Article

Using a multigene phylogenetic analysis to assess generic delineation and character evolution in Verrucariaceae (Verrucariales, Ascomycota)

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Abstract

Verrucariaceae are a family of mostly crustose lichenized ascomycetes colonizing various habitats ranging from marine and fresh water to arid environments. Phylogenetic relationships among members of the Verrucariaceae are mostly unknown and the current morphology-based classification has never been confronted to molecular data. A multilocus phylogeny (nuLSU, nuSSU and RPB1) was reconstructed for 83 taxa representing all main genera of this family to provide a molecular phylogenetic framework necessary to assess the current morphology-based classification. Four main well-supported monophyletic groups were recovered, one of which contains seven robust monophyletic subgroups. Most genera, as traditionally delimited, were not monophyletic. A few taxonomic changes are proposed here to reconcile the morphology-based classification with the molecular phylogeny (Endocarpon diffractellum comb. nov., Heteroplacidium fusculum comb. nov., and Bagliettoa marmorea comb. nov.). Ancestral state reconstructions show that the most recent common ancestor of the Verrucariaceae was most likely crustose with a weakly differentiated upper cortex, simple ascospores, and hymenium free of algae. As shown in this study, the use of symplesiomorphic traits to define Verrucaria, the largest and type genus for the Verrucariaceae, as well as the non monophyly of the genera Polyblastia, Staurothele and Thelidium, explain most of the discrepancies between the current classification based on morphological similarity and a classification using monophyly as a grouping criterion.

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... The genus is highly polyphyletic with sister genera Catapyrenium and Placidiopsis (Gueidan et al. 2007). Despite previous studies (Breuss 2008a(Breuss , 2008bGueidan et al. 2007Gueidan et al. , 2009Orange 1991Orange , 2000Orange , 2004aOrange , 2004bOrange , 2013Orange , 2014Thues et al. 2015;Vondrak et al. 2022), the genus is still poorly known taxonomically and in the light of recent phylogenetic studies is in need of a detailed revision (Navarro- Rosinés et al. 2007, Gueidan et al. 2007, 2009). ...
... The genus is highly polyphyletic with sister genera Catapyrenium and Placidiopsis (Gueidan et al. 2007). Despite previous studies (Breuss 2008a(Breuss , 2008bGueidan et al. 2007Gueidan et al. , 2009Orange 1991Orange , 2000Orange , 2004aOrange , 2004bOrange , 2013Orange , 2014Thues et al. 2015;Vondrak et al. 2022), the genus is still poorly known taxonomically and in the light of recent phylogenetic studies is in need of a detailed revision (Navarro- Rosinés et al. 2007, Gueidan et al. 2007, 2009). Members of the genus are characterised by small to large perithecia, medium-sized ascospores (ca. ...
... The genus is highly polyphyletic with sister genera Catapyrenium and Placidiopsis (Gueidan et al. 2007). Despite previous studies (Breuss 2008a(Breuss , 2008bGueidan et al. 2007Gueidan et al. , 2009Orange 1991Orange , 2000Orange , 2004aOrange , 2004bOrange , 2013Orange , 2014Thues et al. 2015;Vondrak et al. 2022), the genus is still poorly known taxonomically and in the light of recent phylogenetic studies is in need of a detailed revision (Navarro- Rosinés et al. 2007, Gueidan et al. 2007, 2009). Members of the genus are characterised by small to large perithecia, medium-sized ascospores (ca. ...
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Verrucaria pakistanica is described as a novel species from District Kohistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. It is characterised by thick, deeply areolate thallus, large superficial perithecia, a thick involucrellum (80–105 µm), i.e., conical, not reaching the substratum and larger ascospores (20–29 × 7–10 µm) than the similar V. muralis. Phylogeny of ITS and nuLSU region confirms its position within the genus Verrucaria and morphological comparison makes it distinct from other related species of the genus.
... L'ADN génomique des spécimens de Verrucariopsis suaedae et de Verrucariopsis halophila a été obtenu en employant un protocole d'extraction basé sur l'utilisation du phénol -chloroforme comme solvant organique (Zolan et Pukkila, 1986), protocole modifié par Gueidan et al. (2007). Deux dilutions (1/10 et 1/100) ont été uti lisées ensuite pour l'amplification. ...
... Cinq marqueurs moléculaires ont été amplifiés : la région ITS (séquences intergéniques transcrites 1 et 2 et unité 5.8S du gène d'ARN ribosomique nucléaire), nuLSU (grande sous -unité riboso mique nucléaire), nuSSU (petite sous -unité ribosomique nucléaire), mtSSU (petite sous -unité ribosomique mitochondriale) et RPB1 (sous -unité la plus grande de la polymérase ARN ii). Les amorces et programmes utilisés sont décrits dans Gueidan et al. (2007) pour nuLSU, nuSSU et RPB1, dans Zoller et al. (1999) pour mtSSU, et dans Gueidan et al. (2014) pour ITS. Pour confirmer l'identité de l'algue associée avec Verrucariopsis suaedae, le marqueur rbcL a été amplifié en utilisant les amorces PRASF1 et PRASR1 (Sherwood et al., 2000), comme décrit dans Thüs et al. (2015). ...
... 1). Capronia munkii et Capronia pilosella (Chaetothyriales) ont été utilisés pour le groupe externe comme dans Gueidan et al. (2007). Les séquences ont été alignées avec Mesquite v. 3.61 (Maddison et Maddison, 2011). ...
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Résumé : Description du nouveau genre de lichen Verrucariopsis Gueidan, Monnat et Cl. Roux gen. nov. dont l’espèce–type, V. suaedae Gueidan, Monnat et Cl. Roux sp. nov., a été découverte sur le littoral de Bretagne et de Loire – Atlantique, sur le haut schorre de rias où il croît sur des tiges de Suaeda vera, à l’étage supralittoral. L’étude morpho – anatomique et phylogénétique a montré que Verrucariopsis appartient à la famille des Verrucariaceae et qu’il est apparenté aux genres de lichens marins Wahlenbergiella, Mastodia et surtout à l’espèce marine Verrucaria halophila avec lesquels il est comparé dans le détail. Proposition de la nouvelle combinaison Verrucariopsis halophila (Nyl. ex Branth et Rostr.) Gueidan, Monnat et Cl. Roux comb. nov. Le thalle de Verrucariopsis suaedae est assez souvent parasité par un champignon lichénicole, Stigmidium verrucariopsidis Monnat et Cl. Roux sp. nov., décrit en appendice. =============== Resumo : Priskribo de la nova likengenro Verrucariopsis Gueidan, Monnat k Cl. Roux gen. nov., kies tipospecio V. suaedae Gueidan, Monnat k Cl. Roux sp. nov., estis malkovrata sur la litoralo de Bretonio kaj de Loire – Atlantique, sur alta salmarĉo de rioj, kie ĝi kreskas sur tigoj de Suaeda vera, ĉe la supralitorala etaĝo. Morfoanatomia kaj kladika studo evidendigis, ke Verrucariopsis apartenas al la familio Verrucariaceae kaj ke ĝi parencas al la maraj likengenroj Wahlenbergiella, Mastodia kaj precipe al la mara likenspecio Verrucaria halophila, kun kiuj ĝi estas detale komparita. Propono de la nova kombinaĵo Verrucariopsis halophila (Nyl. ex Branth et Rostr.) Gueidan, Monnat k Cl. Roux comb. nov. La talon de Verrucariopsis suaedae sufiĉe ofte parazitas nelikeniĝinta fungo likenloĝa, Stigmidium verrucariopsidis Monnat k Cl. Roux sp. nov., priskibita en aldonaĵo. =============== Abstract : Description of the new lichen genus Verrucariopsis Gueidan, Monnat & Cl. Roux gen. nov. whose type species, V. suaedae Gueidan, Monnat & Cl. Roux sp. nov., was discovered on the coast of Brittany and Loire – Atlantique, on the upper schorre of rias where it grows on stems of Suaeda vera, on the supralittoral zone. The morpho – anatomical and phylogenetic study showed that Verrucariopsis belongs to the Verrucariaceae family and that it is related to the marine lichen genera Wahlenbergiella, Mastodia and especially to the marine species Verrucaria halophila with which it is compared in detail. Proposal for the new combination Verrucariopsis halophila (Nyl. ex Branth et Rostr.) Gueidan, Monnat & Cl. Roux comb. nov. The thallus of Verrucariopsis suaedae is quite often parasitized by a lichenicolous fungus, Stigmidium verrucariopsidis Monnat et Cl. Roux sp. nov., described in appendix.
... The lichen family Verrucariaceae Eschw. is affiliated with Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, and Ascomycota, including 43 genera and 943 species [1]. Members of this family can colonize on various substrates, such as rock, soil, wood or bark, moss, and even other lichens [2]. Many species can tolerate harsh environments and participate in forming biological soil crusts (BSCs) in arid and semi-arid regions, such as catapyrenioid lichens [3]. ...
... Catapyrenium s.l. generally referred to eight genera [6], i.e., Anthracocarpon Breuss, Catapyrenium Flot., Clavascidium Breuss, Heteroplacidium Breuss, Involucropyrenium Breuss, Neocatapyrenium H. Harada, Placidium A. Massal., and Scleropyrenium H. Harada; however, later research showed that the eight genera did not cluster into the same lineage [2] but scattered in two lineages and at least three groups, i.e., the Endocarpon group, Placidium group, and Staurothele group [2,4,7], among which only the Placidium group still represented the originally defined catapyrenioid lichens that have squamulose thalli, simple ascospores, and the absence of hymenial algae, including Clavascidium, Heteroplacidium, and Placidium, although sometimes, in Heteroplacidium, areolate to squamulose-areolate thallus also exist besides the smaller squamulose thallus [2]. Placidium refers to the members with squamulose thalli, usually well-developed medulla and a lower cortex, cylindrical or clavate asci, and laminal or marginal Dermatocarpon-type pycnidia [8]. ...
... Catapyrenium s.l. generally referred to eight genera [6], i.e., Anthracocarpon Breuss, Catapyrenium Flot., Clavascidium Breuss, Heteroplacidium Breuss, Involucropyrenium Breuss, Neocatapyrenium H. Harada, Placidium A. Massal., and Scleropyrenium H. Harada; however, later research showed that the eight genera did not cluster into the same lineage [2] but scattered in two lineages and at least three groups, i.e., the Endocarpon group, Placidium group, and Staurothele group [2,4,7], among which only the Placidium group still represented the originally defined catapyrenioid lichens that have squamulose thalli, simple ascospores, and the absence of hymenial algae, including Clavascidium, Heteroplacidium, and Placidium, although sometimes, in Heteroplacidium, areolate to squamulose-areolate thallus also exist besides the smaller squamulose thallus [2]. Placidium refers to the members with squamulose thalli, usually well-developed medulla and a lower cortex, cylindrical or clavate asci, and laminal or marginal Dermatocarpon-type pycnidia [8]. ...
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Verrucariaceae is the third-largest lichen family with high species diversity. However, this diversity has not been well-explored in China. We carried out a wide-scale field investigation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China from 2017 to 2021. A large number of lichen groups, especially those commonly distributed in deserts, were collected. Based on molecular phylogeny using ITS and nuLSU sequences by Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses, combining morphological characters, seven taxa of catapyrenioid lichens in Verricariaceae were found in this study, including one genus (Clavascidium) and one species (Clavascidium lacinulatum) new to China; one genus (Placidium) new to the mainland of China; and four species (Clavascidium sinense, Placidium nitidulum, Placidium nigrum, and Placidium varium) new to science. It enriched our understanding of the high species diversity in Verrucariaceae and the lichen flora of Chinese arid and semi-arid deserts.
... Many genera within the family are polyphyletic, still requiring extensive molecular research to separate species or genera. Recent work by Gueidan et al. (2007) and Orange (2012) placed several species into separate genera including, among others, both the genera Verrucaria and Hydropunctaria. However, many species still await further study for correct taxonomic placement, with the potential of undescribed species being quite high. ...
... However, many species still await further study for correct taxonomic placement, with the potential of undescribed species being quite high. Traditional species delimitation for the Verrucariaceae has been conducted morphologically, examining key characters like thallus composition and color, ascospore septation, and presence or absence of algae in the hymenium of the ascocarp of the specimens (Gueidan et al. 2007). The genera in this family are generally fissitunicate, meaning they have an inner and outer ascus wall, with the outer ascus wall splitting to allow the inner ascus wall to be projected out of the hymenium. ...
... In the Verrucariaceae, the apical portion of the outer ascus wall is gelatinized. Recent study of the family has discovered that spore septation and algal presence or absence is variable even among species, resulting in inaccurate morphological identifications (Gueidan et al. 2007). ...
Article
Despite harsh conditions provided by wave action, salinity, UV exposure, and other pressures, lichens provide most of the substrate cover in the rocky littoral zone. We documented the vertical zonation and general ecology of several littoral members of the lichenized ascomycete family Verrucariaceae from 7 sites along Nova Scotia's Bay of Fundy coast. We identified lichens morphologically and confirmed species using ITS rDNA barcoding to provide novel biodiversity data. We documented 8 lichens in Nova Scotia lit-toral zones, with all transects showing low lichen diversity and moderate evenness. Vertical zonation was not strongly correlated with mean low tide; a variety of biotic and abiotic factors likely affected the distribution of the few species determining lichen community composition in this region.
... Taxon sampling was that of Muggia et al. (2016Muggia et al. ( , 2017 supplemented with relevant sequences available in GenBank. The selection of taxa also considered phylogenetic analyses of Gueidan et al. (2007Gueidan et al. ( , 2008Gueidan et al. ( , 2011Gueidan et al. ( , 2014, Untereiner et al. (2011), Teixeira et al. (2017, Réblová et al. (2017a,b), and Muggia et al. (2015Muggia et al. ( , 2016Muggia et al. ( , 2017Muggia et al. ( , 2019. The present dataset comprises nucLSU sequences belonging to 207 Eurotiomycetes covering the entire class (Table S1), all taxa being represented by a single nucLSU sequence. ...
... Our phylogenetic inference of the orders in the subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae and the placement of lichencolonizing black fungi comprised all recognized orders and families (for which sequences of the nucLSU locus are available) and has led to a reappraisal of relationships and altered delimitation of some taxa. Since the pioneering molecular studies of lichenized and non-lichenized rock-inhabiting fungi in Eurotiomycetes by Ruibal et al. (2005Ruibal et al. ( , 2008 and Gueidan et al. (2007Gueidan et al. ( , 2008Gueidan et al. ( , 2011, the class underwent various "adjustments" to reliably place the clades that emerged from sequence data. All these fungi are of great interest because they evolved different lifestyles albeit being closely related and sharing common ancestors (Gueidan et al. 2008. ...
... Verrucariales, with its single family Verrucariaceae, has been recovered as a fully supported monophyletic group and includes lichenized fungi forming crustose, squamulose, and foliose thalli (Gueidan et al. 2007(Gueidan et al. , 2009Muggia et al. 2010), associating with multiple lineages of microalgae (Thüs et al. 2011). They colonize various, mainly rocky, habitats ranging from marine and fresh water to arid environments (Gueidan et al. 2007;Muggia et al. 2010). ...
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Lichen thalli provide a long-lived and stable habitat for colonization by a wide range of microorganisms. Increased interest in these lichen-associated microbial communities has revealed an impressive diversity of fungi, including several novel lineages which still await formal taxonomic recognition. Among these, members of the Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes usually occur asymptomatically in the lichen thalli, even if they share ancestry with fungi that may be parasitic on their host. Mycelia of the isolates are characterized by melanized cell walls and the fungi display exclusively asexual propagation. Their taxonomic placement requires, therefore, the use of DNA sequence data. Here, we consider recently published sequence data from lichen-associated fungi and characterize and formally describe two new, individually monophyletic lineages at family, genus, and species levels. The Pleostigmataceae fam. nov. and Melanina gen. nov. both comprise rock-inhabiting fungi that associate with epilithic, crust-forming lichens in subalpine habitats. The phylogenetic placement and the monophyly of Pleostigmataceae lack statistical support, but the family was resolved as sister to the order Verrucariales. This family comprises the species Pleostigma alpinum sp. nov., P. frigidum sp. nov., P. jungermannicola, and P. lichenophilum sp. nov. The placement of the genus Melanina is supported as a lineage within the Chaetothyriales. To date, this genus comprises the single species M. gunde-cimermaniae sp. nov. and forms a sister group to a large lineage including Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriaceae, Cyphellophoraceae, and Trichomeriaceae. The new phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Chaetothyiomycetidae provides new insight into genus and family level delimitation and classification of this ecologically diverse group of fungi.
... Méthodes moléculaires L'adn génomique des spécimens de Scytinium sp. (Pinault s. n. (sans numéro), Gonnet 3450, Gonnet 5363) a été obtenu en employant un protocole d'extraction basé sur l'utilisation du phénol -chloroforme comme solvant organique (Zolan et Pukkila, 1986), protocole modifié par Gueidan et al. (2007). Puis, deux dilutions (1/10 et 1/100) ont été utilisées pour les amplifications. ...
... Genomic DNA of the three specimens of Scytinium sp. (Pinault s.n., Gonnet 3450, Gonnet 5363) were obtained using a phenol -chloroform extraction protocol based on ZOlan et Pukkila (1986), as modified by Gueidan et al. (2007). Then, two dilutions (1/10 and 1/100) were used for amplification. ...
Article
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Revision of the ecology and chorology of Scytinium imbricatum in France on the basis of newly discovered stations. New its sequences of the taxon are published, and a phylogenetic study presented.
... Méthodes moléculaires L'adn génomique des spécimens de Scytinium sp. (Pinault s. n. (sans numéro), Gonnet 3450, Gonnet 5363) a été obtenu en employant un protocole d'extraction basé sur l'utilisation du phénol -chloroforme comme solvant organique (Zolan et Pukkila, 1986), protocole modifié par Gueidan et al. (2007). Puis, deux dilutions (1/10 et 1/100) ont été utilisées pour les amplifications. ...
... Genomic DNA of the three specimens of Scytinium sp. (Pinault s.n., Gonnet 3450, Gonnet 5363) were obtained using a phenol -chloroform extraction protocol based on ZOlan et Pukkila (1986), as modified by Gueidan et al. (2007). Then, two dilutions (1/10 and 1/100) were used for amplification. ...
Article
Full-text available
Résumé : Révision de l’écologie et de la chorologie de Scytinium imbricatum en France sur la base de nouvelles stations découvertes. De nouvelles séquences ITS du taxon sont publiées, et une étude phylogénétique présentée.). =============== Resumo : Revizio de la ekologio kaj disvastiĝo de Scytinium imbricatum en Francio surbaze de nove malkovritaj kreskolokoj. Publikigo de novaj its-sekvencoj kaj prezento de kladikista studo. Abstract : Revision of the ecology and chorology of Scytinium imbricatum in France on the basis of newly discovered stations. New its sequences of the taxon are published, and a phylogenetic study presented. ============ Abstract : Revision of the ecology and chorology of Scytinium imbricatum in France on the basis of newly discovered stations. New its sequences of the taxon are published, and a phylogenetic study presented.
... Verrucaria Schrader is a notoriously-difficult group of lichens, which has been proven to be highly polyphyletic (Gueidan et al. 2007(Gueidan et al. , 2009). Numerous species have been previously described from Europe. ...
... Arnold (94% sequence similarity). These species belong to the so-called Thelidium group which is morphologically variable with regard to thallus structure, perithecium anatomy, spore pigmentation and spore septation (Gueidan et al. 2007(Gueidan et al. , 2009). Consequently, we included 15 species from this group in our phylogeny (Table 1). ...
Article
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Species of Verrucaria , characterised by large spores (at least some spores exceeding 25 µm in length), perithecia leaving pits in the rock and a pale thin thallus, form a taxonomically-difficult and poorly-known group. In this study, such species occurring in Finland are revised, based on ITS sequences and morphology. Maximum likelihood analysis of ITS sequence data was used to examine if the species belong to the Thelidium group, as suggested by BLAST search. Twelve species are accepted in Finland: Verrucaria bifurcata sp. nov. , V. cavernarum sp. nov. , V. devergens , V. difficilis sp. nov. , V. foveolata , V. fuscozonata sp. nov. , V. karelica , V. kuusamoensis sp. nov. , V. subdevergens sp. nov. , V. subjunctiva , V. subtilis and V. vacillans sp. nov. Verrucaria foveolata is nested in V. subjunctiva in the phylogeny, but due to morphological and ecogeographical differences, the two taxa are treated as separate species pending further studies. Based on the analysis, the study species belong to the Thelidium group. The studied species show a rather high infraspecific morphological, but a low genetic variation. Furthermore, they show considerable overlap in their morphology and many specimens cannot be reliably identified, based on morphology only. All species are restricted to calcareous rocks. Verrucaria alpigena , V. cinereorufa and V. hochstetteri are excluded from the lichen flora of Finland. Verrucaria grossa is considered a species with unresolved identity. Verrucaria foveolata and V. subtilis are rather common on calcareous rocks of Finland while V. devergens and V. kuusamoensis are restricted to northern Finland. Verrucaria subjunctiva occurs mainly in northern Finland. Verrucaria bifurcata has been found only from southern Finland. Verrucaria difficilis has few localities both in SW and NE Finland. Verrucaria vacillans is restricted to calcareous rocks (dolomite) on the mountains of the NW corner of Finland. Verrucaria fuscozonata , V. karelica and V. subdevergens occur only in the Oulanka area in NE Finland. A lectotype is designated for V. subjunctiva . The morphology of the Finnish species was compared with 51 European species of Verrucaria presumably belonging to the Thelidium group.
... Two species of Staurothele s.str. (sensu Gueidan et al. 2009) were used as outgroups based on the studies of Gueidan et al. (2007), Savíc et al. (2008), and Thüs et al. (2015). ...
... Recent studies using multiple gene loci have shown that Verrucaria is a highly polyphyletic assemblage of species (Gueidan et al. 2007(Gueidan et al. , 2009. In our study, we used only ITS regions for species identification and species recognition. ...
Article
The taxonomy of species related to Verrucaria kalenskyi and V. xyloxena in Finland was studied using morphological characters and analyses of the ITS region. Nine species are accepted as part of the V. kalenskyi – V. xyloxena -complex: V. danica, V. inverecundula sp. nov . , V. juankoskiensis sp. nov., V. kalenskyi , V. kiskoensis sp. nov., V. raesaenenii sp. nov ., V. tallbackaensis sp. nov ., V . aff. trabicola and V. xyloxena . The species group is characterised by relatively small perithecia and spores, a predominantly brown non-areolate thallus and their similarity in the nuclear ITS region. Only V. inverecundula differs from all other species in this group by a pale endolithic thallus and shorter involucrellum. All species are restricted to calcareous rocks and/or pebbles except V. xyloxena , which occurs mainly on calcareous soils, and V . aff. trabicola , which is epiphytic. Although morphologically similar V. modica sp. nov. is not part of the V. kalenskyi – V. xyloxena complex according to our ITS-genetree. In the ITS all other taxa of the complex form a strongly supported monophyletic clade. Verrucaria kalenskyi and V. xyloxena share almost identical ITS sequences, but are morphologically distinct. Most species treated in this study resemble V. kalenskyi but differ from that species in the following features: Verrucaria danica has a fimbriate prothallus, smaller perithecia and thinner involucrellum, V. juankoskiensis has broader spores, a poorly developed thallus and more sparsely occurring perithecia, V. kiskoensis has a thicker thallus and narrower spores, V. modica has a thicker involucrellum, V. raesaenenii has a fimbriate prothallus and perithecia often leaving pits in the substratum, and V. tallbackaensis has thalline covered, more sparsely occurring and slightly larger perithecia. Occurrences of V. xyloxena on calcareous pebbles are confirmed. Most studied species are very rare in Finland except for V. kalenskyi and V. xyloxena . Occurrences of V. danica , V. juankoskiensis , V. kalenskyi and V. raesaenenii are also confirmed from Norway. Verrucaria amylacea and V. anceps are excluded from the Finnish lichen biota. A lectotype is selected for V. danica .
... Halda (2003) while revising the Bagliettoa reinstated all the species to Verrucaria. However, recent phylogenetic studies by Gueidan et al. (2007); Gueidan et al. (2009) confirmed Bagliettoa a distinct genus and most of the species form a single lineage. These studies suggest that the genus also includes species without a splitting involucrellum, such as B. calciseda and B. marmorea (Scop.) ...
Article
The lichen genus Bagliettoa A. Massal. is being reported for the first time from India, represented by B. baldensis (A. Massal.) Vězda, B. calciseda (DC.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, and B. limborioides A. Massal. Previously, specimens belonging to this genus were erroneously identified as species of Awasthiella and Verrucaria at herbarium LWG. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, notes on distribution and ecology, and a comparison with related species are provided along with a key to facilitate their identification.
... However, the use of ascospores for dispersal in Endocarpon has allowed for long-distance transmission, providing a significant ecological advantage over lichens that rely on vegetative reproduction. This advantage is reflected in the widespread distribution of Endocarpon species across different regions and environments worldwide since they have been reported in many countries and regions ranging from terrestrial to marine and fresh water environments to arid environments, especially in biological soil crusts (Gueidan et al., 2007;Mead & Gueidan, 2020). Moreover, some Endocarpon species, such as E. pusillum, exhibit strong drought tolerance and both bionts in the symbiotic association play an important role in adaptation to harsh environmental conditions (Medwed et al., 2021;Wang et al., 2014). ...
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The reproduction and dispersal strategies of lichens play a major role in shaping their population structure and photobiont diversity. Sexual reproduction, which is common, leads to high lichen genetic diversity and low photobiont selectivity. However, the lichen genus Endocarpon adopts a special co-dispersal model in which algal cells from the photobiont and ascospores from the mycobiont are released together into the environment. To explore the dispersal strategy impact on population structures, a total of 62 Endocarpon individuals and 12 related Verrucariaceae genera individuals, representing co-dispersal strategy and conventional independent dispersal mode were studied. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Endocarpon, with a large-scale geographical distribution, showed an extremely high specificity of symbiotic associations with their photobiont. Furthermore, three types of group I intron at 1769 site have been found in most Endocarpon mycobionts, which showed a high variety of group I intron in the same insertion site even in the same species collected from one location. This study suggested that the ascospore-alga co-dispersal mode of Endocarpon resulted in this unusual mycobiont-photobiont relationship; also provided an evidence for the horizontal transfer of group I intron that may suggest the origin of the complexity and diversity of lichen symbiotic associations.
... For instance, different temperature relations and physiological parameters determine their distribution: Eurotiomycetes are, in fact, typically found in the urban environment under the influence of pollutants and traffic emissions, while Dothideomycetesare recurrent in natural, extremely cold and scarcely competitive habitats. Based on their consistent extremophilic tendency, it has been hypothesized that all black fungal lineages derived from a common rock-inhabiting or lichen-associated ancestor that has later evolved into other ecologies and lifestyles (Schlick-Steiner et al. 2008;Mayer and Voglmayr 2009;Voglmayr et al. 2011;Gueidan et al. 2007Gueidan et al. , 2008Gueidan et al. , 2011Quan et al. 2020;Muggia et al. 2021). Regardless of their phylogenetic position, indeed, many of them reside on or within bare rock, both natural outcrops and manmade artworks (Isola et al. 2016;Sterflinger 2010;Ruibal et al. 2005). ...
Article
The classes Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes include constitutively melanized fungi adapted to extreme conditions and they are widely distributed in diverse hostile habitats worldwide. Yet, despite the growing interest in these fungi, there is a considerable gap of knowledge on their functionality. Their genomic analysis is still in its infancy and the possibility to understand their adaptive strategies and exploit their potentialities in bioremediation is very limited. Here, we supply a genome catalog of 118 black fungi, encompassing different ecologies, phylogenies and lifestyles, as a first example of a comparative genomic study at high level of diversity. Results indicate that, as a rule, Dothideomycetes show more variable genome size and that larger genomes are associated with harshest conditions; low temperature tolerance and DNA repair capacity are overrepresented in their genomes. In Eurotiomycetes high temperature tolerance and capacity to metabolize hydrocarbons are more frequently present and these abilities are positively correlated with the human presence. The genomic features are consistent with the prevalent ecologies in the two classes. Indeed, Dothideomycetes are more common in cold and dry environments with high capacity for DNA repair being consistent with the normally highly UV-impacted conditions in their habitats; in contrast, Eurotiomycetes spread mainly in hot human-impacted sites with industrial pollution. Mean annual temperature and isothermality are positively correlated with tolerance to high temperatures in Dothideomycetes, suggesting that, despite their preference for the cold, they are potentially equipped to survive even when temperatures rise due to the global warming.
... ITS sequences were obtained for additional soecimens using a phenol-chloroform DNA extraction modified from Zolan and Pukkila (1986), as described in Gueidan et al. (2007). The ITS barcode was amplified using ITS1F ...
... Chaetothyrialean lichen-associated fungi have been known for 30 years (Petrini et al. 1990), but their taxonomic diversity and phylogenetic position have been clarified only during the past decade (Hofstetter et al. 2007;Harutyunyan et al. 2008;Arnold et al. 2009;Muggia et al. 2015Muggia et al. , 2016Muggia et al. , 2017Muggia et al. , 2019Muggia et al. , 2021Muggia and Grube 2018;Quan et al. 2020). Since the pioneering molecular studies of lichenized and non-lichenized rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF) in Chaetothyriomycetes by Ruibal et al. (2005Ruibal et al. ( , 2008 and the study of their evolutionary origins by Gueidan et al. (2007Gueidan et al. ( , 2008Gueidan et al. ( , 2009Gueidan et al. ( , 2011, the fungi were reclassified repeatedly under the pressure of a growing amount of sequence data. The ancestral Chaetothyriales in lichen-associated fungi and the RIF are of great interest because they are at the origin of the different lifestyles and habitats ( Fig. 1), with Pleostigmataceae and ancestral relatives (Gueidan et al. 2008(Gueidan et al. , 2011 as a cradle of diversification, possessing nascent properties that are further developed in derived families. ...
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Fungi in the order Chaetothyriales are renowned for their ability to cause human infections. Nevertheless, they are not regarded as primary pathogens, but rather as opportunists with a natural habitat in the environment. Extremotolerance is a major trend in the order, but quite different from black yeasts in Capnodiales which focus on endurance, an important additional parameter is advancing toxin management. In the ancestral ecology of rock colonization, the association with metabolite-producing lichens is significant. Ant-association, dealing with pheromones and repellents, is another mainstay in the order. The phylogenetically derived family, Herpotrichiellaceae, shows dual ecology in monoaromatic hydrocarbon assimilation and the ability to cause disease in humans and cold-blooded vertebrates. In this study, data on ecology, phylogeny, and genomics were collected and analyzed in order to support this hypothesis on the evolutionary route of the species of Chaetothyriales. Comparing the ribosomal tree with that of enzymes involved in toluene degradation, a significant expansion of cytochromes is observed and the toluene catabolism is found to be complete in some of the Herpotrichiellaceae. This might enhance human systemic infection. However, since most species have to be traumatically inoculated in order to cause disease, their invasive potential is categorized as opportunism. Only in chromoblastomycosis, true pathogenicity might be surmised. The criterion would be the possible escape of agents of vertebrate disease from the host, enabling dispersal of adapted genotypes to subsequent generations.
... In previous studies, co-dispersal in lichens was reported to occur mainly through vegetative reproduction, which is limited to short distances due to low evolutionary exibility and selective specialization (Dal Grande et in Endocarpon has allowed for long-distance transmission, providing a signi cant ecological advantage over lichens that rely on vegetative reproduction. This advantage is re ected in the widespread distribution of Endocarpon species across different regions and environments worldwide since they have been reported in many countries and regions ranging from terrestrial to marine and fresh water environments to arid environments, especially in biological soil crusts (Gueidan et al., 2007;Mead and Gueidan, 2020). Moreover, some Endocarpon species, such as E. pusillum, exhibit strong drought tolerance and both bionts in the symbiotic association play an important role in adaptation to harsh environmental conditions (Medwed et al., 2021;Wang et al., 2014). ...
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Lichen as the typical symbioses, reproduction and dispersal strategies play a major role in shaping their population structure and photobiont diversity. Sexual reproduction strategy is common in lichenized fungi, which leads to a high lichen genetic diversity and a low photobiont selectivity. Whereas a rare myco-and photobiont co-dispersal sexual patterns in lichens whose mycobiont is sexually reproductive, provides a different insight to understand how lichen population structure is shaped. Individuals from Endocarpon (Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Ascomycota) are widely distributed in desert or high mountains with well-known stress tolerance, and implement a co-dispersal strategy that their ascospores are sprayed with photosynthetic algae. A total of 62 Endocarpon individuals and 12 related Verrucariaceae genera ( Placidiopsis, Placidium , and Verrucaria ) individuals, representing co-dispersal strategy and conventional independent dispersal mode were studied to explore the dispersal strategy impact on lichen population structures. These individuals were collected from six areas, spanning almost across China from north to south. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Endocarpon , with a large-scale geographical distribution, showed an extremely high specificity of symbiotic associations with their photobiont, while the other genera showed different photobiont diversity. Furthermore, three types of group I intron at 1769 site have been found in most Endocarpon mycobionts, which showed a high variety of group I intron in the same insertion site even in the same species collected from one location. The current study suggested that the ascospore-alga co-dispersal mode of Endocarpon resulted in this unusual mycobiont-photobiont relationship; also provided an evidence for the horizontal transfer of group I intron that may suggest the origin of the complexity and diversity of lichen symbiotic associations.
... Thelidium A. Massal. is a polyphyletic genus widely dispersed within the Verrucariaceae (Gueidan et al. 2007(Gueidan et al. , 2009. The core of the species belongs to the so-called Thelium group, which also includes several species included in Polyblastia and Verrucaria. ...
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The taxonomy of lichen species morphologically similar to Thelidium auruntii and T. incavatum in Finland is being revised. Based on ITS and morphology, ten species occur in Finland. All species are restricted to calcareous rocks. The Thelidium auruntii morphocomplex includes six species: T. auruntii , T. huuskonenii sp. nov. , T. pseudoauruntii sp. nov. , T. sallaense sp. nov, T. toskalharjiense sp. nov. and T. sp. 1. In the ITS phylogeny, T. auruntii , T. pseudoauruntii and T. sallaense group together, but the remaining species are placed outside of this clade. All the species have northern distribution in Finland, occurring on fells in NW Finland and/or in gorges in the Oulanka area in NE Finland. The Thelidium incavatum morphocomplex includes four species: T. declivum sp. nov. , T. incavatum , T. mendax sp. nov. and T. sp. 2. This morphogroup is not resolved as monophyletic in the ITS phylogeny, with only T. declivum and T. mendax forming a strongly supported group. Thelidium incavatum is rather common in SW Finland, with one separate locality in eastern Finland. Thelidium declivum occurs only in the Oulanka area. Thelidium mendax occurs in the Oulanka area, but one locality is known from eastern central Finland. Thelidium sp. 2 is known from one locality in SW Lapland.
... The traditional generic delimitation relied heavily on spore septation and thallus growth form. Gueidan et al. (2007Gueidan et al. ( , 2009 used molecular data from 83 taxa to propose a more natural classification but the phylogenetic position of many taxa is still unknown, including most species of the largest genus in the family, Verrucaria. There have been recent revisions of substantial species groups (e.g. ...
Article
Twenty-eight species of Verrucariaceae are reported from Nepal. One genus and nine species are described as new: Nesothele gen. nov., sister to Staurothele s. lat., with a crustose to squamulose thallus, hymenial algae and 4–8 colourless muriform ascospores per ascus; Nesothele glebulosa sp. nov., resembling N. rugulosa but with smaller perithecia; Thelidium uvidulum sp. nov., producing a thin thallus with soralia, prominent perithecia, and 1-septate ascospores; Verrucaria antepotens sp. nov., having a well-developed thallus with dark-sided areoles, immersed perithecia, and small ascospores 12.5–16.5 μm long; V. lactea sp. nov., resembling V. praetermissa but with larger ascospores and a strongly deviating ITS sequence; V. parvipeltata sp. nov., with brown, basally constricted areoles on an extensive dark prothallus; V. senta sp. nov., with a brown cracked thallus and prominent naked perithecia; Willeya eminens sp. nov., with prominent perithecia, and differing from W. protrudens in its ITS sequence; W. irrigata sp. nov. with a thallus cracked into dark-sided areoles, and relatively large ascospores 28.5–40 μm long; W. nepalensis sp. nov. with a cracked thallus, immersed perithecia and a distinctive ITS sequence. Three species complexes might contain new taxa, but wider geographical sampling is necessary before delimiting species: Thelidium minutulum , Verrucaria elaeomelaena and V. hydrophila . Five new combinations are made: Willeya honghensis comb. nov. (for Staurothele honghensis ), Nesothele globosa comb. nov. (for Endocarpon globosum ), N . hymenogonia comb. nov. (for Staurothele hymenogonia ), N. rugulosa comb. nov. (for Staurothele rugulosa ) and N. succedens comb. nov. (for Staurothele succedens ). Four species are unidentified.
... The distribution of Psoroglaena is cosmopolitan from temperate, subtropical to tropical regions [5]. A few studies on molecular phylogeny including Psoroglaena have been accomplished [9,10] although other molecular works have been carried out at the family level without Psoroglaena [11][12][13][14][15] or the photobionts for Psoroglaena were phylogenetically classified [16,17]. Five species of Psoroglaena have been recorded in Korea since 2016, including P. chirisanensis Lőkös, S.Y. ...
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Psoroglaena humidosilvae Lee is described as a new lichen species from a wetland forest in South Korea. The new species is distinct from P. stigonemoides (Orange) Henssen by little projections locally present on the thallus; smaller, paler, and globose perithecia; smaller asci; and smaller ascospores generally 3-septate. Molecular analyses employing internal transcribed spacer (ITS), mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU), and nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU) sequences strongly support P. humidosilvae as a nonidentical species in the genus Psoroglaena. A surrogate key is provided to assist in the identification of all 22 species of Psoroglaena.
... Many phylogenetic studies of lichenized ascomycetes are designed to test morphology-based classifications. As a result, the systematic value of morphological characters in diverse groups of lichen-forming fungi is now much better understood [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Recent studies indicate that while phenotypical characters are useful in discriminating distinct lineages in many cases, they may fail to separate distinct species-level lineages with similar morphologies and/or chemistries [16][17][18][19][20][21]. ...
... Some Ascomycota species names are descriptive; providing a characteristic or combination of characteristics of the taxon (size of ascomata/conidiomata, the shape of ascus/ ascospore, conidial morphology, proportion and the color of the spores). However, numerous paraphyletic and polyphyletic species in Ascomycota independently evolved similar traits to adapt to related environments or geographical locations (Gueidan et al. 2007;Hittinger et al. 2015). Therefore, these different morphological traits are not always evolutionary significant, and these character-based names are less instructive in Ascomycota when compared to plants and animals. ...
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Biodiversity loss from disturbances caused by human activities means that species are disappearing at an ever increasing rate. The high number of species that have yet to be described have generated extreme crisis to the taxonomist. Therefore, more than in any other era, effective ways to discover and delimitate species are needed. This paper reviews the historically foremost approaches used to delimit species in Ascomycota, the most speciose phylum of Fungi. These include morphological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. We argue that a single property to delineate species boundaries has various defects and each species concept comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. Recently the rate of species discovery has increased because of the advancement of phylogenetic approaches. However, traditional phylogenetic methods with few gene regions lack species-level resolution, and do not allow unambiguous conclusions. We detail the processes that affect gene tree heterogeneity, which acts as barriers to delimiting species boundaries in classical low-rank phylogenies. So far, limited insights were given to the DNA-based methodologies to establish well-supported boundaries among fungal species. In addition to reviewing concepts and methodologies used to delimit species, we present a case study. We applied different species delimitation methods to understand species boundaries in the plant pathogenic and cryptic genus Phyllosticta (Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales). Several DNA-based methods over-split the taxa while in some methods several taxa fall into a single species. These problems can be resolved by using multiple loci and coalescence-based methods. Further, we discuss integrative approaches that are crucial for understanding species boundaries within Ascomycota and provide several examples for ideal and pragmatic approaches of species delimitation.
... In addition to fungal isolates from Fragaria, several new sequences were generated for representative taxa of the order: Phylogenetic reconstructions of concatenated and individual gene regions were performed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) (Felsenstein 1981;). Individual datasets were tested for congruency using the 70% reciprocal bootstrap (BS) threshold method as described by Gueidan et al. (2007). ML gene trees were estimated using the software RAxML 8.2.8 Black Box (Stamatakis 2006;Stamatakis et al. 2008) in the CIPRES Science Gateway platform (Miller et al. 2010). ...
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Phytopathogenic fungi in the order Diaporthales ( Sordariomycetes ) cause diseases on numerous economically important crops worldwide. In this study, we reassessed the diaporthalean species associated with prominent diseases of strawberry, namely leaf blight, leaf blotch, root rot and petiole blight, based on molecular data and morphological characters using fresh and herbarium collections. Combined analyses of four nuclear loci, 28S ribosomal DNA/large subunit rDNA ( LSU ), ribosomal internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 with 5.8S ribosomal DNA ( ITS ), partial sequences of second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II ( RPB2 ) and translation elongation factor 1-α ( TEF1 ), were used to reconstruct a phylogeny for these pathogens. Results confirmed that the leaf blight pathogen formerly known as Phomopsis obscurans belongs in the family Melanconiellaceae and not with Diaporthe (syn. Phomopsis ) or any other known genus in the order. A new genus Paraphomopsis is introduced herein with a new combination, Paraphomopsis obscurans , to accommodate the leaf blight fungus. Gnomoniopsis fragariae comb. nov. ( Gnomoniaceae ), is introduced to accommodate Gnomoniopsis fructicola , the cause of leaf blotch of strawberry. Both of the fungi causing leaf blight and leaf blotch were epitypified. Fresh collections and new molecular data were incorporated for Paragnomonia fragariae ( Sydowiellaceae ), which causes petiole blight and root rot of strawberry and is distinct from the above taxa. An updated multilocus phylogeny for the Diaporthales is provided with representatives of currently known families.
... Within the Verrucariaceae, the genus Dermatocarpon Eschw. forms a well-supported monophyletic clade [15,16,39]. It is a widely distributed genus found growing at different latitudes from tropics to the polar regions [16,21]. ...
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The genus Dermatocarpon (Verrucariaceae) is a rock-inhabiting lichen, mostly grows along the edges of lakes, rivers, streams, and watercourses. Dermatocarpon species are widely distributed from the tropics to the polar regions. In present study, D. miniatum samples were collected from the Indian Himalayas; the mycobiont and their photobionts are identified using morphological and molecular methods. The ITS rDNA markers was amplified for the DNA extracted from cultured photobiont isolates and mycobiont. The light and confocal laser scanning microscope were used for morphological evaluation of the photobionts. The nuclear ITS rDNA gene of the mycobionts and photobionts were sequenced to confirm identity. The phylogenetic trees of mycobionts and photobionts were constructed using the Maximum likelihood method that revealed an evolutionary affinity of lichen D. miniatum and photobiont Diplosphaera chodatii with similar taxa. The D. chodatii (Trebouxiophyceae) was associated with all samples of D. miniatum. This study concludes that Diplosphaera chodatii is the primary photobiont associated with D. miniatum. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of diversity for the photobiont associated with D. miniatum from India.
... The PCR thermal cycling parameters for the first three followed Orange et al. (2017), and those for RPB1 followed Gueidan et al. (2007). Sequencing was performed by The Sequencing Service (College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee; www.dnaseq.co.uk) using Applied Biosystems BigDye v3.1 chemistry on an Applied Biosystems 3730 automated capillary DNA sequencer. ...
Article
The identity of Lecanora ecorticata has been uncertain due to conflicting reports of the presence of zeorin and the loss of the holotype. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the species probably belongs in Ramalinaceae , where it is the first leprose species reported. Zeorin was found to be absent in recently collected material of L. ecorticata , including specimens from the type locality, and the report of zeorin in the lost holotype is considered to be due to contamination. A new genus, Lithocalla , is erected to accommodate L. ecorticata and a second closely related species, that occurs in the Falkland Islands, is newly combined as Lithocalla malouina . A lectotype is selected for L. ecorticata . Lithocalla is characterized by a leprose thallus containing usnic acid with fatty acids and terpenoids, but no zeorin; ascomata and conidiomata are unknown.
... To determine whether the sequence datasets for the separate loci are congruent, tree topologies of 70 % reciprocal Neighbour-Joining bootstrap with Maximum Likelihood distances were compared visually to identify conflicts between partitions (Mason-Gamer & Kellogg 1996, Gueidan et al. 2007). Molecular evolution models for the separate partitions were determined in Modeltest v3.7 (Posada & Crandall 1998) and bootstrap analyses were run for 10k replicates. ...
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Decline in the productivity of Eucalyptus hybrid cutting production in the Guangdong Province of China is linked to cutting rot associated with several Calonectria spp. The aim of this study was to identify these fungi using morphological and DNA sequence comparisons. Two previously undescribed Calonectria spp., Ca. pseudoreteaudii sp. nov. and Ca. cerciana sp. nov. were identified together with Ca. pauciramosa. Calonectria pseudoreteaudii resides in the Ca. reteaudii complex and Ca. cerciana is closely related to Ca. morganii. Connected to the dis�covery of Ca. pseudoreteaudii, species in the Ca. reteaudii complex were re-considered and the group is shown to accommodate two cryptic species. These originate from Australia and are described as Ca. queenslandica sp. nov. and Ca. terrae-reginae sp. nov.
... PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, v4.0b10; Swofford 2002) was used to analyse the DNA sequence datasets. A partition homogeneity test (Farris et al. 1994) and a 70 % reciprocal bootstrap method (Mason-Gamer & Kellog 1996, Gueidan et al. 2007) were applied to evaluate the feasibility of combining the datasets. Phylogenetic relationships were estimated by heuristic searches based on 1 000 random addition sequences and tree bisection-reconnection, with the branch swapping option set on 'best trees' only. ...
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Leaf blight caused by Calonectria spp. is an important disease occurring on Eucalyptus trees grown in plantations of Southeast Asia. Symptoms of leaf blight caused by Calonectria spp. have recently been observed in commercial Eucalyptus plantations in FuJian Province in Southeast China. The aim of this study was to identify these Calonectria spp. employing morphological characteristics, DNA sequence comparisons for the β-tubulin, histone H3 and translation elongation factor-1α gene regions and sexual compatibility. Four Calonectria spp. were identified, including Ca. pauciramosa and three novel taxa described here as Ca. crousiana, Ca. fujianensis and Ca. pseudocolhounii. Inoculation tests showed that all four Calonectria spp. found in this study were pathogenic on two different E. urophylla × E. grandis hybrid clones, commercially utilised in eucalypt plantations in China.
... Lichen material was detached from the substratum using clean tweezers and transferred to an Eppendorf tube. Genomic DNA was obtained using a phenol-chloroform-based protocol modified from Zolan & Pukkila (1986), as described in Gueidan et al. (2007). Three markers were amplified: the region including the 5.8S subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene and the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS), the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrLSU), and the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2). ...
Article
The new combination Ocellomma rediuntum (Stizenb. ex Hasse) Kantvilas, Gueidan & Tehler is proposed, supported by morphological, anatomical and molecular data. Hitherto known only from the Californian coast, this species is here recorded for Kangaroo Island (South Australia), Victoria and Tasmania. It is described and illustrated from Australian collections. The ecology of the species and its remarkable distribution are discussed.
... They found that the cyanobacteria associated with each species had diverged at ~ 170 mya, much earlier than the origin of the genus Lichina, suggesting an ecological speciation event mediated by a photobiont switch that allowed invasion of a new ecological niche (Ortiz-Álvarez et al. 2015). Further research is needed to determine whether similar switches occurred in marine Verrucariaceae, but evidence points towards a much more complex scenario, with several lineages of associated photobionts (Moe 1997;Pérez-Ortega et al. 2010;Thüs et al. 2011;Pérez-Ortega et al. 2018) and Verrucariaceae lineages (Gueidan et al. 2007;Pérez-Ortega et al. 2018). ...
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An interesting biota of lichen-forming fungi occurs along rocky seashores of cold and warm-temperate regions in both hemispheres. Most of the species belong to the family Verrucariaceae and form symbioses with an extraordinarily diverse group of photobionts. We isolated the photobionts of three species: Hydropunctaria maura and H. amphibia from the supralittoral zone, and Wahlenbergiella striatula from the upper intertidal zone. We characterized the isolated strains structurally by means of transmission electron microscopy, and molecularly using the nrSSU and nrITS and chloroplast RPL10A regions. Additionally, we studied the response of the strains to different salt concentrations, analyzed the concentration of osmoregulatory solutes, and measured photosynthesis performance by chlorophyll fluorescence and CO 2 assimilation techniques. All strains belong to the recently described species Halofilum ramosum , although we found differences in the ITS and RPL10A regions among the strains shared by H. maura and H. amphibia and the strain isolated from W. striatul a. Differences were also found in the main osmoregulatory response of the strains growing under high salt concentrations: W. striatula accumulated glycerol, while H. maura and H. amphibia synthetized sucrose. Analyses of photosynthesis performance also indicated differences in physiological behavior between supralittoral-dwelling and intertidal-dwelling species, W. striatula showing lower photosynthetic activity under high irradiance. Our results highlight the role of photobionts in determining lichen zonation on rocky seashores.
... Th. Fr.) in producing 2(-4) brown ascospores per ascus, but they differ in their squamulose habit and in having a eucorticate upper cortex, while Staurothele species are crustose and produce a pseudocortex; the two genera may also differ in their pycnidium types (Gueidan et al. 2007(Gueidan et al. , 2009. Recent studies by Gueidan and colleagues have shown that members of Staurothele s. lat. ...
Article
Staurothele nemorum is described as new to science from the southern Great Plains of central North America. The species is characterized by a thin, areolate, epilithic thallus, sessile perithecia, globose to oblong hymenial algal cells and 8-spored asci. Staurothele hymenogonia is restored to the North American flora, based on material from the south-western Great Plains. An updated key to North American members of Staurothele s. lat. is provided.
... Zudem wird sie bei entsprechender Konkurrenz rasch von Algenüberzügen verdrängt. Die Abtrennung in eine eigene Gattung Hydropunctaria beruht auf einer genetischen Untersuchung durchGUEIDAN et al. (2007), die eine deutliche phylo- genetische Sonderstellung der neuen Gattung ergab und die sich unter anderem in den in der Beschreibung genannten Flecken des Lagers auch anatomisch wiederspiegelt.Prognose bei weiterer Beweidung (~)Bisher hat das Beweidungsprojekt noch zu keiner Algendecken fördernden Eutrophierung im Reiherbach geführt, so dass derzeit kaum von einem projektbedingten Rückgang aus- zugehen ist. Solche Veränderungen sind künftig allerdings nicht auszuschließen. ...
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... In the present time molecular genetics, as well as chemotaxonomy play a decisive role along with traditional morphological methods in the investigation of lichens species. Recent works on systematics and phylogeny of lichens (Arup et al., 2013;Baloch et al., 2010;Crespo et al., 2010;Gueidan et al., 2007;Kraichak et al., 2018;Nordin et al., 2010;Otalora et al., 2014;etc.) show clearly the complexity of the problem of lichen taxonomy and the need for an integrated approach to its solution. ...
... Most fungi within the fungal orders, Ustilaginales (Barr, 1980), Platygloeales (Moore, 1990), Exobasidiales (Begerow, Bauer & Oberwinkler, 2002), Spizellomycetales (Martínez-Espinoza, García-Pedrajas & Gold, 2002), Diaporthales (Rossman, Farr & Castlebury, 2007), and Phaeomoniellales (Chen et al., 2015), are plant pathogens. Caliciales (Holien, 1996), Lichinales (Schultz, Arendholz & Büdel, 2001), and Verrucariales (Gueidan, Roux & Lutzoni, 2007) are lichenized fungi. Most members of Lulworthiales (Kohlmeyer, Spatafora & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 2000), Melanosporales (Marin-Felix et al., 2018), and Amylocorticiales (Binder et al., 2010) are undefined saprotrophic fungi. ...
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Previous studies indicate that the plant phenotypic traits eventually shape its microbiota due to the community assembly based on the functional types. If so, the distance-related variations of microbial communities are mostly only in taxonomical composition due to the different seeds pool, and there is no difference in microbial community functional structure if the location associated factors would not cause phenotypical variations in plants. We test this hypothesis by investigating the phyllospheric microbial community from five species of spruce (Picea spp.) trees that planted similarly but at three different locations. Results indicated that the geographical location affected microbial taxonomical compositions and had no effect on the community functional structure. In fact, this actually leads to a spurious difference in the microbial community. Our findings suggest that, within similar host plants, the phyllosphere microbial communities with differing taxonomical compositions might be functionally similar.
... The LSU dataset comprising 103 taxa was assembled with sequences from the three new species along with sequences from previous studies (Abliz et al. 2004;Crous et al. 2007;De Hoog et al. 2011;Feng et al. 2014;Gueidan et al. 2007;Hamada & Abe 2010;James et al. 2006;Marincowitz et al. 2008;Rakeman et al. 2005;Teixeira et al. 2017;Untereiner & Naveau 1999;Untereiner et al. 2008;Vitale et al. 2002;Vu et al. 2019) using the MUS-CLE ® multiple alignment program as implemented in Sequencher 5.4. The alignment was rooted with Placocarpus schaereri and Verrucula inconnexaria. ...
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Three new species belonging to Capronia are described from plants native to the Andean Patagonian forests, Argentina. The first record of C. chlorospora in South America is also reported. The identity of the three new species is based on detailed morpho-anatomical observations as well as analyses of ITS and LSU nuclear rDNA. A key to the Capronia species present in Argentina is provided.
... (Verrucariaceae) based on morphological characters. Neocatapyrenium H. Harada, Placidium A. Massal., and Scleropyrenium H. Harada are also morphologically related (Prieto & al. 2010b) but are independent monophyletic lineages within Verrucariaceae, according to phylogenetic analyses (Gueidan & al. 2007(Gueidan & al. , 2009Prieto & al. 2010b). ...
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Three specimens of Heteroplacidium compactum ( Verrucariaceae ), isolated from arid areas in Northwest China, were identified by morphological and phylogenetic comparisons with other species, including species of Endocarpon and Placidium (common verrucariaceous genera in the same area). This is the first report of Heteroplacidium from China.
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The family of predominantly lichen-forming Verrucariaceae, contains several lineages that have adapted to live in the stressful conditions of the intertidal and supralittoral zones of rocky seashores in both hemispheres. The marine Verrucariaceae has been the subject of several systematic and taxonomic studies over the past few decades, although these studies have primarily concentrated on groups from the northern hemisphere. This study aims to address the paucity of taxonomic studies in the southern hemisphere by examining a substantial number of specimens collected in Southern South America and maritime Antarctica over the past two decades by the authors. We opted for an integrative taxonomic approach that joins the characterization and measurement of morpho-anatomical characters, coupled together with molecular barcoding to produce species delimitations to overcome the difficulties derived by the scarcity of taxonomic characters and the high plasticity of those characters. We barcoded a total of 301 specimens using the universal barcode un fungi (nrITS) and used single-locus species delimitation algorithms (ASAP, PTP, GMYC) to produce candidate species hypothesis that were corroborated with the morphological data. Our findings indicate that the taxonomic diversity of the Southern Hemisphere Verrucaria marina group has been significantly underestimated in previous studies. A total of 27 species were found in the region, 21 of which represent new taxa for science. Thorough descriptions together with illustrations showing the main characters of the species are provided for each taxon. In addition, we explored the systematics of the new taxa. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of the family based on on six molecular markers (ITS, mcm7, nrSSU, nrLSU, mtSSU, RPB1). Our results showed that marine Verrucariaceae from the studied area belong to two distinct and non-related clades. A small group of species were related to the northern hemisphere species Turgidosculum ulvae. The second and more numerous group, which included the characteristic species Mastodia tessellata for a clade sister to the European genus Verrucariopsis. The systematic consequences of our findings are discussed. None of the previously reported species from the northern hemisphere and considered bipolar were found during our study.
Article
The new species Verrucaria aptrootii sp. nov. is described from Darel Valley, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. A comparative morpho-anatomical, chemical study and ITS-based molecular analyses confirmed the position of this new species within the genus Verrucaria. Verrucaria aptrootii sp. nov. is closely related to V. squamulosa and characterized by a not squamulose thallus, plane to concave areoles, excipulum of 25–40 µm, simple, branched periphyses, ascospores of 27–35 × 10–15 µm and calcareous rock substrate.
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Monocotyledons are one of the important groups of flowering plants that include approximately 60,000 species with economically important crops including coconut (Cocos nuciferanucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus comosus), and rice (Oryza sativa sativa). Studies on these hosts are mainly focused on pathogenic fungi; only a f ew saprobic species have been reported. This study investigated the saprobic ascomycetes associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice in southern China and northern Thailand. Approximately 200 specimens were collected, and 100 fungal strains were isolated and identified to 77 species based on phylogenetic approaches and morphological characteristics. Among the 77 species, 29, 38, and 12 were found on coconut, pineapple, and rice, respectively, distributed in Dothideomycetes (41), Eurotiomycetes (one), and S ordariomycetes (35). Pseudomycoleptodiscus , Pseudosaprodesmium Pseudosetoseptoria, Pseudostriatosphaeria and Pseudoteichospora are introduced as new genera and Anthostomella cocois, Apiospora ananas, Chromolaenicola ananasi, Epicoccum yunnanensis, Exserohi lum ananas, Hypoxylon cocois, Lasiodiplodia ananasi, Muyocopron chiangraiense, Myrmecridium yunnanense, Occultitheca ananasi, Periconia chiangraiensis, Placidiopsis ananasi, Pseudomycoleptodiscus ananas, Pseudosaprodesmium cocois, Pseudosetoseptoria oryzae, Pseudostriatosphaeria chiangraiensis, Pseudoteichospora thailandensis, Savoryella chiangraiensis, Savoryella cocois, and Tetraploa oryzae are introduced as novel species. In addition, 51 species are reported as new hosts or geographical records, and six species are reported as new collections. Pseudopithomyces pandanicola and P. palmicola are synonymized under P. chartarum, P. diversisporus synonymized under P. atro olivaceus based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. Moreover, comprehensive checklists of fungi associated with coconut, pineapple, and rice are also provided.
Article
This article is a personal impression of the key scientists who contributed to the study of marine mycology over past 174 years, especially those the author met during his career studying this unique group of fungi. Marine mycology has been a journey of discovery from a few species to nearly 2000 taxa in nine fungal phyla. Techniques for their study have advanced from morphological observations, to the use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, to the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and the unravelling of the genomes of selected species. Thoughts on the conservation of marine fungi, their adaptation to climate change and potential role in the decomposition of plastics are briefly considered.
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Endocarpon and Placidium are important components of Verrucariaceae. A taxonomic study on these two genera based on phenotypic characters and molecular data demonstrates one species new to science, Placidium patellare, and three species new to China, Endocarpon adsurgens, E. neopallidulum, and E. rogersii. Detailed descriptions and feature photos of these taxa are provided.
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Research into freshwater fungi has generated a wealth of information over the past decades with various published articles, i.e., reviews, books, and monographs. With the advancement of methodologies used in freshwater fungal research, and numerous mycologists working on this ecological group, our knowledge progress and understanding of freshwater fungi, including novel discoveries and new insights in the ecology of freshwater fungi, has advanced. With this enormous progress, it is timely that an updated account of freshwater fungi be compiled in one volume. Thus, this account is published to give a comprehensive overview of the different facets of freshwater fungal biology. It includes an updated classification scheme based on the latest taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis of freshwater fungal taxa, including their evolutionary history. The biology, diversity, and geographical distribution of higher and basal freshwater fungi are also discussed in the entries. A section on dispersal and adaptation of filamentous freshwater fungi is included in the present work. The ecological importance and role of fungi in the breakdown of wood in freshwater habitats, including their physiology, are discussed in detail. The biotechnological potential of freshwater fungi as producers of bioactive metabolites are reviewed, with methodologies in antimicrobial drug discovery. The present volume also provides an overview of different high throughput sequencing (HTS) platforms for freshwater fungal research highlighting their advantages and challenges, including recent studies of HTS in identification and quantification of fungal communities in freshwater habitats. The present volume also identifies the knowledge gaps and direction of future research in freshwater fungi.
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Taxonomists consider species as discrete units of biological organization, which are subject to a continuous process of evolutionary change and are connected through their shared ancestry. However, the continuous nature of evolutionary change is difficult to reconcile with the discrete outcome of speciation, especially where species boundaries are permeable. A good example of this inconsistency is the lichen genus Pyrenodesmia, which shows a high morphologic and genetic diversity that that defies systematization by taxonomic or phylogenetic methods. Here we show that hybridization explains the presence of discordant morphs and that European species are interconnected through cross-mating in a single reproductive network, a syngameon, despite which species remain largely distinct and distinguishable. Whole genome data reflect the important role played by genome defense mechanisms in the genomic stabilization of fungal hybrids. The recurrence of Repeat Induced Point mutations (RIP) shapes genomes with islands of suppressed recombination and loss of gene content, which in turn generates a feedback loop reinforcing the lack of reproductive isolation through the loss of heterokaryon incompatibility and a tendency towards morphological reduction.
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The present paper provides a phylogenetic and morphological study of two strains that turn out to represent a new genus and species, Rindifilum ramosum gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Ctenocladiaceae (Ulvales). Rindifilum ramosum gen. nov., sp. nov. grows in association with the lichenized ascomycetes genus Verrucaria Schrader. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the rbcL, 18S rRNA and tufA genes showed that the investigated strains belonged to a lineage distinct from those sequenced so far. Moreover, comparisons based on morphological observations revealed no differences between the two strains. The newly genus Rindifilum gen. nov. exhibits a unique combination of morphological features, as the pear-shaped cells that develop directly into a hammer-shaped filament, making it distinct from all other green algae described so far. Rindifilum ramosum gen. nov., sp. nov., un nouveau genre d'eau douce au sein des Ulvales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta). Le prsent article fournit une tude phylogntique et morphologique de deux souches qui s'avrent reprsenter un genre nouveau et une espce nouvelle, Rindifilum ramosum gen. nov., sp. nov., au sein de la famille des Ctenocladiaceae (Ulvales). Rindifilum ramosum gen. nov., sp. nov. se dveloppe en association avec le genre Verrucaria Schrader, un ascomycte lichnis. Les reconstructions phylogntiques bases sur les gnes rbcL, 18S rRNA et tufA ont montr que les souches tudies appartiennent une ligne distincte de celles squences jusqu' prsent. De plus, les comparaisons bases sur les observations morphologiques n'ont rvl aucune diffrence entre les deux souches. Le nouveau genre Rindifilum gen. nov. prsente une combinaison unique de caractristiques morphologiques, comme les cellules en forme de poire qui se dveloppent directement en un filament en forme de marteau , ce qui le distingue de toutes les autres algues vertes dcrites jusqu' prsent.
Article
Polydiscidium is an enigmatic, monotypic, and rarely reported genus of Ascomycota of uncertain placement. The morphologically unique Polydiscidium martynii grows on dead wood and forms compound ascomata composed of thick, black, gelatinous somatic tissue that branches out from a common base. Multiple apothecia are located on the branches, mostly toward the tips, and are composed of 8-spored asci and paraphyses embedded in a gelatinous matrix that turns blue in Melzer's reagent. The species was previously known from only three collections from Guyana (holotype), Trinidad, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and no sequences exist. Due to its peculiar morphology, taxonomic affinities of Polydiscidium have been debated, with different authors having placed it in Helotiaceae, Leotiaceae, or Leotiomycetes incertae sedis. Recent collections of this species resulting from long-term field work in Guyana and Cameroon led us to revisit the morphology and phylogenetic position of this fungus. Newly generated sequences of P. martynii were added to an Ascomycota-wide six-locus data set. The resulting phylogeny showed Polydiscidium to be a member of order Sclerococcales (Eurotiomycetes). Next, a four-locus (18S, ITS, 28S, mtSSU) phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that Polydiscidium is congeneric with Sclerococcum. A new combination is proposed for this species, Sclerococcum martynii. Micromorphological features, including the gelatinous hymenium composed of asci with amyloid gel cap and septate brown ascospores, are in agreement with Sclerococcum. New combinations are proposed for two additional species: Sclerococcum chiangraiensis and S. fusiformis. Finally, Dactylosporales is considered a later synonym of Sclerococcales.
Article
Crustose Verrucariaceae lichens form a distinctive black belt on seashores all over the world. This lifestyle is apparently enabled by a specific set of photobionts. However, their diversity is understudied. We sampled these lichens from the northern Patagonian Pacific coast of Chile. Using molecular markers, we identified both mycobionts and photobionts. The lichens, belonging to the genus Hydropunctaria and Wahlenbergiella group, hosted solely Ulvophycean photobionts. Pseudendoclonium submarinum (Kornmanniaceae, Ulvales) was the most common, but representatives of other closely related, yet undescribed, lineages were also found. Undulifilum symbioticum gen. et sp. nov. is described within the Kornmanniaceae based on culture morphology and DNA sequence data. Furthermore, the free-living macroscopic genus Urospora (Acrosiphoniaceae, Ulotrichales) is reported as a lichen photobiont for the first time and is the first of its kind in the order. These results indicate that undescribed algal diversity is waiting to be uncovered in seashore lichens.
Article
In 2019, during May to September a unique lichen occurring on soil was collected from four different localities in Deosai National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis of the nrDNA ITS and LSU regions revealed that it clustered within the genus Placidium. Further morpho-anatomical and chemical analyses proved its novelty, and it is here described as a new species under the name P. deosaiense. The distinguishing characters of this novel taxon are brown to blackish 2–7 mm wide squamules, undulating in the center, epruinose at margins, epinecral layer up to 70 µm, cylindrical asci with ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid ascospores and clavate to bacilliform pycnidiospores.
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The class Eurotiomycetes (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina) comprises important fungi used for medical, agricultural, industrial and scientific purposes. Eurotiomycetes is a morphologically and ecologically diverse monophyletic group. Within the Eurotiomycetes, different ascoma morphologies are found including cleistothecia and perithecia but also apothecia or stromatic forms. Mazaediate representatives (with a distinct structure in which loose masses of ascospores accumulate to be passively disseminated) have evolved independently several times. Here we describe a new mazaediate species belonging to the Eurotiomycetes. The multigene phylogeny produced (7 gene regions: nuLSU, nuSSU, 5.8S nuITS, mtSSU, RPB1 , RPB2 and MCM7 ) placed the new species in a lineage sister to Eurotiomycetidae. Based on the evolutionary relationships and morphology, a new subclass, a new order, family and genus are described to place the new species: Cryptocalicium blascoi . This calicioid species occurs on the inner side of loose bark strips of Cupressaceae ( Cupressus , Juniperus ). Morphologically, C. blascoi is characterized by having minute apothecioid stalked ascomata producing mazaedia, clavate bitunicate asci with hemiamyloid reaction, presence of hamathecium and an apothecial external surface with dark violet granules that becomes turquoise green in KOH. The ancestral state reconstruction analyses support a common ancestor with open ascomata for all deep nodes in Eurotiomycetes and the evolution of closed ascomata (cleistothecioid in Eurotiomycetidae and perithecioid in Chaetothyriomycetidae) from apothecioid ancestors. The appropriateness of the description of a new subclass for this fungus is also discussed.
Article
Three species of lichenicolous Opegrapha s. lat. are newly described, all apparently host-specific at genus level. Opegrapha arthoniicola Coppins & S. Y. Kondr. is described from western Britain and Ireland, where it grows on the thallus of Arthonia radiata on Corylus bark; it has small clustered ascomata, asci that are usually 6-spored and rather small ascospores (10.5–)12.5–14.5 μm in length. Opegrapha sawyeriana Coppins occurs on the thallus of Coniocarpon cinnabarinum , also on Corylus bark, from oceanic western parts of Scotland, Ireland and southern England; in comparison to O. arthoniicola it has smaller, often scattered ascomata with a pigmented basal layer, 8-spored asci and slightly larger ascospores 13–14.5(–16) μm in length. Opegrapha hochstetteri Coppins has been found on thalli of Verrucaria hochstetteri and V. muralis on calcareous rocks and stonework in southern England and Luxembourg; collections were formerly identified as Opegrapha rupestris Pers. but it differs from this species by narrower ascomata with a persistent narrow slit, normally 6- rather than 8-spored asci and ascospores with pigmentation in the spore wall rather than the perispore. Lifted from synonymy is Opegrapha opaca Nyl., which inhabits the thallus of Verrucaria nigrescens and V. viridula on calcareous rocks and stonework, and is so far recorded from southern England, Luxembourg, France, northern Spain and Israel. The hosts of the European species of lichenicolous Opegrapha on Verrucaria s. lat. on calcareous rocks ( O. hochstetteri , O. opaca and O. rupestris ) belong to different phylogenetic lineages within the Verrucariaceae . A key is also provided to the lichenicolous species of Opegraphaceae currently known from Great Britain and Ireland.
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Two species of non-lichenised lichenicolous fungi described in the genus Trematosphaeria : T. lophiostoma Werner et M. Choisy (1932) and T. dermatocarponis Werner (1963), are considered synonymous with Opegrapha pulvinata Rhem in Lojka (1869). The authors of these species attributed them to the genus Trematosphaeria by confusing the small lirellate ascomas with perithecia. Due to morphological differences, we also propose to separate into an independent species the specimens previously attributed to Opegrapha pulvinata, but growing on Placidium and Endocarpon : Opegrapha placidiicola (Zhurb.) Nav.-Ros. et Romero, comb. et stat. nov. ---------------------------------- Dos especies de hongos liquenícolas no liquenizados descritas en el género Trematosphaeria : T. lophiostoma Werner et M. Choisy (1932) y T. dermatocarponis Werner (1963), son consideradas sinónimos de Opegrapha pulvinata Rhem in Lojka (1869). Los autores de estas especies las atribuyeron al género Trematosphaeria al confundir los pequeños ascomas lireliformes con peritecios. Por sus diferencias morfológicas, se propone también separar como una especie independiente los ejemplares atribuidos previamente a Opegrapha pulvinata, pero que crecen sobre Placidium y Endocarpon : Opegrapha placidiicola (Zhurb.) Nav.–Ros. et Romero, comb. et stat. nov.
Article
Diaporthe seed decay can compromise seed quality in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the warm and humid production areas of the United States during crop maturation. In the current study, 45 isolates of Diaporthe were recovered from seed sampled from soybean fields affected by Diaporthe-associated diseases in eight U.S. states in 2017. The isolates obtained belonged to 10 species of Diaporthe based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer, the partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and beta-tubulin gene sequences. The associated species included D. aspalathi, D. caulivora, D. kongii, D. longicolla, D. sojae, D. ueckerae, D. unshiuensis and three novel fungi, D. bacilloides, D. flavescens and D. insulistroma. One isolate each of the 10 species was examined for pathogenicity on seed of cv. ‘Sava’ under controlled conditions. Seven days post-inoculation, significant differences in the percentages of decayed seeds and seedling necrosis were observed among the isolates and the non-inoculated control (p<0.0001). While the isolates of D. bacilloides, D. longicolla, and D. ueckerae caused significantly greater percentage of decayed seeds (p<0.0001), the isolate of D. aspalathi caused the greatest seedling necrosis (p<0.0001) when compared to the non-inoculated control. The observation of new fungi causing Diaporthe seed decay suggests the need for a more comprehensive survey in the U.S. soybean producing areas since members of the genus Diaporthe appear to form a complex that causes seed decay.
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Résumé : Description de deux champignons lichénicoles sur Cladonia, Capronia diederichiana P. Pinault et Cl. Roux sp. nov., récolté sur deux espèces de Cladonia, et Knufia peltigerae, ordinairement sur Peltigera, mais se rencontrant également sur Cladonia (gr. pyxidata) et parfois même sur d’autres lichens (Enchylium tenax, Scytinium lichenoides) et sur bryophytes. Comparaison entre ces deux espèces bien distinctes, surtout par leurs spores. Différences entre Capronia diederichiana et les espèces voisines ou analogues. Considérations sur les genres Capronia (y compris leurs stades asexués Cladophialophora), Knufia et Merisma­tium, ainsi que sur l’hamathécium des Capronia s. l. ========================== Resumo : Priskribo de du nelikeniĝintaj fungoj likenloĝaj sur Cladonia, Capronia diederichiana P. Pinault et Cl. Roux sp. nov., kolektita sur du specioj de Cladonia, kaj Knufia peltigerae, ordinare sur Peltigera sed loĝanta ankaŭ sur aliaj likenoj (Enchylium tenax, Scytinium liche­noides) kaj sur briofitoj. Komparo inter tiuj du specioj bone diferencaj pro sporoj. Diferencoj inter Capronia diederichiana kaj la parencaj aŭ analogaj specioj. Rimarkoj pri la genroj Capronia (inklude de ties senseksaj stadiformoj Cladophialophora), Knufia kaj Merismatium, kaj ankaŭ pri la hamatecio de Capronia s. l.
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Résumé Néotypification de Verrucaria calciseda DC. sur la base du spécimen Arnold 311 de ZT qui a servi à Zschacke à la description de cette espèce et qui correspond à la compréhension de celle–ci par la majorité des auteurs modernes. Description de l’espèce (y compris son écologie et sa répartition), qui doit prendre place dans le genre Bagliettoa A. Massal. [B. calciseda (DC.) Gueidan et Cl. Roux comb. nov.], au voisinage de B. parmigera (J. Steiner) Vězda et Poelt. Description de l’holotype de Verrucaria hiascens Ach. qui est bien différent de Bagliettoa calciseda. Resumo Neotipigo de Verrucaria calciseda DC. surbaze de la specimeno Arnold 311 de ZT, kiun Zschacke uzis por la priskribo de la specio kaj kiu respondas al ties kompreno fare de la plej multaj modernaj aŭtoroj. Priskribo de la specio (inklude ties ekologion kaj disvastiĝon), kiu lokendas en la genron Bagliettoa A. Massal. [B. calciseda (DC.) Gueidan et Cl. Roux comb. nov.], apud B. parmigera (J. Steiner) Vězda et Poelt. Priskribo de la holotipo de Verrucaria hiascens Ach., kiu ja diferencas de Bagliettoa calciseda. [Vd mallongigitan version, p. 191]
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The lichen genus Staurothele (Verrucariaceae) in Japan is taxonomically revised. Two species are recognized: S. iwatsukii Harada sp. Nov. and S. japonica B. de Lesd. Detailed descriptions and illustrations, as well as notes on habitat, range and taxonomy are provided. A list of specimens examined and a key to the species are also given.
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The genus Dermatocarpon and its allied genera of the lichen family Verrucariaceae in Japan are taxonomically revised. Eleven species belonging to the following five genera are recognized: Catapyrenium Flotow, Dearmatocarpella Harada, Dermatocarpon Eschweiler, Neocatapyrenium Harada, and Scleropyrenium Harada. Of these genera, three are described as new, namely Dermatocarpella, Neocatapyrenium, and Scleropyrenium. Three species are described as new to science: Dermatocarpella yoshimurae, Scleropyrenium japonicum, S. kurokawae. Three new combinations are made: Dermatocarpella kisovensis (Zahlbr.) Harada, D. squamulosa (Ach.) Harada, and Neocatapyrenium cladonioideum (Vain.) Harada. Detailed description, illustration, habitat, and range are given for each species with taxonomic notes, and the key to the genera and species are provided.
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New and interesting lichens and lichenicolous fungi are reported from two regions in Brazil, mainly from the Serra do Caraca (Minas Gerais), but also from the Serra da Mantiqueira (Sao Paulo), These are some of the results of an international field meeting aimed at collecting topotype material from taxa described from the region by Vainio a century earlier. The following species are described as new: Acarospora oligyrophorica Aptroot, Fellhanera antennophora Aptroot, Graphina coccospora Aptroot, Lepraria multiacida Aptroot, Placidiopsis hypothallina Aptroot, Pyrenula fusoluminata Aptroot, Pyrenula quarzitica Aptroot, Sulcopyrenula cruciata Aptroot & Topeliopsis globosa Aptroot. The following new combinations are proposed: Bacidiopsora tenuisecta (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov., Brigantiaea subobscurata (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov., Caloplaca subrubelliana (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov., Campylothelium megalostomum (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov., Graphina subvestita (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov., Micarea poliocheila (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov., Micarea subgranulans (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov., Micarea subternaria (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov., Ocellularia piperis (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov., Ocellularia stylothecium (Vainio) Aptroot comb, nov., Pyrenula crassiuscula (Malme) Aptroot comb. nov., Rinodina atrofuscata (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov. and Scoliciosporum camptosporum (Vainio) Aptroot comb. nov. For many other species the first records from the Southern hemisphere or from (South) America are given.
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Numerous collections representing 183 species of lichens, ascomycetes and lichenicolous fungi are reported from gatherings made in Hong Kong in July 2000, mainly on Lantau Island. These include 9 species which are described here as new to science: the lichenized ascomycetes Anisomeridium tetrasporum, Biatorella saxicola, Ocellularia palaeoamplior, Ramalina seawardii, Ramalina throwerae, the non-lichenized corticolous ascomycete Granulopyrenis seawardii, the lichenicolous ascomycete Obryzum striguloides, and the lichenized hyphomycete Milospium planorbis, one of the very few lichenized hyphomycetes known. It is argued that Reichlingia leopoldii similarly represents a lichenized hyphomycete rather than a lichenicolous fungus on an unknown host. The genus Campsosporiella is synonymized with Anisomeridium and the species Campsosporiella deightonii with Anisomeridium throwerae. In addition, 42 species are newly recorded for Hong Kong, of which 38 are also new to China, 7 new to Asia and 4 new to the Northern Hemisphere.
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The anatomy of five endolithic lichens (Acrocordia conoidea, Petractis clausa, Rinodina immersa, Verrucaria baldensis, and V. marmorea) from the Trieste Karst (north-eastern Italy) was thoroughly investigated. Samples already used in previous ecophysiological studies were examined by histological and mineralogical techniques, and by SEM. Biomineralisation products were searched for by X-ray diffractometry, X-ray microdiffractometry, and Fourier Transformed Infrared spectrophotometry. The results confirm that the photobiont layer is located approximately at the same depth in the substratum, although the species occur in habitats with strongly different light regimes; the thallus development is relatively constant within populations of a single species, but differs considerably among species. Several peculiarities of each species were revealed, such as the presence of large clews of hyphae in the inner layer of P. clausa, forming large voids in the substratum, or the development of morphologically different oil-hyphae. Calcium oxalate crystals were not detected. Some terms currently used to describe the anatomy of endolithic lichens are critically discussed, and the new term “lithocortex” and “pseudo-medulla” are introduced.
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Five species of Verrucaria (Lichenes, Verrucariaceae), V. glaucinodes Nyl., V. halophila (Nyl.) Nyl., V. nipponica Zahbr., V. praevia Nyl., and V. submicrospora Nyl., are revised and detailed descriptions and illustrations are given in the present paper. Among these species, V. glaucinodes and V. submicrospora are still known only from the type localities and V. nipponica is common in Japan. V. praevia is lectotypified here.
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The occurrence of Verrucaria maura Wahlenb. (Lichenes, Verrucariaceae) in Japan is confirmed on the specimen from Hokkaido in northern Japan in comparison with the specimens mainly from Europe, including the type. A description and figures are provided for the specimen from Japan. The only previous record of this species for Japan by Nylander (1890) is shown to be erroneous.
Article
The lichen genus Endocarpon Hedw. (Verrucariaceae) in Japan is taxonomically revised, and seven species are recognized. The following five species are described as new: E. japonicum, E. neopallidulum, E. nigromarginatum, E. ramulosum, and E. superpositum. Detailed descriptions as well illustrations, taxonomic remarks etc. are provided for each species. A key to the species is also provided.
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Because of their ability to display yeast-like growth forms in various environmental conditions, dematiaceous (melanized) hyphomycetes of the form-genera Exophiala, Rhinocladiella, and Wangiella have been informally termed ''black yeasts.'' Cladistic analysis of 1,050 bp of the genes coding for small-subunit rRNA (SSU rDNA) supported a close relationship among species of these black yeasts with other dematiaceous hyphomycetes in the form-genera Fonsecaea, Phialophora, and Ramichloridium. The conventional categories of these fungi based on asexual states are not supported by phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences. Isolates exhibiting annellidic modes of blastic conidiogenesis (e.g., Exophiala spp.) were not monophyletic and were placed as sister taxa to isolates that produce phialides or sympodulae. The results indicated very close relationships between isolates of Wangiella dermatitidis and Exophiala mansonii and between Rhinocladiella aquaspersa and Exophiala jeanselmei. This clade of dematiaceous hyphomycetes was a sister group to a clade comprising members of two orders of cleistothecial ascomycetes, Eurotiales and Onygenales. The etiological agents of chromoblastomycosis were found to be a closely related group (clade), while the agents of phaeohyphomycosis displayed a broader distribution on the SSU rDNA tree.
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The asci of representatives of various genera of the Verrucariales have been studied using Calcofluor White as a dye for epifluorescence microscopy. Staining of cell walls shows that the opening mechanism of the Verrucaria-type ascus follows selective gelification of apical exotunica layers. A ring-like structure stained with Calcofluor White has been observed in the ascus tholi of various members of the order. The significance of this new character for classification is discussed.
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The new foliicolous lichen species Sporopodium aeruginascens is described from Costa Rica. It is characterized by a verrucose, turquoise-coloured thallus containing usnic and isousnic acid among other components, pruinose apothecia, and pale to bright yellow campylidia. The new species is similar and probably related to S. flavescens, S. citrinum, and S. lucidum, but differs in the irregularly shaped thallus verrucae, the campylidia with reduced socle and large lobe with pruinose to irregular surface, and the secondary chemistry. New data on the secondary chemistry of four additional species of Sporopodium are provided.
Article
The Queen Charlotte Islands, an oceanic archipelago off the west coast of British Columbia, has a rich maritime lichen flora including a number of species of Vetrucaria. Two of these species appear to be new to science and are described here: V. epimaura Brodo and V. schofieldii Brodo. In addition, there are several unnamed entities that may eventually be recognized as species. To facilitate placing these new or unnamed taxa within the context of known west coast species of Vernicaria, a key including all these species is presented.
Article
Phylogenetic analyses of non-protein-coding nucleotide sequences such as ribosomal RNA genes, internal transcribed spacers, and introns are often impeded by regions of the alignments that are ambiguously aligned. These regions are characterized by the presence of gaps and their uncertain positions, no matter which optimization criteria are used. This problem is particularly acute in large-scale phylogenetic studies and when aligning highly diverged sequences. Accommodating these regions, where positional homology is likely to be violated, in phylogenetic analyses has been dealt with very differently by molecular systematists and evolutionists, ranging from the total exclusion of these regions to the inclusion of every position regardless of ambiguity in the alignment. We present a new method that allows the inclusion of ambiguously aligned regions without violating homology.In this three-step procedure, first homologous regions of the alignment containing ambiguously aligned sequences are delimited. Second, each ambiguously aligned region is unequivocally coded as a new character, replacing its respective ambiguous region. Third, each of the coded characters is subjected to a specific step matrix to account for the differential number of changes (summing substitutions and indels) needed to transform one sequence to another.The optimal number of steps included in the step matrix is the one derived from the pairwise alignment with the greatest similarity and the least number of steps. In addition to potentially enhancing phylogenetic resolution and support, by integrating previously nonaccessible characters without violating positional homology,this new approach can improve branch length estimations when using parsimony.
Article
Culture experiments with the lichen Endocarpon pusillum corroborate the often doubted observations and results of Stahl (1877). It is possible to cultivate this lichen in the laboratory from spore to spore. After two months a differentiation into cortex, algae-layer, medulla and rhizines is developed and after 5–6 months the formation of mature and germinable ascospores is finished. Observations of the spore dispersal showed that the ascospores are ejected up to 5 cm. The spore dispersal can endure for some days and in this way produces a compact dissemination. The thallus development (germination of ascospores, transformation of hymenialalgae into thallus-algae, development of thallus initials, prothalli and primary thalli) and the formation of mature perithecia with germinable ascospores in laboratory cultures is described and illustrated. The opinion that such quickly growing and developing epigaeic lichens are especially suitable for laboratory cultures is emphasized and the problem of “lichensynthesis” is discussed in relation to the results of the experiments.
Article
Seventeen species of Staurothele are reported from North America. Of these S. effigurata Thoms., S. orispruinosa Thoms., S. rugosa Thoms., and S. verruculosa Thoms. are new to science. The description of S. lecideoides Bouly de Lesd. is emended. A key to species, descriptions, maps, photographs, and discussions are provided. Extensive synonymies combine a number of previously reported species. The shape of the hymenial algae is not accepted as a taxonomic criterion.
Book
— We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.