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Oral piercing: Complications and side effects
Abstract
To review current relative literature on oral piercing regarding its prevalence, complications and possible side effects An increasing number of patients present to their treating dental professionals wearing jewelry inserted into the peri-oral and intra-oral tissues. Since the literature is mainly confined to individual cases or a small series of patients, it is difficult to assess the magnitude of risks that face individuals with oral piercing.
The current study was based on scientific literature published in English regarding oral piercing. A Medline search, using the PubMed Bibliographic Index to identify clinical articles published between January 1992 and August 2007, found 11 articles on the prevalence of oral piercing, and/or on the prevalence of complications and side effects.
Three studies reported the prevalence of oral piercing (ranging from 3.4% to 20.3%). Immediate post-operative complications reported were swelling and/or infections (24%-98%), pain or tenderness (14%-71%), and bleeding or hematoma. Jewelry-related complications mainly consisted of tooth fractures and wear (14%-41%) and gingival recessions (19%-68%).
... Recently, synthetic materials like Teflon and nylon or plastic have also been used. Due to the increasing popularity of tongue piercing, dental professionals are being confronted with numerous oral and dental complications or risks associated with this practice [9]. From a medical perspective, the use of body jewellery cannot be considered to be a harmless fashion trend, since it can produce undesired local and general effects. ...
... Moreover, wearing tongue jewellery over a long period of time may result in the colonisation of periodontopathogenic bacteria at the piercing site, especially if the subject does not carry out appropriate oral hygiene practices [10]. Literature related to the medical aspects is limited and mainly relates to case reports, a few studies with only a limited number of patients and two review articles [9, 10]. Based on these, the most commonly described oral consequences are damage to the teeth and periodontal alterations caused by tongue piercing [1, 3, 6, 7,910111213141516171819. ...
... Literature related to the medical aspects is limited and mainly relates to case reports, a few studies with only a limited number of patients and two review articles [9, 10]. Based on these, the most commonly described oral consequences are damage to the teeth and periodontal alterations caused by tongue piercing [1, 3, 6, 7,910111213141516171819. However, up until now, no case control or longitudinal studies have been available in which a clear correlation between tongue piercing and longterm oral damage has been established. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate tooth and periodontal damage in subjects wearing a tongue piercing (TP) in comparison to matched control subjects without tongue piercing. Members of the German Federal Armed Forces who had TP (group TP) and a matched control group (group C) volunteered to take part in the study. The time in situ, localization and material of TP were documented. Dental examinations included DMF-T, oral hygiene, enamel fissures (EF), enamel cracks (EC) and recessions. Statistical analysis was determined by χ
2 test and the t test. Both groups had 46 male subjects (mean age 22.1 years). The piercings had been in situ for 3.8 ± 3.1 years. Subjects in the TP group had a total of 1,260 teeth. Twenty-nine subjects had 115 teeth (9.1%) with EF (67% lingual). In group C (1,243 teeth), 30 subjects had 60 teeth with EF (4.8%, 78% vestibular) (p < 0.01). Thirty-eight subjects belonging to group TP had EC in 186 teeth (15%). In group C, 26 subjects with 56 teeth (4.5%) were affected by EC (p < 0.001). Twenty-seven subjects in group TP had 97 teeth (7.7%) with recessions. Lingual surfaces of anterior teeth in the lower jaw were affected most frequently (74%). In group C, 8 subjects had 19 teeth (1.5%) with recessions (65% vestibular). Differences between the two groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Tongue piercing is correlated with an increased occurrence of enamel fissures, enamel cracks and lingual recessions. Patients need better information on the potential complications associated with tongue piercing.
... The literature on the medical aspects mainly consists of case reports, a limited number of studies with only a few patients, and a review. 5 Peticolas et al. 4 distinguish between complications during piercing, complications immediately following piercing, and long-term complications. ...
... Many authors believe dental professionals will be seeing more patients with oral piercings and therefore should be familiar with potential complications and risks. 5 This review of the literature and three case reports provide further insight into the possible complications and side effects of tongue piercing. literature offers just a limited number of studies with only a few patients and a review. ...
... literature offers just a limited number of studies with only a few patients and a review. 5,10,[27][28][29][30][31] A systematic classification of the side effects of tongue piercings reported in the literature provides for three types of complications that are distinguished as follows: 4 A. Complications during piercing (complications during the initial procedure) B. Complications immediately following piercing (primary postoperative complications) C. Long-term complications (secondary postoperative complications). 4 Complications during piercing include all problems that occur during the piercing procedure such as vascular injuries and bleeding or nerve damage, paraesthesia, and localized infection. ...
The aims of this review of the literature are to offer further insights into possible problems related to tongue piercing and present three case reports showing undesired effects of tongue piercing.
From a dental perspective, oral piercings and especially tongue piercings are not a harmless fashion trend since they can be associated with local and systemic risks and complications. A search of the literature was conducted to investigate the documentation of health risks associated with tongue piercing using the MEDLINE database as well as the German literature.
The literature contains numerous case reports, a limited number of studies, and a review describing a wide variety of complications, especially in patients who have undergone tongue piercing. In the majority of cases, the piercing of the tongue is performed in the midline. Piercings are made of different materials, usually metal or synthetic materials. Complications during piercing, immediately following piercing, as well as long term were found.
The three cases presented here demonstrate some of those adverse effects. The most commonly described oral complication is the damage of teeth and the periodontium caused by tongue piercings. Tongue piercing is a personal decision, but it is important that patients are fully aware of possible oral health hazards.
Patients need better information on the potential complications associated with tongue piercing. Dental practitioners should educate patients about potential side effects and possible oral, dental, and systemic complications.
... With the increasing popularity of oral piercings, dental professionals are being confronted with many oral and dental complications associated with this practice. The literature on medical implications of oral piercings mainly exists of a case report, a limited number of studies with only few patients and a review (9). The most commonly described oral complication is damage to the teeth and periodontium caused by tongue piercing (1,2,6,7,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). ...
... The literature on medical implications of oral piercings mainly exists of a case report, a limited number of studies with only few patients and a review (9). The most commonly described oral complication is damage to the teeth and periodontium caused by tongue piercing (1,2,6,7,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). ...
Body piercing enjoys a widespread popularity among juveniles and young people. The tongue is the most commonly pierced oral site. Tongue jewellery, however, can damage the teeth and periodontium and may provide an ideal environment for microorganisms. The aim of this report was to investigate if and in case in which amount periodontopathogenic organisms can be found at tongue piercing sites.
Patients with tongue piercings visiting the authors' dental office for a dental check-up volunteered. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the type of material used in the piercing, the time the device was in place, oral and piercing hygiene practices and smoking habits. The dental examination included an oral hygiene index and the periodontal screening index. From the surface of the piercing jewellery adjacent to the tongue perforation, microbiological samples were collected and analysed for the presence of 11 periodontopathogenic bacteria.
A total of 12 patients with tongue piercing were asked and examined. Their tongue piercings had been in place between 2 and 8 years. The microbiological analysis showed an increased or substantially increased concentration of periodontopathogenic bacteria in all cases. It became obvious that the longer a piercing had been in place, the more pronounced was the shift from bacteria with a moderate periodontopathogenic potential to bacteria with a high periodontopathogenic potential.
Tongue piercing provides a potential reservoir for periodontopathogenic bacteria.
... Its prevalence is changing constantly due to trends' fluctuations. In the Israeli youth population, for example, the prevalence of oral piercing is reported as being between 3.4% and 20.3% [13]. However, the Candidarelated complications of tongue piercing are considered rare with only two reported clinical cases [9,10]. ...
... [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Nevertheless in some rare instances liferendering conditions have also been encountered due to airway obstruction and endocarditis. [24][25][26][27][28][29] Institutes of Health have identified tattoo parlours and beauty clinics as a probable vector for transmission of disease like AIDS, hepatitis etc. 1 The present study is one of a kind whereby an attempt to survey this fashion quotient was made among Btech graduates. The objective was to evaluate the level of awareness amongst students from a non-medical background pertaining to use of oral jewellery. ...
... Diğer bir fiziksel travmatik lezyon grubu ise diş kırıkları veya kırık dişler, ortodontik veya protetik apareylerin neden olduğu durumlardır. 53,64,65 Normalde ülser veya erozyon olarak görülürler, ancak endodontik veya periodontal apseler olaya eşlik edebilir. Travmaya bağlı sürtünme hiperkeratozu ve epulis fissüratum oluşabilir. ...
... In a published literature review by Levin and Zadik (2007), the most common long-term complication with oral piercings was that of tooth fractures and enamel wear (14%-41%), followed by localised gingival recession (19%-68%). ...
Objective
To obtain opinions from orthodontic colleagues nationally on how they currently manage orthodontic patients with oral piercings. The secondary objectives were to assimilate the national opinions from the survey and attempt to generate educational material as an advice sheet and a patient information leaflet for the professionals and the patients respectively for the British Orthodontic Society (BOS).
Design
Cross-sectional survey.
Setting
Primary and secondary care orthodontic providers.
Participants
Members of the BOS.
Methods
An electronic questionnaire was developed and circulated to members of the BOS to obtain their opinions on the effects of oral piercings on their patients’ orthodontic treatment ‘journey’. In addition, the need for the development of informative material around the management of orthodontic treatment and appliances in patients with oral piercings was explored.
Results
A total of 110 responses were received. However, only 88 respondents out of 110 attempted all the questions within the survey. There were 22 respondents who attempted it partially. We did include these partial responses well while analysing the results, since many of these offered personalised comments in the free-text boxes within the survey.
Conclusion
The most common general complications associated with oral piercings were inflammation of the surrounding tissue and enamel/dentine wear. Moreover, orthodontic complications, reported commonly, were inadequate oral hygiene maintenance, entanglement with the orthodontic appliance causing damage and interference with retainers. Most respondents expressed the need for the development of a web-based patient information leaflet and an advice sheet as educational tool, both of which have been proposed to and agreed by the BOS before submission of this publication.
... ls with solid amphopilic to eosinophilic cytoplasm and cells with a large cytoplasmic vacuole. Striations reminiscent of striated muscle can be seen (Hassell et al., 2012).Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue. It causes the tongue to swell and change color. on the surface of the tongue (papillae) may be lost, causing the tongue to appear smooth.( Liran and Yehuda, 2007) ...
Rhabdomyomas are rare, benign straight muscle neoplasm. We report the clinical and morphological feature of Rhabdomyoma apparently present in the left anterior tongue of ewe. The animal presented for surgical removal of an enlarging lingual neoplasm. Histological examination of this lesion confirm the diagnosis of Rhabdomyoma with glossitis and no evidence of recurrence of this neoplasm after initial resection
... [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Nevertheless in some rare instances liferendering conditions have also been encountered due to airway obstruction and endocarditis. [24][25][26][27][28][29] Institutes of Health have identified tattoo parlours and beauty clinics as a probable vector for transmission of disease like AIDS, hepatitis etc. 1 The present study is one of a kind whereby an attempt to survey this fashion quotient was made among Btech graduates. The objective was to evaluate the level of awareness amongst students from a non-medical background pertaining to use of oral jewellery. ...
Aim: The objective was to evaluate the level of awareness amongst professionals from a non-medical background pertaining to use of oral jewellery. Methodology: This was an online survey conducted using Google Forms. A total of 224 participants between age group 18-35 years participated in the study. The participants were sent the link of the survey via a newly generated email id signed up only for the survey purpose. Participants replied to the questionnaire by clicking either yes or no for a particular question. Results: The results showed that 90.2% of participants were aware of oral jewellery which was significantly high. 80.3% considered oral jewellery as a fashion statement while for 58% participants regard it as a status quotient
... 4,16 Gonzalez et al observed oral alterations in all patients, with dental mobility in 22% of cases, enamel fracture in 64%, fissures in 62%, periodontal bleeding in 2-12%, pain in 34-38%, and pronunciation problems of certain words with s, sh, th, ph, t, and v in 67%. 21 (24) Risk of endocarditis. 13,14,25 Ludwig's angina, 4,15 cerebral abscess 26 could be life threatening. ...
Oral piercing is an emerging trend among the youth in the present times. It is a popular yet bizarre method of body art and is considered a way to display one's cool personality. The piercing procedure is often painful and carries several complications of the oral tissues such as profuse bleeding, damage to the nerves and vital structures, infections, dislodgement and aspiration of the jewelry and chances of chocking. Dental practitioners are encountering increasing number of cases with various oral and dental complications of this practice. Thus, a comprehensive information about the possible risks and their management is the need of the hour.
... The increased risk of skin infection following body piercing at this particular premises is difficult to estimate, as there is a lack of data on background incidence of skin infection. There have been a number of studies looking at dermatological complications following body piercing, with frequently reported complications including oedema, bleeding, keloid scarring and infection [20][21][22][23][24]. Perichondritis incidence has increased with increasing popularity of piercing of the upper ear [25,26]. ...
Following a cluster of serious pseudomonas skin infections linked to a body piercing and tattooing premises, a look-back exercise was carried out to offer clients a screen for blood-borne viruses. Of those attending for screening 72% (581/809) had a piercing procedure in the premises of interest: 94 (16%) were under 16 years of age at the time of screening. The most common site of piercing was ear (34%), followed by nose (27%), nipple (21%) and navel (21%). A small number (<5) tested positive for hepatitis B and C, with no evidence this was linked to the premises. However, 36% (211/581) of clients reported a skin infection associated with their piercing. Using data from client forms, 36% provided a false age. Those aged under 16 years (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.7–7.7) and those receiving a piercing at an intimate site (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.6) were more likely to provide a false age. The findings from this exercise were used to support the drafting of the Public Health (Wales) Bill which proposed better regulation of piercing premises and the need to provide proof of being 18 years of age or over before having a piercing of an intimate site.
... L'utilizzo di gioielli "intraorali" comporta il rischio di frattura coronale (14%-41%) e recessioni gengivali da trauma meccanico (19%-68%) (56). Inoltre, esiste il rischio concreto di trasmissione di patologie virali (Epatite, HIV), nel caso siano utilizzati strumenti non monouso e non adeguatamente sterilizzati (57). ...
Con il termine di malattia focale si suole definire una patologia apparentemente autonoma, secondaria a un focolaio infettivo cronico a distanza, spesso ignorato e/o di difficile localizzazione, che la causa e la sostiene attraverso differenti meccanismi eziopatogenetici. Le sedi d’elezione del focolaio infettivo cronico sono il cavo orale, l’orecchio medio/interno e i seni paranasali. Le diverse entità nosologiche possono comparire a carico di svariati organi tra cui il cuore, i reni, la cute, le articolazioni e l’encefalo.
Per decenni, medici specialisti ed odontoiatri hanno prestato attenzione ai loro rispettivi campi d’interesse. Tuttavia, vi sono dati fortemente indicativi del fatto che “salute orale” può essere sinonimo di “salute sistemica”. Attualmente, il divario tra la medicina allopatica e quella specialistica (dentale, otorinolaringoiatrica) si sta progressivamente riducendo, grazie alla sempre maggiore evidenza di risultati significativi che supportano l'associazione tra infezioni croniche locali (parodontiti, otiti, faringiti, sinusiti) e condizioni sistemiche (diabete mellito di tipo II, malattie cardiovascolari, osteoporosi, esiti avversi in gravidanza, malattie reumatologiche). Al momento, tuttavia, non vi è totale consenso riguardo la natura di queste “associazioni” e completa chiarezza tra operatori sanitari e comunità sul come interpretare il significato dei recenti progressi ottenuti in campo patogenetico e clinico.
Avvalorando l’ipotesi che la “malattia focale” costituisce di fatto una problematica attuale, di comune riscontro nella pratica clinica quotidiana e che necessita di un approccio multidisciplinare per una diagnosi tempestiva oltre alla corretta pianificazione dell’iter terapeutico, lo scopo di questa rassegna è stato quello di:
1. Fare il punto sullo Stato dell’Arte relativo alle malattie metafocali a partenza non solo da foci odontoiatrici ma anche otorinolaringoiatrici, contribuendo a creare le premesse per una stretta collaborazione tra diverse figure mediche specialistiche;
2. Effettuare una revisione dei casi più recenti riportati in letteratura proponendo anche una selezione di casi di rilevante interesse clinico osservati presso la nostra Università.
... The presence of piercings in the mouth is related to dental and periodontal problems; the longer the piercings are worn, the greater the probability of these complications 5 . In addition to acting as a reservoir for periodontopathogenic bacteria, some labiodental consequences of wearing oral piercings are enamel fissures, enamel cracks, gingival recession, colonisation by Candida albicans or malposition of the teeth 6 . The most prevalent location for oral piercing is the tongue 7,8 . ...
Introduction:
Oral piercing can lead to complications and dentists are in a unique position to detect such complications. The purpose of this study was: (i) to assess the immediate and the long-term effects, on dental students, of a training programme about oral piercing knowledge; and (ii) to assess the immediate effect, on adolescents, of a single educational intervention session about oral piercing.
Methods:
A training programme for dental students (n = 66) was carried out in three phases. The last phase consisted of preparing and giving talks about oral piercing at schools, which was delivered by a random selection of dental students involved in the training programme. Dental students answered a questionnaire about oral piercing knowledge, before, immediately after (only the dental students included in the last phase) and 12 months after the training programme. Adolescents (n = 347) answered a survey about oral piercing knowledge before and after the talks.
Results:
There were statistically significant differences in all comparison groups, except for the results in the 'before intervention' and in the '12 months after intervention' groups among dental students who had not prepared and given the talks to adolescents. Knowledge about oral piercing significantly improved among adolescents when comparing results before (mean questionnaire score = 3.0) and after (mean questionnaire score = 6.2) the talks.
Conclusions:
Oral piercing educational intervention had a favourable impact on adolescents and dental students, particularly among those who were more involved in the learning process.
... Jewelryrelated complications mainly consisted of tooth fractures and wear (14%-41%) and gingival recessions (19%-68%). (5) II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Theodossy reported a case of 28 year old female who had metal barbell around 20 mm in length traversing the tongue, with the metal ball clearly visible on the dorsal surface while the ventral surface had completely healed over embedding the barbell. ...
Piercing is today's popular form of body art and self-expression. It may seem totally safe because some celebrities use piercings to flaunt their style or attitude. But piercing tongue, lips, cheeks, or uvula is not safe and may cause extreme complications and can be life threatening. This article reviews some of these complications of oral piercings.
... Another group of physical traumatic lesions are related to dental fractures or broken teeth, orthodontic or prosthetic appliances and oral piercings (56,148,174,175). Normally, they are observed as ulcers or erosions, but dental or periodontal abscesses can be triggered, as well as chronic infections such as subprosthesis palatitis or lesions such as as fissured epulis. ...
This review provides updates on acute conditions affecting the periodontal tissues, including abscesses in the periodontium, necrotizing periodontal diseases and other acute conditions that cause gingival lesions with acute presentation, such as infectious processes not associated with oral bacterial biofilms, mucocutaneous disorders and traumatic and allergic lesions. A periodontal abscess is clinically important because it is a relatively frequent dental emergency, it can compromise the periodontal prognosis of the affected tooth and bacteria within the abscess can spread and cause infections in other body sites. Different types of abscesses have been identified, mainly classified by their etiology, and there are clear differences between those affecting a pre-existing periodontal pocket and those affecting healthy sites. Therapy for this acute condition consists of drainage and tissue debridement, while an evaluation of the need for systemic antimicrobial therapy will be made for each case, based on local and systemic factors. The definitive treatment of the pre-existing condition should be accomplished after the acute phase is controlled. Necrotizing periodontal diseases present three typical clinical features: papilla necrosis, gingival bleeding and pain. Although the prevalence of these diseases is not high, their importance is clear because they represent the most severe conditions associated with the dental biofilm, with very rapid tissue destruction. In addition to bacteria, the etiology of necrotizing periodontal disease includes numerous factors that alter the host response and predispose to these diseases, namely HIV infection, malnutrition, stress or tobacco smoking. The treatment consists of superficial debridement, careful mechanical oral hygiene, rinsing with chlorhexidine and daily re-evaluation. Systemic antimicrobials may be used adjunctively in severe cases or in nonresponding conditions, being the first option metronidazole. Once the acute disease is under control, definitive treatment should be provided, including appropriate therapy for the pre-existing gingivitis or periodontitis. Among other acute conditions affecting the periodontal tissues, but not caused by the microorganisms present in oral biofilms, infectious diseases, mucocutaneous diseases and traumatic or allergic lesions can be listed. In most cases, the gingival involvement is not severe; however, these conditions are common and may prompt an emergency dental visit. These conditions may have the appearance of an erythematous lesion, which is sometimes erosive. Erosive lesions may be the direct result of trauma or a consequence of the breaking of vesicles and bullae. A proper differential diagnosis is important for adequate management of the case.
... Levin et al. in their study state that 225 (57,8%) of the participants in this study were clueless of the drawbacks of having an oral piercing [53]. According to Antoszewski et al., some authors have suggested that the staff that performs piercings should be better informed in order to perform better practice [54][55][56][57]. This could mean that the staff shall pay meticulous attention in taking a sufficient medical history of the patient (specific allergies, life threatening systematic diseases) [58] or it could mean more careful usage of sterilization techniques [59]. ...
This paper is discussing the potential consequences that may arise by the implementation of piercing in the oral cavity and is also categorizing the consequences according to their extent and severity. Furthermore, this paper is reviewing some possible oral hygiene methods that can prove to be auxiliary in decreasing the potential complications arising from oral piercing. This literature review is based on articles published from 1985 to 2012.
... Factitious or selfinflicted gingival damage can also cause a problem [53, 55]. Gingival recession is now not uncommon in young adults with intra-and perioral piercing as they may cause gingival tissue trauma [90,91]. Sluzkey and Levin [92] found that prevalence, extent and severity of recession correlated with past orthodontic treatment. ...
Objectives
The paper’s aim is to review dentin hypersensitivity (DHS), discussing pain mechanisms and aetiology.
Materials and methods
Literature was reviewed using search engines with MESH terms, DH pain mechanisms and aetiology (including abrasion, erosion and periodontal disease).
Results
The many hypotheses proposed for DHS attest to our lack of knowledge in understanding neurophysiologic mechanisms, the most widely accepted being the hydrodynamic theory. Dentin tubules must be patent from the oral environment to the pulp. Dentin exposure, usually at the cervical margin, is due to a variety of processes involving gingival recession or loss of enamel, predisposing factors being periodontal disease and treatment, limited alveolar bone, thin biotype, erosion and abrasion.
Conclusions
The current pain mechanism of DHS is thought to be the hydrodynamic theory. The initiation and progression of DHS are influenced by characteristics of the teeth and periodontium as well as the oral environment and external influences. Risk factors are numerous often acting synergistically and always influenced by individual susceptibility.
Clinical relevance
Whilst the pain mechanism of DHS is not well understood, clinicians need to be mindful of the aetiology and risk factors in order to manage patients’ pain and expectations and prevent further dentin exposure with subsequent sensitivity.
... Biofilms on oral piercing may serve as a bacterial reservoir and lead to systemic bacteraemia and even septic complications. Several case reports have been published on lifethreatening systemic infections after oral piercing: Infective endocarditis [3], breast abscess [6], epidural abscess [10], chorioamnionitis [21], herpes simplex virus hepatitis [25], hepatitis C virus infection [15], toxic shock syndrome due to Staphylococcus aureus infection [4], and cerebellar brain abscess [26] are rare, but dangerous complications. Additionally, biofilms on oral piercings might serve as reservoirs for bacteria associated with periodontitis, due to the anaerobic condition in the piercing channel. ...
PURPOSE: Biofilms on oral piercings might serve as a bacterial reservoir in the host and lead to bacteraemia and even septic
complications. The use of piercing materials less susceptible to biofilm accumulation could contribute to alleviation of problems.
The present study aimed to assess biofilm formation on four commercially available, surface characterized piercing materials
in vitro (polytetrafluoroethylene, titanium, stainless steel, and polypropylene). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Autoclave-sterilized piercings
were surface characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and atomic force microscopy. Biofilms
were grown for 1, 4, or 20 h on the piercing surfaces by immersion in pooled human whole saliva. Colony forming units (CFUs)
were determined. For fluorescence microscopy, samples were stained with DAPI. RESULTS: All four piercing materials included
showed significant amounts of biofilm after 20 h of incubation. Biofilm formation was significantly lowest on polytetrafluoroethylene
piercings (p < 0.001), and was mainly determined by wettability – which was significantly lowest for polytetrafluoroethylene (p < 0.001) – and the prevalence of carbon- and oxygen-rich components. Surface roughness measurements showed no statistically
significant differences, but standard deviations were rather high. High standard deviations are caused by substantial pits
and elevations and are due to poor machining quality in the manufacture of the piercings. CONCLUSION: Biofilm formation on
oral piercings was mainly determined by surface free energy and the prevalence of carbon- and oxygen-rich components, and
was significantly lowest on polytetrafluoroethylene piercings. The findings indicate that oral piercings might serve as a
reservoir of potentially pathogenic bacterial species.
... HIV, HBV and HCV, mycobacterial infections, septicemia, abscess, endocarditis, tetanus) and non-infectious diseases (e.g. dermatitis, hemorrhage, allergies, damage to the oral cavity) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. There have been some cases with a fatal outcome [20]. ...
The practice of tattooing and piercing has expanded in western society. In order to verify young adults' knowledge of the risk and practices related to body art, an investigation was conducted among freshmen of the University of Bari in the region of Apulia, Italy.
The study was carried out in the Academic Year 2009-2010 through an anonymous self-administered written questionnaire distributed to 1.656 freshmen enrolled in 17 Degree Courses.
Of the 1.598 students included in the analysis, 78.3% believe it is risky to undergo piercing/tattoo practices. AIDS was indicated as a possible infection by 60.3% of freshmen, hepatitis C by 38.2%, tetanus by 34.3% and hepatitis B by 33.7% of the sample. 28.1% of freshmen were not aware that there are also non-infectious complications. 29% of the sample had at least one piercing or tattoo (this percentage does not include earlobe piercing in women). Of those with body art, the decision to undergo body art was made autonomously in 57.9% of the participants. 56.3% of freshmen undergoing body art had taken less than a month to decide. With regard to the reasons that led the sample to undergo body art, 28.4% were unable to explain it, 23.8% answered to improve their aesthetic aspect, 18.4% to distinguish themselves from others, 12.3% for fashion; 17.1% for other reasons. 25.4% of the sample declared that they had a piercing (79.8% female vs 20.2% male; ratio M/F 1:4.0). The average age for a first piercing was 15.3 years (range 10-27; SD ± 2.9). 9.6% of the sample declared that they have a tattoo (69.9% female vs 30.1% male; ratio M/F 1:2.3). The average age for a first tattoo was 17.5 years (range 10-26, SD ± 2.4).
Most of the freshmen knew about AIDS-related risks but not other potential risks. Body art is fairly common among young adults (especially women). The decision is often not shared with the family and is undertaken mostly without a specific reason or for the improvement of aesthetic aspect. Information about freshmen's knowledge, attitudes and practices could help in effective planning of health promotion strategies.
... The care provider challenge is also to detect potentially harmful parafunctional habits, such as chewing ice cubes, metal appliance and office equipment as well as using teeth to open drinking cans, bottles and food packages, and, most important, to discuss the potential consequences with patient, to motivate him or her to quit the harmful behavior and to provide the patient with measures to stop the habit or to protect the dentition. Oral and peri-oral piercing and intraoral ornament are contraindicated; however, when the individual insists on having them, the dentist has to recommend a short as possible ornament, made of semirigid acryl (13). ...
Dental trauma is, unfortunately, not uncommon and may be even more prevalent in high-risk populations. It should be emphasized and acknowledged that many cases of dental trauma are preventable. Appropriate management includes primary prevention, i.e. avoidance of pathology development, and secondary prevention, i.e. early diagnosing and treatment of the pathology before significant morbidity occurs. The aim of this article is to provide a review of the current dental trauma literature with regard to education and knowledge and with relevance to primary and secondary prevention. As the duty of providing the public with measures for the maintenance of proper oral health is of the dental profession, the responsibility of providing primary and secondary prevention of dental trauma is of dentists, dental hygienists, and dental nurses. They may, and should, educate other medical, paramedical, and non-medical professionals, taking into account that those non-dental professionals could not maintain a high level of knowledge and service regarding dental trauma without a continuous backing by the dental professionals. It should be remembered that as the prevalence of dental decay has reduced in the Western world during recent decades, dental trauma plays a significant part in causing dental morbidity and mortality (tooth loss). It seems that now is the time to act for the benefit of our community and move from 'treating' toward 'managing' risk factors and prevention.
... Other causes of oral and maxillofacial injury include self-inflicted physical injuries (voluntary/involuntary habits and factitious injury), thermal and chemical burns 16 . Furthermore, oral piercing to tongue/lip is another cause of oral trauma 13 ...
The aim of this retrospective analysis was to determine the age, gender, frequency and distribution of trauma-associated hard tissue and soft tissue lesions of the oral and maxillofacial region in a population from southern Taiwan.
Approximately 10% of the 27,995 biopsy records of patients with history of trauma resulting in lesions who were treated at our institution between 1991 and 2006 were examined for this study.
In the included records, there were 2,762 soft tissue and 26 hard tissue lesions. Mucocele was the most frequent trauma-associated soft tissue lesion (955 cases). The youngest patients were those who presented with mucocele (mean age = 27.3 years), while the oldest patients were those with peripheral giant cell granuloma (58 years). The lower lip was the most frequent site of occurrence of mucocele (676, 64.5%) and was also the predominant site of occurrence of all soft tissue lesions (815, 29.5%), followed by the buccal mucosa (654, 23.4%) and the tongue (392, 14.2%). Trauma-associated hard tissue lesions included only osteoradionecrosis (24 cases) and traumatic bone cysts (2 cases).
As little data of this nature have been reported from populations of Asian developing countries, the findings of this retrospective analysis is valuable for epidemiological documentation of type of traumatic oral lesions as well as for informing the professionals and the layman about the importance of this category of oral lesions.
... Body art (piercing, tattooing, tongue splitting, and tooth decoration) is a practice that is gaining acceptance as a sign of individuality, marginality, decoration, or group membership ( Stirn, 2003;Rabinerson and Horowitz, 2005). Prevalence of oral and peri-oral piercing among studied young adult population ranges between 3.4% and 20.3% ( Levin and Zadik, 2007). However, despite the banal appearance of tongue piercing, it is not without complications. ...
To evaluate the colonization of Candida at the tongue-piercing site of immunocompetent individuals.
Swabs samples were obtained from the anterior lingual mucosa of healthy young adults with tongue piercing (N = 115); 86 subjects with (non-intra-oral) facial piercing served as a comparison group. Candida colonization was examined by light microscopy after 5-day incubation. Positive specimens were re-cultured on Chromagar Candida plates for species identifying.
Candida colonization was more prevalent among tongue-pierced (20.0%) than facial-pierced subjects (9.4%; P = 0.048). All colonies were of Candida albicans. No difference was found between current tongue ornament wearers (21.2%) and non-wearers (19.5%; P = 0.803). In multivariate analysis, the only significantly positive influencing factors on colonization were tongue piercing (P = 0.034) and daily smoking of more than 10 cigarettes (P = 0.024).
Piercing of the tongue was found to be a risk factor for colonization of Candida albicans, without an influence of whether or not an ornament is in place.
Oral and labial lesions are usually the result of local disease but may be the early signs of systemic disease, including dermatological disorders, and in some instances may cause the main symptoms. This chapter mainly discusses disorders of the periodontal and mucosal tissues that may be related to skin disease and that may present at a dermatology clinic. It should be borne in mind that the professionals most competent in diagnosing and treating oral diseases are those with formal dental training and who are therefore in a position to understand the full complexities of the region. This chapter is divided into a brief discussion of the biology of the mouth, an overview of the more common signs and symptoms affecting specific oral tissues, discussion of the disorders of the oral mucosa of most relevance to dermatology and a tabulated review of oral manifestations of systemic diseases. Only the more classic oral lesions are illustrated. For reasons of space restrictions, diseases affecting the teeth, salivary glands, jaws or temporomandibular joints are not discussed in any depth.
Glossitis, also known as “burning tongue syndrome” or “smooth tongue” means soreness of the tongue, or more usually inflammation [1] with loss of the lingual papillae (depapillation) of the dorsal surface of the tongue, leaving a smooth, shiny, and erythematous surface [2, 3] (sometimes specifically termed atrophic glossitis). Glossitis is often caused by nutritional deficiencies and may be painless or cause discomfort. Severe cases of glossitis can be painful and cause tongue swelling and difficulty in speech or swallowing. Glossitis usually responds well to treatment if the cause is identified and corrected. Tongue soreness caused by glossitis is differentiated from “burning mouth syndrome,” where there is no identifiable change in the appearance of the tongue, and there are no identifiable causes [4].
Among the local factors for oral candidiasis, the piercing of the tongue is recognized by some authors as a risk factor for the colonization of Candida albicans. There are few case reports in which Candida spp. colonization and infection are associated with tongue piercing but only one microbiological study supports this hypothesis in general. The aim of this study was to examine this possible association between the presence of both tongue piercing and Candida spp. in healthy individuals. Positive results for tongue colonization with Candida spp. were found in four (12.9%) of the tongue-pierced subjects and in three (9.67%) subjects of the control group (p = 0.550). All samples were identified as Candida albicans. The univariate and logistic regression analyses of possible risk factors for tongue colonization revealed that gender (p = 0.024), smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day (p = 0.021), and improper hygiene (p = 0.028) were statistically significant influencing factors in the multivariate analysis. The results suggest that the piercing of the tongue is not a risk factor for colonization of Candida spp. View Full-Text
Keywords: tongue piercing; Candida spp.; RT-PCR
Infant oral mutilation (IOM) is a ritual ceremony practised mostly in African cultures, in which the primary tooth bud of the deciduous canine is extracted. Complications and risks of IOM include pain, heavy bleeding and infection that may deteriorate to life-threating conditions. The main long-term consequence of IOM is future dental abnormalities. The scientific literature lacks in-depth analyses of the dental sequelae of this practice among adults who underwent it, and particularly of the aspect of dental treatment. Eight new cases of IOM are presented in this case series, with emphasis on dental diagnosis and treatment modalities. We describe different outcomes of this practice, such as enamel hypoplasia and crown deformations with later necrosis and infection of the root canal system, severe discolouration, immature root apex, impaction of a canine, failure of development and missing lower permanent incisors and canines, an odontoma-like structure, severe periodontal defect and root dilaceration. Familiarity with the practice of IOM is vital in order to identify its manifestations and arrive at the correct diagnosis and optimal course of treatment. Eight new cases of infant oral mutilation (IOM) are presented, with emphasis on dental diagnosis and treatment modalities.Outlines immediate and long-term adverse effects of IOM.Appoints the long-term harmful impacts of IOM on the dentition and the periodontal tissues. Eight new cases of infant oral mutilation (IOM) are presented, with emphasis on dental diagnosis and treatment modalities. Outlines immediate and long-term adverse effects of IOM. Appoints the long-term harmful impacts of IOM on the dentition and the periodontal tissues.
The effects of supplementation of in vitro maturation (IVM) with cysteamine on IVM, IVF, cleavage rate, and subsequent stages
of cleavage of oocytes were examined. A 942 Oocytes obtained from slaughterhouse, ewes ovaries were subjected to IVM and IVF.
Oocytes were matured in TCM199 and fertilized in TALPm media, data were analyzed by contingency tables of chi square, TCM199
media were supplemented with 100 (group A), 200 (group B), 400 (group C) and 0 μm cysteamine (control group D). Total rates of
maturation, fertilization and cleavage in present research were 68.26, 42.14 and 36.53 respectively. Total rates of (2-8 cell stage),
morula and blastocysts were 70.83, 12.50 and 16.67% respectively. Supplementation of IVM medium with 100 μm cysteamine (group
A) increased (P <0.05) the IVM rate compared with group C (80.57% vs.65.56%), there were no significant differences noticed at M-II
and cleavage phases rates among groups, supplementation of IVM medium with 100 μm cysteamine increased (P <0.001) the (2-8
cell stage) rate (70.83% (group D) vs.17.86% (group A) but differences among groups were significant (P <0.05) at the rates of morula
and blastocyst yield among groups, highest values were in group A and B (39.29 and 42.86% vs.14.81 and 18.52%) compared with C
and D groups (15 and 15% vs.12.50 and 16.67%). The results of the present study suggest that supplementation of IVM media with
cysteamine improves the rates of IVM, IVF, the yield of morula and blastocysts in IVP programs of sheep whereas gives the good
chances for other aims like sexing and cloning of embryos.
BACKGROUND:
Rhinitis is one of the commonest occupational related respiratory disorders that is only restricted to the upper
airway but can involve the lower respiratory tract with considerable airflow limitation, this study was conducted
assess the ventilator function of persons exposed to saw dust with rhinitis symptoms
METHODS:
This is a cross sectional study carried out among 200 randomly selected saw mill workers and 200 healthy staff of
Jos University Teaching Hospital staff in Jos metropolis from September to November 2008. Data on
sociodemographic variables, symptoms of rhinitis, etc was obtained using a modified semi structured British
medical research council questionnaire while respiratory function data was measured using a spirometry
RESULT:
A total of 400 responds comprising of 200 saw mill workers and 200 controls participated in this study. Based on
diagnostic criteria. 43% of the subjects fit into diagnosis of rhinitis, 33% had asthma symptoms and 24 % did not fit
into any category compared to none of < 5% of the control group. The ventilatory function based on FEV1, FVC,
FEV1/FVC ratio and PEFR showed a significant decline when matched with controls and predicted value, suggesting
an airflow limitation among the rhinitis group.
CONCLUSION:
Rhinitis associated with wood dust exposure is not restricted to airway but involves the entire respiratory tract
with airflow limitation as one of its consequences.
KEY WORDS: Ventilatory function, Rhinitis, wood dust exposure
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Mentorship is important in residency training as it is necessary for personal and professional development of the
resident trainees
OBJECTIVES
This study documents mentorship in orthopaedic residency training programme in Nigeria by assessing the
awareness of orthopaedic residents on the role of a mentor, willingness to be mentored and their perceived
reasons for the possible lack of mentors/ participation of senior colleagues in a mentorship programme
METHOD
This was a descriptive cross sectional study of 37 orthopaedic residents attending a revision course of the Faculty
of Orthopaedics, National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria. Self-administered structured questionnaires
were used to collect data. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0.
RESULTS
The mean age of the respondent was 34.7 ± 4.7 years. The Male: Female ratio was 19:1. The average number of years
already spent in the residency programme by the respondents was 2.8 ± 0.9 years. Only 27% of residents had
participated in a mentorship programme since they began residency programme but only half were still being
mentored at the time of the study. Sixty-five percent reported no formal mentorship programme in their
institutions. However, 73% of the respondents would want a formal mentorship programme in their institution.
Ninety percent of the respondents desired to be mentored.
CONCLUSION
Most residents are willing to be mentored. Consultants and trainers should ensure that the trainees are mentored.
Keywords
Mentorship, Orthopaedic Residents, Residency Training, Fellowship Training Nigeria.,
Background:
Mentorship is important in residency training as it is necessary for personal and professional development of the resident trainees.
Objectives:
This study documents mentorship in orthopaedic residency training programme in Nigeria by assessing the awareness of orthopaedic residents on the role of a mentor, willingness to be mentored and their perceived reasons for the possible lack of mentors/ participation of senior colleagues in a mentorship programme.
Method:
This was a descriptive cross sectional study of 37 orthopaedic residents attending a revision course of the Faculty of Orthopaedics, National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria. Self-administered structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0.
Results:
The mean age of the respondent was 34.7 ± 4.7 years. The Male: Female ratio was 19:1. The average number of years already spent in the residency programme by the respondents was 2.8 ± 0.9 years. Only 27% of residents had participated in a mentorship programme since they began residency programme but only half were still being mentored at the time of the study. Sixty-five percent reported no formal mentorship programme in their institutions. However, 73% of the respondents would want a formal mentorship programme in their institution. Ninety percent of the respondents desired to be mentored.
Conclusion:
Most residents are willing to be mentored. Consultants and trainers should ensure that the trainees are mentored.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:
Rhinitis is one of the commonest occupational related respiratory disorders that is only restricted to the upper
airway but can involve the lower respiratory tract with considerable airflow limitation,this study was conducted
assess the ventilator function of persons exposed to saw dust with rhinitis symptoms
METHODS:
This is a cross sectional study carried out among 200 randomly selected saw mill workers and 200 healthy staff of Jos University Teaching Hospital staff in Jos metropolis from September to November 2008. Data on
sociodemographic variables, symptoms of rhinitis, etc was obtained using a modified semi structured British
medical research council questionnaire while respiratory function data was measured using a spirometry
RESULT:
A total of 400 responds comprising of 200 saw mill workers and 200 controls participated in this study. Based on
diagnostic criteria. 43% of the subjects fit into diagnosis of rhinitis, 33% had asthma symptoms and 24 % did not fit into any category compared to none of < 5% of the control group.The ventilatory function based on FEV1, FVC,
FEV1/FVC ratio and PEFR showed a significant decline when matched with controls and predicted value,suggesting an airflow limitation among the rhinitis group.
CONCLUSION:
Rhinitis associated with wood dust exposure is not restricted to airway but involves the entire respiratory tract
with airflow limitation as one of its consequences.
KEY WORDS: Ventilatory function,Rhinitis,wood dust exposure.
Piercings and tattoos have become very popular in western society in recent decades, particularly among younger generations. Reports of medical complications associated with these decorative techniques have increased in parallel with the rise in their popularity. Due to their high frequency, adverse cutaneous reactions are particularly important among these potential complications.Tattoo-related complications include a number of cutaneous and systemic infections secondary to breach of the epidermal barrier, acute and delayed inflammatory reactions with different histopathological patterns, the appearance of benign and malignant tumors on tattooed areas of skin, and certain dermatoses triggered by isomorphic phenomena. Piercing-related complications are similar, though some, such as pyogenic skin infections, are much more common due to the delayed wound healing after piercing in certain sites. We must differentiate between complications that are independent of the site of piercing, and specific complications, which are closely related to the body area pierced.The rate of complications after performing piercings or tattoos depends on the experience of the artist, the hygiene techniques applied, and the postprocedural care by the customer. However, some of these complications are unpredictable and depend on factors intrinsic to the patient.In this article, we review the most common decorative techniques of body art, with particular focus on the potential cutaneous complications and their management.
Objective:
To investigate via a split-mouth cross-sectional study the prevalence of gingival recessions associated with lateral lower lip piercing in a population obtained from a nondental setting.
Method and materials:
A split-mouth study was performed in a sample of 47 patients with one lateral lower lip piercing. Teeth in direct contact with the intraoral closure of the stud were defined as test teeth; contralateral teeth were selected as controls. Clinical examination included full-mouth plaque and bleeding indices, probing depth, recession, clinical attachment level, periodontal biotype, evaluation of hard tissues, occlusal trauma, stud characteristics, and mucosal inspection and palpation.
Results:
Midbuccal recession was noted in four test teeth compared with one control tooth (8.5% and 2.1%, respectively; P = .250). The canine and first premolars were the most affected. Tooth chipping occurred in one test tooth and no control teeth. Plaque levels were significantly higher in test than control teeth (P < .001).
Conclusion:
Lateral lower lip piercing is associated with significantly higher plaque accumulation on adjacent teeth. A small percentage of lateral lower lip piercings may cause tooth chipping or buccal recession in adjacent teeth.
Objectives
Cell-based therapies for bone augmentation after tooth loss and for the treatment of periodontal defects improve healing defects. Usually, osteogenic cells or stem cells are cultivated in 2D primary cultures, before they are combined with scaffold materials, even though this means a loss of the endogenous 3D microenvironment for the cells. Moreover, the use of single-cell suspensions for the inoculation of scaffolds or for the direct application into an area of interest has the disadvantages of low initial cell numbers and susceptibility to unwanted cellular distribution, respectively.
Materials and methods
We addressed the question whether an alternative to monolayer cultures, namely 3D microtissues, has the potential to improve osteogenic tissue engineering and its clinical outcome.
Results
By contrast, to monolayer cultures, osteogenic differentiation of 3D microtissues is enhanced by mimicking in vivo conditions. It seems that the osteogenic differentiation in microtissues is enhanced by strong integrin–extracellular matrix interaction and by stronger autocrine BMP2 signaling. Moreover, microtissues are less prone to wash out by body fluids and allow the precise administration of large cell numbers.
Conclusion
Microtissue cultures have closer characteristics with cells in vivo and their enhanced osteogenic differentiation makes scaffold-free microtissues a promising concept in osteogenic tissue engineering.
Clinical relevance
Microtissues are particularly suitable for tissue engineering because they improve seeding efficiency of biomaterials by increasing the cell load of a scaffold. This results in accelerated osteogenic tissue formation and could contribute to earlier implant stability in mandibular bone augmentation.
Tongue piercings can be associated with local and systemic complications. Local complications occur frequently immediately after the surgery but also long-term local effects can cause problems such as speech and swallowing difficulties. Aspiration, transmission of infectious diseases, hypersensitivity reaction belong to the systemic complications. In the presented paper an unusual case of cancer development in a 26-year-old man who had a metal piercing inserted for 5 years in the right anterior third of the tongue. Despite of intense concommitant chemoradiotherapy the patient died 18 months from the first symptoms. In prevention of various complications it would be the best solution spread information about the risks of the tongue piercing especially within teenage population.
To systemically search the literature for case reports concerning adverse effects associated with oral and peri-oral piercings on oral health and/or general health. Material and methods: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched up through 1 April 2010 to identify appropriate studies.
Independent screening of the titles and abstracts identified 1169 papers from MEDLINE and 73 papers from CENTRAL. Subsequently, 67 papers describing 83 cases were processed for data extraction. The case reports described complications in oral and general health. In this review, 96 complications were described for 83 cases. Of the 96 reported complications, 81% (n=84) occurred in cases of tongue piercings, 20% (n=21) in cases of lip piercings and 1% (n=1) in cases of other oral piercings. In eight cases, subjects had two oral and/or peri-oral piercings. Gingival recession was the most frequently described complication. Periodontitis and gingival recession were seen at the central mandibular incisors. Tooth fracture is mostly reported in subjects with tongue piercings.
Among the case reports, there were complications like normal post-operative swelling and localized inflammation but also more serious complication that may even have been life threatening. Also in the long term, piercing may be associated with gingival recession and tooth fracture. Therefore, oral and/or peri-oral piercings are not without risks. Patients considering a piercing should be made aware of this. Those patients wearing a piercing should be screened by a dental professional for possible complications on a regular basis.
Piercings and tattoos have become very popular in western society in recent decades, particularly among younger generations. Reports of medical complications associated with these decorative techniques have increased in parallel with the rise in their popularity. Due to their high frequency, adverse cutaneous reactions are particularly important among these potential complications. Tattoo-related complications include a number of cutaneous and systemic infections secondary to breach of the epidermal barrier, acute and delayed inflammatory reactions with different histopathological patterns, the appearance of benign and malignant tumors on tattooed areas of skin, and certain dermatoses triggered by isomorphic phenomena. Piercing-related complications are similar, though some, such as pyogenic skin infections, are much more common due to the delayed wound healing after piercing in certain sites. We must differentiate between complications that are independent of the site of piercing, and specific complications, which are closely related to the body area pierced. The rate of complications after performing piercings or tattoos depends on the experience of the artist, the hygiene techniques applied, and the postprocedural care by the customer. However, some of these complications are unpredictable and depend on factors intrinsic to the patient. In this article, we review the most common decorative techniques of body art, with particular focus on the potential cutaneous complications and their management.
To assess periodontal health of individuals with a lateral lower lip piercing and describe associated periodontal, dental and mucosal complications.
A split-mouth study was performed in a sample of 50 patients with a lateral lower lip piercing who attended the Periodontal Pathology and Surgery Unit of the Dental School of the University of Barcelona. The patients underwent periodontal, dental and mucosal examination on both the piercing and the control sides.
Piercing users were predominantly women (78%), with a mean age of 21.3 years (SD=4.4). The amounts of keratinized and attached gingiva were significantly lower on the piercing side, and the prevalence of gingival recession was higher (p=0.012). The canine and first bicuspid teeth were the most affected. Tooth fractures and cracks were more frequent on the piercing side (20%) when compared with the control (4%). Mucosal alterations were found in seven patients.
The use of lateral lower lip piercings enhances gingival recession and reduces the amounts of keratinized and attached gingiva. These ornaments are also associated with tooth fractures and cracks.
The popularity of body piercing procedures is increasing around the world. Body piercing, depending on the age and social group, is believed to involve up to 51% of the general population. Complications following piercing procedures are variable.
To present an unusual complication after lower lip piercing - embedding of a stud into the lip - and to determine why it occurred from the side of the mucous membrane and not from the side of the skin.
A 21-year-old man presented to the plastic surgery outpatient clinic with embedding of piercing into the lower lip. Results In lateral X-ray film, a metallic shadow was observed in the area of the oral soft tissues. The length of the stick was only 8 mm. In this patient, a stick that was too short in relation to the thickness of the lip was used. In this situation, the ends of the stud pressed too strongly on the surrounding tissues. Consequently, this may have caused necrosis of the mucous membrane and embedding of the stud into the lip.
The observations described confirm a higher susceptibility to mechanical pressure of the mucous membrane than of the skin. An increasing rate of complications after body piercing reflects a lack of medical knowledge in individuals performing such procedures.
This article describes a 28-year-old male patient's habit of chewing the aluminum ring of soft drink cans, with harmful consequences: broken cusp, dental attrition and craze lines. Although the reported dental damage is similar to that seen in oral piercing and wearing metal ornaments, the reported habit was unknown to the dental team in the 10 years preceding the event of cusp breakage. Dental practitioners should ask patients about their lifestyles and habits before occurence of such a complication, which has potential to affect oral integrity.
The use of postorthodontic fixed retainers made of wire and composite resin bonded to the lingual/palatal tooth aspect is a common practice that can affect gingival health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health.
The study included 92 consecutive subjects who arrived for routine dental examination at a military dental clinic between May and August 2007. Plaque and gingival indices, gingival recession, probing depth, and bleeding on probing were measured at the anterior sextants. When a fixed retainer was present, the distance was measured between the retainer and incisal edge and to the cemento-enamel junction. Past orthodontic treatment and smoking habits were self-reported. Postorthodontic patients were sorted by the presence or absence of fixed retainers.
The mean probing depth was 1.90 +/- 0.2 mm, and gingival recession was 0.06 +/- 0.02 mm; 20.8% of all sites exhibited bleeding on probing. Current smoking was reported by 20 (21.7%) patients. Labial gingival recession was significantly greater in treated (0.13 +/- 0.2 mm) patients compared to non-treated patients (0.05 +/- 0.2 mm; P = 0.03). Localized lingual gingival recession was significantly greater in teeth with fixed retainers (0.09 +/- 0.2 mm) compared to teeth with no fixed retainers (0.01 +/- 0.1 mm; P = 0.0002), as were plaque and gingival indices and bleeding on probing. Plaque on the lingual/palatal aspect showed a weak, positive correlation with lingual gingival recession (r = 0.16; P = 0.033).
Orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers were associated with an increased incidence of gingival recession, increased plaque retention, and increased bleeding on probing; however, the magnitude of the difference in recession was of low clinical significance.
This report describes lingual cortical plate loss of the two lower central incisors with second degree mobility in an 18.5-year-old patient. Seven millimeters of clinical attachment losses were detected. For the last 4.5 years, the patient has worn a tongue ornament. The spheres were pressed directly against the periodontal lesion. The metal bar was bent as empirical evidence of the excessive force. Dental practitioners should educate their patients about the risk of oral piercing.
Tongue piercing remains popular. A variety of complications have been reported, including life-threatening infection, airway problems and damaged teeth or mucosal surfaces. A patient who collapsed after continuous profuse bleeding following tongue piercing is presented. It is recommended that piercing practitioners be licensed and inspected. A list of written post piercing instructions for customers is included on how to deal with, or who to contact regarding potential complications including haemorrhage.
Body piercing has become increasingly popular in Western countries, especially among young people. However, not everyone is aware of its potential risks, which may develop local and systemic complications shortly after, or long after the piercing procedure. Given that the oral cavity is one of the most frequent sites for piercing placement, the aim of this paper is to familiarise the oral healthcare professional with oral piercing and its possible sequelae in order to educate patients prior to and after piercing practices and address any complications that may arise.
Although oral piercing has been an uncommon practice in the Western world, the insertion of metal objects into intra-oral and peri-oral pierced sites is growing in popularity. Tongue piercing is one such practice whereby a metal barbell is inserted into the tongue after piercing with a 14-16 gauge needle. Pain, swelling and infection are the most serious consequences associated with this procedure. Other adverse outcomes include mucosal or gingival trauma, chipped or fractured teeth, increased salivary flow, calculus build-up, and interference with speech, mastication and swallowing. This article presents a case report on tongue piercing and highlights the procedure involved. Special attention is given to complications and dental implications associated with such an unusual practice.
The case of an 18-year-old patient who developed critical upper airway compromise after central tongue piercing is presented. Otolaryngologists must be aware of the many potential complications of tongue piercing and their management.
This study assessed tattoos and body piercings as markers of risk-taking behaviors in adolescents.
A 58-question survey, based on the 1997 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey, was offered to all adolescent beneficiaries that came to the Adolescent Clinic. The survey contained standard Youth Risk Behavior Survey questions that inquire about eating behavior, violence, drug abuse, sexual behavior, and suicide. Questions about tattoos and body piercings were added for the purposes of this study.
Participants with tattoos and/or body piercings were more likely to have engaged in risk-taking behaviors and at greater degrees of involvement than those without either. These included disordered eating behavior, gateway drug use, hard drug use, sexual activity, and suicide. Violence was associated with males having tattoos and with females having body piercings. Gateway drug use was associated with younger age of both tattooing and body piercing. Hard drug use was associated with number of body piercings. Suicide was associated with females having tattoos and younger age of both tattooing and body piercing. Tattoos and body piercings were found to be more common in females than males.
Tattoos and/or body piercings can alert practitioners to the possibility of other risk-taking behaviors in adolescents, leading to preventive measures, including counseling. Tattoo and body piercing discovery should be an important part of a health maintenance visit to best direct adolescent medical care.
Piercing invades subcutaneous areas and has a high potential for infectious complications. The number of case reports of endocarditis associated with piercing is increasing. We studied a 25-year-old man with a pierced tongue, who arrived at Memorial Health University Medical Center with fever, chills, rigors, and shortness of breath of 6 days' duration and had an aortic valvuloplasty for correction of congenital aortic stenosis.
This study investigated the periodontal and dental trauma resultant from tongue and lip piercings in a convenience sample of 43 adult dental patients. Patients underwent an intra-oral examination followed by the administration of a questionnaire. Each patient was examined for lingual or buccal recession of the upper and lower incisors as well as the extent of abnormal toothwear or trauma on these teeth. Following bivariate analyses, regression analyses were conducted to test the study hypotheses and derive adjusted estimates for the dependent variables. Of the 43 individuals who participated (93.0% females; mean age 21 years; age range 14-34 years) 76.7% had a tongue piercing, 34.9% had a lip piercing, and 11.6% had both. Only four had had their piercing procedure provided by a doctor or dentist. Postpiercing complications were reported by 34.9%. Most of those with a labial piercing (80.0%) had 1+ labial site with gingival recession (GR), and almost one-third of those with a tongue piercing had at least one lingual site with GR. Age was a significant predictor of the prevalence of lingual recession, with the odds of having lingual recession increasing by 1.17 (95% CI 1.01, 1.35) for every year older than 14. Age was the only significant predictor of the number of lingual sites with recession, but was not a predictor of the prevalence of labial recession or the number of affected sites. There were no significant associations between piercings and abnormal toothwear or trauma. These findings suggest that oral piercings are associated with localized gingival recession, and that the providers of such procedures should ensure that, as part of the informed consent process, prospective patients are informed of the likelihood that their periodontal health may be compromised.
Piercing of the tongue and perioral regions is an increasingly popular expression of body art, with more patients coming in for a routine check-up with tongue and/or lip piercings. Several complications of oral piercing have been reported, some of which are life-threatening. In the present clinical survey the prevalence of both tongue and lip piercing complications in oral health was assessed in a group of 50 patients. The most common dental problem registered was chipping of the teeth, especially in association with tongue piercing. Gingival recession was seen as a result of lip piercing with studs. Post-procedural complications included oedema, haemorrhage and infection. Therefore, dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons should be given more authority to advise patients with oral and facial piercings or those who plan to acquire this type of body art.
To investigate the prevalence and range of complications following tongue piercing.
A survey of individuals with tongue piercings ('piercees') and tongue piercers was undertaken in the South West of England. One hundred and twenty-three piercees completed a self-administered questionnaire and 22 piercers took part in an interviewer-led questionnaire.
The mean age of an individual having a tongue piercing was 19 years old. Almost all the subjects reported problems following piercing; early problems were mainly due to tissue trauma, whereas later, ingestion of jewellery and tooth fracture were common events. A minority (7%) of piercees required the advice of a healthcare professional following tongue piercing. The majority of piercers reported adequate cross-infection measures and enquired about their clients' health prior to piercing. However, only one piercer was aware of the risk of bacterial endocarditis following tongue piercing. Most of the piercers reported that they would advise their clients to attend an Accident and Emergency department if a serious complication ensued.
Tongue piercing may be associated with significant short-term and long-term morbidity, including tooth damage. Although the majority of piercers interviewed reported adequate cross-infection controls, knowledge of the medical risks associated with tongue piercing varied widely.
A total of 98 intra-oral piercings were studied. Gingival recessions were observed in 23 cases (23.5%), mostly in the mandibular incisor area. Damage to the dental structure occurred in 13 cases (13.3%). It is therefore necessary to inform the patient of the risk to oral health of intra-oral piercings.
The trend of tongue piercing is becoming more popular. A patient with Ludwig's angina, secondary to recent tongue piercing, is presented. The management of the patients and the implications of tongue piercing are discussed.
This article discusses potential oral and dental complications associated with tongue piercing. It will present an introductory overview of the procedure, outline a review of the medical and dental literature, and describe a case report of a young adult patient. Dental hygienists should not condemn those who choose to modify their bodies. Patients need to be informed of the potential complications associated with tongue and oral piercing, and dental hygienists can serve this role.
Piercing has become a widespread fashion trend in Western industrialized nations within recent years. The invasive application of ornaments through cutaneous and mucosal surfaces enables the penetration of various pathogens into subcutaneous tissue. The authors describe the hazards of piercing and facial body art as they apply to 3 patients. Perichondrial auricular abscess, granulomatous perichondritis of the nasal ala, and embedding of a stud in the lower lip were the respective diagnoses. Literature was reviewed for the cultural origins and current practices of piercing, the legal background of piercing as a business, typical medical complications, and treatment recommendations. Numerous communications have been published on medical complications of piercing. The patients presented and the review of the literature illustrate that piercing is not a harmless fashion and that regulations of piercing as a business seem desirable to prevent further complications.
"Body art" is a fashion that appears to be gaining popularity worldwide. There are many risks and potentially adverse results associated with tongue piercing. Pain (the procedure is performed without anesthetics), post-placement edema and the risk of prolonged bleeding, if the blood vessels are punctured during the piercing, and fracture of tooth structures, are but a few of the risks. The purpose of the present article is to describe the consequences of three cases of tongue piercing in which metallic barbell-shaped studs were inserted: the consequences include the fracture of tooth structure, caused by the device knocking against the teeth; and inflammation and edema occurred as a result of the piercing of the tongue.
The insertion of metal objects into intraoral and perioral sites is growing in popularity. However, there are numerous oral and dental complications associated with tongue piercing. Fifteen patients with tongue piercings (pierced in the body of the tongue, anterior to the lingual frenum) attending the dental office of the authors, with and without complaints, were clinically and radiographically examined. The most common dental problem registered was chipping of teeth. Furthermore, two cracked teeth and four teeth with cusp fractures were also seen. One case of selective dental abrasion was registered. Trauma to the lingual anterior gingiva was the most common gingival problem. A salivary flow stimulating effect was only reported by 2 of the 15 individuals. None of the patients complained of interference with speech, mastication and swallowing. One case of galvanic currents produced by the appliance was registered. On the basis of the registered data, we concluded that patients need to be better informed of the potential complications associated with tongue and oral piercings, and that the dental profession can serve this role.
The piercing of intraoral structures to accommodate different types of jewelry has increased in popularity in the last few years. The association of an intraoral piercing with localized periodontitis is not well documented in the literature. A 22-year-old male presented to our clinic with a tongue stud placed through the mid-dorsum of his tongue. The inferior sphere was coated with plaque and calculus. Teeth #24 and #25 exhibited 6 mm interproximal probing depth and recession, horizontal radiographic bone loss, and tissue indentations consistent with the shape of the inferior ball of the tongue stud directly on the lingual surfaces of both teeth. The treatment consisted of an adult prophylaxis, flap curettage of the mandibular anterior region, oral hygiene instructions, and removal of the tongue stud. At our follow-up visit, the patient's oral hygiene had improved, he has removed the jewelry, and the attachment loss appears to have stabilized.
The implication of a traumatic injury to a permanent molar tooth as a complication by tongue piercing with ornamental jewelry is reported. An appropriate restorative management of the fractured tooth is described. The dentist's role in prevention and treatment of unfavorable complications is outlined. The rationales for selection of specific treatment modalities, in view of the degree of damage to hard dental tissues, are discussed. The range of hard tissue injuries resulting from tongue jewelry varies from a simple crack propagating into the enamel to a fractured tooth. A variety of factors must be considered before employing the available restorative methods.
To survey the prevalence of body art (body piercing and tattooing) in university undergraduate students and to determine the incidence of medical complications from these procedures.
Between February and May 2001, students were offered the opportunity to complete an anonymous, voluntary survey at the beginning of class or organizational meetings. The survey instrument requested information concerning body piercing and tattooing (current or removed) by body site, age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, undergraduate class, athletic status, and the occurrence of medical complications.
Four hundred fifty-four (94.4%) of 481 students completed the survey (14.7% of total campus enrollment). The prevalence of body piercing was 51%, and that of tattooing was 23%. The chi2 analysis showed female students were more likely to be pierced than males (P=.002); there was no significant difference in the prevalence of tattooing by sex. Male athletes were more likely to be tattooed than male nonathletes (P=.02). No relationships were shown between piercing/tattooing and age or measures of body somatotype. The incidence of medical complications of piercing was 17%, and these complications included bleeding, tissue trauma, and bacterial infections. Pierced navels were particularly prone to infection. There were no reported medical complications from tattooing. Eighteen percent of piercings (58/315) and 4% of tattoos (6/149) had been removed.
Body art is prevalent among undergraduate university students, and there is a significant incidence of medical complications among students with piercing. Male athletes were significantly more likely to be tattooed than male nonathletes.
A young adult developed severe gingival recessions and radiographic signs of trauma to the periodontium after wearing a tongue barbell and a lip stud. Oral body art (piercing) can be hazardous to the periodontium; nevertheless, patients inclined to such practices do not see them as health hazards and are very reluctant to remove them.
The increasing popularity of tongue piercing has prompted several case reports documenting oral complications of this practice. However, there are no studies assessing potentially significant parameters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of time (years of wear) and tongue barbell size (stem length) on gingival recession and tooth chipping.
Fifty-two adults (mean age 22) with tongue piercings were examined for gingival recession on the lingual aspect of the 12 anterior teeth and for tooth chipping anywhere in the mouth. Subjects were grouped according to years of wear (0 to 2, 2 to 4, and 4+ years) and barbell stem length (long > or =1.59 cm, or short <1.59 cm). Data analysis was based on binomial test and non-parametric tests.
No subject with a tongue piercing <2 years (group 0-2) exhibited lingual recession or tooth chipping. Lingual recession was found on mandibular central incisors in 50% of subjects wearing long barbells for 2 or more years. Tooth chipping was found on molars and premolars in 47% of subjects with a tongue piercing for 4+ years.
Tongue piercing is associated with lingual recession of mandibular anterior teeth and chipping of posterior teeth. Long-term use of a tongue barbell increases the prevalence of these complications. Barbell stem length appears to differentially affect prevalence of recession and chipping. Since the overwhelming majority of subjects with tongue piercings are young adults, cessation efforts are needed to target this population.
The desire to modify a person's outer appearance is a phenomenon that can be traced back to the beginning of humankind. Body modifications have been practiced among all cultures around the globe to differing extents. The authors present medical complications through jewelry in a series of 35 consecutive patients. Patient charts were evaluated for age, gender, type and sequelae of injury, complications, and treatment results. The male-to-female ratio was 1:2.2. Most of the recorded complications were related to the new vogue of piercing, with the ear affected most commonly. Usually the complications were minor; however, 2 patients sustained disfiguring damage to their auricular cartilage as a result of high ear piercing, a child nearly asphyxiated on an aspirated earring, and 2 patients experienced severe dysphagia as a result of tongue piercing. The most severe complication was a lethal strangulation injury in a female patient whose necklace got trapped in the headrest of her car seat during a front-end collision.
Piercing has become so popular during the last 20 to 30 years that many physicians are now treating patients with piercings and dealing with its side effects. We present 3 cases that illustrate the complications of tongue piercing (ie, infection, bleeding, and embedded ornaments). We describe the methods for inserting the ornaments to illustrate the possible adverse effects. Treatment recommendations and their application to those 3 patients are described. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95:274-6)
The number of adolescents and young adults undergoing intraoral piercing is increasing in the United States. Numerous articles have documented complications following intraoral piercing. This article presents a case of prolonged bleeding and reviews other documented sequelae following intraoral piercing. The article may serve as a guide to dental professionals whose patients seek advice regarding these procedures.
The authors provide clinical findings in five patients wearing oral jewelry to illustrate the risks of experiencing periodontal injury associated with body piercing involving intraoral and perioral sites. They also present a literature review of other adverse dental and medical consequences attributed to oral piercing.
Five young adult patients with tongue and lip piercing sought dental care. Each patient exhibited some degree of gingival recession and mucogingival defects in proximity of their oral jewelry. Three of these patients had probing depths ranging from 5 to 8 millimeters in the affected areas.
Intraoral and perioral jewelry may be associated with the development of significant mucogingival deformities. Because severe attachment loss can develop even when gingival recession is minimal, it is critical that patients with oral piercing routinely undergo comprehensive periodontal assessment. The authors urge clinicians to educate patients about the potential risks regarding the practice of oral piercing.
Abstract Body piercing has become an increasingly common practice in the United States and elsewhere. Although perceived as a relatively safe practice, it poses the risk of numerous infectious complications. Oral body piercing in particular has significant potential risk given the known relationship of oral flora to bacteremia. We describe a patient who developed infective endocarditis shortly after undergoing oral piercing. Body piercing has become an increasingly common practice in the United States and elsewhere. 1 Although perceived as a relatively safe practice, it poses the risk of numerous infectious complications. Oral body piercing in particular has significant potential risk given the known relationship of oral flora to bacteremia. We describe a patient who developed infective endocarditis shortly after undergoing oral piercing.
To ascertain the numbers of patients with pierced lips or tongues seen by dentists during routine consultations. The study also examined the provision of advice by dentists, and the nature of piercing-related complications.
A postal questionnaire was sent to dentists in two Primary Care Trust areas in South Lancashire.
Sixty-four of the 106 questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 60%. Sixty-two dentists (96.9%) reported that they had seen patients with lip or tongue piercings during the previous 12 months and that they had seen a mean number of 2.8 patients with lip piercing and a mean of 9.0 patients with tongue piercing. A total of 56.5% of the dentists gave advice on oral hygiene and 79.0% on possible damage to the oral structures. Twenty-seven dentists (43.5%) said that their patients had oral health problems as a result of lip or tongue piercing.
The dentists who responded to the questionnaire commonly saw lip and tongue piercings. All dentists should therefore be prepared to offer appropriate advice. A public health information leaflet available in all medical and dental practices would help to ensure that patients were better informed about body piercing and its complications.
The aim of the study was to examine oral piercings among first-year university students.
First-year university students in 2002 were invited to a dental examination (n = 234; 49 men and 185 women). Students with piercings formed the study group and the rest served as controls. The methods included decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF) index, stimulated salivary flow rates, panoramic tomograms, and questionnaires including the Depression Inventory of Beck. Fisher's 2-sided exact test was used for statistical analysis.
The prevalence of oral piercings was 3.4%. In the DMF indices, no statistically significant differences existed between the groups. Increased salivary flow rates were noted among students with piercings (63% vs 26%, P < .05). Use of tobacco and illicit drugs, and also depression, were more prevalent in the study group than in the controls.
Because of the possibility of oral implications, follow-up of oral piercings is essential.
The present study assessed the prevalence of oral piercing among young adults and revealed the types and rate of complications following oral piecing, as well as the awareness of the complications. The study included 400 consecutive patients, who randomly arrived at a military dental office. Before dental examination, patients were requested to fill out a questionnaire regarding oral piercing, their awareness of its complications, and the occurrence of complications related to piercing. Intra-oral examination included special attention to piercing-related complications, such as tooth fractures, gingivitis, bleeding, infections, gingival recessions, etc. A total of 389 patients, 210 (54%) males and 179 (46%) females agreed to participate (97.3% response rate), with an average age of 20.08 +/- 1.1 years. Of the participants, 79 (20.3%) reported having at least one type of oral piercing; lingual piercing was the most common. Swelling and bleeding after piercing were reported by 41 (51.9%) and 36 (45.7%) participants, respectively. Among the participants, 225 (57.8%) were unaware of the dangers of intra-oral piercing. Clinical examination revealed 15 fractured teeth in 11 (13.9%) participants with piercing. Gingival recessions were observed in 21 (26.6%), mostly in the mandibular incisor area. Dentists should be aware of the increasing number of patients with pierced intra- and peri-oral sites and to provide appropriate guidance to patients who contemplate body piercing involving oral sites.
Piercing is defined as puncturing an organ in order to place a jewel in the perforated site. There is almost no external organ in the human body that has escaped piercing. The origin of piercing traces back to the dawn of human history. Piercing is performed for decorative or symbolic purposes. Genital piercing (male or female) has recently extended into Western societies in general and to Israel in particular. The aim of genital piercing is said to be both decorative and for the enhancement of sexual pleasure. There are several types of genital piercing. The procedure is performed by non-medical persons, not within medical institutions, and may involve severe complications. Israeli legislation that regulates genital piercing is lacking.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence, risk and odds ratios of gingival recession defects associated with elective lip piercing and wearing of stud jewelry, and to attempt to identify risk factors that might permit the incidence of recession and its severity to be predicted, using Miller's classification. Ninety-one subjects with lip piercing and labrets were evaluated with regard to gender, age, smoking history, orthodontic history, and labret characteristics. An age-matched group of 54 individuals without peri-oral piercing provided the control. Gingival recession was recorded on teeth opposing a labret in 68.13% of pierced subjects. By contrast, only 22.2% of unpierced individuals demonstrated recession. The odds ratio between pierced and control groups indicates a likelihood of recession 7.5 times greater in a pierced individual wearing a labret than in an unpierced individual. Logistical regression analysis showed that age, gender, smoking and labret configuration did not significantly influence the development of recession. Furthermore, an illustrative example indicates that piercing and provision of a labret might typically increase the risk of recession occurring from 34.4% (pre-piercing) to 80.8 %. Recession severity was greater in the pierced group, with Miller's class 2 and 3 defects observed in 18.7% of the pierced but not at all in the unpierced group. Ordinal regression identified previous orthodontic treatment as the only significant predictor of Miller's grade. We concluded that a clear link exists between lip piercing, labret use and gingival recession. Belief that labret placement and configuration can be modified to provide protection is unfounded.
Piercing is popular among young people, who view this practice as a sign of marginality, beauty, or group identity. This study is performed on healthy individuals with oral and facial piercings.
Seventy oral and facial piercings were evaluated (17 in the tongue, 13 in the lower lip, 18 in the nostril, 7 in the eyebrow, and 15 in the ear). A specifically designed protocol was used to assess possible complications (inflammatory reactions, pain, dental alterations). Nonparametric tests were used for the statistical analysis of the results.
The general complications recorded comprised pain (60% of cases), inflammatory reactions (34.3%), bleeding (24%), dental fractures or fissures (20%), and gingival damage (26.7%).
Tongue piercing is associated with pain, inflammatory reactions, and dental problems.
The purpose of this research was to examine the trend of high school adolescents obtaining an oral piercing. A questionnaire was sent to five high schools in Buffalo, NY. Of the 508 questionnaires returned, 49 of the respondents (10%) had an oral piercing. Post-piercing occurrences included swelling, tenderness, numbness, loss of taste, bleeding and pus. Oral piercing maintenance was minimal or non-existent. Dental trauma/piercing-related injuries were common. Researchers concluded that the oral piercing trend in Buffalo, NY, high schools is small; however, students who are getting oral piercings are doing so without parental consent and often show signs of infection.
Body piercings have increased tremendously in popularity in recent years. For oral piercing, late complications include gingival trauma and localized periodontitis. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence and contributing factors of gingival recession associated with labial piercing.
The test group included 50 subjects with lower-lip studs. Nonpierced controls were matched according to gender, age and smoking status. Clinical examination included plaque and bleeding indices, probing depth, recession, clinical attachment level, width of keratinized gingiva, periodontal biotype, insertion of frenula, evaluation of hard tissues, trauma of occlusion, characteristics of the stud, radiographs and photographs.
Gingival recessions were noted on teeth opposite the stud in 68% of the test group compared with 4% of the controls. Localized periodontitis was recorded in 4% of test subjects. Time since piercing and the position of the stud in relation to the cemento-enamel junction were significantly associated with the prevalence of buccal recessions. There were no significant associations between piercing and abnormal tooth wear.
The prevalence of gingival recessions is associated with labial piercing. The position of the intra-oral disc and time since piercing are associated with a greater prevalence of gingival recession. A narrow width of keratinized gingiva is associated with increased buccal recessions.
Body piercing has become increasingly popular in Western countries, especially among young people. However, not everyone is aware of its potential risks, which may develop local and systemic complications shortly after, or long after the piercing procedure. Given that the oral cavity is one of the most frequent sites for piercing placement, the aim of this paper is to familiarise the oral healthcare professional with oral piercing and its possible sequelae in order to educate patients prior to and after piercing practices and address any complications that may arise.
Oral Piercing is a practice that is gaining acceptance in the western world as a sign of individuality, marginality, decoration, or group membership. In a recent large-scale survey among Israeli young adults, more than half of the study population was not aware of any of the complications of oral piercing. Pain, bleeding, edema, inhalation, dental and gingival trauma, allergic reaction, contact lesions, impaired mastication, deglutition, and speech, are all potential complications of intra-oral and peri-oral piercing. Piercing can induce local as well as distant site infection and inflammation such as Ludwig's angina, endocarditis and cerebellar abscess. Moreover, Piercing is recognized as a potential vector of viral transmitting. Nevertheless, not all piercers have adequate knowledge in infection control techniques. With the increase number of patients with pierced intra and peri-oral sites, dentists should be prepared to address issues, such as potential damage to the teeth and gingival, and risk of oral infection that could arise as a result of Piercing, as well as provide appropriate guidance to patients contemplating body piercing that involve the oral sites. Since common knowledge is poor, patients should be educated regarding the dangers that may follow Piercing of the oral cavity.
Oral piercing is a practice that has gained acceptance as a sign of individuality, marginality, decoration or group membership. In spite of its banal appearance, as seen in various scientific studies, piercing is not without risks. Complications include infection, bleeding and local trauma, which are frequent enough to raise questions about the safety and dangers of piercing. The case presented here revealed marked gingival recession accompanied by substantial bone loss caused by piercing the lower lip and tongue. Dental practitioners should be aware of the increasing number of patients with pierced intraoral and perioral sites and be prepared to provide appropriate guidance to patients who contemplate body piercing that involves oral sites.
This report describes lingual cortical plate loss of the two lower central incisors with second degree mobility in an 18.5-year-old patient. Seven millimeters of clinical attachment losses were detected. For the last 4.5 years, the patient has worn a tongue ornament. The spheres were pressed directly against the periodontal lesion. The metal bar was bent as empirical evidence of the excessive force. Dental practitioners should educate their patients about the risk of oral piercing.
Prolonged bleeding following tongue piercing: A case report and review of complications 344 Levin & Zadik 27 Endocarditis due to Neisseria mucosa after tongue piercing
- Rg Rosivack
- Jy Kao
- H Chaudemanche
- N Pechier
- L Doutrelant
- Hoen
Rosivack RG, Kao JY. Prolonged bleeding following tongue piercing: A case report and review of complications. Pediatr Dent 2003;25:154-156. 344 Levin & Zadik 27. Tronel H, Chaudemanche H, Pechier N, Doutrelant L, Hoen B. Endocarditis due to Neisseria mucosa after tongue piercing. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001;7:275-276.
ADA statement on intraoral/perioral piercing
- American Dental Association
American Dental Association. ADA statement on intraoral/perioral
piercing. (Accessed Aug 1, 2006), at http://www.ada.org/prac/position/
piercing.html)
American Academy of Family Physicians. Body piercing: What you should know
American Academy of Family Physicians. Body piercing: What you should
know. Am Fam Physician 2005;72:2035-2036.
- M M Pearose
- M K Perinpanayagam
- Chinkit-Wells Md
Pearose MM, Perinpanayagam MK, ChinKit-Wells MD. Trends in oral
piercing in Buffalo, New York high schools. NY State Dent J 2006;72:30-32.