherol, or 0.5% sesamin plus 0.5% α-tocopherol diets for 3 weeks. When sesamin and tocopherol were given together, the proportion of 20: 4n-6 phosphatidylcholine (PC) was significantly lowered in liver and lung, while that of 18: 2n-6 and 20: 3n-6 was significantly increased in liver. Simultaneous administration of these compounds significantly reduced the production by the lung of leukotriene C4 (LTC4), but there was no effect on the splenic LTC4 production and the plasma prostaglandin E2 concentration. Sesamin and tocopherol, either separately or in combination, significantly reduced both the proportion of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but the change in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was not significant. The effects of sesamin and tocopherol feeding on serum levels of IgA, IgE, and IgG were not so marked, but tocopherol significantly decreased the serum IgM level. These results suggest that the feeding of sesamin and tocopherol suppress LTC4 production through the decrease in the arachidonic acid level in lung PC.
Suspension cultured cells of sesame contained lignan compounds such as sesamin and sesamolin in higher quantity than sesame seeds or seedlings. They also accumulated several kinds of glycoside antioxidants with diverse solubilities in water. Among them, two compounds were identified as 3,4-dihydroxy-β-phenethyl-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl (l-3)-4-O-caffeoyl-β-glucopyranoside (acteoside), and a novel compound, 3,4-dihydroxy-β-phenyl-O-ethylcarboxyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (l-3)-4-O-caffeoyl-β-glucopyranoside. The components of the ethanol extract of the cultured cells were found to have marked inhibitory activity on the induction of Epstein-Barr virus associated antigen. Furthermore, these components remarkably inhibited skin carcinogenesis in mice initiated by dimethylbenz[α] anthracene (DMBA) and promoted by phorbol ester (TPA). Antioxidants extracted from cultured cells of sesame also had protective activity against ultraviolet light-induced peroxidation of membrane lipids.
Sesame seed and oil have long been used as a representative health food, and recently, various important physiological activities of sesame lignans have been elucidated. Most sesame foods are produced by roasting at about 150 °C to develop characteristic flavor and taste. The sesame oil from seeds roasted at 180-200 °C have a characteristic flavor and brown-red color, and are very stable against oxidative deterioration. Sesame salad oil from unroasted seeds is commonly purified, and is also stable against oxidation. Among lignans, sesamin was stable in roasting and almost no change occurred even at 200°C, while sesamolin decomposed mostly to give sesamol, especially in deep frying. The marked antioxidative activity of deep-roasted oil was shown to be caused by the multi-synergistic effects of Maillard-type roasted products, γ -tocopherol, sesamol, and sesamin. A very interesting fact is that sesamolin was changed effectively to sesaminol, a newly discovered antioxidative lignan, during the decolorization process of unroasted sesame oil. The deep-roasted sesame flavor concentrates containing various alkylpyrazines showed marked antithrombosis activity. Sesame lignans, antioxidative factors, and also characteristic flavor components could be extracted specifically by supercritical CO2 extraction from sesame seed or oil.
A lignan mixture from sesame salad oil containing episesamin and sesamin as major components was fed to rats. Lignans at the dietary level of approximately 0.2% tended to decrease plasma and liver cholesterol levels with an accompanying increase in the fecal excretion of neutral steroids, particularly when the dietary fat source was evening primrose oil containing γ-linolenic acid. There was a decreasing trend in the specific activity of Δ5-desaturase in liver microsomes whereas that of Δ6-desaturase tended to increase, in particular in rats fed with safflower oil. The proportion of dihomo-y-linolenate increased in response to the reduction of Δ5-desaturation activity, and that of docosapentaenoate (n-6) decreased in liver phosphatidylcholine in both groups of rats, suggesting that tignans interfered with various steps of linoleate metabolism. However, the production by the aorta of prostacyclin and by platelets of thromboxane A2 was not influenced by lignans. Thus, episesamin and/or sesamin functioned as a regulator of cholesterol and linoleate metabolism in rats.
The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignan glycosides in sesame seed was examined. β-Glucosidase only hydrolyzed sesamolinol glycoside sufficiently. However, all lignan glycosides tested could be hydrolyzed by a combination of cellulase and β-glucosidase. The optimum condition for this reaction was incubation at 50°C for 20 h with a buffer (pH 4.5-5.0). When cellulase was used with β-glucosidase, the amount of lignans obtained was 3 to 10 times the amount obtained without cellulase. The most abundant aglycon of lignan glycosides in sesame seed was sesaminol. © 1993, Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry. All rights reserved.
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Four stereoisomers of sesaminol were artificially produced after the intermolecular transformation of sesamolin by the presence of acid clay during the decolorization process used to commercially produce sesame oil. After isolating and purifying, the Stereochemical structures of four stereoisomers of sesaminol were deduced mainly by the 1H-NMR spectroscopic technique, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of the 3, 5-dinitrobenzoate of one of the sesaminol epimers confirmed the relative stereochemistry of all four sesaminol isomers.
The interaction of sesamin, one of the most abundant lignans in sesame seed, and types of dietary fats affecting hepatic fatty acid oxidation was examined in rats. Rats were fed purified experimental diets supplemented with 0% or 0.2% sesamin (1:1 mixture of sesamin and episesamin), and containing 8% of either palm, safflower or fish oil for 15 days. Among the groups fed sesamin-free diets, the activity of various fatty acid oxidation enzymes was higher in rats fed fish oil than in those fed palm and safflower oils. Dietary sesamin increased enzyme activities in all groups of rats given different fats. The extent of the increase depended on dietary fat type, and a diet containing sesamin and fish oil in combination appeared to increase many of these parameters synergistically. In particular, the peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidation rate and acyl-CoA oxidase activity levels were much higher in rats fed sesamin and fish oil in combination than in animals fed sesamin and palm or safflower oil in combination. Analyses of mRNA levels revealed that a diet containing sesamin and fish oil increased the gene expression of various peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation enzymes and PEX11α, a peroxisomal membrane protein, in a synergistic manner while it increased the gene expression of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzymes and microsomal cytochrome P-450 IV A1 in an additive manner. It was concluded that a diet containing sesamin and fish oil in combination synergistically increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation primarily through up-regulation of the gene expression of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation enzymes.
The increase in industrial waste is one of the serious social problems. In this respect, we have searched for any useful materials from wastewater in cleaning of black sesame seed, one of food industrial wastes. In this paper, we describe the isolation, the structural elucidation and the antioxidative activity of four lignans, compounds 1-4, from the wastewater and on HPLC analysis of water extracts of black sesame seed coat and white sesame seed coat. Compounds 1-4 were isolated by column chromatography and preparative HPLC. On the basis of spectroscopic evidence, compounds 1-4 were respectively identified as pinoresinol, larisiresinol, hydroxymatairesinol, allohydroxymatairesinol. Compounds 2, 3, 4 have not been detected in sesame seed. On antioxidative activity by the thiocyanate method with AAPH, compounds 1-4 showed the weaker activities than BHT. On the DPPH radical-scavenging activities by a colorimetric method, compound 3 was as effective as α-tocopherol, and compound 4 showed the stronger activity than α-tocopherol. By HPLC analysis, it was ascertained that compounds 1-4 were not artifacts but were originally present in black sesame seed coat, in addition, it was proved that the content of compounds 1 and 2 in black sesame seed coat was four times more than that in white sesame seed coat.
1) 焙煎ゴマ油の濃褐色成分はアンバーライトXAD-7に吸着し,グリセリドを主成分とする非極性の区分と分離することができた.2) 濃褐色成分をさらにシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーにより分画した.酢酸エチル,メタノール溶出区分は褐色,濃褐色を呈し,抗酸化性を示したが,これらの区分にはセサモールやトコフェロールはほとんど検出されなかったので,未知の抗酸化成分の存在が示唆された.3) 焙煎ゴマ油中の抗酸化物質であるセサモール,トコフェロール,弱い抗酸化性を示したセサミン,2)で分画した酢酸エチルおよびメタノール区分の抗酸化性および相乗作用について重量法で調べた.その結果,酢酸エチルおよびメタノール区分そのものの抗酸化性はそれほど高くなく,また,焙煎ゴマ油に含まれるどの抗酸化物質も単独ではゴマ油の高い抗酸化性には及ぼなかった.4) 焙煎ゴマ油中の4種の抗酸化成分(セサモール,トコフェロール,セサミン,メタノール溶出区分)をこの油中の含量に相当する量でリノール酸に添加して,相乗作用を検討した.2種ずつを組み合わせるとセサミン+メタノール溶出区分の組み合わせを除いて活性が高まり,特にトコフェロールとの組み合わせで著しく活性が高まった.3種,4種の混合でさらに高い活性が得られ,特に,4種の混合が最も高い抗酸化性を示した.
ゴマ種子を37℃,暗所で発芽させ,抗酸化性について検討し,次の結果を得た。(1) ゴマ種子は,24時間で幼根が現われ,7日目で全長が約11cm(平均)となり,発芽2日目から4日目にかけて,長さ,生鮮物重量,クロロホルム・メタノール抽出量に大きな変化が認められた。(2) メタノール抽出区分の抗酸化性は,発芽により著して増大し,4日目にピークがみられた。(3) メタノール抽出区分の全フェノール量も発芽に伴い増加した。(4) セザモリン,セザミンは発芽2日目には著しく減少した。セザモリンの減少にもかかわらず,セザモールの生成は認められなかった。またγ-トコフェノールは,種子では,約200μg/g seed存在していたが,発芽に伴い急激に減少し,発芽7日目には40μg/g seedとなった。アスコルビン酸は,発芽に伴い著しく増加し,4日目で約10mg%(生鮮物重量当り)になり,以後減少した。(5) (2)で増えた抗酸化力は,(4)よりセザモール,γ-トコフェロール,アスコルビン酸ではないことが明らかとなった。(6) 全フェノール量,280nmに紫外部吸収をもつ物質の増大,TLC上のフェノール呈色反応から,未知の抗酸化性物質は,フェノール性物質の可能性が強い。
Sesame seeds were pulverized in a food blender and the free calcium and oxalic acid were extracted from pulverized sesame seeds into boiling water. The total oxalic acid was extracted into 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Contents of calcium and oxalate were determined by AAS and ion chromatography. On the other hand the sesame seeds pulverized in water poured into a beaker. The calcium oxalate crystals which sank in the mixture were carefully gathered by decanting the supernatant liquid. Seventy milligrams and 800 mg of calcium were extracted into boiling water and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, respectively, from 100 g of sesame seeds. The total and free oxalic acids were found to be 1750 mg and 350 mg, respectively, per 100 g of sesame seeds. As the total calcium content in l00g of sesame seeds was 800 mg, the nutrient calcium content was estimated to be 165 mg from the difference between the content of calcium in calcium oxalate and the total calcium. © 1994, The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry. All rights reserved.
To elucidate the effect of roasting conditions on antioxidative properties, an experimental roasting apparatus that could roast small particles such as sesame seed, rapeseed and others with well-controlled temperature and time was designed and built as a trial. Antioxidative activity was determined by weighing method at 60°C, and browning of oil was determined by absorbance at 420 nm. It was shown that antioxidative activity developed significantly by roasting at above 180°C and increased with temperature. The activity of oil roasted at 200°C for 5 min was superior to that roasted at 180°C for 30 min, indicating that the development depends primarily on temperature. The increase in antioxidative activity paralleled that of browning. The tocopherol content (mostly γ-type) was not much changed by roasting even at 200°C, but that of sesamol increased with an increase in temperature : trace (150°C, 30 min), 5.62 mg/100 g (170°C, 60 min.) and 13.02 mg/100 g (200°C, 5 min). When 16 mg/100 g of sesamol was added to sesame oil roasted at 150°C, antioxidative activity was far weaker than that roasted at 200°C, indicating the presence of some other active products in the roasted sesame oil.
An extract of Chinese medicine, saishin (Asiasari radix), was found to increase the mycelial dihomo-γ-linolenic acid content of an arachidonic acid-producing fungus, Mortierelia alpina, with an accompanying decrease in its arachidonic acid content. The factors responsible for this phenomenon were isolated and identified as (−)-asarinin and (−)-epiasarinin, which are the enantiomers of (+)-episesamin and (+)-sesamin, respectively. The inhibitory effects on the Δ5-desaturase in rat liver microsomes of these factors were in the order of (+)-sesamin > (−)-epiasarinin > (−)-asarinin > (+)-episesamin. Kinetic analysis showed that (−)-asarinin and (−)-epiasarinin are non-competitive inhibitors, the Kis for rat liver Δ5-desaturase being 2.8 × 10−4 and 7.1 × 10−4 M, respectively, which are almost the same as the values of the (+)-enantiomers.
Some historical facts on and botanical descriptions of sesame are given. Some flavor studies of raw and roasted sesame seeds and oils are described. Composition and some usages are also briefly reported. Sesame has long been regarded in the Orient as a health food which increases energy and prevents aging. Sesame oil has been known empirically as a cooking oil which is highly resistant to oxidative deterioration in comparison with other edible oils. Until recently there were no scientific studies to elucidate these interesting aspects of sesame seed and oil, but the author and members of his group initiated studies on the chemical elucidation of antioxidative principles of sesame seed and oil, and extensively investigated the antiaging effect of sesame. Presence of various new antioxidative lignan phenol compounds in sesame seed and oil is described. Sesaminol has been identified as a new antioxidative principle in raw sesame salad oil. The mechanism of the superior antioxidative activity of roasted sesame oil is being elucidated and is consistent with the synergistic effect of the browning products with tocopherol, sesamol, and sesamin. Noticeable results concerning the antiaging effect of sesame have been shown in a series of animal experiments. The suppressive effect on senescence in mice by long‐term feeding of sesame was demonstrated. Sesame lignans had a synergistic effect on vitamin E activities when added to tocopherols. The addition of sesame lignans, especially that of antioxidative lignan sesaminol in the diets of rats, markedly enhanced vitamin E activity of γ‐tocopherol to the same level of α‐tocopherol, and also significantly enhanced the vitamin E activity of α‐tocopherol. These effects were accompanied by a marked increase in the concentrations of these tocopherols in blood and liver. The enhancement of vitamin E activity by lignans is very important from the viewpoint of evaluating vitamin E activity as well as the antiaging effect of various foods. Various interesting physiological activities of sesame lignans in animal and human tests were shown, such as hypocholesterolemic activity, suppressive activity of chemically induced cancer, and enhancing effect on various liver activities involving detoxification of carbon tetrachloride and ethanol. These recent developments in chemical and physiological studies on sesame seed and oil seem to partially unveil the mystery surrounding sesame though there remain many interesting physiological activities in various aspects of advanced nutritional and phsyiological sciences which need to be clarified. These recent studies demonstrate that sesame, though a minor constituent of daily diets, plays an important role in developing the potential powers of other food constituents as well as markedly raising food quality, not just in the aroma and taste, but also in nutritional and physiological aspects. Because much attention has been focused on the effect of the daily diet on health, especially on circulatory disorders, carcinogenesis, and senility, it seems that sesame seed and oil should be considered as one of the more valuable foods for good health and for good quality of life in general.
Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) of an extract prepared from moderately roasted sesame (180 °C; 10 min) revealed 41 odour-active volatiles, 31 of which could be identified by comparison of their mass spectra, retention indices, odour quality and odour threshold with reference compounds. Of the 18 aroma compounds showing very high Flavour Dilution factors in the range of 128–2048, 10 compounds [2-furfurylthiol, 2-phenylethylthiol, 2-methoxyphenol, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, 2-pentylpyridine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, acetylpyrazine, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and 4-vinyl-2-methoxy-phenol] were quantified by means of stable isotope dilution assays and their odour activity values (OAV; ratio of concentration to odour threshold) were calculated. On the basis of high OAVs in oil, especially 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (roasty), 2-furfurylthiol (coffee-like), 2-phenylethylthiol (rubbery) and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (caramel-like) were elucidated as important contributors to the overall roasty, sulphury odour of the crushed sesame material.
Sesame lignans, whose biosynthetic pathway is the subject of this study, have well-established antioxidant and health protecting properties. Using a combination of radio- and stable-isotopically labelled precursor administration experiments, it was demonstrated that E-coniferyl alcohol undergoes stereoselective coupling to afford (+)-pinoresinol in Sesamum indicum seeds. Only this enantiomer, and not its (−)-antipode, is metabolized further in maturing seeds to afford (+)-piperitol, (+)-sesamin, and (+)-sesamolin. Introduction of the methylene dioxy bridges occurs sequentially with piperitol first being formed, this being subsequently modified to afford sesamin.
Sesame seed and vitamin E are traditionally recognized to be the food components with anti-ageing effects. However, ninety eight percent of the vitamin E in sesame seed is γ-tocopherol, which has low vitamin E activity. We observed that sesame seed produced higher concentrations of vitamin E in the animal body, and could prove that the primary cause of high tocopherol concentrations in the animals fed sesame seed is that sesame lignan, characteristic components of sesame seed, inhibit the degradation of vitamin E to carboxyethylhydroxychroman. The inhibition of vitamin E metabolism is a unique characteristic of sesame seed lignans as compared with other plant lignans. We observed that tocotrienol is present specifically in the skin and adipose tissues. Dietary tocotrienol accumulated in the skin prevents oxidative damage induced by UVB irradiation. Sesame lignans induce higher tocotrienol concentrations in the skin, and act together with tocotrienol to prevent oxidative damage induced by UVB irradiation.
Sesamin is a specific inhibitor of Δ5 desaturation, the conversion from dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20: 3, n-6) to arachidonic acid (AA, 20: 4, n-6). Previously, we reported that sesamin inhibited Δ5 desaturation of n-6 fatty acids in rat hepatocytes but not that of n-3 fatty acids, from 20: 4 (n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20: 5, n-3). In this study, we investigated the interaction of sesamin and EPA on Δ5 desaturation of both series and the n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio by measuring actural fatty acid contents in vivo. Rats were fed three types of dietary oils; 1) linoleic acid (LA, 18: 2, n-6): linolenic acid (LLA, 18: 3, n-3) = 3: 1, n-6/n-3 ratio of 3: 1 (LA group), 2) LA: LLA =1: 3, n-6/n-3 ratio of 1: 3 (LLA group), 3) LA: LLA: EPA =1: 0.5: 3, n-6/n-3 ratio of 1: 3.5 (EPA group) with or without sesamin (0.5% w/w) for 4 weeks. In all groups, sesamin administration increased the content of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20: 3, n-6) in the liver and decreased the Δ5 desaturation index of n-6 fatty acid, the ratio of 20: 4/20: 3 (n-6). On the contrary, the Δ5 desaturation index of n-3 fatty acid, the ratio of 20: 5 + 22: 5 + 22: 6/20: 4 (n-3), was increased by the administration of sesamin. These results suggest that sesamin inhibits the A5 desaturation of n-6 fatty acid, but not that of n-3 fatty acid in rat livers. Sesamin administration decreased incorporation of EPA (n-3) and simultaneously increased the AA (n-6) content in the liver. The n-6/n-3 ratio in the liver was increased by administering sesamin under n-3 rich conditions, i.e., the LLA and EPA groups.
Feeding sesamin and α-tocopherol in combination, both at the 0.5% dietary level, to Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 weeks resulted in a trend toward decreasing the proportion of 20: 4n-6 and 22: 5n-6 and increasing that of 18: 2n-6 in phosphatidylcholine from various tissues, suggesting interference with the metabolism of linoleic acid. This dietary manipulation significantly reduced the production of leukotriene C4 in the lung, the splenic production of leukotriene B4, and reduction of the plasma histamine level. Simultaneous administration of sesamin and α-tocopherol significantly increased the production of IgA, IgG, and IgM by mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes, while the IgE level tended to be reduced. These effects were not necessarily apparent by feeding these compounds separately. Thus, sesamin and α-tocopherol in combination would be effective for regulating the eicosanoid production and modifying the immune function.
Since sesamin influences the metabolism of essential fatty acids, its effects on cholesterol metabolism and on the incorporation of linoleic acid were studied by using cultured rat artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Cholesterol synthesis from acetate was inhibited by sesamin in SMCs, and the distribution of incorporated linoleic acid in the lipid and phospholipid subfractions was altered by sesamin in rat hepatocytes.
This study investigated the effects of sesamin and α-tocopherol on eicosanoid production and immune function in the rat. Male Brown-Norway rats, 4 weeks of age, were given either control, 0.5% sesamin, 0.5% α-tocopherol, or 0.5% sesamin plus 0.5% α-tocopherol diets for 3 weeks. When sesamin and tocopherol were given together, the proportion of 20: 4n-6 phosphatidylcholine (PC) was significantly lowered in liver and lung, while that of 18: 2n-6 and 20: 3n-6 was significantly increased in liver. Simultaneous administration of these compounds significantly reduced the production by the lung of leukotriene C4 (LTC4), but there was no effect on the splenic LTC4 production and the plasma prostaglandin E2 concentration. Sesamin and tocopherol, either separately or in combination, significantly reduced both the proportion of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but the change in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was not significant. The effects of sesamin and tocopherol feeding on serum levels of IgA, IgE, and IgG were not so marked, but tocopherol significantly decreased the serum IgM level. These results suggest that the feeding of sesamin and tocopherol suppress LTC4 production through the decrease in the arachidonic acid level in lung PC.